Как правильно пишется покахонтас

Pocahontas
A 1616 portrait engraving by Simon de Passe
Born	Amonute (later known as Matoaka) c. 1596 Werowocomoco, Tsenacommacah
Died	March 1617 (aged 20–21) Gravesend, England
Resting place	St George’s Church, Gravesend
Other names	Rebecca Rolfe
Known for	Association with Jamestown colony, inclusion in writings by John Smith, and as a Powhatan convert to Christianity
Title	Princess Matoaka
Spouse	John Rolfe ​ (m. )​
Children	Thomas Rolfe
Parent	Wahunsenacawh/Chief Powhatan (father)

Pocahontas (, ; born Amonute, known as Matoaka, c. 1596 – March 1617) was a Native American woman, belonging to the Powhatan people, notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. She was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief^[1] of a network of tributary tribes in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia.

Pocahontas was captured and held for ransom by English colonists during hostilities in 1613. During her captivity, she was encouraged to convert to Christianity and was baptized under the name Rebecca. She married the tobacco planter John Rolfe in April 1614 at the age of about 17 or 18, and she bore their son Thomas Rolfe in January 1615.^[2]

In 1616, the Rolfes travelled to London where Pocahontas was presented to English society as an example of the «civilized savage» in hopes of stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement. On this trip she may have met Squanto, a «Patuxet Native American» from New England.^[3] She became a celebrity, was elegantly fêted, and attended a masque at Whitehall Palace. In 1617, the Rolfes set sail for Virginia; Pocahontas died at Gravesend, England, of unknown causes, aged 20 or 21. She was buried in St George’s Church, Gravesend; her grave’s exact location is unknown because the church was rebuilt after being destroyed by a fire.^[2]

Numerous places, landmarks, and products in the United States have been named after Pocahontas. Her story has been romanticized over the years, many aspects of which are fictional. Many of the stories told about her by the English explorer John Smith have been contested by her documented descendants.^[4] She is a subject of art, literature, and film. Many famous people have claimed to be among her descendants through her son, including members of the First Families of Virginia, First Lady Edith Wilson, American Western actor Glenn Strange, and astronomer Percival Lowell.^[5]

Early life

Pocahontas’s birth year is unknown, but some historians estimate it to have been around 1596.^[2] In A True Relation of Virginia (1608), the English explorer John Smith described meeting Pocahontas in the spring of 1608 when she was «a child of ten years old».^[6] In a 1616 letter, he again described her as she was in 1608, but this time as «a child of twelve or thirteen years of age.»^[7]

Pocahontas was the daughter of Chief Powhatan, paramount chief of Tsenacommacah, an alliance of about 30 Algonquian-speaking groups and petty chiefdoms in Tidewater, Virginia.^[8] Her mother’s name and origin are unknown, but she was probably of lowly status. Henry Spelman of Jamestown had lived among the Powhatan as an interpreter, and he noted that, when one of the paramount chief’s many wives gave birth, she was returned to her place of origin and supported there by the paramount chief until she found another husband.^[9] However, little is known about Pocahontas’s mother, and it has been theorized that she died in childbirth.^[10] The Mattaponi Reservation people are descendants of the Powhatans, and their oral tradition claims that Pocahontas’s mother was the first wife of Powhatan and that Pocahontas was named after her.^[11]

Names

According to colonist William Strachey, «Pocahontas» was a childhood nickname meaning «little wanton.»^[12] Some interpret the meaning as «playful one.»^[13] In his account, Strachey describes her as a child visiting the fort at Jamestown and playing with the young boys; she would «get the boys forth with her into the marketplace and make them wheel, falling on their hands, turning up their heels upwards, whom she would follow and wheel so herself, naked as she was, all the fort over.»^[14]

Historian William Stith claimed that «her real name, it seems, was originally Matoax, which the Native Americans carefully concealed from the English and changed it to Pocahontas, out of a superstitious fear, lest they, by the knowledge of her true name, should be enabled to do her some hurt.»^[15] According to anthropologist Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas revealed her secret name to the colonists «only after she had taken another religious – baptismal – name» of Rebecca.^[16]

Title and status

Pocahontas is frequently viewed as a princess in popular culture. In 1841, William Watson Waldron of Trinity College, Dublin published Pocahontas, American Princess: and Other Poems, calling her «the beloved and only surviving daughter of the king.»^[17] She was her father’s «delight and darling», according to colonist Captain Ralph Hamor^[18] but she was not in line to inherit a position as a weroance, sub-chief, or mamanatowick (paramount chief). Instead, Powhatan’s brothers and sisters and his sisters’ children all stood in line to succeed him.^[19] In his A Map of Virginia, John Smith explained how matrilineal inheritance worked among the Powhatans:

His kingdom descendeth not to his sonnes nor children: but first to his brethren, whereof he hath three namely Opitchapan, Opechanncanough, and Catataugh; and after their decease to his sisters. First to the eldest sister, then to the rest: and after them to the heires male and female of the eldest sister; but never to the heires of the males.

Interactions with the colonists

John Smith

Pocahontas is most famously linked to colonist Captain John Smith, who arrived in Virginia with 100 other settlers in April 1607 where they built a fort on a marshy peninsula on the James River. The colonists had numerous encounters over the next several months with the people of Tsenacommacah – some of them friendly, some hostile. A hunting party led by Powhatan’s close relative Opechancanough then captured Smith in December 1607 while he was exploring on the Chickahominy River and brought him to Powhatan’s capital at Werowocomoco. In his 1608 account, Smith describes a great feast followed by a long talk with Powhatan. He does not mention Pocahontas in relation to his capture, and claims that they first met some months later.^[20][21] Margaret Huber suggests that Powhatan was attempting to bring Smith and the other colonists under his own authority. He offered Smith rule of the town of Capahosic, which was close to his capital at Werowocomoco, as he hoped to keep Smith and his men «nearby and better under control.»^[22]

In 1616, Smith wrote a letter to Queen Anne of Denmark in anticipation of Pocahontas’s visit to England. In this new account, his capture included the threat of his own death: «at the minute of my execution, she hazarded the beating out of her own brains to save mine; and not only that but so prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to Jamestown.»^[7] He expanded on this in his 1624 Generall Historie, published long after the death of Pocahontas. He explained that he was captured and taken to the paramount chief where «two great stones were brought before Powhatan: then as many as could layd hands on him [Smith], dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs, to beate out his braines, Pocahontas the Kings dearest daughter, when no intreaty could prevaile, got his head in her armes, and laid her owne upon his to save him from death.»^[23]

Karen Ordahl Kupperman suggests that Smith used such details to embroider his first account, thus producing a more dramatic second account of his encounter with Pocahontas as a heroine worthy of Queen Anne’s audience. She argues that its later revision and publication was Smith’s attempt to raise his own stock and reputation, as he had fallen from favor with the London Company which had funded the Jamestown enterprise.^[24] Anthropologist Frederic W. Gleach suggests that Smith’s second account was substantially accurate but represents his misunderstanding of a three-stage ritual intended to adopt him into the confederacy,^[25][26] but not all writers are convinced, some suggesting the absence of certain corroborating evidence.^[4]

Early histories did establish that Pocahontas befriended Smith and the Jamestown colony. She often went to the settlement and played games with the boys there.^[14] When the colonists were starving, «every once in four or five days, Pocahontas with her attendants brought him [Smith] so much provision that saved many of their lives that else for all this had starved with hunger.»^[27] As the colonists expanded their settlement, the Powhatans felt that their lands were threatened, and conflicts arose again. In late 1609, an injury from a gunpowder explosion forced Smith to return to England for medical care, and the colonists told the Powhatans that he was dead. Pocahontas believed that account and stopped visiting Jamestown, but she learned that he was living in England when she traveled there with her husband John Rolfe.^[28]

Capture

Pocahontas’s capture occurred in the context of the First Anglo-Powhatan War, a conflict between the Jamestown settlers and the Natives which began late in the summer of 1609.^[30] In the first years of war, the colonists took control of the James River, both at its mouth and at the falls. Captain Samuel Argall, in the meantime, pursued contacts with Native tribes in the northern portion of Powhatan’s paramount chiefdom. The Patawomecks lived on the Potomac River and were not always loyal to Powhatan, and living with them was a young English interpreter named Henry Spelman. In March 1613, Argall learned that Pocahontas was visiting the Patawomeck village of Passapatanzy and living under the protection of the Weroance Iopassus (also known as Japazaws).^[31]

With Spelman’s help translating, Argall pressured Iopassus to assist in Pocahontas’s capture by promising an alliance with the colonists against the Powhatans.^[31] Iopassus, with the help of his wives, tricked Pocahontas into boarding Argall’s ship and held her for ransom, demanding the release of colonial prisoners held by her father and the return of various stolen weapons and tools.^[32] Powhatan returned the prisoners but failed to satisfy the colonists with the number of weapons and tools that he returned. A long standoff ensued, during which the colonists kept Pocahontas captive.^{[citation needed]}

During the year-long wait, she was held at Henricus in Chesterfield County, Virginia. Little is known about her life there, although colonist Ralph Hamor wrote that she received «extraordinary courteous usage.»^[33] Linwood «Little Bear» Custalow refers to an oral tradition which claims that Pocahontas was raped; Helen Rountree counters that «other historians have disputed that such oral tradition survived and instead argue that any mistreatment of Pocahontas would have gone against the interests of the English in their negotiations with Powhatan. A truce had been called, the Indians still far outnumbered the English, and the colonists feared retaliation.»^[34] At this time, Henricus minister Alexander Whitaker taught Pocahontas about Christianity and helped her improve her English. Upon her baptism, she took the Christian name «Rebecca.»^[35]

In March 1614, the stand-off escalated to a violent confrontation between hundreds of colonists and Powhatan men on the Pamunkey River, and the colonists encountered a group of senior Native leaders at Powhatan’s capital of Matchcot. The colonists allowed Pocahontas to talk to her tribe when Powhatan arrived, and she reportedly rebuked him for valuing her «less than old swords, pieces, or axes.» She said that she preferred to live with the colonists «who loved her.»^[36]

Possible first marriage

Mattaponi tradition holds that Pocahontas’s first husband was Kocoum, brother of the Patawomeck weroance Japazaws, and that Kocoum was killed by the colonists after his wife’s capture in 1613.^[37] Today’s Patawomecks believe that Pocahontas and Kocoum had a daughter named Ka-Okee who was raised by the Patawomecks after her father’s death and her mother’s abduction.^[38]

Kocoum’s identity, location, and very existence have been widely debated among scholars for centuries; the only mention of a «Kocoum» in any English document is a brief statement written about 1616 by William Strachey in England that Pocahontas had been living married to a «private captaine called Kocoum» for two years.^[39] She married John Rolfe in 1614, and no other records even hint at any previous husband, so some have suggested that Strachey was mistakenly referring to Rolfe himself, with the reference being later misunderstood as one of Powhatan’s officers.^[40]

Marriage to John Rolfe

During her stay in Henricus, Pocahontas met John Rolfe. Rolfe’s English-born wife Sarah Hacker and child Bermuda had died on the way to Virginia after the wreck of the ship Sea Venture on the Summer Isles, also known as Bermuda. Rolfe established the Virginia plantation Varina Farms where he cultivated a new strain of tobacco. He was a pious man and agonized over the potential moral repercussions of marrying a heathen, though in fact Pocahontas had accepted the Christian faith and taken the baptismal name Rebecca. In a long letter to the governor requesting permission to wed her, he expressed his love for Pocahontas and his belief that he would be saving her soul. He wrote that he was

motivated not by the unbridled desire of carnal affection, but for the good of this plantation, for the honor of our country, for the Glory of God, for my own salvation… namely Pocahontas, to whom my hearty and best thoughts are, and have been a long time so entangled, and enthralled in so intricate a labyrinth that I was even a-wearied to unwind myself thereout.^[41]

