Как правильно пишется республика башкортостан

Republic of Bashkortostan Республика Башкортостан
Republic
Official titular nation transcription(s)
• Bashkir	Башҡортостан Республикаһы
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: «State Anthem of the Republic of Bashkortostan»[2]
Coordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°ECoordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°E
Country	Russia
Federal district[1]	Volga
Economic region[3]	Ural
Capital	Ufa[4]
Government
• Type	State Assembly-Kurultay[5]
• Head[5]	Radiy Khabirov[6]
Area [7]
• Total	142,947 km2 (55,192 sq mi)
Population  (2021 Census)[8]
• Total	4,091,423
• Rank	7th
• Density	28.62/km2 (74.1/sq mi)
• Urban	61.8%
• Rural	38.2%
Time zone	UTC+5 (MSK+2[9])
ISO 3166 code	RU-BA
Vehicle registration	02, 102, 702
Official language(s)	Bashkir[10] • Russian[11]
Website	http://www.bashkortostan.ru/

Bashkortostan (Bashkir: Башҡортостан; Russian: Башкортостан), officially the Republic of Bashkortostan,^{[note 1]} also known as Bashkiria,^{[note 2]} is a republic of Russia located between the Volga and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It covers 143,600 square kilometres (55,400 square miles) and has a population of 4 million. It is the seventh-most populous federal subject in Russia and the most populous republic.^[13] Its capital and largest city is Ufa.

Bashkortostan was established on 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1917.^[14][15][16] On 20 March 1919 it was transformed into the Bashkir ASSR,^[17] the first autonomous republic in the Russian SFSR.^[18][19][20] On 11 October 1990, it adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. In the Constitution of Bashkortostan and Constitution of Russia, Bashkortostan is defined as a state.^[21][22]

Terminology[edit]

The name «Bashkortostan» derives from the name of the Bashkir ethnic group. While the root of the name is Turkic (being a combination of ‘baş‘, which in Turkish can mean head, chief, main, principal and «qort» meaning wolf, one of the animals regarded as sacred to Turkic peoples);^{[citation needed]} the suffix -stan is Persian, common to many Eurasian territorial names. The Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language, which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language group.

History[edit]

The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory.^[23] When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals.

Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people, the Bashkirs. The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms Bashkir land, Bashkir, Bashkirda and Bashkir horde. The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as «an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River».

• 

• 

  Mausoleum of Turahan, 14th-century building.

After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between the Kazan and Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy.^{[citation needed]}

Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria’s territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798 the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate (guberniya), with a center in Ufa, was formed in 1865—another step towards territorial identification.

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 were All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions) on which a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with a predominantly Bashkir population.

In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan, the Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed.

In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government with the Bashkir Government was formed Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights—the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia.

On 11 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR. On 25 February 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.

On 31 March 1992, a Federative Compact «On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan» was signed. On 3 August 1994,^[24] a Compact «On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan» was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was abolished on 7 July 2005.^[25]

Geography[edit]

Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains.

• 

  Shihan Toratau. Single hills are popular symbols of Bashkortostan.

• 

  Atysh waterfall

• 

• Area: 143,600 square kilometers (55,400 sq mi) (according to the 2002 Census)
• Borders: Bashkortostan borders with Perm Krai (N), Sverdlovsk Oblast (NE), Chelyabinsk Oblast (NE/E/SE), Orenburg Oblast (SE/S/SW), the Republic of Tatarstan (W), and the Udmurt Republic (NW)
• Highest point: Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
• Maximum North-South distance: 550 km
• Maximum East-West distance: over 430 km

Rivers[edit]

There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deepwater transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas.

Major rivers include:

• Belaya (Aghidhel) River (1,430 km)
• Ufa (Qaraidel) River (918 km)
• Sakmara River (760 km)
• Ik (Iq) River (571 km)
• Dyoma (Dim) River (556 km)
• Ay River (549 km)
• Yuruzan River (404 km)
• Bystry Tanyp River (345 km)
• Sim River (239 km)
• Nugush River (235 km)
• Tanalyk River (225 km)
• Zilim (Yethem) River (215 km)
• Syun River (209 km)

Lakes[edit]

There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include:

• Asylykül Lake (23.5 km²)
• Qandrykül Lake (15.6 km²)
• Urgun Lake (12.0 km²)
• Pavlovskoye Reservoir (120.0 km²)
• Nugushkoye Reservoir (25.2 km²)

Mountains[edit]

The Republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from the northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include:

• Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
• Mount Bolshoy Iremel (1,582 m)
• Mount Maly Iremel (1,449 m)
• Mount Arwyakryaz (1,068 m)
• Mount Zilmerdaq (909 m)
• Mount Alataw (845 m)
• Mount Yurmataw (842 m)

Natural resources[edit]

The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the richest territories of Russia in mineral resources with deposits of some 3,000 mineral resources. Bashkortostan is rich in crude oil reserves, and is one of the principal centers of oil extraction in the Russian Federation. Other major resources are natural gas, coal, ferrous metal ores, manganese, chromite, iron ores, non-ferrous metals ores (lead, tungsten), non-metallic ores (rock crystal, fluorite, Iceland spar, sulfide pyrites, barite, silicates, silica, asbestos, talcum), deposits of precious and semi-precious stones and natural stones (malachite, jade, granite).

The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its power and fuel complex as well as petrochemical, chemical, agro-industrial complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, glass-making and ceramic branches with raw materials.

Bashkortostan is one of the major raw materials bases for Russia non-ferrous metallurgy. The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumen. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers, and other stimulants for plant growth. Mining-chemical raw materials (rock salt, lime, phosphorites, barytes, etc.) are quite substantial, and are utilized in the republic economy.

Bashkortostan is also rich in woods. The total territory covered with forests is about 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi). More than one third of the republic territory is covered with woods. The following types of trees dominate: birch tree, conifers, lime, oak, and maple. The general stock of timber according to some evaluation is 717.9 million m³. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi).

Bashkortostan is also rich in springs and sources of mineral, medicinal, and drinking water.

