Как правильно пишется фарингит

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pharyngitis
Other names	Acute sore throat
Viral pharyngitis resulting in visible redness.
Pronunciation
Specialty	Infectious disease
Symptoms	Sore throat, fever, runny nose, cough, headache, hoarse voice[1][2]
Complications	Sinusitis, acute otitis media[2]
Duration	3–10 days, depending on cause[2][3]
Causes	Usually viral infection[2]
Diagnostic method	Based on symptoms, rapid antigen detection test, throat swab[2]
Differential diagnosis	Epiglottitis, thyroiditis, retropharyngeal abscess[2]
Treatment	lidocaine[2][4]
Frequency	~7.5% of people in any 3-month period[5]

Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx.^[2] It typically results in a sore throat and fever.^[2] Other symptoms may include a runny nose, cough, headache, difficulty swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, and a hoarse voice.^[1][6] Symptoms usually last 3–5 days, but can be longer depending on cause.^[2][3] Complications can include sinusitis and acute otitis media.^[2] Pharyngitis is a type of upper respiratory tract infection.^[7]

Most cases are caused by a viral infection.^[2] Strep throat, a bacterial infection, is the cause in about 25% of children and 10% of adults.^[2] Uncommon causes include other bacteria such as gonococcus, fungi, irritants such as smoke, allergies, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.^[2][4] Specific testing is not recommended in people who have clear symptoms of a viral infection, such as a cold.^[2] Otherwise, a rapid antigen detection test or throat swab is recommended.^[2] PCR testing has become common as it is as good as taking a throat swab but gives a faster result.^[8] Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include epiglottitis, thyroiditis, retropharyngeal abscess, and occasionally heart disease.^[2]

NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, can be used to help with the pain.^[2] Numbing medication, such as topical lidocaine, may also help.^[4] Strep throat is typically treated with antibiotics, such as either penicillin or amoxicillin.^[2] It is unclear whether steroids are useful in acute pharyngitis, other than possibly in severe cases, but a recent (2020) review found that when used in combination with antibiotics they moderately improved pain and the likelihood of resolution.^[9][10]

About 7.5% of people have a sore throat in any 3-month period.^[5] Two or three episodes in a year are not uncommon.^[1] This resulted in 15 million physician visits in the United States in 2007.^[4] Pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat.^[11] The word comes from the Greek word pharynx meaning «throat» and the suffix -itis meaning «inflammation».^[12][13]

Classification[edit]

Pharyngitis is a type of inflammation caused by an upper respiratory tract infection. It may be classified as acute or chronic. Acute pharyngitis may be catarrhal, purulent, or ulcerative, depending on the causative agent and the immune capacity of the affected individual. Chronic pharyngitis may be catarrhal, hypertrophic, or atrophic.^{[citation needed]}

Tonsillitis is a subtype of pharyngitis.^[14] If the inflammation includes both the tonsils and other parts of the throat, it may be called pharyngotonsillitis or tonsillopharyngitis.^[15] Another subclassification is nasopharyngitis (the common cold).^[16]

Clergyman’s sore throat or clergyman’s throat is an archaic term formerly used for chronic pharyngitis associated with overuse of the voice as in public speaking. It was sometimes called dysphonia clericorum or chronic folliculitis sore throat.^[17]

Cause[edit]

Most cases are due to an infectious organism acquired from close contact with an infected individual.^{[citation needed]}

Viral[edit]

These comprise about 40–80% of all infectious cases and can be a feature of many different types of viral infections.^[11][18]

• Adenovirus is the most common of the viral causes. Typically, the degree of neck lymph node enlargement is modest and the throat often does not appear red, although it is painful.
• The family Orthomyxoviridae which cause influenza are present with rapid onset high temperature, headache, and generalized ache. A sore throat may be associated.
• Infectious mononucleosis («glandular fever») is caused by the Epstein–Barr virus. This may cause significant lymph-node swelling and an exudative tonsillitis with marked redness and swelling of the throat. The heterophile test can be used if this is suspected.
• Herpes simplex virus can cause multiple mouth ulcers.
• Measles
• Common cold: rhinovirus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus can cause infection of the throat, ear, and lungs causing standard cold-like symptoms and often pain.

Bacterial[edit]

A number of different bacteria can infect the human throat. The most common is group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), but others include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Fusobacterium necrophorum.^[19]

Streptococcal pharyngitis[edit]

Streptococcal pharyngitis or strep throat is caused by a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS).^[20] It is the most common bacterial cause of cases of pharyngitis (15–30%).^[19] Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, and large lymph nodes. It is a contagious infection, spread by close contact with an infected individual. A definitive diagnosis is made based on the results of a throat culture. Antibiotics are useful to both prevent complications (such as rheumatic fever) and speed recovery.^[21]

Fusobacterium necrophorum[edit]

Fusobacterium necrophorum is a normal inhabitant of the oropharyngeal flora and can occasionally create a peritonsillar abscess. In one out of 400 untreated cases, Lemierre’s syndrome occurs.^[22]

Diphtheria[edit]

Diphtheria is a potentially life-threatening upper respiratory infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which has been largely eradicated in developed nations since the introduction of childhood vaccination programs, but is still reported in the Third World and increasingly in some areas in Eastern Europe. Antibiotics are effective in the early stages, but recovery is generally slow.^{[citation needed]}

Others[edit]

A few other causes are rare, but possibly fatal, and include parapharyngeal space infections: peritonsillar abscess («quinsy abscess»), submandibular space infection (Ludwig’s angina), and epiglottitis.^[23][24][25]

Fungal[edit]

Some cases of pharyngitis are caused by fungal infection, such as Candida albicans, causing oral thrush.^[26]

Noninfectious[edit]

Pharyngitis may also be caused by mechanical, chemical, or thermal irritation, for example cold air or acid reflux. Some medications may produce pharyngitis, such as pramipexole and antipsychotics.^[27][28]

Diagnosis[edit]

Modified Centor score

Points	Probability of Strep	Management
1 or less	<10%	No antibiotic or culture needed
2	11–17%	Antibiotic based on culture or rapid antigen detection test
3	28–35%
4 or 5	52%	Empiric antibiotics

Differentiating a viral and a bacterial cause of a sore throat based on symptoms alone is difficult.^[29] Thus, a throat swab often is done to rule out a bacterial cause.^[30]

The modified Centor criteria may be used to determine the management of people with pharyngitis. Based on five clinical criteria, it indicates the probability of a streptococcal infection.^[21]

One point is given for each of the criteria:^[21]

• Absence of a cough
• Swollen and tender cervical lymph nodes
• Temperature more than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F)
• Tonsillar exudate or swelling
• Age less than 15 (a point is subtracted if age is more than 44)

The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends against empirical treatment and considers antibiotics only appropriate following positive testing.^[29] Testing is not needed in children under three, as both group A strep and rheumatic fever are rare, except if they have a sibling with the disease.^[29]

Management[edit]

The majority of the time, treatment is symptomatic. Specific treatments are effective for bacterial, fungal, and herpes simplex infections.