The couple were married on April 5, 1614, by chaplain Richard Buck, probably at Jamestown. For two years, they lived at Varina Farms across the James River from Henricus. Their son Thomas was born in January 1615.^[42]

Their marriage created a climate of peace between the Jamestown colonists and Powhatan’s tribes; it endured for eight years as the «Peace of Pocahontas».^[43] In 1615, Ralph Hamor wrote, «Since the wedding we have had friendly commerce and trade not only with Powhatan but also with his subjects round about us.»^[44] The marriage was controversial in the British court at the time because «a commoner» had «the audacity» to marry a «princess.»^[45][46]

England

One goal of the Virginia Company of London was to convert Native Americans to Christianity, and the company saw an opportunity to promote further investment with the conversion of Pocahontas and her marriage to Rolfe, all of which also helped end the First Anglo-Powhatan War. The company decided to bring Pocahontas to England as a symbol of the tamed New World «savage» and the success of the Virginia colony,^[47] and the Rolfes arrived at the port of Plymouth on June 12, 1616.^[48] They journeyed to London by coach, accompanied by 11 other Powhatans including a holy man named Tomocomo.^[49] John Smith was living in London at the time while Pocahontas was in Plymouth, and she learned that he was still alive.^[50] Smith did not meet Pocahontas, but he wrote to Queen Anne of Denmark, the wife of King James, urging that Pocahontas be treated with respect as a royal visitor. He suggested that, if she were treated badly, her «present love to us and Christianity might turn to… scorn and fury», and England might lose the chance to «rightly have a Kingdom by her means.»^[7]

Pocahontas was entertained at various social gatherings. On January 5, 1617, she and Tomocomo were brought before the king at the old Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall at a performance of Ben Jonson’s masque The Vision of Delight. According to Smith, King James was so unprepossessing that neither Pocahontas nor Tomocomo realized whom they had met until it was explained to them afterward.^[50]

Pocahontas was not a princess in Powhatan culture, but the Virginia Company presented her as one to the English public because she was the daughter of an important chief. The inscription on a 1616 engraving of Pocahontas reads «MATOAKA ALS REBECCA FILIA POTENTISS : PRINC : POWHATANI IMP:VIRGINIÆ», meaning «Matoaka, alias Rebecca, daughter of the most powerful prince of the Powhatan Empire of Virginia.» Many English at this time recognized Powhatan as the ruler of an empire, and presumably accorded to his daughter what they considered appropriate status. Smith’s letter to Queen Anne refers to «Powhatan their chief King.»^[7] Cleric and travel writer Samuel Purchas recalled meeting Pocahontas in London, noting that she impressed those whom she met because she «carried her selfe as the daughter of a king.»^[51] When he met her again in London, Smith referred to her deferentially as a «King’s daughter.»^[52]

Pocahontas was apparently treated well in London. At the masque, her seats were described as «well placed»^[53] and, according to Purchas, London’s Bishop John King «entertained her with festival state and pomp beyond what I have seen in his greate hospitalitie afforded to other ladies.»^[54]

Not all the English were so impressed, however. Helen C. Rountree claims that there is no contemporaneous evidence to suggest that Pocahontas was regarded in England «as anything like royalty,» despite the writings of John Smith. Rather, she was considered to be something of a curiosity, according to Rountree, who suggests that she was merely «the Virginian woman» to most Englishmen.^[19]

Pocahontas and Rolfe lived in the suburb of Brentford, Middlesex for some time, as well as at Rolfe’s family home at Heacham, Norfolk. In early 1617, Smith met the couple at a social gathering and wrote that, when Pocahontas saw him, «without any words, she turned about, obscured her face, as not seeming well contented,» and was left alone for two or three hours. Later, they spoke more; Smith’s record of what she said to him is fragmentary and enigmatic. She reminded him of the «courtesies she had done,» saying, «you did promise Powhatan what was yours would be his, and he the like to you.» She then discomfited him by calling him «father,» explaining that Smith had called Powhatan «father» when he was a stranger in Virginia, «and by the same reason so must I do you». Smith did not accept this form of address because, he wrote, Pocahontas outranked him as «a King’s daughter.» Pocahontas then said, «with a well-set countenance»:

Were you not afraid to come into my father’s country and caused fear in him and all his people (but me) and fear you here I should call you «father»? I tell you then I will, and you shall call me child, and so I will be for ever and ever your countryman.^[50]

Finally, Pocahontas told Smith that she and her tribe had thought him dead, but her father had told Tomocomo to seek him «because your countrymen will lie much.»^[50]

Death

In March 1617, Rolfe and Pocahontas boarded a ship to return to Virginia, but they had sailed only as far as Gravesend on the River Thames when Pocahontas became gravely ill.^[55] She was taken ashore, where she died from unknown causes, aged approximately 21 and «much lamented.» According to Rolfe, she declared that «all must die»; for her, it was enough that her child lived.^[56] Speculated causes of her death include pneumonia, smallpox, tuberculosis, hemorrhagic dysentery («the Bloody flux») and poisoning.^[57][58]

Pocahontas’s funeral took place on March 21, 1617, in the parish of St George’s Church, Gravesend.^[59] Her grave is thought to be underneath the church’s chancel, though that church was destroyed in a fire in 1727 and its exact site is unknown.^[60] Since 1958 she has been commemorated by a life-sized bronze statue in St. George’s churchyard, a replica of the 1907 Jamestown sculpture by the American sculptor William Ordway Partridge.^[61]

Legacy

Pocahontas and John Rolfe had a son, Thomas Rolfe, born in January 1615.^[62]
Thomas Rolfe and his wife, Jane Poythress, had a daughter, Jane Rolfe,^[63] who was born in Varina, Henrico County, Virginia, on October 10, 1650.^[64] Jane Rolfe married Robert Bolling of Prince George County, Virginia. Their son, John Bolling, was born in 1676.^[64] John Bolling married Mary Kennon^[64] and had six surviving children, each of whom married and had surviving children.^[65]

In 1907, Pocahontas was the first Native American to be honored on a US stamp.^[66] She was a member of the inaugural class of Virginia Women in History in 2000.^[67] In July 2015, the Pamunkey Native tribe became the first federally recognized tribe in the state of Virginia; they are descendants of the Powhatan chiefdom of which Pocahontas was a member.^[68] Pocahontas is the 12th great-grandmother of the American actor Edward Norton.^[69]

• 

  Pocahontas commemorative postage stamp of 1907

Cultural representations

After her death, increasingly fanciful and romanticized representations were produced about Pocahontas, in which she and Smith are frequently portrayed as romantically involved. Contemporaneous sources substantiate claims of their friendship but not romance.^[43] The first claim of their romantic involvement was in John Davis’ Travels in the United States of America (1803).^[72]

Rayna Green has discussed the similar fetishization that Native and Asian women experience. Both groups are viewed as «exotic» and «submissive,» which aids their dehumanization.^[73] Also, Green touches on how Native women had to either «keep their exotic distance or die,» which is associated with the widespread image of Pocahontas trying to sacrifice her life for John Smith.^[73]

Cornel Pewewardy writes «In Pocahontas, Indian [sic] characters such as Grandmother Willow, Meeko, and Flit belong to the Disney tradition of familiar animals. In so doing, they are rendered as cartoons, certainly less realistic than Pocahontas and John Smith; In this way, Indians remain marginal and invisible, thereby ironically being ‘strangers in their own lands’ — the shadow Indians. They fight desperately on the silver screen in defense of their asserted rights, but die trying to kill the white hero or save the Indian woman.’»^[74]

Stage

• Pocahontas: Schauspiel mit Gesang, in fünf Akten (A Play with Songs, in five Acts) by Johann Wilhelm Rose, 1784
• Captain Smith and the Princess Pocahontas 1806
• James Nelson Barker’s The Indian Princess; or, La Belle Sauvage (1808),
• George Washington Parke Custis, Pocahontas; or, The Settlers of Virginia (1830)
• John Brougham’s production of the burlesque Po-ca-hon-tas, or The Gentle Savage (1855)
• Brougham’s burlesque revised for London as La Belle Sauvage, opening at St James’s Theatre, November 27, 1869 ^[75]
• Sydney Grundy’s Pocahontas, a comic opera, music by Edward Solomon, which opened at the Empire Theatre in London on 26 December 1884 and ran for just 24 performances with Lillian Russell in the title role and C. Hayden Coffin in his stage debut in the piece, taking the role of Captain Smith for the final six nights ^[76]
• Miss Pocahontas (Broadway musical), Lyric Theatre, New York City, October 28, 1907
• Pocahontas ballet by Elliot Carter, Jr., Martin Beck Theatre, New York City, May 24, 1939
• Pocahontas musical by Kermit Goell, Lyric Theatre, West End, London, November 14, 1963

Stamps

• The Jamestown Exposition was held in Norfolk, Virginia from April 26 to December 1, 1907, to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Jamestown settlement, and three commemorative postage stamps were issued in conjunction with it. The five-cent stamp portrays Pocahontas, modeled from Simon van de Passe’s 1616 engraving. About 8 million were issued.^[77]

Film

Films about Pocahontas include:

• Pocahontas (1910), a Thanhouser Company silent short drama
• Pocahontas and John Smith (1924), a silent film directed by Bryan Foy
• Captain John Smith and Pocahontas (1953), directed by Lew Landers and starring Jody Lawrance as Pocahontas
• Pocahontas (1994), a Japanese animated production from Jetlag Productions directed by Toshiyuki Hiruma Takashi
• Pocahontas: The Legend (1995), a Canadian film based on her life
• Pocahontas (1995), a Walt Disney Company animated feature, one of the Disney Princess films, and the most well known adaptation of the Pocahontas story. The film presents a fictional romantic affair between Pocahontas and John Smith, in which Pocahontas teaches Smith respect for nature. Irene Bedard voiced and provided the physical model for the title character.
• Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998), a direct-to-video Disney sequel depicting Pocahantas falling in love with John Rolfe and traveling to England
• The New World (2005), film directed by Terrence Malick and starring Q’orianka Kilcher as Pocahontas^[78]
• Pocahontas: Dove of Peace (2016), a docudrama produced by Christian Broadcasting Network^[79]

Literature

• Davis, John (1803). Travels in the United States of America.^[72]
• The first settlers of Virginia : an historical novel New-York : Printed for I. Riley and Co. 1806
• Lydia Sigourney’s long poem Pocahontas relates her history and is the title work of her 1841 collection of poetry.

