Русский[править]
Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]
падеж | ед. ч. | мн. ч. |
---|---|---|
Им. | тила́пия | тила́пии |
Р. | тила́пии | тила́пий |
Д. | тила́пии | тила́пиям |
В. | тила́пию | тила́пий |
Тв. | тила́пией тила́пиею |
тила́пиями |
Пр. | тила́пии | тила́пиях |
ти—ла́—пи·я
Существительное, одушевлённое, женский род, 1-е склонение (тип склонения 7a по классификации А. А. Зализняка).
Встречается также вариант написания: тиляпия.
Корень: -тилапиj-; окончание: -я.
Произношение[править]
- МФА: ед. ч. [tʲɪˈɫapʲɪɪ̯ə], мн. ч. [tʲɪˈɫapʲɪɪ]
Семантические свойства[править]
Значение[править]
- кулин. обобщенное название для нескольких сотен видов рыб, относящихся к разным родам семейства цихлид, а также мясо таких рыб, употребляемое в пищу ◆ Тилапия (тиляпия). Пресноводная рыба семейства Цихлиды. Род тилапий насчитывает более 100 видов. Средняя особь невелика, всего 1,5–2 кг, хотя встречаются экземпляры до 5 кг весом. Родиной тилапии считаются страны с тропическим климатом. «Кулинарная энциклопедия», Том 36 / ред. Ольга Ивенская, сост. Наталья Шинкарева, Надежда Бондаренко, 2015 г. [Google Книги]
Синонимы[править]
Антонимы[править]
Гиперонимы[править]
Гипонимы[править]
Родственные слова[править]
Ближайшее родство | |
Этимология[править]
От ??
Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]
Перевод[править]
Список переводов | |
Библиография[править]
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Для улучшения этой статьи желательно:
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This article is about the common name for many species of fish.. For the genus, see Tilapia (genus).
Global harvest of tilapia in million tonnes as reported by the FAO, 1950–2009[1]
Tilapia ( tih-LAH-pee-ə) is the common name for nearly a hundred species of cichlid fish from the coelotilapine, coptodonine, heterotilapine, oreochromine, pelmatolapiine, and tilapiine tribes (formerly all were «Tilapiini»), with the economically most important species placed in the Coptodonini and Oreochromini.[2] Tilapia are mainly freshwater fish inhabiting shallow streams, ponds, rivers, and lakes, and less commonly found living in brackish water. Historically, they have been of major importance in artisanal fishing in Africa, and they are of increasing importance in aquaculture and aquaponics. Tilapia can become a problematic invasive species in new warm-water habitats such as Australia,[3] whether deliberately or accidentally introduced, but generally not in temperate climates due to their inability to survive in cold water.
Tilapia has been the fourth-most consumed fish in the United States since 2002. The popularity of tilapia came about due to its low price, easy preparation, and mild taste.[4]
It is also a traditionally popular food in the Philippines, also known for its low cost and mild taste. Traditionally, the fish is either fried as an individual food or boiled as part of a dish in the country.
History[edit]
The Tomb of Nakht, from 1500 BC, contains a tilapia hieroglyph just above and to the right of the head of the central tall figure.
The aquaculture of Nile tilapia goes back to Ancient Egypt, where it was represented by the hieroglyph K1, of the Gardiner list: 𓆛
was a symbol of rebirth in Egyptian art, and was in addition associated with Hathor. It was also said to accompany and protect the sun god on his daily journey across the sky. Tilapia painted on tomb walls, is reminiscent of spell 15 of the Book of the Dead by which the deceased hopes to take his place in the sun boat: «You see the tilapia in its [true] form at the turquoise pool», and «I behold the tilapia in its [true] nature guiding the speedy boat in its waters.»[5]
Tilapia were one of the three main types of fish caught in Talmudic times from the Sea of Galilee, specifically the Galilean comb (Sarotherodon galilaeus). Today, in Modern Hebrew, the fish species is called amnoon (probably a compound of am, «mother» and noon, «fish»). In English, it is sometimes known by the name «St. Peter’s fish», which comes from the narrative in the Gospel of Matthew about the apostle Peter catching a fish that carried a coin in its mouth. Though the passage does not name the fish,[6] different tilapia species (Sarotherodon galilaeus, Oreochromis aureus, Coptodon zillii, and Tristramella) are found in the Sea of Galilee, where the author of the Gospel of Matthew recounts the event took place. These species have been the target of small-scale artisanal fisheries in the area for thousands of years.[7][8]
The common name «tilapia» is based on the name of the cichlid genus Tilapia, which is itself a latinization of tlhapi, the Tswana word for «fish».[9]
Characteristics[edit]