Medications[edit]

• Pain medication, such as NSAIDs and acetaminophen (paracetamol), can help reduce the pain associated with a sore throat. Aspirin may be used in adults, but is not recommended in children due to the risk of Reye syndrome.^[31]
• Steroids (such as dexamethasone) may be useful for severe pharyngitis.^[32][10] Their general use, however, is poorly supported.^[9]
• Viscous lidocaine relieves pain by numbing the mucous membranes.^[33]
• Antibiotics are useful if a bacterial infection is the cause of the sore throat.^[34][35] For viral infections, antibiotics have no effect. In the United States, they are used in 25% of people before a bacterial infection has been detected.^[36]
• Oral analgesic solutions, the active ingredient is usually phenol, but also less commonly benzocaine, cetylpyridinium chloride, and/or menthol. Chloraseptic and Cepacol are two examples of brands of these kinds of analgesics.^{[citation needed]}

Alternative[edit]

Gargling salt water is often suggested, but there is no evidence to support or discourage this practice.^[4] Alternative medicines are promoted and used for the treatment of sore throats.^[37] However, they are poorly supported by evidence.^[37]

Epidemiology[edit]

Acute pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat and, together with cough, it is diagnosed in more than 1.9 million people a year in the United States.^[11]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pharyngitis
Other names	Acute sore throat
Viral pharyngitis resulting in visible redness.
Pronunciation
Specialty	Infectious disease
Symptoms	Sore throat, fever, runny nose, cough, headache, hoarse voice[1][2]
Complications	Sinusitis, acute otitis media[2]
Duration	3–10 days, depending on cause[2][3]
Causes	Usually viral infection[2]
Diagnostic method	Based on symptoms, rapid antigen detection test, throat swab[2]
Differential diagnosis	Epiglottitis, thyroiditis, retropharyngeal abscess[2]
Treatment	lidocaine[2][4]
Frequency	~7.5% of people in any 3-month period[5]

Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx.^[2] It typically results in a sore throat and fever.^[2] Other symptoms may include a runny nose, cough, headache, difficulty swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, and a hoarse voice.^[1][6] Symptoms usually last 3–5 days, but can be longer depending on cause.^[2][3] Complications can include sinusitis and acute otitis media.^[2] Pharyngitis is a type of upper respiratory tract infection.^[7]

Most cases are caused by a viral infection.^[2] Strep throat, a bacterial infection, is the cause in about 25% of children and 10% of adults.^[2] Uncommon causes include other bacteria such as gonococcus, fungi, irritants such as smoke, allergies, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.^[2][4] Specific testing is not recommended in people who have clear symptoms of a viral infection, such as a cold.^[2] Otherwise, a rapid antigen detection test or throat swab is recommended.^[2] PCR testing has become common as it is as good as taking a throat swab but gives a faster result.^[8] Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include epiglottitis, thyroiditis, retropharyngeal abscess, and occasionally heart disease.^[2]

NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, can be used to help with the pain.^[2] Numbing medication, such as topical lidocaine, may also help.^[4] Strep throat is typically treated with antibiotics, such as either penicillin or amoxicillin.^[2] It is unclear whether steroids are useful in acute pharyngitis, other than possibly in severe cases, but a recent (2020) review found that when used in combination with antibiotics they moderately improved pain and the likelihood of resolution.^[9][10]

About 7.5% of people have a sore throat in any 3-month period.^[5] Two or three episodes in a year are not uncommon.^[1] This resulted in 15 million physician visits in the United States in 2007.^[4] Pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat.^[11] The word comes from the Greek word pharynx meaning «throat» and the suffix -itis meaning «inflammation».^[12][13]

Classification[edit]

Pharyngitis is a type of inflammation caused by an upper respiratory tract infection. It may be classified as acute or chronic. Acute pharyngitis may be catarrhal, purulent, or ulcerative, depending on the causative agent and the immune capacity of the affected individual. Chronic pharyngitis may be catarrhal, hypertrophic, or atrophic.^{[citation needed]}

Tonsillitis is a subtype of pharyngitis.^[14] If the inflammation includes both the tonsils and other parts of the throat, it may be called pharyngotonsillitis or tonsillopharyngitis.^[15] Another subclassification is nasopharyngitis (the common cold).^[16]

Clergyman’s sore throat or clergyman’s throat is an archaic term formerly used for chronic pharyngitis associated with overuse of the voice as in public speaking. It was sometimes called dysphonia clericorum or chronic folliculitis sore throat.^[17]

Cause[edit]

Most cases are due to an infectious organism acquired from close contact with an infected individual.^{[citation needed]}

Viral[edit]

These comprise about 40–80% of all infectious cases and can be a feature of many different types of viral infections.^[11][18]

• Adenovirus is the most common of the viral causes. Typically, the degree of neck lymph node enlargement is modest and the throat often does not appear red, although it is painful.
• The family Orthomyxoviridae which cause influenza are present with rapid onset high temperature, headache, and generalized ache. A sore throat may be associated.
• Infectious mononucleosis («glandular fever») is caused by the Epstein–Barr virus. This may cause significant lymph-node swelling and an exudative tonsillitis with marked redness and swelling of the throat. The heterophile test can be used if this is suspected.
• Herpes simplex virus can cause multiple mouth ulcers.
• Measles
• Common cold: rhinovirus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus can cause infection of the throat, ear, and lungs causing standard cold-like symptoms and often pain.