Art

• Simon van de Passe’s engraving of 1616
• The abduction of Pocahontas (1619), a narrative engraving by Johann Theodor de Bry
• William Ordway Partridge’s bronze statue (1922) of Pocahontas in Jamestown, Virginia; a replica (1958) stands in the grounds of St George’s Church, Gravesend^[80]
• Baptism of Pocahontas (1840), a painting by John Gadsby Chapman which hangs in the rotunda of the United States Capitol Building

Others

• Lake Matoaka, an 18th-century mill pond on the campus of the College of William & Mary renamed for Pocahontas’s Powhatan name in the 1920s.
• The SS Pocahontas — name of three vessels including one that Virginia Ferry Corporation completed in 1940 for Little Creek-Cape Charles Ferry, sold to Cape May–Lewes Ferry in 1963, and renamed as the SS Delaware, operating from 1964 to 1974
• The USS Pocahontas (ID-3044)
• The Pocahontas — a passenger train of the Norfolk and Western Railway, running from Norfolk, Virginia to Cincinnati, Ohio
• The minor planet 4487 Pocahontas^[81]

See also

• La Malinche – a Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a major role in the Spanish-Aztec War as an interpreter for the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés
• Mary Kittamaquund – daughter of a Piscataway chief in colonial Maryland
• Sedgeford Hall Portrait – once thought to represent Pocahontas and Thomas Rolfe but now believed to depict the wife (Pe-o-ka) and son of Seminole Chief Osceola

References

Bibliography

• Argall, Samuel. Letter to Nicholas Hawes. June 1613. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Bulla, Clyde Robert. «Little Nantaquas.» In «Pocahontas and The Strangers», ed Scholastic inc., 730 Broadway, New York, NY 10003. 1971.
• Custalow, Linwood «Little Bear» and Daniel, Angela L. «Silver Star.» The True Story of Pocahontas, Fulcrum Publishing, Golden, Colorado 2007, ISBN 978-1-55591-632-9.
• Dale, Thomas. Letter to ‘D.M.’ 1614. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Dale, Thomas. Letter to Sir Ralph Winwood. June 3, 1616. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Fausz, J. Frederick. «An ‘Abundance of Blood Shed on Both Sides’: England’s First Indian War, 1609–1614». The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 98:1 (January 1990), pp. 3–56.
• Gleach, Frederic W. Powhatan’s World and Colonial Virginia. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
• Hamor, Ralph. A True Discourse of the Present Estate of Virginia. 1615. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Herford, C.H. and Percy Simpson, eds. Ben Jonson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925–1952).
• Huber, Margaret Williamson (January 12, 2011). «Powhatan (d. 1618)». Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
• Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000.
• Lemay, J.A. Leo. Did Pocahontas Save Captain John Smith? Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1992
• Price, David A. Love and Hate in Jamestown. New York: Vintage, 2003.
• Purchas, Samuel. Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes. 1625. Repr. Glasgow: James MacLehose, 1905–1907. vol. 19
• Rolfe, John. Letter to Thomas Dale. 1614. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998
• Rolfe, John. Letter to Edwin Sandys. June 8, 1617. Repr. in The Records of the Virginia Company of London, ed. Susan Myra Kingsbuy. Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1906–1935. Vol. 3
• Rountree, Helen C. (November 3, 2010). «Divorce in Early Virginia Indian Society». Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
• Rountree, Helen C. (November 3, 2010). «Early Virginia Indian Education». Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
• Rountree, Helen C. (November 3, 2010). «Uses of Personal Names by Early Virginia Indians». Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
• Rountree, Helen C. (December 8, 2010). «Pocahontas (d. 1617)». Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
• Smith, John. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate as hath Hapned in Virginia, 1608. Repr. in The Complete Works of John Smith (1580–1631). Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University Press of Virginia, 1983. Vol. 1
• Smith, John. A Map of Virginia, 1612. Repr. in The Complete Works of John Smith (1580–1631), Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University Press of Virginia, 1983. Vol. 1
• Smith, John. Letter to Queen Anne. 1616. Repr. as ‘John Smith’s Letter to Queen Anne regarding Pocahontas’. Caleb Johnson’s Mayflower Web Pages 1997, Accessed April 23, 2006.
• Smith, John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. 1624. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Spelman, Henry. A Relation of Virginia. 1609. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Strachey, William. The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Brittania. c. 1612. Repr. London: Hakluyt Society, 1849.
• Symonds, William. The Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia. 1612. Repr. in The Complete Works of Captain John Smith. Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. Vol. 1
• Tilton, Robert S. (1994). Pocahontas: The Evolution of an American Narrative. Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-46959-3.
• Waldron, William Watson. Pocahontas, American Princess: and Other Poems. New York: Dean and Trevett, 1841
• Warner, Charles Dudley. Captain John Smith, 1881. Repr. in Captain John Smith Project Gutenberg Text, accessed July 4, 2006
• Woodward, Grace Steele. Pocahontas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969.

Further reading

• Barbour, Philip L. Pocahontas and Her World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970. ISBN 0-7091-2188-1
• Neill, Rev. Edward D. Pocahontas and Her Companions. Albany: Joel Munsell, 1869.
• Price, David A. Love and Hate in Jamestown. Alfred A. Knopf, 2003 ISBN 0-375-41541-6
• Rountree, Helen C. Pocahontas’s People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8061-2280-3
• Strong, Pauline Turner. Animated Indians: Critique and Contradiction in Commodified Children’s Culture. Cultural Anthology, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Aug. 1996), pp. 405–424
• Sandall, Roger. 2001 The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays ISBN 0-8133-3863-8
• Townsend, Camilla. Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004. ISBN 0-8090-7738-8
• Warner, Charles Dudley, Captain John Smith, 1881. Repr. in Captain John Smith Project Gutenberg Text, accessed July 4, 2006
• Warner, Charles Dudley, The Story of Pocahontas, 1881. Repr. in The Story of Pocahontas Project Gutenberg Text, accessed July 4, 2006
• Woodward, Grace Steele. Pocahontas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969. ISBN 0-8061-0835-5 or ISBN 0-8061-1642-0
• John William Weidemeyer (1900). «Powhatan» . Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography. This article is mostly about Pocahontas.
• Pocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman, Wyndham Robertson, Printed by J. W. Randolph & English, Richmond, Va., 1887

External links

• Pocahontas: Her Life and Legend – National Park Service – Historic Jamestowne
• «Contact and Conflict». The Story of Virginia: An American Experience. Virginia Historical Society.
• «The Anglo-Powhatan Wars». The Story of Virginia: An American Experience. Virginia Historical Society.
• Virtual Jamestown. Includes text of many original accounts
• «The Pocahontas Archive», a comprehensive bibliography of texts about Pocahontas
• On this day in history: Pocahontas marries John Rolfe, History.com
• Michals, Debra. «Pocahontas». National Women’s History Museum. 2015.

Pocahontas
A 1616 portrait engraving by Simon de Passe
Born	Amonute (later known as Matoaka) c. 1596 Werowocomoco, Tsenacommacah
Died	March 1617 (aged 20–21) Gravesend, England
Resting place	St George’s Church, Gravesend
Other names	Rebecca Rolfe
Known for	Association with Jamestown colony, inclusion in writings by John Smith, and as a Powhatan convert to Christianity
Title	Princess Matoaka
Spouse	John Rolfe ​ (m. )​
Children	Thomas Rolfe
Parent	Wahunsenacawh/Chief Powhatan (father)

Pocahontas (, ; born Amonute, known as Matoaka, c. 1596 – March 1617) was a Native American woman, belonging to the Powhatan people, notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. She was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief^[1] of a network of tributary tribes in the Tsenacommacah, encompassing the Tidewater region of Virginia.

Pocahontas was captured and held for ransom by English colonists during hostilities in 1613. During her captivity, she was encouraged to convert to Christianity and was baptized under the name Rebecca. She married the tobacco planter John Rolfe in April 1614 at the age of about 17 or 18, and she bore their son Thomas Rolfe in January 1615.^[2]

In 1616, the Rolfes travelled to London where Pocahontas was presented to English society as an example of the «civilized savage» in hopes of stimulating investment in the Jamestown settlement. On this trip she may have met Squanto, a «Patuxet Native American» from New England.^[3] She became a celebrity, was elegantly fêted, and attended a masque at Whitehall Palace. In 1617, the Rolfes set sail for Virginia; Pocahontas died at Gravesend, England, of unknown causes, aged 20 or 21. She was buried in St George’s Church, Gravesend; her grave’s exact location is unknown because the church was rebuilt after being destroyed by a fire.^[2]

Numerous places, landmarks, and products in the United States have been named after Pocahontas. Her story has been romanticized over the years, many aspects of which are fictional. Many of the stories told about her by the English explorer John Smith have been contested by her documented descendants.^[4] She is a subject of art, literature, and film. Many famous people have claimed to be among her descendants through her son, including members of the First Families of Virginia, First Lady Edith Wilson, American Western actor Glenn Strange, and astronomer Percival Lowell.^[5]

Early life

Pocahontas’s birth year is unknown, but some historians estimate it to have been around 1596.^[2] In A True Relation of Virginia (1608), the English explorer John Smith described meeting Pocahontas in the spring of 1608 when she was «a child of ten years old».^[6] In a 1616 letter, he again described her as she was in 1608, but this time as «a child of twelve or thirteen years of age.»^[7]

Pocahontas was the daughter of Chief Powhatan, paramount chief of Tsenacommacah, an alliance of about 30 Algonquian-speaking groups and petty chiefdoms in Tidewater, Virginia.^[8] Her mother’s name and origin are unknown, but she was probably of lowly status. Henry Spelman of Jamestown had lived among the Powhatan as an interpreter, and he noted that, when one of the paramount chief’s many wives gave birth, she was returned to her place of origin and supported there by the paramount chief until she found another husband.^[9] However, little is known about Pocahontas’s mother, and it has been theorized that she died in childbirth.^[10] The Mattaponi Reservation people are descendants of the Powhatans, and their oral tradition claims that Pocahontas’s mother was the first wife of Powhatan and that Pocahontas was named after her.^[11]

Names

According to colonist William Strachey, «Pocahontas» was a childhood nickname meaning «little wanton.»^[12] Some interpret the meaning as «playful one.»^[13] In his account, Strachey describes her as a child visiting the fort at Jamestown and playing with the young boys; she would «get the boys forth with her into the marketplace and make them wheel, falling on their hands, turning up their heels upwards, whom she would follow and wheel so herself, naked as she was, all the fort over.»^[14]

Historian William Stith claimed that «her real name, it seems, was originally Matoax, which the Native Americans carefully concealed from the English and changed it to Pocahontas, out of a superstitious fear, lest they, by the knowledge of her true name, should be enabled to do her some hurt.»^[15] According to anthropologist Helen C. Rountree, Pocahontas revealed her secret name to the colonists «only after she had taken another religious – baptismal – name» of Rebecca.^[16]

Title and status

Pocahontas is frequently viewed as a princess in popular culture. In 1841, William Watson Waldron of Trinity College, Dublin published Pocahontas, American Princess: and Other Poems, calling her «the beloved and only surviving daughter of the king.»^[17] She was her father’s «delight and darling», according to colonist Captain Ralph Hamor^[18] but she was not in line to inherit a position as a weroance, sub-chief, or mamanatowick (paramount chief). Instead, Powhatan’s brothers and sisters and his sisters’ children all stood in line to succeed him.^[19] In his A Map of Virginia, John Smith explained how matrilineal inheritance worked among the Powhatans:

His kingdom descendeth not to his sonnes nor children: but first to his brethren, whereof he hath three namely Opitchapan, Opechanncanough, and Catataugh; and after their decease to his sisters. First to the eldest sister, then to the rest: and after them to the heires male and female of the eldest sister; but never to the heires of the males.