The Asselian Age at the start of the Permian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan.^[26]

Climate[edit]

• Average annual temperature: +0.3 °C (32.5 °F) (mountains) to +2.8 °C (37.0 °F) (plains)
• Average January temperature: −16 °C (3 °F)
• Average July temperature: +18 °C (64 °F)

Administrative divisions[edit]

Politics[edit]

The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Head (before 1 January 2015 the title was called «President»^[27]). According to the Constitution, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties of the country’s people and citizens, protects economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory.

Since 11 October 2018, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been Radiy Khabirov. He was first appointed as acting head by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2019 he was officially elected after winning 82% of the vote in the 2019 Bashkir head election. The next election will be in 2024. Before his current role, Radiy Khabirov was the Head of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast. His predecessor was Rustem Khamitov who was the leader since 19 July 2010. He resigned on 11 October 2018 ahead of the election because he personally decided to not run for re-election.^[28]

The Republic’s parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai, popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 110 deputies.

The Republic’s Constitution was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases.^{[citation needed]}

The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are at present based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, District Courts, and justices of the peace.

In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guaranteed within the republic’s territory.^{[citation needed]}

The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law «On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities».

The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic of Tatarstan.^[29][30][31]

Economy[edit]

Bashkortostan is one of the most developed regions of the Russian Federation in terms of its cross regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets.

The largest companies in the region include Bashneft (revenues of $9.57 billion in 2017), Ufa Engine Industrial Association (part of United Engine Corporation; $1.26 billion), Peton Holding ($1.04 billion), Bashkhim ($857 million), Ufaorgsintez ($473.07 million), Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works ($409.65 million).^[32]

The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. At the end of 1943 large crude oil deposits were discovered.^{[by whom?]} During the Great Patriotic War of 1941 to 1945, Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, a number of industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining (Bakr-Tay and Blyavinsky copper mines), machine-building and (especially) oil-refining. Bashkiria’s industry became a solid base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia.

The economy of Bashkortostan, being one of the largest industrial centers of Russia, is very diverse. Bashkortostan has a large agricultural sector. But the republic’s most important industry is chemical processing; Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country’s gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics.

Bashkortostan’s gross regional product (GRP) in 2016 was 1.34 trillion rubles,^[33] making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positive trade balance, with $13.7 billion exported and $1.2 billion imported in 2013.^[34] 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable,^[35] higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the subject with the lowest economic risk.^[36][37]

Bashkortostan is among the leaders in real estate development,^[38] developed electric power industry^[39] and tourism.^[40]

According to Forbes, Ufa is the best city in Russia for business among cities with a population of over one million (2013).^[41]

Structure of GRP[edit]

GRP structure of Bashkortostan for 2013.^[42]

Sector	%
Manufacturing	36.2
Wholesale and retail trade	16.7
Transport and communications	7.3
Real estate transactions	7
Construction	6.9
Agriculture	6.5
Education	4.1
Healthcare and social services	4.1
State management and social insurance	3.8
Mining	2.8
Production of electricity, gas, water	2.4
Hotels and restaurants	1.1
Other	1.1

• Some industrial products of Bashkortostan

• 

Tourism[edit]

The development of tourism in Bashkortostan is regulated by the main provisions of the Program …, regulatory and legal documents of the Russian Federation, as well as the «Concept for the development of tourist and recreational clusters in the Republic of Bashkortostan until 2030». Today, a lot of work continues to develop tourism and hospitality on the territory of the tourist and recreational cluster «North-East» of the Republic of Bashkortostan on the basis of the innovative scientific, educational and industrial infrastructure of the Geopark «Yangan-Tau».^[43] The development of tourism and hospitality is possible on the basis of a multifunctional multidisciplinary center based on the Yangan-Tau and Toratau Geoparks (figures 1, 2). The Yangan-Tau Geopark was created in Bashkiria on October 18, 2017; it is the only one among the CIS countries that is included in the UNESCO Global Geoparks network. «Toratau» was created by the decree of the head of the region in December 2018. Then the authorities announced that the Geopark could become part of the UNESCO network, and a nomination dossier is currently being prepared.^[44]

Demographics[edit]

Settlements[edit]

Population development[edit]

Year	Population
1897	1,991,000
1913	2,811,000
1926	2,547,000
1939	3,158,000
1959	3,340,000
1970	3,818,000
1979	3,849,000
1989	3,950,482[45]
2002	4,104,336[46]
2010	4,072,292[13]
2021	4,091,423[8]

Vital statistics[edit]

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate
1970	3,817	63,498	28,004	35,494	16.6	7.3	9.3
1975	3,825	63,096	31,802	31,294	16.5	8.3	8.2
1980	3,850	67,743	36,067	31,676	17.6	9.4	8.2
1985	3,868	76,839	39,101	37,738	19.9	10.1	9.8
1990	3,952	63,899	38,157	25,742	16.2	9.7	6.5
1991	3,975	58,240	39,638	18,602	14.7	10.0	4.7
1992	4,005	53,271	43,539	9,732	13.3	10.9	2.4
1993	4,030	46,772	50,738	-3,966	11.6	12.6	-1.0
1994	4,050	47,296	54,267	-6,971	11.7	13.4	-1.7
1995	4,074	45,622	51,734	-6,112	11.2	12.7	-1.5
1996	4,091	45,228	49,600	-4,372	11.1	12.1	-1.1
1997	4,103	43,776	49,354	-5,578	10.7	12.0	-1.4
1998	4,113	44,465	48,470	-4,005	10.8	11.8	-1.0
1999	4,119	41,368	52,608	-11,240	10.0	12.8	-2.7
2000	4,117	41,642	53,550	-11,908	10.1	13.0	-2.9
2001	4,112	42,793	55,001	-12,208	10.4	13.4	-3.0
2002	4,104	45,481	57,836	-12,355	11.1	14.1	-3.0
2003	4,095	45,583	58,237	-12,654	11.1	14.2	-3.1
2004	4,084	45,733	57,726	-11,993	11.2	14.1	-2.9
2005	4,074	44,094	57,787	-13,693	10.8	14.2	-3.4
2006	4,064	45,055	55,319	-10,264	11.1	13.6	-2.5
2007	4,060	51,453	55,144	-3,691	12.7	13.6	-0.9
2008	4,059	54,493	55,568	-1,075	13.4	13.7	-0.3
2009	4,062	55,587	53,227	2,360	13.7	13.1	0.6	1,74
2010	4,067	57,093	54,457	2,636	14.0	13.4	0.6	1,77
2011	4,072	55,806	54,432	1,374	13.7	13.4	0.3	1,74
2012	4,064	59,180	53,624	5,556	14.6	13.2	1.4	1.86
2013	4,065	59,260	53,346	5,914	14.6	13.1	1.5	1.89
2014	4,071	60,239	53,509	6,730	14.8	13.1	1.7	1.95
2015	4,072	59,196	54,107	5,087	14.5	13.3	1.2	1.94
2016	4,069	55,708	52,283	3,425	13.7	12.8	0.9	1.86
2017	4 065	49,260	50,261	-1,001	12.1	12.3	-0.2	1.70
2018		47,044	50,473	-3,429	11.6	12.4	-0.8	1.65
2019		42,031	49,195	-7,164	10.4	12.2	-1.8	1.51
2020		41,043	60,211	-19,168	10.2	15.0	-4.8	1.52