Bacterial[edit]

A number of different bacteria can infect the human throat. The most common is group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), but others include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Fusobacterium necrophorum.^[19]

Streptococcal pharyngitis[edit]

Streptococcal pharyngitis or strep throat is caused by a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS).^[20] It is the most common bacterial cause of cases of pharyngitis (15–30%).^[19] Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, and large lymph nodes. It is a contagious infection, spread by close contact with an infected individual. A definitive diagnosis is made based on the results of a throat culture. Antibiotics are useful to both prevent complications (such as rheumatic fever) and speed recovery.^[21]

Fusobacterium necrophorum[edit]

Fusobacterium necrophorum is a normal inhabitant of the oropharyngeal flora and can occasionally create a peritonsillar abscess. In one out of 400 untreated cases, Lemierre’s syndrome occurs.^[22]

Diphtheria[edit]

Diphtheria is a potentially life-threatening upper respiratory infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which has been largely eradicated in developed nations since the introduction of childhood vaccination programs, but is still reported in the Third World and increasingly in some areas in Eastern Europe. Antibiotics are effective in the early stages, but recovery is generally slow.^{[citation needed]}

Others[edit]

A few other causes are rare, but possibly fatal, and include parapharyngeal space infections: peritonsillar abscess («quinsy abscess»), submandibular space infection (Ludwig’s angina), and epiglottitis.^[23][24][25]

Fungal[edit]

Some cases of pharyngitis are caused by fungal infection, such as Candida albicans, causing oral thrush.^[26]

Noninfectious[edit]

Pharyngitis may also be caused by mechanical, chemical, or thermal irritation, for example cold air or acid reflux. Some medications may produce pharyngitis, such as pramipexole and antipsychotics.^[27][28]

Diagnosis[edit]

Modified Centor score

Points	Probability of Strep	Management
1 or less	<10%	No antibiotic or culture needed
2	11–17%	Antibiotic based on culture or rapid antigen detection test
3	28–35%
4 or 5	52%	Empiric antibiotics

Differentiating a viral and a bacterial cause of a sore throat based on symptoms alone is difficult.^[29] Thus, a throat swab often is done to rule out a bacterial cause.^[30]

The modified Centor criteria may be used to determine the management of people with pharyngitis. Based on five clinical criteria, it indicates the probability of a streptococcal infection.^[21]

One point is given for each of the criteria:^[21]

• Absence of a cough
• Swollen and tender cervical lymph nodes
• Temperature more than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F)
• Tonsillar exudate or swelling
• Age less than 15 (a point is subtracted if age is more than 44)

The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends against empirical treatment and considers antibiotics only appropriate following positive testing.^[29] Testing is not needed in children under three, as both group A strep and rheumatic fever are rare, except if they have a sibling with the disease.^[29]

Management[edit]

The majority of the time, treatment is symptomatic. Specific treatments are effective for bacterial, fungal, and herpes simplex infections.

Medications[edit]

• Pain medication, such as NSAIDs and acetaminophen (paracetamol), can help reduce the pain associated with a sore throat. Aspirin may be used in adults, but is not recommended in children due to the risk of Reye syndrome.^[31]
• Steroids (such as dexamethasone) may be useful for severe pharyngitis.^[32][10] Their general use, however, is poorly supported.^[9]
• Viscous lidocaine relieves pain by numbing the mucous membranes.^[33]
• Antibiotics are useful if a bacterial infection is the cause of the sore throat.^[34][35] For viral infections, antibiotics have no effect. In the United States, they are used in 25% of people before a bacterial infection has been detected.^[36]
• Oral analgesic solutions, the active ingredient is usually phenol, but also less commonly benzocaine, cetylpyridinium chloride, and/or menthol. Chloraseptic and Cepacol are two examples of brands of these kinds of analgesics.^{[citation needed]}

Alternative[edit]

Gargling salt water is often suggested, but there is no evidence to support or discourage this practice.^[4] Alternative medicines are promoted and used for the treatment of sore throats.^[37] However, they are poorly supported by evidence.^[37]

Epidemiology[edit]

Acute pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat and, together with cough, it is diagnosed in more than 1.9 million people a year in the United States.^[11]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Фарингитом называется воспаление слизистой оболочки задней стенки зева (воспаление глотки). Глотка – это верхняя часть горла. Глотка состоит из трёх частей:

• носоглотка – начинается от задней части полости носа. При осмотре горла её не видно, так как она скрыта мягким нёбом;
• ротоглотка – это как раз тот отдел глотки, который мы наблюдаем при рассматривании горла;
• гортаноглотка – нижний отдел глотки.

В целом глотка принадлежит сразу двум системам организма. Она входит в состав как дыхательных, так и пищевых путей. Эта её особенность играет важную роль в развитии и проявлениях фарингита.

Причины фарингита

В норме человек дышит носом. Нос человека устроен таким образом, чтобы подготавливать вдыхаемый воздух к его дальнейшему перемещению внутри организма. Носовые ходы имеют достаточный объём, чтобы вдыхаемый воздух поступал далее с некоторой задержкой; это позволяет ему согреваться и увлажняться – за счёт взаимодействия со слизистой оболочкой носовой полости. В носу воздух также очищается от пыли, частички которой задерживаются на слизистой и растущих на ней ресничках.

Ротовое дыхание – это запасной вариант, заложенный в наш организм на случай, если дыхание через нос невозможно. При этом в горло поступает неподготовленный воздух, сохраняющий свойства внешней среды. Он может быть холодным, сухим, содержать пыль, возбудителей инфекции и т.д.

Поэтому основной фактор, способствующий развитию фарингита, это нарушение носового дыхания. Если у человека заложен нос (а это может произойти по многим причинам, – например, вследствие разрастания аденоидов, полипов в носу, насморка), то он вынужден дышать ртом. В этом случае слизистая оболочка ротоглотки, подвергшаяся прямому воздействию атмосферного воздуха, быстро пересыхает, легко переохлаждается и может быть инфицирована патогенными микроорганизмами, всегда присутствующими в воздухе.