Interactions with the colonists

John Smith

Pocahontas is most famously linked to colonist Captain John Smith, who arrived in Virginia with 100 other settlers in April 1607 where they built a fort on a marshy peninsula on the James River. The colonists had numerous encounters over the next several months with the people of Tsenacommacah – some of them friendly, some hostile. A hunting party led by Powhatan’s close relative Opechancanough then captured Smith in December 1607 while he was exploring on the Chickahominy River and brought him to Powhatan’s capital at Werowocomoco. In his 1608 account, Smith describes a great feast followed by a long talk with Powhatan. He does not mention Pocahontas in relation to his capture, and claims that they first met some months later.^[20][21] Margaret Huber suggests that Powhatan was attempting to bring Smith and the other colonists under his own authority. He offered Smith rule of the town of Capahosic, which was close to his capital at Werowocomoco, as he hoped to keep Smith and his men «nearby and better under control.»^[22]

In 1616, Smith wrote a letter to Queen Anne of Denmark in anticipation of Pocahontas’s visit to England. In this new account, his capture included the threat of his own death: «at the minute of my execution, she hazarded the beating out of her own brains to save mine; and not only that but so prevailed with her father, that I was safely conducted to Jamestown.»^[7] He expanded on this in his 1624 Generall Historie, published long after the death of Pocahontas. He explained that he was captured and taken to the paramount chief where «two great stones were brought before Powhatan: then as many as could layd hands on him [Smith], dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs, to beate out his braines, Pocahontas the Kings dearest daughter, when no intreaty could prevaile, got his head in her armes, and laid her owne upon his to save him from death.»^[23]

Karen Ordahl Kupperman suggests that Smith used such details to embroider his first account, thus producing a more dramatic second account of his encounter with Pocahontas as a heroine worthy of Queen Anne’s audience. She argues that its later revision and publication was Smith’s attempt to raise his own stock and reputation, as he had fallen from favor with the London Company which had funded the Jamestown enterprise.^[24] Anthropologist Frederic W. Gleach suggests that Smith’s second account was substantially accurate but represents his misunderstanding of a three-stage ritual intended to adopt him into the confederacy,^[25][26] but not all writers are convinced, some suggesting the absence of certain corroborating evidence.^[4]

Early histories did establish that Pocahontas befriended Smith and the Jamestown colony. She often went to the settlement and played games with the boys there.^[14] When the colonists were starving, «every once in four or five days, Pocahontas with her attendants brought him [Smith] so much provision that saved many of their lives that else for all this had starved with hunger.»^[27] As the colonists expanded their settlement, the Powhatans felt that their lands were threatened, and conflicts arose again. In late 1609, an injury from a gunpowder explosion forced Smith to return to England for medical care, and the colonists told the Powhatans that he was dead. Pocahontas believed that account and stopped visiting Jamestown, but she learned that he was living in England when she traveled there with her husband John Rolfe.^[28]

Capture

Pocahontas’s capture occurred in the context of the First Anglo-Powhatan War, a conflict between the Jamestown settlers and the Natives which began late in the summer of 1609.^[30] In the first years of war, the colonists took control of the James River, both at its mouth and at the falls. Captain Samuel Argall, in the meantime, pursued contacts with Native tribes in the northern portion of Powhatan’s paramount chiefdom. The Patawomecks lived on the Potomac River and were not always loyal to Powhatan, and living with them was a young English interpreter named Henry Spelman. In March 1613, Argall learned that Pocahontas was visiting the Patawomeck village of Passapatanzy and living under the protection of the Weroance Iopassus (also known as Japazaws).^[31]

With Spelman’s help translating, Argall pressured Iopassus to assist in Pocahontas’s capture by promising an alliance with the colonists against the Powhatans.^[31] Iopassus, with the help of his wives, tricked Pocahontas into boarding Argall’s ship and held her for ransom, demanding the release of colonial prisoners held by her father and the return of various stolen weapons and tools.^[32] Powhatan returned the prisoners but failed to satisfy the colonists with the number of weapons and tools that he returned. A long standoff ensued, during which the colonists kept Pocahontas captive.^{[citation needed]}

During the year-long wait, she was held at Henricus in Chesterfield County, Virginia. Little is known about her life there, although colonist Ralph Hamor wrote that she received «extraordinary courteous usage.»^[33] Linwood «Little Bear» Custalow refers to an oral tradition which claims that Pocahontas was raped; Helen Rountree counters that «other historians have disputed that such oral tradition survived and instead argue that any mistreatment of Pocahontas would have gone against the interests of the English in their negotiations with Powhatan. A truce had been called, the Indians still far outnumbered the English, and the colonists feared retaliation.»^[34] At this time, Henricus minister Alexander Whitaker taught Pocahontas about Christianity and helped her improve her English. Upon her baptism, she took the Christian name «Rebecca.»^[35]

In March 1614, the stand-off escalated to a violent confrontation between hundreds of colonists and Powhatan men on the Pamunkey River, and the colonists encountered a group of senior Native leaders at Powhatan’s capital of Matchcot. The colonists allowed Pocahontas to talk to her tribe when Powhatan arrived, and she reportedly rebuked him for valuing her «less than old swords, pieces, or axes.» She said that she preferred to live with the colonists «who loved her.»^[36]

Possible first marriage

Mattaponi tradition holds that Pocahontas’s first husband was Kocoum, brother of the Patawomeck weroance Japazaws, and that Kocoum was killed by the colonists after his wife’s capture in 1613.^[37] Today’s Patawomecks believe that Pocahontas and Kocoum had a daughter named Ka-Okee who was raised by the Patawomecks after her father’s death and her mother’s abduction.^[38]

Kocoum’s identity, location, and very existence have been widely debated among scholars for centuries; the only mention of a «Kocoum» in any English document is a brief statement written about 1616 by William Strachey in England that Pocahontas had been living married to a «private captaine called Kocoum» for two years.^[39] She married John Rolfe in 1614, and no other records even hint at any previous husband, so some have suggested that Strachey was mistakenly referring to Rolfe himself, with the reference being later misunderstood as one of Powhatan’s officers.^[40]

Marriage to John Rolfe

During her stay in Henricus, Pocahontas met John Rolfe. Rolfe’s English-born wife Sarah Hacker and child Bermuda had died on the way to Virginia after the wreck of the ship Sea Venture on the Summer Isles, also known as Bermuda. Rolfe established the Virginia plantation Varina Farms where he cultivated a new strain of tobacco. He was a pious man and agonized over the potential moral repercussions of marrying a heathen, though in fact Pocahontas had accepted the Christian faith and taken the baptismal name Rebecca. In a long letter to the governor requesting permission to wed her, he expressed his love for Pocahontas and his belief that he would be saving her soul. He wrote that he was

motivated not by the unbridled desire of carnal affection, but for the good of this plantation, for the honor of our country, for the Glory of God, for my own salvation… namely Pocahontas, to whom my hearty and best thoughts are, and have been a long time so entangled, and enthralled in so intricate a labyrinth that I was even a-wearied to unwind myself thereout.^[41]

The couple were married on April 5, 1614, by chaplain Richard Buck, probably at Jamestown. For two years, they lived at Varina Farms across the James River from Henricus. Their son Thomas was born in January 1615.^[42]

Their marriage created a climate of peace between the Jamestown colonists and Powhatan’s tribes; it endured for eight years as the «Peace of Pocahontas».^[43] In 1615, Ralph Hamor wrote, «Since the wedding we have had friendly commerce and trade not only with Powhatan but also with his subjects round about us.»^[44] The marriage was controversial in the British court at the time because «a commoner» had «the audacity» to marry a «princess.»^[45][46]

England

One goal of the Virginia Company of London was to convert Native Americans to Christianity, and the company saw an opportunity to promote further investment with the conversion of Pocahontas and her marriage to Rolfe, all of which also helped end the First Anglo-Powhatan War. The company decided to bring Pocahontas to England as a symbol of the tamed New World «savage» and the success of the Virginia colony,^[47] and the Rolfes arrived at the port of Plymouth on June 12, 1616.^[48] They journeyed to London by coach, accompanied by 11 other Powhatans including a holy man named Tomocomo.^[49] John Smith was living in London at the time while Pocahontas was in Plymouth, and she learned that he was still alive.^[50] Smith did not meet Pocahontas, but he wrote to Queen Anne of Denmark, the wife of King James, urging that Pocahontas be treated with respect as a royal visitor. He suggested that, if she were treated badly, her «present love to us and Christianity might turn to… scorn and fury», and England might lose the chance to «rightly have a Kingdom by her means.»^[7]

Pocahontas was entertained at various social gatherings. On January 5, 1617, she and Tomocomo were brought before the king at the old Banqueting House in the Palace of Whitehall at a performance of Ben Jonson’s masque The Vision of Delight. According to Smith, King James was so unprepossessing that neither Pocahontas nor Tomocomo realized whom they had met until it was explained to them afterward.^[50]

Pocahontas was not a princess in Powhatan culture, but the Virginia Company presented her as one to the English public because she was the daughter of an important chief. The inscription on a 1616 engraving of Pocahontas reads «MATOAKA ALS REBECCA FILIA POTENTISS : PRINC : POWHATANI IMP:VIRGINIÆ», meaning «Matoaka, alias Rebecca, daughter of the most powerful prince of the Powhatan Empire of Virginia.» Many English at this time recognized Powhatan as the ruler of an empire, and presumably accorded to his daughter what they considered appropriate status. Smith’s letter to Queen Anne refers to «Powhatan their chief King.»^[7] Cleric and travel writer Samuel Purchas recalled meeting Pocahontas in London, noting that she impressed those whom she met because she «carried her selfe as the daughter of a king.»^[51] When he met her again in London, Smith referred to her deferentially as a «King’s daughter.»^[52]

Pocahontas was apparently treated well in London. At the masque, her seats were described as «well placed»^[53] and, according to Purchas, London’s Bishop John King «entertained her with festival state and pomp beyond what I have seen in his greate hospitalitie afforded to other ladies.»^[54]

Not all the English were so impressed, however. Helen C. Rountree claims that there is no contemporaneous evidence to suggest that Pocahontas was regarded in England «as anything like royalty,» despite the writings of John Smith. Rather, she was considered to be something of a curiosity, according to Rountree, who suggests that she was merely «the Virginian woman» to most Englishmen.^[19]

Pocahontas and Rolfe lived in the suburb of Brentford, Middlesex for some time, as well as at Rolfe’s family home at Heacham, Norfolk. In early 1617, Smith met the couple at a social gathering and wrote that, when Pocahontas saw him, «without any words, she turned about, obscured her face, as not seeming well contented,» and was left alone for two or three hours. Later, they spoke more; Smith’s record of what she said to him is fragmentary and enigmatic. She reminded him of the «courtesies she had done,» saying, «you did promise Powhatan what was yours would be his, and he the like to you.» She then discomfited him by calling him «father,» explaining that Smith had called Powhatan «father» when he was a stranger in Virginia, «and by the same reason so must I do you». Smith did not accept this form of address because, he wrote, Pocahontas outranked him as «a King’s daughter.» Pocahontas then said, «with a well-set countenance»:

Were you not afraid to come into my father’s country and caused fear in him and all his people (but me) and fear you here I should call you «father»? I tell you then I will, and you shall call me child, and so I will be for ever and ever your countryman.^[50]

Finally, Pocahontas told Smith that she and her tribe had thought him dead, but her father had told Tomocomo to seek him «because your countrymen will lie much.»^[50]

Death

In March 1617, Rolfe and Pocahontas boarded a ship to return to Virginia, but they had sailed only as far as Gravesend on the River Thames when Pocahontas became gravely ill.^[55] She was taken ashore, where she died from unknown causes, aged approximately 21 and «much lamented.» According to Rolfe, she declared that «all must die»; for her, it was enough that her child lived.^[56] Speculated causes of her death include pneumonia, smallpox, tuberculosis, hemorrhagic dysentery («the Bloody flux») and poisoning.^[57][58]

Pocahontas’s funeral took place on March 21, 1617, in the parish of St George’s Church, Gravesend.^[59] Her grave is thought to be underneath the church’s chancel, though that church was destroyed in a fire in 1727 and its exact site is unknown.^[60] Since 1958 she has been commemorated by a life-sized bronze statue in St. George’s churchyard, a replica of the 1907 Jamestown sculpture by the American sculptor William Ordway Partridge.^[61]

Legacy

Pocahontas and John Rolfe had a son, Thomas Rolfe, born in January 1615.^[62]
Thomas Rolfe and his wife, Jane Poythress, had a daughter, Jane Rolfe,^[63] who was born in Varina, Henrico County, Virginia, on October 10, 1650.^[64] Jane Rolfe married Robert Bolling of Prince George County, Virginia. Their son, John Bolling, was born in 1676.^[64] John Bolling married Mary Kennon^[64] and had six surviving children, each of whom married and had surviving children.^[65]