Note: Total fertility rate source.^[47]

Ethnic groups[edit]

Bashkirs as the indigenous (autochthonal) peoples of Bashkortostan have the sole rights to self-determination.^[48][49][50] According to the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was:^[51]

• Russians 37.5%
• Bashkirs 31.5%
• Volga Tatars 24.2%
• Mari 2.1%
• Chuvash 2.0%
• Udmurts 0.4%
• Ukrainians 0.4%

Ethnic group	1920 Census	1926 Census	1939 Census	1959 Census	1970 Census	1979 Census	1989 Census	2002 Census	2010 Census	2021 Census1
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Bashkirs	807,213	40.13%	625,845	23.5%	671,188	21.2%	737,744	22.1%	892,248	23.4%	935,880	24.3%	863,808	21.9%	1,221,302	29.8%	1,172,287	29.5%	1,268,806	31.5%
Russians	794,131	39.48%	1,064,707	39.9%	1,281,347	40.6%	1,418,147	42.4%	1,546,304	40.5%	1,547,893	40.3%	1,548,291	39.3%	1,490,715	36.3%	1,432,906	36.1%	1,509,246	37.5%
Tatars	103,928	5.17%	461,871	17.3%	777,230	24.6%	768,566	23.0%	944,505	24.7%	940,436	24.5%	1,120,702	28.4%	990,702	24.1%	1,009,295	25.4%	974,533	24.2%
Mari	84,809	4.22%	79,298	3.0%	90,163	2.9%	93,902	2.8%	109,638	2.9%	106,793	2.8%	105,768	2.7%	105,829	2.6%	103,658	2.6%	84,988	2.1%
Chuvash	47,929	2.38%	84,886	3.2%	106,892	3.4%	109,970	3.3%	126,638	3.3%	122,344	3.2%	118,509	3.0%	117,317	2.9%	107,450	2.7%	79,950	2.0%
Udmurts	23,907	1.32%	23,256	0.9%	25,103	0.8%	25,388	0.8%	27,918	0.7%	25,906	0.7%	23,696	0.6%	22,625	0.6%	21,477	0.5%	17,149	0.4%
Ukrainians	57,024	2.84%	76,710	2.9%	99,289	3.1%	83,594	2.5%	76,005	2.0%	75,571	2.0%	74,990	1.9%	55,249	1.3%	39,875	1.0%	14,876	0.4%
Others	5,103	0.12%	249,263	9.3%	107,757	3.4%	104,298	3.1%	94,819	2.5%	87,445	2.3%	87,349	2.2%	96,231	2.3%	87,772	2.2%	75,819	1.9%
1 66,056 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[52]

Languages[edit]

According to the 2021 Census, spoken languages: Russian (97%), Bashkir (23%) and Tatar (20%),.^[53]

Religion[edit]

Islam is adhered to by a majority of the nation’s population^[56] of Bashkir and Tatar descent. The Muslims of Bashkortostan follow the Sunni Hanafi school of Islamic law.

Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash, and Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians. Most Mari are Pagan. Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000 Jews in the republic, with a historic synagogue in Ufa, and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008.^[57]

According to the 2012 Sreda survey which interviewed 56,900 people,^[54] 58% of the population of Bashkortostan are Muslim, 17% adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), the Mari native religion, Chuvash Vattisen Yaly or Tengrism. In addition, 4% of the population declare to be «spiritual but not religious», 5% are atheist, and 7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question.^[54] Note, however, that this survey has been criticized as biased. It was conducted by the service «Sreda», which has ties to the Christian organizations.^[58]

In 2010, there were over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan,^[59] 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions.^[60]

Education[edit]

About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research is underway at twelve institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, twenty-nine institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges.

The country’s system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people’s folklore, national customs, and traditions. When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually— primarily religious schools operated under the supervision of mosques (maktabeh and madrasah).

In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades and professions.

Education is primarily in Russian and Bashkir.

Sport[edit]

Russian Premier League football club FC Ufa is from Ufa. KHL team Salavat Yulaev Ufa plays in the city, as does Supreme Hockey League teams Toros Neftekamsk and HC Gornyak Uchaly, Minor Hockey League team Tolpar Ufa and Russian Women’s Hockey League team Agidel. Russian Volleyball Super League team Ural and volleyball team Samrau-UGNTU are from Ufa. Russian Handball Super League team Ugntu-VNZM and Russian Women’s Handball Super League team Ufa-Alisa are from Ufa. Formula One driver Daniil Kvyat hails from Ufa. It was decided in 2018 to revive bandy.^[61][62][63] There are even preliminary plans for building an indoor arena.^[64]

Culture[edit]

Bashkortostan is home to song and dance companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries, and a number of annual folk festivals. The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, a State Opera and Ballet Theater, a National Symphony Orchestra, «Bashkortostan» film studio, thirty philharmonic collectives, and the Bashkir State Folk Dance Ensemble.