Довольно часто фарингит возникает на фоне насморка, вызванного вирусной инфекцией (ОРВИ). Это происходит, потому что слизь, стекающая при насморке по носоглотке, содержит вирус – возбудитель заболевания, и способствует расширению очага воспаления.

Но одного ротового дыхания для возникновения фарингита не достаточно. Многое зависит от общего состояния организма. Если организм ослаблен в результате перенесённых заболеваний, переутомления, недостатка витаминов, плохого питания, он становится более уязвим для инфекции.

Также факторами, способствующими развитию фарингита, являются курение и злоупотребление алкоголем, авитаминоз, сахарный диабет, неблагоприятные условия внешней среды (длительное воздействие пыли, горячего и сухого воздуха, задымления, химических испарений и т.п.).

Наиболее часто встречается фарингит вирусного происхождения, более редко – бактериальный, грибковый, аллергический и травматический фарингиты.

Формы фарингита

Различают острый и хронический фарингит.

Для острого фарингита характерны следующие симптомы:

• сухость и першение в горле;
• болезненность при глотании, особенно при сглатывании слюны (так называемый «пустой глоток»);
• иногда наблюдаются подъём температуры до 37,5-38°C и общая слабость.

Хронический фарингит обычно протекает при нормальной температуре. Довольно часто наблюдается сухой кашель, возникает постоянное желание прокашляться, «прочистить» горло. Больному приходится всё время сглатывать слизь, что вызывает болезненные ощущения. В результате повышается раздражительность, снижается внимание и работоспособность, нарушается сон.

Течение фарингита и его возможные осложнения

Острый фарингит, как правило, не представляет опасности. Однако лечение его должно быть соответствующим и своевременным. Если фарингит не лечить или лечить неправильно, он способен преподнести сюрпризы.

Во-первых, он может принять хроническую форму, при которой истончается слизистая, а боль в горле и кашель то пропадают, то возвращаются снова. Во-вторых, воспалительный процесс может, как говорится, «спуститься ниже», то есть перейти на гортань (в ларингит) и трахею (трахеит). Возможно формирование абсцессов (скоплений гноя) вокруг миндалин, под задней стенкой горла, в жировой ткани. А самое главное – человек, решивший, что у него фарингит, может легко ошибиться и пропустить начальную стадию более тяжелого заболевания, например, ангины.

Поэтому очень важно своевременно обратиться к врачу для установления точного диагноза и назначения курса лечения. Ангина вызывается бактериями, и для её лечения могут быть назначены антибиотики. Фарингит же обычно имеет вирусную природу, и антибиотики при фарингите будут только вредны – полезную микрофлору они уничтожат, а развитие болезни не остановят. С другой стороны, встречаются фарингиты, вызванные, как и ангина, стрептококковой инфекцией. Осложнения, которые они могут вызвать, столь же опасны. Это – аутоиммунные реакции, в числе которых ревматизм суставов и клапанов сердца, а также поражение почек (гломерулонефрит).

Симптомы фарингита

Фарингит, как правило, проявляется следующими симптомами:

Методы диагностики фарингита

С жалобами, соответствующими симптомам фарингита, Вы можете обратиться к врачу общей практики (семейному врачу или терапевту) или к профильному специалисту – отоларингологу (ЛОРу).

Детский приём ведут квалифицированные врачи-педиатры и детские ЛОР-врачи.

Для диагностики фарингита используются следующие методы:

Методы лечения фарингита

Лечение фарингита обычно осуществляется в домашних условиях, однако если с симптомами фарингита самостоятельно быстро справиться не получается, следует обратиться к врачу. Не стоит доводить дело до хронической формы фарингита.

Выбор курса лечения фарингита зависит от того, какая причина вызвала заболевание. При инфекционной природе фарингита основой лечения становится подавление активности микроорганизмов-возбудителей.

Также важно устранить факторы, способствовавшие развитию фарингита (прежде всего, исключить курение на период лечения). Обязательно следует предпринять действия, направленные на укрепление иммунитета.

При хроническом фарингите важно убедиться, что выздоровление действительно состоялось. Поэтому по окончании курса лечения Вам могут быть назначена повторная сдача анализов. Если этого не сделать, есть вероятность, что активность возбудителя инфекции просто подавлена принимаемыми медикаментами, и после окончания приёма лекарств болезнь вернётся снова.

Все заболевания

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pharyngitis
Other names	Acute sore throat
Viral pharyngitis resulting in visible redness.
Pronunciation
Specialty	Infectious disease
Symptoms	Sore throat, fever, runny nose, cough, headache, hoarse voice[1][2]
Complications	Sinusitis, acute otitis media[2]
Duration	3–10 days, depending on cause[2][3]
Causes	Usually viral infection[2]
Diagnostic method	Based on symptoms, rapid antigen detection test, throat swab[2]
Differential diagnosis	Epiglottitis, thyroiditis, retropharyngeal abscess[2]
Treatment	lidocaine[2][4]
Frequency	~7.5% of people in any 3-month period[5]

Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx.^[2] It typically results in a sore throat and fever.^[2] Other symptoms may include a runny nose, cough, headache, difficulty swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, and a hoarse voice.^[1][6] Symptoms usually last 3–5 days, but can be longer depending on cause.^[2][3] Complications can include sinusitis and acute otitis media.^[2] Pharyngitis is a type of upper respiratory tract infection.^[7]

Most cases are caused by a viral infection.^[2] Strep throat, a bacterial infection, is the cause in about 25% of children and 10% of adults.^[2] Uncommon causes include other bacteria such as gonococcus, fungi, irritants such as smoke, allergies, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.^[2][4] Specific testing is not recommended in people who have clear symptoms of a viral infection, such as a cold.^[2] Otherwise, a rapid antigen detection test or throat swab is recommended.^[2] PCR testing has become common as it is as good as taking a throat swab but gives a faster result.^[8] Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include epiglottitis, thyroiditis, retropharyngeal abscess, and occasionally heart disease.^[2]

NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, can be used to help with the pain.^[2] Numbing medication, such as topical lidocaine, may also help.^[4] Strep throat is typically treated with antibiotics, such as either penicillin or amoxicillin.^[2] It is unclear whether steroids are useful in acute pharyngitis, other than possibly in severe cases, but a recent (2020) review found that when used in combination with antibiotics they moderately improved pain and the likelihood of resolution.^[9][10]