In 1907, Pocahontas was the first Native American to be honored on a US stamp.^[66] She was a member of the inaugural class of Virginia Women in History in 2000.^[67] In July 2015, the Pamunkey Native tribe became the first federally recognized tribe in the state of Virginia; they are descendants of the Powhatan chiefdom of which Pocahontas was a member.^[68] Pocahontas is the 12th great-grandmother of the American actor Edward Norton.^[69]

• 

  Pocahontas commemorative postage stamp of 1907

Cultural representations

After her death, increasingly fanciful and romanticized representations were produced about Pocahontas, in which she and Smith are frequently portrayed as romantically involved. Contemporaneous sources substantiate claims of their friendship but not romance.^[43] The first claim of their romantic involvement was in John Davis’ Travels in the United States of America (1803).^[72]

Rayna Green has discussed the similar fetishization that Native and Asian women experience. Both groups are viewed as «exotic» and «submissive,» which aids their dehumanization.^[73] Also, Green touches on how Native women had to either «keep their exotic distance or die,» which is associated with the widespread image of Pocahontas trying to sacrifice her life for John Smith.^[73]

Cornel Pewewardy writes «In Pocahontas, Indian [sic] characters such as Grandmother Willow, Meeko, and Flit belong to the Disney tradition of familiar animals. In so doing, they are rendered as cartoons, certainly less realistic than Pocahontas and John Smith; In this way, Indians remain marginal and invisible, thereby ironically being ‘strangers in their own lands’ — the shadow Indians. They fight desperately on the silver screen in defense of their asserted rights, but die trying to kill the white hero or save the Indian woman.’»^[74]

Stage

• Pocahontas: Schauspiel mit Gesang, in fünf Akten (A Play with Songs, in five Acts) by Johann Wilhelm Rose, 1784
• Captain Smith and the Princess Pocahontas 1806
• James Nelson Barker’s The Indian Princess; or, La Belle Sauvage (1808),
• George Washington Parke Custis, Pocahontas; or, The Settlers of Virginia (1830)
• John Brougham’s production of the burlesque Po-ca-hon-tas, or The Gentle Savage (1855)
• Brougham’s burlesque revised for London as La Belle Sauvage, opening at St James’s Theatre, November 27, 1869 ^[75]
• Sydney Grundy’s Pocahontas, a comic opera, music by Edward Solomon, which opened at the Empire Theatre in London on 26 December 1884 and ran for just 24 performances with Lillian Russell in the title role and C. Hayden Coffin in his stage debut in the piece, taking the role of Captain Smith for the final six nights ^[76]
• Miss Pocahontas (Broadway musical), Lyric Theatre, New York City, October 28, 1907
• Pocahontas ballet by Elliot Carter, Jr., Martin Beck Theatre, New York City, May 24, 1939
• Pocahontas musical by Kermit Goell, Lyric Theatre, West End, London, November 14, 1963

Stamps

• The Jamestown Exposition was held in Norfolk, Virginia from April 26 to December 1, 1907, to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Jamestown settlement, and three commemorative postage stamps were issued in conjunction with it. The five-cent stamp portrays Pocahontas, modeled from Simon van de Passe’s 1616 engraving. About 8 million were issued.^[77]

Film

Films about Pocahontas include:

• Pocahontas (1910), a Thanhouser Company silent short drama
• Pocahontas and John Smith (1924), a silent film directed by Bryan Foy
• Captain John Smith and Pocahontas (1953), directed by Lew Landers and starring Jody Lawrance as Pocahontas
• Pocahontas (1994), a Japanese animated production from Jetlag Productions directed by Toshiyuki Hiruma Takashi
• Pocahontas: The Legend (1995), a Canadian film based on her life
• Pocahontas (1995), a Walt Disney Company animated feature, one of the Disney Princess films, and the most well known adaptation of the Pocahontas story. The film presents a fictional romantic affair between Pocahontas and John Smith, in which Pocahontas teaches Smith respect for nature. Irene Bedard voiced and provided the physical model for the title character.
• Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998), a direct-to-video Disney sequel depicting Pocahantas falling in love with John Rolfe and traveling to England
• The New World (2005), film directed by Terrence Malick and starring Q’orianka Kilcher as Pocahontas^[78]
• Pocahontas: Dove of Peace (2016), a docudrama produced by Christian Broadcasting Network^[79]

Literature

• Davis, John (1803). Travels in the United States of America.^[72]
• The first settlers of Virginia : an historical novel New-York : Printed for I. Riley and Co. 1806
• Lydia Sigourney’s long poem Pocahontas relates her history and is the title work of her 1841 collection of poetry.

Art

• Simon van de Passe’s engraving of 1616
• The abduction of Pocahontas (1619), a narrative engraving by Johann Theodor de Bry
• William Ordway Partridge’s bronze statue (1922) of Pocahontas in Jamestown, Virginia; a replica (1958) stands in the grounds of St George’s Church, Gravesend^[80]
• Baptism of Pocahontas (1840), a painting by John Gadsby Chapman which hangs in the rotunda of the United States Capitol Building

Others

• Lake Matoaka, an 18th-century mill pond on the campus of the College of William & Mary renamed for Pocahontas’s Powhatan name in the 1920s.
• The SS Pocahontas — name of three vessels including one that Virginia Ferry Corporation completed in 1940 for Little Creek-Cape Charles Ferry, sold to Cape May–Lewes Ferry in 1963, and renamed as the SS Delaware, operating from 1964 to 1974
• The USS Pocahontas (ID-3044)
• The Pocahontas — a passenger train of the Norfolk and Western Railway, running from Norfolk, Virginia to Cincinnati, Ohio
• The minor planet 4487 Pocahontas^[81]

See also

• La Malinche – a Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a major role in the Spanish-Aztec War as an interpreter for the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés
• Mary Kittamaquund – daughter of a Piscataway chief in colonial Maryland
• Sedgeford Hall Portrait – once thought to represent Pocahontas and Thomas Rolfe but now believed to depict the wife (Pe-o-ka) and son of Seminole Chief Osceola

References

Bibliography

• Argall, Samuel. Letter to Nicholas Hawes. June 1613. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Bulla, Clyde Robert. «Little Nantaquas.» In «Pocahontas and The Strangers», ed Scholastic inc., 730 Broadway, New York, NY 10003. 1971.
• Custalow, Linwood «Little Bear» and Daniel, Angela L. «Silver Star.» The True Story of Pocahontas, Fulcrum Publishing, Golden, Colorado 2007, ISBN 978-1-55591-632-9.
• Dale, Thomas. Letter to ‘D.M.’ 1614. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Dale, Thomas. Letter to Sir Ralph Winwood. June 3, 1616. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Fausz, J. Frederick. «An ‘Abundance of Blood Shed on Both Sides’: England’s First Indian War, 1609–1614». The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 98:1 (January 1990), pp. 3–56.
• Gleach, Frederic W. Powhatan’s World and Colonial Virginia. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
• Hamor, Ralph. A True Discourse of the Present Estate of Virginia. 1615. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Herford, C.H. and Percy Simpson, eds. Ben Jonson (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925–1952).
• Huber, Margaret Williamson (January 12, 2011). «Powhatan (d. 1618)». Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
• Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000.
• Lemay, J.A. Leo. Did Pocahontas Save Captain John Smith? Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1992
• Price, David A. Love and Hate in Jamestown. New York: Vintage, 2003.
• Purchas, Samuel. Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes. 1625. Repr. Glasgow: James MacLehose, 1905–1907. vol. 19
• Rolfe, John. Letter to Thomas Dale. 1614. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998
• Rolfe, John. Letter to Edwin Sandys. June 8, 1617. Repr. in The Records of the Virginia Company of London, ed. Susan Myra Kingsbuy. Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1906–1935. Vol. 3
• Rountree, Helen C. (November 3, 2010). «Divorce in Early Virginia Indian Society». Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
• Rountree, Helen C. (November 3, 2010). «Early Virginia Indian Education». Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
• Rountree, Helen C. (November 3, 2010). «Uses of Personal Names by Early Virginia Indians». Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
• Rountree, Helen C. (December 8, 2010). «Pocahontas (d. 1617)». Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved February 18, 2011.
• Smith, John. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate as hath Hapned in Virginia, 1608. Repr. in The Complete Works of John Smith (1580–1631). Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University Press of Virginia, 1983. Vol. 1
• Smith, John. A Map of Virginia, 1612. Repr. in The Complete Works of John Smith (1580–1631), Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University Press of Virginia, 1983. Vol. 1
• Smith, John. Letter to Queen Anne. 1616. Repr. as ‘John Smith’s Letter to Queen Anne regarding Pocahontas’. Caleb Johnson’s Mayflower Web Pages 1997, Accessed April 23, 2006.
• Smith, John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. 1624. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Spelman, Henry. A Relation of Virginia. 1609. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Strachey, William. The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Brittania. c. 1612. Repr. London: Hakluyt Society, 1849.
• Symonds, William. The Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia. 1612. Repr. in The Complete Works of Captain John Smith. Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. Vol. 1
• Tilton, Robert S. (1994). Pocahontas: The Evolution of an American Narrative. Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-46959-3.
• Waldron, William Watson. Pocahontas, American Princess: and Other Poems. New York: Dean and Trevett, 1841
• Warner, Charles Dudley. Captain John Smith, 1881. Repr. in Captain John Smith Project Gutenberg Text, accessed July 4, 2006
• Woodward, Grace Steele. Pocahontas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969.

Further reading

• Barbour, Philip L. Pocahontas and Her World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970. ISBN 0-7091-2188-1
• Neill, Rev. Edward D. Pocahontas and Her Companions. Albany: Joel Munsell, 1869.
• Price, David A. Love and Hate in Jamestown. Alfred A. Knopf, 2003 ISBN 0-375-41541-6
• Rountree, Helen C. Pocahontas’s People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8061-2280-3
• Strong, Pauline Turner. Animated Indians: Critique and Contradiction in Commodified Children’s Culture. Cultural Anthology, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Aug. 1996), pp. 405–424
• Sandall, Roger. 2001 The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays ISBN 0-8133-3863-8
• Townsend, Camilla. Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004. ISBN 0-8090-7738-8
• Warner, Charles Dudley, Captain John Smith, 1881. Repr. in Captain John Smith Project Gutenberg Text, accessed July 4, 2006
• Warner, Charles Dudley, The Story of Pocahontas, 1881. Repr. in The Story of Pocahontas Project Gutenberg Text, accessed July 4, 2006
• Woodward, Grace Steele. Pocahontas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969. ISBN 0-8061-0835-5 or ISBN 0-8061-1642-0
• John William Weidemeyer (1900). «Powhatan» . Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography. This article is mostly about Pocahontas.
• Pocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman, Wyndham Robertson, Printed by J. W. Randolph & English, Richmond, Va., 1887

External links

• Pocahontas: Her Life and Legend – National Park Service – Historic Jamestowne
• «Contact and Conflict». The Story of Virginia: An American Experience. Virginia Historical Society.
• «The Anglo-Powhatan Wars». The Story of Virginia: An American Experience. Virginia Historical Society.
• Virtual Jamestown. Includes text of many original accounts
• «The Pocahontas Archive», a comprehensive bibliography of texts about Pocahontas
• On this day in history: Pocahontas marries John Rolfe, History.com
• Michals, Debra. «Pocahontas». National Women’s History Museum. 2015.