The Bashkir School of Dance is well respected,^{[citation needed]} with many students receiving international awards at competitions in Russia and other countries. World-renowned ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev, as a child, was encouraged to dance in Bashkir folk performances, and began his dancing career in Ufa.

Bashkir literature is the literary tradition of the Republic of Bashkortostan.^[65][66][67]

There are many museums in the Republic where you can get acquainted with the history of the region. The National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Bashkir Nesterov Art Museum, the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography are the largest of them.

See also[edit]

• Bashkir cuisine
• Shonqar

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Ilishev, Ildus G. (December 1998). «Russian federalism: Political, legal, and ethnolingual aspects — a view from the republic of Bashkortostan». Nationalities Papers. 26 (4): 723–759. doi:10.1080/00905999808408597. S2CID 155083799.
• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). «Ufa (government)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 556–557.

External links[edit]

• The centralized portal of the authorities of the Republic of Bashkortostan Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• The Head of Republic of Bashkortostan

Republic of Bashkortostan Республика Башкортостан
Republic
Official titular nation transcription(s)
• Bashkir	Башҡортостан Республикаһы
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: «State Anthem of the Republic of Bashkortostan»[2]
Coordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°ECoordinates: 54°28′N 56°16′E / 54.467°N 56.267°E
Country	Russia
Federal district[1]	Volga
Economic region[3]	Ural
Capital	Ufa[4]
Government
• Type	State Assembly-Kurultay[5]
• Head[5]	Radiy Khabirov[6]
Area [7]
• Total	142,947 km2 (55,192 sq mi)
Population  (2021 Census)[8]
• Total	4,091,423
• Rank	7th
• Density	28.62/km2 (74.1/sq mi)
• Urban	61.8%
• Rural	38.2%
Time zone	UTC+5 (MSK+2[9])
ISO 3166 code	RU-BA
Vehicle registration	02, 102, 702
Official language(s)	Bashkir[10] • Russian[11]
Website	http://www.bashkortostan.ru/

Bashkortostan (Bashkir: Башҡортостан; Russian: Башкортостан), officially the Republic of Bashkortostan,^{[note 1]} also known as Bashkiria,^{[note 2]} is a republic of Russia located between the Volga and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It covers 143,600 square kilometres (55,400 square miles) and has a population of 4 million. It is the seventh-most populous federal subject in Russia and the most populous republic.^[13] Its capital and largest city is Ufa.

Bashkortostan was established on 28 November [O.S. 15 November] 1917.^[14][15][16] On 20 March 1919 it was transformed into the Bashkir ASSR,^[17] the first autonomous republic in the Russian SFSR.^[18][19][20] On 11 October 1990, it adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. In the Constitution of Bashkortostan and Constitution of Russia, Bashkortostan is defined as a state.^[21][22]

Terminology[edit]

The name «Bashkortostan» derives from the name of the Bashkir ethnic group. While the root of the name is Turkic (being a combination of ‘baş‘, which in Turkish can mean head, chief, main, principal and «qort» meaning wolf, one of the animals regarded as sacred to Turkic peoples);^{[citation needed]} the suffix -stan is Persian, common to many Eurasian territorial names. The Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language, which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language group.

History[edit]

The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory.^[23] When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals.

Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people, the Bashkirs. The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms Bashkir land, Bashkir, Bashkirda and Bashkir horde. The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as «an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River».

• 

• 

  Mausoleum of Turahan, 14th-century building.

After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between the Kazan and Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy.^{[citation needed]}

Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria’s territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798 the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate (guberniya), with a center in Ufa, was formed in 1865—another step towards territorial identification.

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 were All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions) on which a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with a predominantly Bashkir population.

In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan, the Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed.

In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government with the Bashkir Government was formed Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights—the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia.

On 11 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR. On 25 February 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.

On 31 March 1992, a Federative Compact «On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan» was signed. On 3 August 1994,^[24] a Compact «On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan» was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was abolished on 7 July 2005.^[25]

Geography[edit]

Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains.

• 

  Shihan Toratau. Single hills are popular symbols of Bashkortostan.

• 

  Atysh waterfall

• 

• Area: 143,600 square kilometers (55,400 sq mi) (according to the 2002 Census)
• Borders: Bashkortostan borders with Perm Krai (N), Sverdlovsk Oblast (NE), Chelyabinsk Oblast (NE/E/SE), Orenburg Oblast (SE/S/SW), the Republic of Tatarstan (W), and the Udmurt Republic (NW)
• Highest point: Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
• Maximum North-South distance: 550 km
• Maximum East-West distance: over 430 km

Rivers[edit]

There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deepwater transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas.

Major rivers include:

• Belaya (Aghidhel) River (1,430 km)
• Ufa (Qaraidel) River (918 km)
• Sakmara River (760 km)
• Ik (Iq) River (571 km)
• Dyoma (Dim) River (556 km)
• Ay River (549 km)
• Yuruzan River (404 km)
• Bystry Tanyp River (345 km)
• Sim River (239 km)
• Nugush River (235 km)
• Tanalyk River (225 km)
• Zilim (Yethem) River (215 km)
• Syun River (209 km)

Lakes[edit]

There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include:

• Asylykül Lake (23.5 km²)
• Qandrykül Lake (15.6 km²)
• Urgun Lake (12.0 km²)
• Pavlovskoye Reservoir (120.0 km²)
• Nugushkoye Reservoir (25.2 km²)

Mountains[edit]

The Republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from the northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include:

• Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
• Mount Bolshoy Iremel (1,582 m)
• Mount Maly Iremel (1,449 m)
• Mount Arwyakryaz (1,068 m)
• Mount Zilmerdaq (909 m)
• Mount Alataw (845 m)
• Mount Yurmataw (842 m)

Natural resources[edit]

The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the richest territories of Russia in mineral resources with deposits of some 3,000 mineral resources. Bashkortostan is rich in crude oil reserves, and is one of the principal centers of oil extraction in the Russian Federation. Other major resources are natural gas, coal, ferrous metal ores, manganese, chromite, iron ores, non-ferrous metals ores (lead, tungsten), non-metallic ores (rock crystal, fluorite, Iceland spar, sulfide pyrites, barite, silicates, silica, asbestos, talcum), deposits of precious and semi-precious stones and natural stones (malachite, jade, granite).