About 7.5% of people have a sore throat in any 3-month period.^[5] Two or three episodes in a year are not uncommon.^[1] This resulted in 15 million physician visits in the United States in 2007.^[4] Pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat.^[11] The word comes from the Greek word pharynx meaning «throat» and the suffix -itis meaning «inflammation».^[12][13]

Classification[edit]

Pharyngitis is a type of inflammation caused by an upper respiratory tract infection. It may be classified as acute or chronic. Acute pharyngitis may be catarrhal, purulent, or ulcerative, depending on the causative agent and the immune capacity of the affected individual. Chronic pharyngitis may be catarrhal, hypertrophic, or atrophic.^{[citation needed]}

Tonsillitis is a subtype of pharyngitis.^[14] If the inflammation includes both the tonsils and other parts of the throat, it may be called pharyngotonsillitis or tonsillopharyngitis.^[15] Another subclassification is nasopharyngitis (the common cold).^[16]

Clergyman’s sore throat or clergyman’s throat is an archaic term formerly used for chronic pharyngitis associated with overuse of the voice as in public speaking. It was sometimes called dysphonia clericorum or chronic folliculitis sore throat.^[17]

Cause[edit]

Most cases are due to an infectious organism acquired from close contact with an infected individual.^{[citation needed]}

Viral[edit]

These comprise about 40–80% of all infectious cases and can be a feature of many different types of viral infections.^[11][18]

• Adenovirus is the most common of the viral causes. Typically, the degree of neck lymph node enlargement is modest and the throat often does not appear red, although it is painful.
• The family Orthomyxoviridae which cause influenza are present with rapid onset high temperature, headache, and generalized ache. A sore throat may be associated.
• Infectious mononucleosis («glandular fever») is caused by the Epstein–Barr virus. This may cause significant lymph-node swelling and an exudative tonsillitis with marked redness and swelling of the throat. The heterophile test can be used if this is suspected.
• Herpes simplex virus can cause multiple mouth ulcers.
• Measles
• Common cold: rhinovirus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus can cause infection of the throat, ear, and lungs causing standard cold-like symptoms and often pain.

Bacterial[edit]

A number of different bacteria can infect the human throat. The most common is group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), but others include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Fusobacterium necrophorum.^[19]

Streptococcal pharyngitis[edit]

Streptococcal pharyngitis or strep throat is caused by a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS).^[20] It is the most common bacterial cause of cases of pharyngitis (15–30%).^[19] Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, and large lymph nodes. It is a contagious infection, spread by close contact with an infected individual. A definitive diagnosis is made based on the results of a throat culture. Antibiotics are useful to both prevent complications (such as rheumatic fever) and speed recovery.^[21]

Fusobacterium necrophorum[edit]

Fusobacterium necrophorum is a normal inhabitant of the oropharyngeal flora and can occasionally create a peritonsillar abscess. In one out of 400 untreated cases, Lemierre’s syndrome occurs.^[22]

Diphtheria[edit]

Diphtheria is a potentially life-threatening upper respiratory infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which has been largely eradicated in developed nations since the introduction of childhood vaccination programs, but is still reported in the Third World and increasingly in some areas in Eastern Europe. Antibiotics are effective in the early stages, but recovery is generally slow.^{[citation needed]}

Others[edit]

A few other causes are rare, but possibly fatal, and include parapharyngeal space infections: peritonsillar abscess («quinsy abscess»), submandibular space infection (Ludwig’s angina), and epiglottitis.^[23][24][25]

Fungal[edit]

Some cases of pharyngitis are caused by fungal infection, such as Candida albicans, causing oral thrush.^[26]

Noninfectious[edit]

Pharyngitis may also be caused by mechanical, chemical, or thermal irritation, for example cold air or acid reflux. Some medications may produce pharyngitis, such as pramipexole and antipsychotics.^[27][28]

Diagnosis[edit]

Modified Centor score

Points	Probability of Strep	Management
1 or less	<10%	No antibiotic or culture needed
2	11–17%	Antibiotic based on culture or rapid antigen detection test
3	28–35%
4 or 5	52%	Empiric antibiotics

Differentiating a viral and a bacterial cause of a sore throat based on symptoms alone is difficult.^[29] Thus, a throat swab often is done to rule out a bacterial cause.^[30]

The modified Centor criteria may be used to determine the management of people with pharyngitis. Based on five clinical criteria, it indicates the probability of a streptococcal infection.^[21]

One point is given for each of the criteria:^[21]

• Absence of a cough
• Swollen and tender cervical lymph nodes
• Temperature more than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F)
• Tonsillar exudate or swelling
• Age less than 15 (a point is subtracted if age is more than 44)

The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends against empirical treatment and considers antibiotics only appropriate following positive testing.^[29] Testing is not needed in children under three, as both group A strep and rheumatic fever are rare, except if they have a sibling with the disease.^[29]

Management[edit]

The majority of the time, treatment is symptomatic. Specific treatments are effective for bacterial, fungal, and herpes simplex infections.

Medications[edit]

• Pain medication, such as NSAIDs and acetaminophen (paracetamol), can help reduce the pain associated with a sore throat. Aspirin may be used in adults, but is not recommended in children due to the risk of Reye syndrome.^[31]
• Steroids (such as dexamethasone) may be useful for severe pharyngitis.^[32][10] Their general use, however, is poorly supported.^[9]
• Viscous lidocaine relieves pain by numbing the mucous membranes.^[33]
• Antibiotics are useful if a bacterial infection is the cause of the sore throat.^[34][35] For viral infections, antibiotics have no effect. In the United States, they are used in 25% of people before a bacterial infection has been detected.^[36]
• Oral analgesic solutions, the active ingredient is usually phenol, but also less commonly benzocaine, cetylpyridinium chloride, and/or menthol. Chloraseptic and Cepacol are two examples of brands of these kinds of analgesics.^{[citation needed]}

Alternative[edit]