Из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии

Индейская женщина 17-го века

Покахонтас. Ребекка Рольф
Портретная гравюра Симона де Пасс, 1616
Родился	Матоака, позже известный как Амонут. c.1596. Веровокомоко, ныне Округ Глостер, Вирджиния
Умер	март 1617 г. (20–21 лет). Грейвсенд, Кент, Королевство Англии
Место отдыха	Церковь Святого Георгия, Грейвсенд
Известен своей	связью с колонией Джеймстаун, спасением жизни Джона Смита и обращенным в христианство поухатаном
Титул	Принцесса Матоака
Супруг (ы)	Джон Рольф ​(m.1614) ​
Дети	Томас Рольф
Родитель (и)	Вахунсенаха / Главный Поухатан (отец)

Покахонтас (US :, UK : ; Матоака, известная как Амонут, c.1596 — март 1617) была индейской женщиной, известной своей связью с колониальным поселением в Джеймстауне, Вирджиния. Она была дочерью Поухатана, верховного вождя сети данных племен в Ценакоммаке, охватывающем регион Приливной воды в Вирджинии.

Покахонтас была схвачена и удерживалась колонистами с целью выкупа во время военных действий в 1613 году. Во время ее плена ей было предложено принять христианство и она была крещена под именем Ребекка. Она вышла замуж за плантатора табака Джона Рольфа в апреле 1614 года в возрасте около 17 или 18 лет, и она родила их сына Томаса Рольфа в январе 1615 года.

В 1616 году Рольфы путешествовали. в Лондон, где Покахонтас была представлена ​​английскому обществу как пример «цивилизованного дикаря» в надежде стимулировать инвестиции в поселение Джеймстаун. В этой поездке она могла встретить Скванто, индейца из Новой Англии. Она стала чем-то вроде знаменитости, ее элегантно устроили, и она посетила маску в Уайтхолл Палас. В 1617 году Рольфы отплыли в Вирджинию, но Покахонтас умерла в Грейвсенд по неизвестным причинам в возрасте 20 или 21 года. Она была похоронена в церкви Святого Георгия, Грейвсенд, в Англии, но точное местонахождение ее могилы неизвестно, потому что церковь была восстановлена ​​после того, как ее уничтожил пожар.

Многочисленные места, достопримечательности и изделия в Соединенных Штатах были названы в честь Покахонтас. На протяжении многих лет ее история романтизировалась, с некоторыми аспектами, которые, вероятно, являются вымышленными. Многие истории, рассказанные о ней Джоном Смитом, были оспорены ее задокументированными потомками. Она является предметом искусства, литературы и кино, и многие известные люди утверждали, что были среди ее потомков от ее сына, включая членов Первых семей Вирджинии, Первую леди Эдит Уилсон, американский вестерн-актер Гленн Стрэндж и астроном Персиваль Лоуэлл.

Содержание

• 1 Ранние годы
  • 1.1 Имена
  • 1.2 Название и статус
• 2 Взаимодействие с колонисты
  • 2.1 Джон Смит
  • 2.2 Поимка
  • 2.3 Возможный первый брак
  • 2.4 Брак с Джоном Рольфом
  • 2.5 Англия
• 3 Смерть
• 4 Наследие
• 5 Культурные представления
  • 5.1 Этап
  • 5.2 Поминки
  • 5.3 Фильм
  • 5.4 Литература
  • 5.5 Искусство
  • 5.6 Другое
• 6 См. Также
• 7 Ссылки
• 8 Библиография
• 9 Далее чтение
• 10 Внешние ссылки

Ранние годы жизни

Год рождения Покахонтас неизвестен, но некоторые историки оценивают его примерно как 1596 год. В «Истинных отношениях Вирджинии» (1608) Смит описал встречу с Покахонтас в весной 1608 года, когда она была «ребенок десяти лет». В письме 1616 года он снова описал ее такой, какой она была в 1608 году, но на этот раз как «ребенка двенадцати или тринадцати лет».

Покахонтас была дочерью вождя Поухатана, верховный вождь Ценакоммаках, союза примерно 30 говорящих на алгонкино групп и мелких вождей в Тайдуотере, Вирджиния. Имя и происхождение ее матери неизвестны, но, вероятно, она имела низкий статус. Генри Спелман из Джеймстауна жил среди Поухатанов в качестве переводчика, и он отметил, что, когда одна из многих жен верховного вождя родила ребенка, она была возвращена на место своего происхождения и поддержана там верховным вождем. пока не нашла другого мужа. Однако мало что известно о матери Покахонтас, и есть предположения, что она умерла при родах. Люди из резервации Маттапони являются потомками Поухатанов, и их устная традиция утверждает, что мать Покахонтас была первой женой Поухатана, и что Покахонтас была названа в ее честь.

Имена

Согласно колонисту Уильям Стрейчи, «Покахонтас» было прозвищем в детстве, означающим «маленький развратник»; некоторые интерпретируют это значение как «игривое». В своем отчете Стрейчи описывает ее в детстве, когда она посещала форт в Джеймстауне и играла с мальчиками; она «выводила мальчиков с собой на рынок и заставляла их вращаться, падая на руки, поднимая каблуки вверх, за которыми она следовала бы и катила бы так себя, обнаженной, как она была, по всему форту». 297>

Историк Уильям Стит утверждал, что «ее настоящее имя, похоже, изначально было Матоакс, которое индейцы тщательно скрывали от англичан и из суеверного страха изменили на Покахонтас, чтобы они не знание ее настоящего имени должно иметь возможность причинить ей боль «. По словам антрополога, Покахонтас открыла свое тайное имя колонистам «только после того, как она приняла другое религиозное — крестильное — имя» Ребекки.

Титул и статус

Покахонтас часто рассматривается как принцесса в популярной культуре. В 1841 году Уильям Уотсон Уолдрон из Тринити-колледжа в Дублине опубликовал «Покахонтас, американская принцесса: и другие стихи», назвав ее «любимой и единственной выжившей дочерью короля». По словам колониста, капитана Ральфа Хамора, она была «любимой и любимой» своего отца, но она не могла унаследовать должность weroance, заместителя начальника или mamanatowick (первостепенное значение). начальник). Вместо этого братья и сестры Поухатана и дети его сестер встали в очередь, чтобы наследовать ему. В своей «Карте Вирджинии» Джон Смит объяснил, как матрилинейное наследование работало среди Поухатанов:

Его царство переходит не к его сыновьям и детям: сначала к его братьям, из которых у него трое, а именно Опитчапан, Опечаннканоф и Катато; и после их смерти его сестрам. Сначала старшей сестре, потом всем остальным, а после них наследникам старшей сестры мужского и женского пола; но никогда — наследникам мужчин.

Взаимодействие с колонистами

Джон Смит

Покахонтас спасает жизнь Джона Смита на этой хромолитографии, приписанной New England Chromo. Лит. Компания около 1870 года. Сцена идеализирована; например, в Тайдуотере, штат Вирджиния, нет гор, а поухатаны жили в соломенных домах, а не в типи.

Покахонтас наиболее известна как колонист капитан Джон Смит, который прибыл в Вирджинию со 100 другими поселенцами в апреле 1607 г. они построили форт на болотистом полуострове на реке Джеймс. В течение следующих нескольких месяцев у колонистов было множество встреч с людьми Ценакоммаки — некоторые из них были дружественными, некоторые враждебными. Охотничий отряд во главе с близким родственником Поухатана Опечанканоф затем захватил Смита в декабре 1607 года, когда он исследовал реку Чикахомини, и доставил его в столицу Поухатана в Веровокомоко. В своем отчете 1608 года Смит описывает грандиозный пир, за которым последовал долгий разговор с Поухатаном. Он не упоминает Покахонтас в связи с его поимкой и утверждает, что они впервые встретились несколько месяцев спустя. Маргарет Хубер предполагает, что Поухатан пытался подчинить Смита и других колонистов своей власти. Он предложил Смиту правление в городе Капахошич, который находился недалеко от его столицы Веровокомоко, поскольку он надеялся сохранить Смита и его людей «поблизости и лучше под контролем».

В 1616 году Смит написал письмо Королева Анна Датская в ожидании визита Покахонтас в Англию. В этом новом рассказе его поимка включала угрозу его собственной смерти: «в минуту моей казни она рискнула выбить себе мозг, чтобы спасти мой; и не только это, но и так уговорило ее отца, что я был благополучно доставлен в Джеймстаун «. Он подробно остановился на этом в своей книге «Общая история» 1624 года, опубликованной спустя много времени после смерти Покахонтас. Он объяснил, что был схвачен и доставлен к верховному вождю, где «два больших камня были доставлены к Поухатану: затем все, кто мог, возложили на него руки [Смита], потащили его к себе, а затем положили голову и были готовы с их дубинки, чтобы выбить ему мозги, самая дорогая дочь Королей Покахонтас, когда никакие мольбы не могли быть побеждены, взяла его голову в объятия и наложила свою на его, чтобы спасти его от смерти. «

Карен Ордал Купперман предполагает, что Смит использовал такие детали для вышивки своего первого рассказа, создав таким образом более драматичный второй рассказ о своей встрече с Покахонтас как героиней, достойной аудитории королевы Анны. Она утверждает, что его более поздняя редакция и публикация были попыткой Смита поднять свои собственные акции и репутацию, поскольку он потерял расположение Лондонской компании, которая финансировала предприятие в Джеймстауне. Антрополог Фредерик В. Глич предполагает, что второй рассказ Смита был в значительной степени точным, но представляет его неправильное понимание трехэтапного ритуала, предназначенного для принятия его в конфедерацию, но не все авторы убеждены в этом, некоторые предполагают отсутствие определенных подтверждающие доказательства.

Ранние источники действительно установили, что Покахонтас подружилась со Смитом и колонией Джеймстаун. Она часто ездила в поселок и играла там с мальчиками. Когда колонисты голодали, «каждый раз в четыре или пять дней Покахонтас со своими служителями приносила ему [Смиту] столько провизии, что спасло многие из их жизней, что при всем этом они голодали». По мере того, как колонисты расширяли свое поселение, поухатаны чувствовали, что их землям угрожает опасность, и снова возникли конфликты. В конце 1609 года травма от взрыва пороха вынудила Смита вернуться в Англию для оказания медицинской помощи, и колонисты сказали Поухатанам, что он мертв. Покахонтас поверила этому рассказу и перестала посещать Джеймстаун, но узнала, что он жил в Англии, когда она путешествовала туда со своим мужем Джоном Рольфом.

Захват

Похищение Покахонтас (1619) Иоганном. Теодор де Бри, изображающий полное повествование. Начиная с нижнего левого угла, Покахонтас (в центре) обманывается вероансом Иопассом, который держит медный чайник в качестве приманки, и его женой, которая притворяется плачущей. В центре справа Покахонтас садится в лодку и пирует. На заднем плане действие перемещается от Потомака к реке Йорк, где переговоры не приводят к обмену заложника, а колонисты атакуют и сжигают индейскую деревню.

Захват Покахонтас произошел в контексте Первой англо-поухатанской войны. Война, конфликт между поселенцами Джеймстауна и индейцами, начавшийся в конце лета 1609 года. В первые годы войны колонисты взяли под свой контроль реку Джеймс, как в ее устье, так и у водопада. Капитан Сэмюэл Аргал тем временем поддерживал контакты с индейскими племенами в северной части верховного вождества Поухатана. Патавомеки жили на реке Потомак и не всегда были верны Поухатану, и с ними жил молодой английский переводчик по имени Генри Спелман. В марте 1613 года Аргалл узнал, что Покахонтас посещает деревню Патавомек в Пассапатанзи и живет под защитой вероанса Иопасса (также известного как япазо).