The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its power and fuel complex as well as petrochemical, chemical, agro-industrial complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, glass-making and ceramic branches with raw materials.

Bashkortostan is one of the major raw materials bases for Russia non-ferrous metallurgy. The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumen. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers, and other stimulants for plant growth. Mining-chemical raw materials (rock salt, lime, phosphorites, barytes, etc.) are quite substantial, and are utilized in the republic economy.

Bashkortostan is also rich in woods. The total territory covered with forests is about 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi). More than one third of the republic territory is covered with woods. The following types of trees dominate: birch tree, conifers, lime, oak, and maple. The general stock of timber according to some evaluation is 717.9 million m³. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi).

Bashkortostan is also rich in springs and sources of mineral, medicinal, and drinking water.

The Asselian Age at the start of the Permian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan.^[26]

Climate[edit]

• Average annual temperature: +0.3 °C (32.5 °F) (mountains) to +2.8 °C (37.0 °F) (plains)
• Average January temperature: −16 °C (3 °F)
• Average July temperature: +18 °C (64 °F)

Administrative divisions[edit]

Politics[edit]

The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Head (before 1 January 2015 the title was called «President»^[27]). According to the Constitution, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties of the country’s people and citizens, protects economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory.

Since 11 October 2018, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been Radiy Khabirov. He was first appointed as acting head by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2019 he was officially elected after winning 82% of the vote in the 2019 Bashkir head election. The next election will be in 2024. Before his current role, Radiy Khabirov was the Head of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast. His predecessor was Rustem Khamitov who was the leader since 19 July 2010. He resigned on 11 October 2018 ahead of the election because he personally decided to not run for re-election.^[28]

The Republic’s parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai, popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 110 deputies.

The Republic’s Constitution was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases.^{[citation needed]}

The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are at present based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, District Courts, and justices of the peace.

In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guaranteed within the republic’s territory.^{[citation needed]}

The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law «On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities».

The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic of Tatarstan.^[29][30][31]

Economy[edit]

Bashkortostan is one of the most developed regions of the Russian Federation in terms of its cross regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets.

The largest companies in the region include Bashneft (revenues of $9.57 billion in 2017), Ufa Engine Industrial Association (part of United Engine Corporation; $1.26 billion), Peton Holding ($1.04 billion), Bashkhim ($857 million), Ufaorgsintez ($473.07 million), Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works ($409.65 million).^[32]

The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. At the end of 1943 large crude oil deposits were discovered.^{[by whom?]} During the Great Patriotic War of 1941 to 1945, Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, a number of industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining (Bakr-Tay and Blyavinsky copper mines), machine-building and (especially) oil-refining. Bashkiria’s industry became a solid base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia.

The economy of Bashkortostan, being one of the largest industrial centers of Russia, is very diverse. Bashkortostan has a large agricultural sector. But the republic’s most important industry is chemical processing; Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country’s gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics.

Bashkortostan’s gross regional product (GRP) in 2016 was 1.34 trillion rubles,^[33] making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positive trade balance, with $13.7 billion exported and $1.2 billion imported in 2013.^[34] 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable,^[35] higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the subject with the lowest economic risk.^[36][37]

Bashkortostan is among the leaders in real estate development,^[38] developed electric power industry^[39] and tourism.^[40]

According to Forbes, Ufa is the best city in Russia for business among cities with a population of over one million (2013).^[41]

Structure of GRP[edit]

GRP structure of Bashkortostan for 2013.^[42]

Sector	%
Manufacturing	36.2
Wholesale and retail trade	16.7
Transport and communications	7.3
Real estate transactions	7
Construction	6.9
Agriculture	6.5
Education	4.1
Healthcare and social services	4.1
State management and social insurance	3.8
Mining	2.8
Production of electricity, gas, water	2.4
Hotels and restaurants	1.1
Other	1.1

• Some industrial products of Bashkortostan

• 

Tourism[edit]

The development of tourism in Bashkortostan is regulated by the main provisions of the Program …, regulatory and legal documents of the Russian Federation, as well as the «Concept for the development of tourist and recreational clusters in the Republic of Bashkortostan until 2030». Today, a lot of work continues to develop tourism and hospitality on the territory of the tourist and recreational cluster «North-East» of the Republic of Bashkortostan on the basis of the innovative scientific, educational and industrial infrastructure of the Geopark «Yangan-Tau».^[43] The development of tourism and hospitality is possible on the basis of a multifunctional multidisciplinary center based on the Yangan-Tau and Toratau Geoparks (figures 1, 2). The Yangan-Tau Geopark was created in Bashkiria on October 18, 2017; it is the only one among the CIS countries that is included in the UNESCO Global Geoparks network. «Toratau» was created by the decree of the head of the region in December 2018. Then the authorities announced that the Geopark could become part of the UNESCO network, and a nomination dossier is currently being prepared.^[44]

Demographics[edit]

Settlements[edit]

Population development[edit]

Year	Population
1897	1,991,000
1913	2,811,000
1926	2,547,000
1939	3,158,000
1959	3,340,000
1970	3,818,000
1979	3,849,000
1989	3,950,482[45]
2002	4,104,336[46]
2010	4,072,292[13]
2021	4,091,423[8]

Vital statistics[edit]