Gargling salt water is often suggested, but there is no evidence to support or discourage this practice.^[4] Alternative medicines are promoted and used for the treatment of sore throats.^[37] However, they are poorly supported by evidence.^[37]

Epidemiology[edit]

Acute pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat and, together with cough, it is diagnosed in more than 1.9 million people a year in the United States.^[11]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pharyngitis
Other names	Acute sore throat
Viral pharyngitis resulting in visible redness.
Pronunciation
Specialty	Infectious disease
Symptoms	Sore throat, fever, runny nose, cough, headache, hoarse voice[1][2]
Complications	Sinusitis, acute otitis media[2]
Duration	3–10 days, depending on cause[2][3]
Causes	Usually viral infection[2]
Diagnostic method	Based on symptoms, rapid antigen detection test, throat swab[2]
Differential diagnosis	Epiglottitis, thyroiditis, retropharyngeal abscess[2]
Treatment	lidocaine[2][4]
Frequency	~7.5% of people in any 3-month period[5]

Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx.^[2] It typically results in a sore throat and fever.^[2] Other symptoms may include a runny nose, cough, headache, difficulty swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, and a hoarse voice.^[1][6] Symptoms usually last 3–5 days, but can be longer depending on cause.^[2][3] Complications can include sinusitis and acute otitis media.^[2] Pharyngitis is a type of upper respiratory tract infection.^[7]

Most cases are caused by a viral infection.^[2] Strep throat, a bacterial infection, is the cause in about 25% of children and 10% of adults.^[2] Uncommon causes include other bacteria such as gonococcus, fungi, irritants such as smoke, allergies, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.^[2][4] Specific testing is not recommended in people who have clear symptoms of a viral infection, such as a cold.^[2] Otherwise, a rapid antigen detection test or throat swab is recommended.^[2] PCR testing has become common as it is as good as taking a throat swab but gives a faster result.^[8] Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include epiglottitis, thyroiditis, retropharyngeal abscess, and occasionally heart disease.^[2]

NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, can be used to help with the pain.^[2] Numbing medication, such as topical lidocaine, may also help.^[4] Strep throat is typically treated with antibiotics, such as either penicillin or amoxicillin.^[2] It is unclear whether steroids are useful in acute pharyngitis, other than possibly in severe cases, but a recent (2020) review found that when used in combination with antibiotics they moderately improved pain and the likelihood of resolution.^[9][10]

About 7.5% of people have a sore throat in any 3-month period.^[5] Two or three episodes in a year are not uncommon.^[1] This resulted in 15 million physician visits in the United States in 2007.^[4] Pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat.^[11] The word comes from the Greek word pharynx meaning «throat» and the suffix -itis meaning «inflammation».^[12][13]

Classification[edit]

Pharyngitis is a type of inflammation caused by an upper respiratory tract infection. It may be classified as acute or chronic. Acute pharyngitis may be catarrhal, purulent, or ulcerative, depending on the causative agent and the immune capacity of the affected individual. Chronic pharyngitis may be catarrhal, hypertrophic, or atrophic.^{[citation needed]}

Tonsillitis is a subtype of pharyngitis.^[14] If the inflammation includes both the tonsils and other parts of the throat, it may be called pharyngotonsillitis or tonsillopharyngitis.^[15] Another subclassification is nasopharyngitis (the common cold).^[16]

Clergyman’s sore throat or clergyman’s throat is an archaic term formerly used for chronic pharyngitis associated with overuse of the voice as in public speaking. It was sometimes called dysphonia clericorum or chronic folliculitis sore throat.^[17]

Cause[edit]

Most cases are due to an infectious organism acquired from close contact with an infected individual.^{[citation needed]}

Viral[edit]

These comprise about 40–80% of all infectious cases and can be a feature of many different types of viral infections.^[11][18]

• Adenovirus is the most common of the viral causes. Typically, the degree of neck lymph node enlargement is modest and the throat often does not appear red, although it is painful.
• The family Orthomyxoviridae which cause influenza are present with rapid onset high temperature, headache, and generalized ache. A sore throat may be associated.
• Infectious mononucleosis («glandular fever») is caused by the Epstein–Barr virus. This may cause significant lymph-node swelling and an exudative tonsillitis with marked redness and swelling of the throat. The heterophile test can be used if this is suspected.
• Herpes simplex virus can cause multiple mouth ulcers.
• Measles
• Common cold: rhinovirus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus can cause infection of the throat, ear, and lungs causing standard cold-like symptoms and often pain.

Bacterial[edit]

A number of different bacteria can infect the human throat. The most common is group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), but others include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Fusobacterium necrophorum.^[19]

Streptococcal pharyngitis[edit]

Streptococcal pharyngitis or strep throat is caused by a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GAS).^[20] It is the most common bacterial cause of cases of pharyngitis (15–30%).^[19] Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, and large lymph nodes. It is a contagious infection, spread by close contact with an infected individual. A definitive diagnosis is made based on the results of a throat culture. Antibiotics are useful to both prevent complications (such as rheumatic fever) and speed recovery.^[21]

Fusobacterium necrophorum[edit]

Fusobacterium necrophorum is a normal inhabitant of the oropharyngeal flora and can occasionally create a peritonsillar abscess. In one out of 400 untreated cases, Lemierre’s syndrome occurs.^[22]

Diphtheria[edit]

Diphtheria is a potentially life-threatening upper respiratory infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which has been largely eradicated in developed nations since the introduction of childhood vaccination programs, but is still reported in the Third World and increasingly in some areas in Eastern Europe. Antibiotics are effective in the early stages, but recovery is generally slow.^{[citation needed]}

Others[edit]

A few other causes are rare, but possibly fatal, and include parapharyngeal space infections: peritonsillar abscess («quinsy abscess»), submandibular space infection (Ludwig’s angina), and epiglottitis.^[23][24][25]

Fungal[edit]

Some cases of pharyngitis are caused by fungal infection, such as Candida albicans, causing oral thrush.^[26]

Noninfectious[edit]

Pharyngitis may also be caused by mechanical, chemical, or thermal irritation, for example cold air or acid reflux. Some medications may produce pharyngitis, such as pramipexole and antipsychotics.^[27][28]

Diagnosis[edit]