С помощью Спелмана с переводом Аргал оказал давление на Иопасс, чтобы помочь в поимке Покахонтас, пообещав союз с колонистами против Поухатанов. Они обманом заставили Покахонтас сесть на корабль Аргалла и удерживали ее для выкупа, требуя освобождения колониальных заключенных, удерживаемых ее отцом, и возврата различного украденного оружия и инструментов. Поухатан вернул пленников, но не удовлетворил колонистов количеством оружия и инструментов, которые он вернул. Последовало долгое противостояние, во время которого колонисты держали Покахонтас в плену.

В течение года ожидания ее держали в Хенрикусе в округе Честерфилд, Вирджиния. Мало что известно о ее жизни там, хотя колонист Ральф Хамор писал, что она получила «необычайную вежливость». Линвуд «Медвежонок» Кусталоу ссылается на устную традицию, которая утверждает, что Покахонтас была изнасилована; Хелен Раунтри возражает, что «другие историки оспаривают, что такая устная традиция сохранилась, и вместо этого утверждают, что любое плохое обращение с Покахонтас пошло бы против интересов англичан в их переговорах с Поухатаном. Было объявлено перемирие, индейцы все еще намного превосходили англичан., и колонисты опасались возмездия «. В это время министр Хенрикуса Александр Уитакер учил Покахонтас христианству и помог ей улучшить свой английский. После крещения она приняла христианское имя «Ребекка».

В марте 1614 г. противостояние переросло в ожесточенное противостояние между сотнями колонистов и мужчин Поухатана на реке Памунки, и колонисты встретили группу высокопоставленных индийских лидеров в столице Поухатана, Спичкоте. Колонисты позволили Покахонтас поговорить со своим племенем, когда прибыл Поухатан, и, как сообщается, она упрекала его в том, что он ценит ее «меньше, чем старые мечи, осколки или топоры». Она сказала, что предпочитает жить с колонистами, «любившими ее».

Возможный первый брак

Традиция Маттапони гласит, что первым мужем Покахонтас был Кодум, брат японского воина Патавомек, и что Кодоум был убит колонистами после захвата его жены в 1613 году. Современные Патавомеки считают, что Покахонтас и Кодоум имели дочь по имени Ка-Оки, которую вырастили Патавомеки после смерти ее отца и похищения ее матери.

Личность Кодума., местоположение и само существование широко обсуждались среди ученых на протяжении веков; Единственное упоминание «Кодоума» в любом английском документе — это краткое заявление, написанное около 1616 г. Уильямом Стрейчи в Англии, что Покахонтас жила в браке с «рядовым капитаном по имени Кодум» в течение двух лет. Она вышла замуж за Джона Рольфе в 1614 году, и никакие другие записи даже не намекают на кого-либо из предыдущих мужей, поэтому некоторые предполагают, что Стрэчи ошибочно ссылался на самого Рольфа, а позже это упоминание было неверно истолковано как один из офицеров Поухатана. Джону РольфуДжон Гэдсби Чепмен, Крещение Покахонтас (1840 г.). Копия находится в Ротонде Капитолия США.

. Во время своего пребывания в Хенрикусе Покахонтас встретила Джона Рольфа. Англичанка Рольфе, жена Сара Хакер и ребенок Бермуды, погибли по пути в Вирджинию после крушения корабля Sea Venture на островах Лето, также известного как Бермудские острова. Рольф основал плантацию в Вирджинии Varina Farms, где он выращивал новый сорт табака. Он был набожным человеком и мучился из-за возможных моральных последствий брака с язычником, хотя на самом деле Покахонтас приняла христианскую веру и приняла крещенское имя Ребекка. В длинном письме к губернатору с просьбой разрешить жениться на ней, он выразил свою любовь к Покахонтас и свою веру в то, что спасет ее душу. Он писал, что

его двигало не безудержное желание плотской привязанности, а ради блага этой плантации, для чести нашей страны, для Славы Бога, для моего собственного спасения… а именно, Покахонтас, которой мои сердечные и лучшие мысли были и долгое время были так запутаны и увлечены таким запутанным лабиринтом, что мне даже не терпелось расслабиться в нем.

Пара поженилась 5 апреля 1614 года капелланом Ричард Бак, вероятно, в Джеймстауне. Два года они жили на фермах Варина через реку Джеймс от Хенрикуса. Их сын Томас родился в январе 1615 года.

Их брак создал атмосферу мира между колонистами Джеймстауна и племенами Поухатана; он продержался восемь лет как «Мир Покахонтас». В 1615 году Ральф Хамор писал: «После свадьбы у нас были дружеские отношения и торговля не только с Поухатаном, но и с его подданными вокруг нас». В то время этот брак вызвал споры в британском суде, потому что «простолюдин» имел «наглость» жениться на «принцессе».

Англия

Одной из целей лондонской компании Virginia Company было чтобы обратить коренных американцев в христианство, и компания увидела возможность стимулировать дальнейшие инвестиции в обращении Покахонтас и ее браке с Рольфом, что также помогло положить конец Первой англо-поухатанской войне. Компания решила привезти Покахонтас в Англию как символ прирученного «дикаря» Нового Света и успеха колонии Вирджиния, и 12 июня 1616 года Ролфы прибыли в порт Плимут. Они отправились в путь. в Лондон на автобусе в сопровождении 11 других Поухатанов, включая святого по имени Томокомо. Джон Смит жил в Лондоне в то время, когда Покахонтас была в Плимуте, и она узнала, что он все еще жив. Смит не встречался с Покахонтас, но он написал королеве Анне Датской, жене короля Джеймса, призывая относиться к Покахонтас с уважением как к королевскому гостю. Он предположил, что, если с ней плохо обращаются, ее «нынешняя любовь к нам и христианству может превратиться в… презрение и ярость», и Англия может потерять шанс «по праву получить королевство с ее помощью».

Покахонтас развлекали на различных общественных мероприятиях. 5 января 1617 года она и Томокомо были представлены королю в старом Банкетном зале в Дворце Уайтхолла на представлении Бена Джонсона. masque Видение восторга. По словам Смита, король Джеймс был настолько невзрачным, что ни Покахонтас, ни Томокомо не поняли, кого они встретили, пока им не объяснили это позже.

Покахонтас не была принцессой в культуре Поухатана, но компания Вирджиния представила ее как единую. для английской публики, потому что она была дочерью важного вождя. Надпись на гравюре Покахонтас 1616 года гласит: «MATOAKA ALS REBECCA FILIA POTENTISS: PRINC: POWHATANI IMP: VIRGINIÆ», что означает «Матоака, она же Ребекка, дочь самого могущественного принца Империи Поухатан Вирджиния». Многие англичане в то время признали Поухатана правителем империи и, по-видимому, предоставили его дочери то, что они считали подходящим статусом. В письме Смита королеве Анне говорится о «Поухатане, их главном короле». Священник и писатель-путешественник Сэмюэл Закупс вспоминал встречу с Покахонтас в Лондоне, отмечая, что она произвела впечатление на тех, кого встречала, потому что она «вела себя как дочь короля». Когда он снова встретил ее в Лондоне, Смит почтительно назвал ее «дочерью короля».

Очевидно, с Покахонтас в Лондоне обращались хорошо. На маске ее места были описаны как «хорошо расположенные», и, согласно Закупсу, лондонский епископ Джон Кинг «развлекал ее с праздничным настроением и помпой, превосходящими то, что я видел в его большом гостеприимстве, предоставляемом другим дамам.

Однако не все англичане были так впечатлены. Хелен С. Раунтри утверждает, что нет одновременных свидетельств того, что Покахонтас считалась в Англии «чем-то вроде королевской семьи», несмотря на труды Джона Смита. Скорее, она считалась чем-то вроде диковинки, согласно Раундтри, который предполагает, что она была просто «женщиной из Вирджинии» большинством англичан.

Покахонтас и Рольф жили в пригороде Брентфорда, Миддлсекс в течение некоторого времени, а также в семейном доме Рольф в Хичем, Норфолк. В начале 1617 года Смит познакомился с парой на светском мероприятии и написал, что, когда Покахонтас увидела его, «без каких-либо слов она обернулась, заслонила лицо, как не выглядело очень довольным», и осталась одна на два или три часа.. Позже они говорили больше; Записи Смита о том, что она ему сказала, отрывочны и загадочны. Она напомнила ему о «любезностях, которые она сделала», сказав: «Ты обещал Поухатану, что твое будет его, и он тебе нравится». Затем она смутила его, назвав его «отцом», объяснив, что Смит называл Поухатана «отцом», когда он был незнакомцем в Вирджинии, «по той же причине я должен поступать так же и с тобой». Смит не принял эту форму обращения, потому что, как он писал, Покахонтас превзошла его в звании «дочери короля». Покахонтас тогда сказала «с хорошо посаженным лицом»:

Если бы ты не боялся прийти в страну моего отца и вызвал страх у него и всего его народа (кроме меня) и боялся тебя здесь, я бы назвал тебя «отцом» ? Я говорю вам, что я сделаю это, и вы назовете меня ребенком, и так я буду во веки веков вашим соотечественником.

Наконец, Покахонтас сказала Смиту, что она и ее племя считали его мертвым, но ее отец сказал Tomocomo искать его, «потому что ваши соотечественники будут много лгать».

Смерть

Статуя Покахонтас в церкви Святого Георгия, Грейвсенд, Кент

В марте 1617 г., Рольф и Покахонтас села на корабль, чтобы вернуться в Вирджинию, но они отплыли только до Грейвсенда на реке Темзе, когда Покахонтас серьезно заболела. Она была доставлена ​​на берег и умерла примерно в 21 год. Причина ее смерти неизвестна, но теории варьируются от пневмонии, оспы или туберкулеза до ее отравления. По словам Рольфе, она умерла, сказав: «Все должны умереть, но этого достаточно, чтобы ее ребенок был жив».

Похороны Покахонтас состоялись 21 марта 1617 года в приходе церкви Святого Георгия, Грейвсенд. Предполагается, что ее могила находится под алтарем церкви, хотя эта церковь была разрушена во время пожара в 1727 году, и ее точное местонахождение неизвестно. Ее память почтила бронзовой статуей в натуральную величину в церкви Святого Георгия, созданной Уильямом Ордуэем Партриджем.

Наследие

Покахонтас и Джоном Рольфом. У них был сын, Томас Рольф, родился в январе 1615 года. Томас Рольф и его жена Джейн Пойтресс имели дочь Джейн Рольф, которая родилась в Варине, графство Хенрико, Вирджиния 10 октября 1650 года. Джейн Рольф вышла замуж за Роберта Боллинга из округа Принс-Джордж, Вирджиния. Их сын, Джон Боллинг, родился в 1676 году. Джон Боллинг женился на Мэри Кеннон и имел шестерых выживших детей, каждый из которых был женат и имел выживших детей.

В 1907 году Покахонтас была первой из них. Коренной американец будет отмечен на марке США. Она была членом первого класса женщин в истории Вирджинии в 2000 году. В июле 2015 года индейское племя паманки стало первым признанным на федеральном уровне племенем в штат Вирджиния; они являются потомками вождества Похатан, членом которого была Покахонтас.

• 

  Памятная почтовая марка Покахонтас 1907 года

• 

  Первая леди Эдит Уилсон, потомок Покахонтас

• 

  Сенатор Жанна Шахин, потомок Покахонтас

Культурные представления

Изображение 19-го века

После ее смерти о Покахонтас стали создаваться все более причудливые и романтизированные представления, в которых она и Смит часто изображается как романтик. Однако современные источники подтверждают утверждения об их дружбе, но не романтике. Первое заявление об их романтических связях было в «Путешествиях Джона Дэвиса по Соединенным Штатам Америки» (1803).