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate
1970	3,817	63,498	28,004	35,494	16.6	7.3	9.3
1975	3,825	63,096	31,802	31,294	16.5	8.3	8.2
1980	3,850	67,743	36,067	31,676	17.6	9.4	8.2
1985	3,868	76,839	39,101	37,738	19.9	10.1	9.8
1990	3,952	63,899	38,157	25,742	16.2	9.7	6.5
1991	3,975	58,240	39,638	18,602	14.7	10.0	4.7
1992	4,005	53,271	43,539	9,732	13.3	10.9	2.4
1993	4,030	46,772	50,738	-3,966	11.6	12.6	-1.0
1994	4,050	47,296	54,267	-6,971	11.7	13.4	-1.7
1995	4,074	45,622	51,734	-6,112	11.2	12.7	-1.5
1996	4,091	45,228	49,600	-4,372	11.1	12.1	-1.1
1997	4,103	43,776	49,354	-5,578	10.7	12.0	-1.4
1998	4,113	44,465	48,470	-4,005	10.8	11.8	-1.0
1999	4,119	41,368	52,608	-11,240	10.0	12.8	-2.7
2000	4,117	41,642	53,550	-11,908	10.1	13.0	-2.9
2001	4,112	42,793	55,001	-12,208	10.4	13.4	-3.0
2002	4,104	45,481	57,836	-12,355	11.1	14.1	-3.0
2003	4,095	45,583	58,237	-12,654	11.1	14.2	-3.1
2004	4,084	45,733	57,726	-11,993	11.2	14.1	-2.9
2005	4,074	44,094	57,787	-13,693	10.8	14.2	-3.4
2006	4,064	45,055	55,319	-10,264	11.1	13.6	-2.5
2007	4,060	51,453	55,144	-3,691	12.7	13.6	-0.9
2008	4,059	54,493	55,568	-1,075	13.4	13.7	-0.3
2009	4,062	55,587	53,227	2,360	13.7	13.1	0.6	1,74
2010	4,067	57,093	54,457	2,636	14.0	13.4	0.6	1,77
2011	4,072	55,806	54,432	1,374	13.7	13.4	0.3	1,74
2012	4,064	59,180	53,624	5,556	14.6	13.2	1.4	1.86
2013	4,065	59,260	53,346	5,914	14.6	13.1	1.5	1.89
2014	4,071	60,239	53,509	6,730	14.8	13.1	1.7	1.95
2015	4,072	59,196	54,107	5,087	14.5	13.3	1.2	1.94
2016	4,069	55,708	52,283	3,425	13.7	12.8	0.9	1.86
2017	4 065	49,260	50,261	-1,001	12.1	12.3	-0.2	1.70
2018		47,044	50,473	-3,429	11.6	12.4	-0.8	1.65
2019		42,031	49,195	-7,164	10.4	12.2	-1.8	1.51
2020		41,043	60,211	-19,168	10.2	15.0	-4.8	1.52

Note: Total fertility rate source.^[47]

Ethnic groups[edit]

Bashkirs as the indigenous (autochthonal) peoples of Bashkortostan have the sole rights to self-determination.^[48][49][50] According to the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition was:^[51]

• Russians 37.5%
• Bashkirs 31.5%
• Volga Tatars 24.2%
• Mari 2.1%
• Chuvash 2.0%
• Udmurts 0.4%
• Ukrainians 0.4%

Ethnic group	1920 Census	1926 Census	1939 Census	1959 Census	1970 Census	1979 Census	1989 Census	2002 Census	2010 Census	2021 Census1
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Bashkirs	807,213	40.13%	625,845	23.5%	671,188	21.2%	737,744	22.1%	892,248	23.4%	935,880	24.3%	863,808	21.9%	1,221,302	29.8%	1,172,287	29.5%	1,268,806	31.5%
Russians	794,131	39.48%	1,064,707	39.9%	1,281,347	40.6%	1,418,147	42.4%	1,546,304	40.5%	1,547,893	40.3%	1,548,291	39.3%	1,490,715	36.3%	1,432,906	36.1%	1,509,246	37.5%
Tatars	103,928	5.17%	461,871	17.3%	777,230	24.6%	768,566	23.0%	944,505	24.7%	940,436	24.5%	1,120,702	28.4%	990,702	24.1%	1,009,295	25.4%	974,533	24.2%
Mari	84,809	4.22%	79,298	3.0%	90,163	2.9%	93,902	2.8%	109,638	2.9%	106,793	2.8%	105,768	2.7%	105,829	2.6%	103,658	2.6%	84,988	2.1%
Chuvash	47,929	2.38%	84,886	3.2%	106,892	3.4%	109,970	3.3%	126,638	3.3%	122,344	3.2%	118,509	3.0%	117,317	2.9%	107,450	2.7%	79,950	2.0%
Udmurts	23,907	1.32%	23,256	0.9%	25,103	0.8%	25,388	0.8%	27,918	0.7%	25,906	0.7%	23,696	0.6%	22,625	0.6%	21,477	0.5%	17,149	0.4%
Ukrainians	57,024	2.84%	76,710	2.9%	99,289	3.1%	83,594	2.5%	76,005	2.0%	75,571	2.0%	74,990	1.9%	55,249	1.3%	39,875	1.0%	14,876	0.4%
Others	5,103	0.12%	249,263	9.3%	107,757	3.4%	104,298	3.1%	94,819	2.5%	87,445	2.3%	87,349	2.2%	96,231	2.3%	87,772	2.2%	75,819	1.9%
1 66,056 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[52]

Languages[edit]

According to the 2021 Census, spoken languages: Russian (97%), Bashkir (23%) and Tatar (20%),.^[53]

Religion[edit]

Islam is adhered to by a majority of the nation’s population^[56] of Bashkir and Tatar descent. The Muslims of Bashkortostan follow the Sunni Hanafi school of Islamic law.

Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash, and Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians. Most Mari are Pagan. Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000 Jews in the republic, with a historic synagogue in Ufa, and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008.^[57]

According to the 2012 Sreda survey which interviewed 56,900 people,^[54] 58% of the population of Bashkortostan are Muslim, 17% adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), the Mari native religion, Chuvash Vattisen Yaly or Tengrism. In addition, 4% of the population declare to be «spiritual but not religious», 5% are atheist, and 7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to the question.^[54] Note, however, that this survey has been criticized as biased. It was conducted by the service «Sreda», which has ties to the Christian organizations.^[58]

In 2010, there were over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan,^[59] 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions.^[60]

Education[edit]

About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research is underway at twelve institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, twenty-nine institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges.

The country’s system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people’s folklore, national customs, and traditions. When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually— primarily religious schools operated under the supervision of mosques (maktabeh and madrasah).