Modified Centor score

Points	Probability of Strep	Management
1 or less	<10%	No antibiotic or culture needed
2	11–17%	Antibiotic based on culture or rapid antigen detection test
3	28–35%
4 or 5	52%	Empiric antibiotics

Differentiating a viral and a bacterial cause of a sore throat based on symptoms alone is difficult.^[29] Thus, a throat swab often is done to rule out a bacterial cause.^[30]

The modified Centor criteria may be used to determine the management of people with pharyngitis. Based on five clinical criteria, it indicates the probability of a streptococcal infection.^[21]

One point is given for each of the criteria:^[21]

• Absence of a cough
• Swollen and tender cervical lymph nodes
• Temperature more than 38.0 °C (100.4 °F)
• Tonsillar exudate or swelling
• Age less than 15 (a point is subtracted if age is more than 44)

The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends against empirical treatment and considers antibiotics only appropriate following positive testing.^[29] Testing is not needed in children under three, as both group A strep and rheumatic fever are rare, except if they have a sibling with the disease.^[29]

Management[edit]

The majority of the time, treatment is symptomatic. Specific treatments are effective for bacterial, fungal, and herpes simplex infections.

Medications[edit]

• Pain medication, such as NSAIDs and acetaminophen (paracetamol), can help reduce the pain associated with a sore throat. Aspirin may be used in adults, but is not recommended in children due to the risk of Reye syndrome.^[31]
• Steroids (such as dexamethasone) may be useful for severe pharyngitis.^[32][10] Their general use, however, is poorly supported.^[9]
• Viscous lidocaine relieves pain by numbing the mucous membranes.^[33]
• Antibiotics are useful if a bacterial infection is the cause of the sore throat.^[34][35] For viral infections, antibiotics have no effect. In the United States, they are used in 25% of people before a bacterial infection has been detected.^[36]
• Oral analgesic solutions, the active ingredient is usually phenol, but also less commonly benzocaine, cetylpyridinium chloride, and/or menthol. Chloraseptic and Cepacol are two examples of brands of these kinds of analgesics.^{[citation needed]}

Alternative[edit]

Gargling salt water is often suggested, but there is no evidence to support or discourage this practice.^[4] Alternative medicines are promoted and used for the treatment of sore throats.^[37] However, they are poorly supported by evidence.^[37]

Epidemiology[edit]

Acute pharyngitis is the most common cause of a sore throat and, together with cough, it is diagnosed in more than 1.9 million people a year in the United States.^[11]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Фарингит
Другие названия	Острая ангина
Вирусный фарингит с видимым покраснением.
Произношение
Специальность	Инфекционное заболевание
Симптомы	Боль в горле, лихорадка, насморк, кашель, головная боль, хриплый голос
Осложнения	Синусит, острый средний отит
Продолжительность	3–5 дней
Причины	Обычно вирусная инфекция
Метод диагностики	На основании симптомов, экспресс-тест на определение антигена, мазок из зева
Дифференциальный диагноз	Эпиглоттит, тиреоидит, заглоточный абсцесс
Лечение	НПВП, лидокаин
Частота	~ 7,5% людей в любой 3-месячный период

Фарингит — воспаление задней части глотки, известное как глотка. Обычно это приводит к боли в горле и лихорадке. Другие симптомы могут включать насморк, кашель, головную боль, затрудненное глотание, увеличение лимфатических узлов и хриплый голос. Симптомы обычно длятся 3–5 дней. Осложнения могут включать синусит и острый средний отит. Фарингит — это тип инфекции верхних дыхательных путей.

Большинство случаев вызвано вирусной инфекцией. Стрептококковая инфекция, бактериальная инфекция, является причиной примерно 25% детей и 10% взрослых. Нечастые причины включают другие бактерии, такие как гонорея, грибок, раздражители, такие как дым, аллергия и гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь. Специальное тестирование не рекомендуется людям с явными симптомами вирусной инфекции, такими как простуда. В противном случае рекомендуется экспресс-тест на определение антигена (RADT) или мазок из зева. Другие состояния, которые могут вызывать аналогичные симптомы, включают эпиглоттит, тиреоидит, заглоточный абсцесс и иногда болезнь сердца.

НПВП, например ибупрофен можно использовать для облегчения боли. Также могут помочь обезболивающие, например лидокаин для местного применения. Стрептококковая ангина обычно лечится антибиотиками, такими как пенициллин или амоксициллин. Неясно, применимы ли стероиды при остром фарингите, кроме, возможно, в тяжелых случаях, но недавний обзор (2020) показал, что при использовании в сочетании с антибиотиками они умеренно уменьшают боль и вероятность выздоровления.

Около 7,5% людей болит горло в течение любого трехмесячного периода. Два-три эпизода в год — не редкость. Это привело к 15 миллионам визитов врачей в США в 2007 году. Фарингит — самая частая причина боли в горле. Слово происходит от греческого слова глотка, означающего «горло», и суффикса -ит, означающего «воспаление».

Содержание

• 1 Классификация
• 2 Причина
  • 2.1 Вирус
  • 2.2 Бактериальные
  • 2.3 Грибковые
  • 2.4 Неинфекционные
• 3 Диагноз
• 4 Ведение
  • 4.1 Лекарства
  • 4.2 Альтернатива
• 5 Эпидемиология
• 6 Ссылки
• 7 Внешние ссылки

Классификация

Нормальное горло

Фарингит — это тип воспаления, вызванный инфекцией верхних дыхательных путей. Его можно разделить на острый или хронический. Острый фарингит может быть катаральным, гнойным или язвенным, в зависимости от возбудителя и иммунной способности пострадавшего человека. Хронический фарингит может быть катаральным, гипертрофическим или атрофическим.

тонзиллитом — подтипом фарингита. Если воспаление охватывает и миндалины, и другие части глотки, это можно назвать фаринготонзиллитом. Другая подклассификация: ринофарингит (простуда).

Причина

Большинство случаев вызвано инфекционным организмом, приобретенным в результате тесного контакта с инфицированным

Вирусный

Экссудативный фарингит у человека с инфекционным мононуклеозом

Они составляют около 40–80% всех инфекционных случаев и могут быть признаком многих различных типов вирусные инфекции.