Сцена

• Первая инсценировка истории Покахонтас — Джеймс Нельсон Баркер s Индийская принцесса; или La Belle Sauvage (1808)
• Покахонтас; или «Поселенцы Вирджинии» Джорджа Вашингтона Парк Кастиса (1830)
• В 1855 году Джон Брум произвел бурлеск Po-ca-hon-tas, или The Gentle Savage
• Мисс Покахонтас (бродвейский мюзикл), Lyric Theater, Нью-Йорк, 28 октября 1907.
• Балет «Покахонтас» Эллиота Картера младшего, Мартина Бека Театр, Нью-Йорк, 24 мая 1939 г.
• Мюзикл «Покахонтас» Кермита Гоелла, Lyric Theater, Вест-Энд, Лондон, 14 ноября 1963 г.

Памятные даты

• Выставка в Джеймстауне проводился в Норфолке с 26 апреля по 1 декабря 1907 г. по случаю 300-летия поселения Джеймстаун, и вместе с ним были выпущены три памятные почтовые марки. На марке в пять центов изображена Покахонтас, созданная по гравюре Симона ван де Пасе 1616 года. Было выпущено около 8 миллионов.

Фильм

Среди фильмов о Покахонтас:

• Покахонтас (1910), немая короткометражная драма компании Thanhouser
• Покахонтас и Джон Смит (1924)), немой фильм режиссера Брайана Фоя
• Капитан Джон Смит и Покахонтас (1953), режиссер Лью Ландерс, в главной роли Джоди Лоуренс в роли Покахонтас
• Покахонтас (1994), японский анимационный фильм от Jetlag Productions, режиссер Тошиюки Хирума Такаши
• Покахонтас: Легенда (1995), канадский фильм, основанный на ее жизни
• Покахонтас (1995), а Компания Уолта Диснея анимационный фильм, который представляет вымышленную романтическую связь между Покахонтас и Джоном Смитом, в которой Покахонтас учит Смита уважению к природе. Ирен Бедард озвучила и предоставила физическую модель главного персонажа.
• Покахонтас II: Путешествие в Новый Свет (1998), продолжение Диснея, изображающее Покахантас, влюбляющегося в Джона Рольфа и путешествующего в Англию
• Новый Свет (2005), фильм режиссера Терренса Малика с К’орианкой Килчер в роли Покахонтас
• Покахонтас: Голубь Мир (2016), документальная драма, созданная Christian Broadcasting Network

Literature

• Дэвис, Джон (1803). Путешествие по Соединенным Штатам Америки.

Искусство

• Гравюра Саймона ван де Паса 1616 года
• Похищение Покахонтас (1619), повествовательная гравюра Иоганн Теодор де Брай
• Уильям Ордуэй Партридж — бронзовая статуя Покахонтас (1922 г.) в Джеймстауне, Вирджиния ; копия (1958 г.) стоит на территории церкви Святого Георгия, Грейвсенд
• Крещение Покахонтас (1840 г.), картина Джона Гэдсби Чепмена, которая висит в ротонде Здание Капитолия США

Прочие

• SS Pocahontas — наименование трех судов, включая одно Virginia Ferry Corporation, построенное в 1940 году для переправы Little Creek-Cape Charles Ferry, продано Кейп-Мэй-Льюис-Ферри в 1963 году и переименован в SS Delaware, действовал с 1964 по 1974 год
• USS Pocahontas (ID-3044)

См. Также

• La Malinche — a Nahua женщина с мексиканского побережья Мексиканского залива, сыгравшая важную роль в испано-ацтекской войне, выступая переводчиком для испанского конкистадора Эрнана Кортеса.
• Мэри Киттамакунд — дочь Пискатауэя вождя в Колониальном Мэриленде
• Портрет Седжфорд-Холла — когда-то считалось, что это Покахонтас и Томас Рольф, но теперь считается, что изображает жену (Пе-о-ка) и сына Вождь семинолов Оцеола

Обратитесь ences

Библиография

• Аргалл, Самуэль. Письмо Николасу Хоузу. Июнь 1613 г. Репр. в «Рассказах Джеймстауна», изд. Эдвард Райт Хейл. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Булла, Клайд Роберт. «Маленькие нанаква». В «Покахонтас и незнакомцы», изд. Scholastic inc., 730 Broadway, New York, NY 10003. 1971.
• Кусталоу, Линвуд «Маленький медведь» и Дэниел, Анджела Л. «Серебряная звезда». Правдивая история Покахонтас, Fulcrum Publishing, Golden, Colorado 2007, ISBN 978-1-55591-632-9.
• Дейл, Томас. Письмо Д.М. 1614. Repr. в «Рассказах Джеймстауна», изд. Эдвард Райт Хейл. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Дейл, Томас. Письмо сэру Ральфу Уинвуду. 3 июня 1616 г. Репр. в «Рассказах Джеймстауна», изд. Эдвард Райт Хейл. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Fausz, J. Frederick. «Обилие кровопролития с обеих сторон»: Первая индийская война Англии, 1609–1614 гг. ». Журнал истории и биографии Вирджинии 98: 1 (январь 1990 г.), стр. 3–56.
• Глич, Мир Фредерика В. Поухатана и колониальная Вирджиния. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
• Хамор, Ральф. Истинный дискурс современного состояния Вирджинии. 1615. Repr. в «Рассказах Джеймстауна», изд. Эдвард Райт Хейл. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Herford, C.H. и Перси Симпсон, ред. Бен Джонсон (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925–1952).
• Хубер, Маргарет Уильямсон (12 января 2011 г.). «Поухатан (ум. 1618)». Энциклопедия Вирджиния. Проверено 18 февраля 2011 г.
• Купперман, Карен Ордал. Индейцы и англичане: противостояние в ранней Америке. Итака, штат Нью-Йорк: Cornell University Press, 2000.
• Lemay, J.A. Лео. Покахонтас спасла капитана Джона Смита? Афины, Джорджия: Издательство Университета Джорджии, 1992
• Прайс, Дэвид А. Любовь и ненависть в Джеймстауне. Нью-Йорк: Винтаж, 2003.
• Покупки, Сэмюэл. Hakluytus Posthumus или покупает свои Pilgrimes. 1625. Repr. Глазго: Джеймс МакЛехоз, 1905–1907. т. 19
• Рольф, Джон. Письмо Томасу Дейлу. 1614. Repr. в «Рассказах Джеймстауна», изд. Эдвард Райт Хейл. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998
• Рольф, Джон. Письмо Эдвину Сэндису. 8 июня 1617 г. Repr. в The Records of the Virginia Company of London, ed. Сьюзан Майра Кингсбай. Вашингтон: Типография правительства США, 1906–1935. Vol. 3
• Раунтри, Хелен С. (3 ноября 2010 г.). «Развод в индийском обществе ранней Вирджинии». Энциклопедия Вирджиния. Проверено 18 февраля 2011 г.
• Раунтри, Хелен С. (3 ноября 2010 г.). «Раннее образование индейцев Вирджинии». Энциклопедия Вирджиния. Получено 27 февраля 2011 г.
• Раунтри, Хелен С. (3 ноября 2010 г.). «Использование личных имен индейцами ранней Вирджинии». Энциклопедия Вирджиния. Проверено 18 февраля 2011 г.
• Раунтри, Хелен С. (8 декабря 2010 г.). «Покахонтас (ум. 1617)». Энциклопедия Вирджиния. Получено 18 февраля 2011 г.
• Смит, Джон. Истинная связь таких происшествий и происшествий Ноята, которые произошли в Вирджинии, 1608. Repr. в Полном собрании сочинений Джона Смита (1580–1631). Эд. Филип Л. Барбур. Чапел-Хилл: Университетское издательство Вирджинии, 1983. Vol. 1
• Смит, Джон. Карта Вирджинии, 1612 г. Repr. в Полном собрании сочинений Джона Смита (1580–1631), изд. Филип Л. Барбур. Чапел-Хилл: Университетское издательство Вирджинии, 1983. Vol. 1
• Смит, Джон. Письмо королеве Анне. 1616. Repr. как «Письмо Джона Смита королеве Анне относительно Покахонтас». Веб-страницы Мэйфлауэра Калеба Джонсона 1997 г., дата обращения 23 апреля 2006 г.
• Смит, Джон. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. 1624. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Spelman, Henry. A Relation of Virginia. 1609. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
• Strachey, William. The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Brittania. c. 1612. Repr. London: Hakluyt Society, 1849.
• Symonds, William. The Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia. 1612. Repr. in The Complete Works of Captain John Smith. Эд. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. Vol. 1
• Tilton, Robert S. (1994). Pocahontas: The Evolution of an American Narrative. Кембридж UP. ISBN 978-0-521-46959-3.
• Waldron, William Watson. Pocahontas, American Princess: and Other Poems. New York: Dean and Trevett, 1841
• Warner, Charles Dudley. Captain John Smith, 1881. Repr. in Captain John Smith Project Gutenberg Text, accessed July 4, 2006
• Woodward, Grace Steele. Pocahontas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969.

Further reading

• Barbour, Philip L. Pocahontas and Her World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970. ISBN 0-7091-2188-1
• Neill, Rev. Edward D. Pocahontas and Her Companions. Albany: Joel Munsell, 1869.
• Price, David A. Love and Hate in Jamestown. Alfred A. Knopf, 2003 ISBN 0-375-41541-6
• Rountree, Helen C. Pocahontas’s People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8061-2280-3
• Strong, Pauline Turner. Animated Indians: Critique and Contradiction in Commodified Children’s Culture. Cultural Anthology, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Aug. 1996), pp. 405–424
• Sandall, Roger. 2001 The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays ISBN 0-8133-3863-8
• Townsend, Camilla. Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004. ISBN 0-8090-7738-8
• Warner, Charles Dudley, Captain John Smith, 1881. Repr. in Captain John Smith Project Gutenberg Text, accessed July 4, 2006
• Warner, Charles Dudley, The Story of Pocahontas, 1881. Repr. in The Story of Pocahontas Project Gutenberg Text, accessed July 4, 2006
• Woodward, Grace Steele. Pocahontas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969. ISBN 0-8061-0835-5 or ISBN 0-8061-1642-0
• John William Weidemeyer (1900). «Powhatan». Appletons’ Cyclopædia of American Biography.This article is mostly about Pocahontas.
• Pocahontas, Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman, Wyndham Robertson, Printed by J. W. Randolph English, Richmond, Va., 1887

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pocahontas.

• «Contact and Conflict». The Story of Virginia: An American Experience. Virginia Historical Society.
• «The Anglo-Powhatan Wars». The Story of Virginia: An American Experience. Virginia Historical Society.
• Virtual Jamestown. Includes text of many original accounts
• «The Pocahontas Archive», a comprehensive bibliography of texts about Pocahontas
• On this day in history: Pocahontas marries John Rolfe, History.com
• Michals, Debra. «Pocahontas». Национальный женский исторический музей. 2015.

Бесплатный переводчик онлайн с английского на русский

Хотите общаться в чатах с собеседниками со всего мира, понимать, о чем поет Билли Айлиш, читать английские сайты на русском? PROMT.One мгновенно переведет ваш текст с английского на русский и еще на 20+ языков.

Точный перевод с транскрипцией

С помощью PROMT.One наслаждайтесь точным переводом с английского на русский, а для слов и фраз смотрите английскую транскрипцию, произношение и варианты переводов с примерами употребления в разных контекстах. Бесплатный онлайн-переводчик PROMT.One — достойная альтернатива Google Translate и другим сервисам, предоставляющим перевод с английского на русский и с русского на английский.

Нужно больше языков?

PROMT.One бесплатно переводит онлайн с английского на азербайджанский, арабский, греческий, иврит, испанский, итальянский, казахский, китайский, корейский, немецкий, португальский, татарский, турецкий, туркменский, узбекский, украинский, финский, французский, эстонский и японский.