In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades and professions.

Education is primarily in Russian and Bashkir.

Sport[edit]

Russian Premier League football club FC Ufa is from Ufa. KHL team Salavat Yulaev Ufa plays in the city, as does Supreme Hockey League teams Toros Neftekamsk and HC Gornyak Uchaly, Minor Hockey League team Tolpar Ufa and Russian Women’s Hockey League team Agidel. Russian Volleyball Super League team Ural and volleyball team Samrau-UGNTU are from Ufa. Russian Handball Super League team Ugntu-VNZM and Russian Women’s Handball Super League team Ufa-Alisa are from Ufa. Formula One driver Daniil Kvyat hails from Ufa. It was decided in 2018 to revive bandy.^[61][62][63] There are even preliminary plans for building an indoor arena.^[64]

Culture[edit]

Bashkortostan is home to song and dance companies, a network of national theaters, museums, and libraries, and a number of annual folk festivals. The republic has seven Bashkir, four Russian, and two Tatar State Drama Theaters, a State Opera and Ballet Theater, a National Symphony Orchestra, «Bashkortostan» film studio, thirty philharmonic collectives, and the Bashkir State Folk Dance Ensemble.

The Bashkir School of Dance is well respected,^{[citation needed]} with many students receiving international awards at competitions in Russia and other countries. World-renowned ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev, as a child, was encouraged to dance in Bashkir folk performances, and began his dancing career in Ufa.

Bashkir literature is the literary tradition of the Republic of Bashkortostan.^[65][66][67]

There are many museums in the Republic where you can get acquainted with the history of the region. The National Museum of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Bashkir Nesterov Art Museum, the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography are the largest of them.

See also[edit]

• Bashkir cuisine
• Shonqar

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Ilishev, Ildus G. (December 1998). «Russian federalism: Political, legal, and ethnolingual aspects — a view from the republic of Bashkortostan». Nationalities Papers. 26 (4): 723–759. doi:10.1080/00905999808408597. S2CID 155083799.
• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). «Ufa (government)» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 556–557.

External links[edit]

• The centralized portal of the authorities of the Republic of Bashkortostan Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• The Head of Republic of Bashkortostan

Всего найдено: 4

Добрый вечер! Пишет житель города Ишимбай (Республика Башкортстан). Как правильно назвать жителей нашего города: ишимбаец или ишимбаевец, ишимбайка или ишимбаевка?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Словарь-справочник «Русские названия жителей» И. Л. Городецкой и Е. А. Левашова рекомендует такие формы: ишимбайцы, ишимбаец и ишимбаевцы, ишимбаевец.

Добрый день! Подскажите , пожалуйста, как правильно пишется республика ( с большой или маленькой буквы) в предложении: Уфа и Республика Башкортостан

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Следует писать с большой буквы: Уфа и Республика Башкортостан.

Здравствуйте. Почему слова «область» или «округ» в наименовании субъекта РФ пишется с маленькой буквы, а слово «Республика» — с большой? Например, Новгородская область и Республика Башкортостан. Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Области, края, округа – административно-территориальные единицы. Республики же в составе России – это национально-государственные образования (т. е. своего рода государства в государстве). Например, согласно Конституции России, республики вправе устанавливать свои государственные языки. Поэтому слова республика в составе названия республики пишется с большой буквы – на основании правила о написании с большой буквы всех слов в официальных названиях государств.

Здравствуйте!
Скажите, пожалуйста, при указании организации, которая находится в г. Уфа, нужно ли в ее адресе указывать «Россия, Республика Башкортостан» или это будет только «Россия»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно: …г. Уфа, Республика Башкортостан, Россия.

Могут ли журналисты называть Республику Башкортостан Башкирией, или это противоречит Конституции? По мнению одной из наших слушательниц, практически каждый выпуск новостей на Business FM Уфа нарушает закон: «Всегда у вас ведущие нарушают Конституцию Республики Башкортостан, все время говорят «Башкирия», нет такой республики! Теперь Республика Башкортостан – это грамотно. Если ваш ведущий не может выговорить, так попросите других, значит. Это не шутка, если что, я подам в суд. Вы думаете, наверное, что это не принципиально, но вы ведь нарушаете закон».

Обоснованна ли претензия слушательницы, объясняет адвокат Эмиль Шакиров: «Нарушения закона в данном случае я не усматриваю, поскольку данный термин относится к нашему региону, это просто неформальное название Республики Башкортостан. В Конституции нет прямого запрета, есть лишь указание на то, какое название является официальным».

Возможно, неофициальное название республики нарушает нормы русского языка? Комментирует доцент филологического факультета Башкирского государственного университета Елена Евдокимова: «С точки зрения лингвистики, русистики, правильно употреблять оба названия – и Башкирия, и Республика Башкортостан, не забывая о том, что Республика Башкортостан – это официальное название субъекта Российской Федерации, а Башкирия – это слово, которое родилось давно, построено по русским законам словообразования и очень привычно и для нашего уха, и для нашего употребления. Поэтому здесь надо просто стилистически разграничивать эти названия. Если мы хотим построить хороший синонимический ряд, мы можем употреблять Республика Башкортостан, Башкирия, Башкортостан – все что угодно, но искусственно запрещать употребление того или другого слова, названия мы не можем, язык не позволит нам это сделать, и наша языковая способность тоже».

Практика показывает, что общество стремится к упрощению громоздких, официальных наименований: так было, например, с гостиницей «Башкортостан» и одноименным торговым центром, которые теперь называются «Башкирия». По мнению редактора отдела публицистики журнала «Бельские просторы» Анатолия Чечухи, это хорошая тенденция: «Например, диктор по радио говорит «Россия», разве он упрощает название Российской Федерации? Это разговорный язык. Или диктор башкирского радио говорит «Мәскәү»: что, мы будем заставлять его силой говорить «Москва»? Неудобно в башкирском языке такие звуки произносить, и так заставлять нельзя. Официоз и так уже пролез через все дыры. Чиновничий раж иногда надо останавливать. Например, когда гостиницу «Башкирия» переименовали в «Башкортостан», а напротив еще сделали концертный зал «Башкортостан», сразу веселые ребята остановку назвали «Дабл Башкортостан» – очень весело звучит, в смысле разговорного языка. Хорошо, что ума хватило, быстренько гостинице вернули первоначальное название. Вообще разговорный язык, конечно, никаким указам, никаким запретам не подчиняется».