• Аденовирус — наиболее частая из вирусных причин. Обычно степень увеличения шейки лимфатического узла невелика, и горло часто не кажется красным, хотя и болезненным.
• Семейство Orthomyxoviridae, вызывающее грипп проявляются быстрым появлением высокой температуры, головной и генерализованной боли. Может быть ассоциирована боль в горле.
• Инфекционный мононуклеоз («железистая лихорадка») вызывается вирусом Эпштейна – Барра. Это может вызвать значительный отек лимфатических узлов и экссудативный тонзиллит с выраженным покраснением и отеком горла. При подозрении на это можно использовать гетерофильный тест.
• Вирус простого герпеса может вызывать множественные язвы во рту.
• Корь
• Простуда : риновирус, коронавирус, респираторно-синцитиальный вирус и вирус парагриппа могут вызывать инфекцию горла, уха и легких, вызывая стандартные симптомы простуды и часто вызывает боль.

Бактериальные

Множество различных бактерий могут инфицировать горло человека. Наиболее распространен стрептококк группы A (Streptococcus pyogenes), но другие включают Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae и Fusroobacterium 258>Стрептококковый фарингитСлучай стрептококкового фарингита

Стрептококковый фарингит или стрептококковый фарингит вызывается бета-гемолитическим стрептококком группы A (GAS). Это наиболее частая бактериальная причина фарингита (15–30%). Общие симптомы включают лихорадку, боль в горле и большие лимфатические узлы. Это заразная инфекция, передающаяся при тесном контакте с инфицированным человеком. Окончательный диагноз ставится на основании результатов посева из горла. Антибиотики полезны как для предотвращения осложнений (таких как ревматическая лихорадка ), так и для ускорения выздоровления.

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Fusobacterium necrophorum — нормальный обитатель ротоглотки флора и иногда может образовывать перитонзиллярный абсцесс. В одном из 400 невылеченных случаев возникает синдром Лемьера.

Дифтерия

Дифтерия — потенциально опасная для жизни инфекция верхних дыхательных путей, вызываемая Corynebacterium diphtheriae, которая был в значительной степени искоренен в развитых странах с момента введения программ вакцинации детей , но все еще регистрируется в странах третьего мира и все чаще в некоторых регионах Восточной Европы. Антибиотики эффективны на ранних стадиях, но выздоровление обычно происходит медленно.

Другие

Некоторые другие причины редки, но могут быть смертельными и включают инфекции парафарингеального пространства : перитонзиллярный абсцесс («ангинозный абсцесс»), инфекция поднижнечелюстного пространства (ангина Людвига) и эпиглоттит.

грибок

Некоторые случаи фарингита вызваны грибковой инфекцией, например Candida albicans, вызывающий молочницу полости рта.

Неинфекционный

Фарингит также может быть вызван механическим, химическим или термическим раздражением, например холодным воздухом или кислотный рефлюкс. Некоторые лекарства могут вызывать фарингит, например прамипексол и антипсихотики.

Диагноз

Модифицированная оценка Центора

Баллы	Вероятность стрептококка	Ведение
1 или меньше	<10%	Антибиотик или посев не требуется
2	11–17%	Антибиотик на основе посева или экспресс-теста на определение антигена
3	28–35%
4 или 5	52%	Эмпирические антибиотики

мазок из горла

Трудно дифференцировать вирусную и бактериальную причину боли в горле на основе одних только симптомов. Таким образом, мазок из зева часто делается, чтобы исключить бактериальную причину.

Модифицированные критерии Centor могут использоваться для определения лечения людей с фарингитом. Основываясь на пяти клинических критериях, он указывает на вероятность стрептококковой инфекции.

По каждому из критериев дается один балл:

• Отсутствие кашля
• Отек и болезненность шейные лимфатические узлы
• Температура более 38,0 ° C (100,4 ° F)
• Тонзиллярный экссудат или опухоль
• Возраст менее 15 лет (если возраст старше 44 лет, вычитается балл)

Американское общество инфекционных болезней не рекомендует эмпирическое лечение и считает антибиотики целесообразными только после положительного результата тестирования. Детям младше трех лет обследование не требуется, поскольку стрептококковая инфекция группы А и ревматическая лихорадка встречаются редко, за исключением случаев, когда у них есть брат или сестра с этим заболеванием.

Ведение

в большинстве случаев лечение симптоматическое. Специальные методы лечения эффективны при бактериальных, грибковых инфекциях и инфекциях простого герпеса.

Лекарства

• Обезболивающие, такие как НПВП и ацетаминофен (парацетамол), могут помочь уменьшить боль, связанную с болью в горле. Аспирин можно применять у взрослых, но не рекомендуется у детей из-за риска синдрома Рея.
• . Стероиды (например, дексаметазон ) могут быть полезны при тяжелом фарингите. Однако их общее использование не поддерживается.
• Вязкий лидокаин снимает боль, онемение слизистых оболочек.
• Антибиотики полезны, если бактериальная инфекция является причиной больное горло. При вирусных инфекциях антибиотики не действуют. В США они используются у 25% людей до того, как была обнаружена бактериальная инфекция.
• Пероральные обезболивающие, активным ингредиентом обычно является фенол, но также реже бензокаин, хлорид цетилпиридиния и / или ментол. Хлоразептик и Цепакол — два примера марок этих видов анальгетиков.

Альтернатива

Полоскание горла соленой водой часто предлагается, но доказательства его полезности отсутствуют. Рекламируются и используются альтернативные лекарства для лечения боли в горле. Однако они плохо подкреплены доказательствами.

Эпидемиология

Острый фарингит — наиболее частая причина боли в горле, и вместе с кашлем он диагностируется в более более 1,9 миллиона человек в год в США.

Ссылки

Внешние ссылки

Классификация	D МКБ -10 : J02, J31.2 ICD — 9-CM : 462, 472.1 MeSH : D010612 DiseasesDB : 24580
Внешние ресурсы	MedlinePlus : 000655 eMedicine : emerg / 419

На Викискладе есть средства массовой информации, связанные с фарингитом.

Фарингит (Катар глотки)

Фарингит — лечение в Москве