Если бы мы придерживалась только официального названия – Республика Башкортостан, новости на Business FM Уфа звучали бы как некоторые доклады депутатов Курултая: «Правительством Республики Башкортостан на рассмотрение в Государственное собрание – Курултай Республики Башкортостан внесен проект закона Республики Башкортостан о внесении изменений в закон Республики Башкортостан о библиотечном деле».

Журналисты, лингвисты и юристы сошлись во мнении, что ни языковые нормы, ни законодательство не воспрещает называть Республику Башкортостан Башкирией.

Наименования субъектов Российской Федерации

1. С прописной буквы пишутся все слова в названиях республик в составе Российской Федерации: Республика Башкортостан, Республика Саха (Якутия), Республика Северная Осетия – Алания, Карачаево-Черкесская Республика.

2. В административно-территориальных названиях слова, обозначающие родовое или видовое понятие – край, область, автономный округ и т.д. – пишутся со строчной буквы, остальные слова – с прописной: Алтайский край, Вологодская область, Еврейская автономная область, Ямало-Ненецкий автономный округ.

Наименования международных организаций и организаций зарубежных стран

1. С прописной буквы пишутся все слова в названиях важнейших международных организаций: Организация Объединенных Наций, Совет Безопасности ООН, Общество Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца, Совет Европы.

1. С прописной буквы пишутся первое слово и входящие в состав названия имена собственные, а также первое слово включаемых в них названий других организаций: Международный валютный фонд, Парламентская ассамблея Совета Европы, Организация ООН по вопросам образования, науки и культуры (ЮНЕСКО).

1. С прописной буквы пишется первое слово и имена собственные в названиях высших органов государственной власти зарубежных стран: Конгресс США; Национальное собрание Республики Венгрия. Со строчной буквы пишутся названия высших органов государственной власти зарубежных стран не в значении имени собственного: сейм, парламент, нижняя палата сената и др.

1. С прописной буквы пишется первое слово в названиях иностранных организаций, фирм, компаний; при этом названия рекомендуется записывать русскими буквами по правилам транслитерации и заключать в кавычки: компания «Дженерал моторс», концерн «Даймлер-Крайслер».

1. Названия зарубежных фирм в виде аббревиатуры в кавычки не заключают: МОТ (Международная организация труда), ЕЭК (Европейская экономическая комиссия).

В некоторых случаях, главным образом в специальной литературе, используется как полное, так и сокращенное, на языке оригинала, название организации: компания «Microsoft».

Если название зарубежной организации не имеет широкой известности, в тексте документа целесообразно дать название на русском языке, а в скобках – на языке оригинала: Международная организация стандартизации (International Organization for Standardization – ISO).

Использованы источники:

http://www.profiz.ru/sr/7_2008/pravila_napisania_oficial/

http://www.profiz.ru/sr/7_2008/pravila_napisania_oficial/

Материал подготовлен Морозовой М.В.

На протяжении последних лет в республике не утихают споры вокруг ее правильного названия. 

Часть жителей полагает, что неформальный термин «Башкирия» недопустим, противоречит Конституции и закону о языках и не должен употребляться журналистами. Редакция UfaTime.ru периодически получает письма от недовольных читателей, которые требуют называть регион только словом «Башкортостан». Чтобы поставить точку в вопросе правильного названия республики, мы обратились к экспертам. 

«Каждый человек может говорить так, как ему удобно. Если человек говорит и думает на башкирском языке, то, наверное, ему ближе слово «Башкортостан», потому что в башкирском языке есть слово «башкорт». В русском языке такого слова нет, но есть слово «башкир», поэтому мы говорим «Башкирия». В официальных документах мы, конечно, пишем «Республика Башкортостан», что соответствует нормам. Но телевидение и газеты используют публицистический стиль, а он совмещает элементы разных языковых стилей. Он находится в особом положении, и многие лингвисты его не признают, но у него другая задача при воздействии на читателя. Чтобы избежать повторов, в языке газет, Интернета и телевидения очень удобно пользоваться названием «Башкирия». Язык всегда стремится к экономии, это нормально и показывает его богатство и разнообразие стилей», – уверена кандидат филологических наук Елена Евдокимова. Она также подчеркивает, что национальные вопросы всегда очень болезненны и некоторые люди пытаются их политизировать. 

С ней согласен и политолог Рустем Шайахметов. По его мнению, оба варианта – Башкирия и Башкортостан – правильные, все зависит от практики их применения (официальный или свободный стиль). 

Юристы сходятся во мнении, что употребление слова «Башкирия» в материалах журналистов не нарушает законодательных норм, поскольку в Конституции нет такого запрета, есть лишь указание на тот факт, что Республика Башкортостан является официальным названием субъекта России. 

В интернет-опросах сторонники официального названия «Башкортостан» отмечают, что оно звучит гордо и солидно: «Только Башкортостан! «Башкирия» – это название газовой колонки и никак иначе», «»Башкортостан» величаво звучит и по солиднее, не говорить же: «Я из республики Башкирия»», «Башкортостан предки звали так, и мы должны звать!», «На самом деле должен быть Башкортостан. Казахстан или Узбекистан не называют же Узбекия или Казахия». 

Сторонники неофициального термина «Башкирия» полагают, что он звучит проще и мелодичнее. «Часто объясняю откуда родом. Быстрее доходит сокращенная версия, а на «Башкортостан» обычно отвечают: «А это в России? «», «»Башкирия» звучит певуче! Оно напоминает мне природу, горные долгие хребты, бескрайние поля, медлительные речушки», «»Башкирия» звучит более мягко и мелодично, как и слово «мама»». 

Стоит напомнить, что республиканские чиновники и сам Радий Хабиров употребляют в своей речи оба варианта названия региона.