Tilapia typically have laterally compressed, deep bodies. Like other cichlids, their lower pharyngeal bones are fused into a single tooth-bearing structure. A complex set of muscles allows the upper and lower pharyngeal bones to be used as a second set of jaws for processing food (cf. morays), allowing a division of labor between the «true jaws» (mandibles) and the «pharyngeal jaws». This means they are efficient feeders that can capture and process a wide variety of food items.[10] Their mouths are protrusible, usually bordered with wide and often swollen lips. The jaws have conical teeth. Typically, tilapia have a long dorsal fin, and a lateral line that often breaks towards the end of the dorsal fin, and starts again two or three rows of scales below. Some Nile tilapia can grow as long as 60 centimetres (2 ft).[11]
Other than their temperature sensitivity, tilapia exist in or can adapt to a very wide range of conditions. An extreme example is the Salton Sea, where tilapia introduced when the water was merely brackish now live in salt concentrations so high that other marine fish cannot survive.[12]
Tilapia are also known to be mouth-brooding species, which means they carry the fertilized eggs and young fish in their mouths for several days after the yolk sac is absorbed.[11]
Gallery[edit]
Species[edit]
Historically, all tilapia have been included in their namesake genus Tilapia.[2] In recent decades, some were moved into a few other genera, notably Oreochromis,[13] and Sarotherodon.[14] Even with this modification, apparently Tilapia was strongly poly– or paraphyletic.[15] In 2013, a major taxonomic review resolved this by moving most former Tilapia spp. to several other genera. As a consequence, none of the species that are of major economic importance remain in Tilapia, but are instead placed in Coptodon, Oreochormis, and Sarotherodon.[2]
Exotic and invasive species[edit]
Tilapia have been used as biological controls for certain aquatic plant problems. They have a preference for a floating aquatic plant, duckweed (Lemna spp.), but also consume some filamentous algae.[16] In Kenya, tilapia were introduced to control mosquitoes, which were causing malaria, because they consume mosquito larvae, consequently reducing the numbers of adult female mosquitoes, the vector of the disease.[17] These benefits are, however, frequently outweighed by the negative aspects of tilapia as invasive species.[18]
Tilapia are unable to survive in temperate climates because they require warm water. The pure strain of the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus, has the greatest cold tolerance and dies at 7 °C (45 °F), while all other species of tilapia die at a range of 11 to 17 °C (52 to 62 °F). As a result, they cannot invade temperate habitats and disrupt native ecologies in temperate zones; however, they have spread widely beyond their points of introduction in many fresh and brackish tropical and subtropical habitats, often disrupting native species significantly.[19] Because of this, tilapia are on the IUCN’s 100 of the World’s Worst Alien Invasive Species list.[20] In the United States, tilapia are found in much of the south, especially Florida and Texas, and as far north as Idaho, where they survive in power-plant discharge zones.[21] Tilapia are also currently stocked in the Phoenix, Arizona, canal system as an algal growth-control measure. Many state fish and wildlife agencies in the United States, Australia, South Africa, and elsewhere consider them to be invasive species.[22]
Aquarium species[edit]
Larger tilapia species are generally poor community aquarium fish because they eat plants, dig up the bottom, and race with other fish. The larger species are often raised as a food source, though, because they grow rapidly and tolerate high stocking densities and poor water quality.
Smaller West African species, such as Coelotilapia joka and species from the crater lakes of Cameroon, are more popular. In specialised cichlid aquaria, tilapia can be mixed successfully with nonterritorial cichlids, armored catfish, tinfoil barbs, garpike, and other robust fish. Some species, including Heterotilapia buttikoferi, Coptodon rendalli, Pelmatolapia mariae, C. joka, and the brackish-water Sarotherodon melanotheron, have attractive patterns and are quite decorative.[23]
Commercial species[edit]
Tilapia were originally farmed in their native Africa and Levant. Fast-growing, tolerant of stocking density, and adaptable, tilapia have been introduced to and are farmed extensively in many parts of Asia and are increasingly common aquaculture targets elsewhere.
Principal commercial tilapia species | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common name | Scientific name | Maximum length |
Common length |
Maximum weight |
Maximum age |
Trophic level |
Fish Base |
FAO | WoRMS | IUCN status |
Nile tilapia | Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 60 cm | cm | 4.324 kg | 9 years | 2.0 | [24] | [25][26] | [27] | Least Concern[28] |
Blue tilapia | — Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) |
45.7 cm | 16 cm | 2.010 kg | years | 2.1 | [29] | [30] | Least Concern[31] | |
Nile tilapia + blue tilapia hybrid | cm | cm | kg | years | ||||||
Mozambique tilapia | Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) | 39 cm | 35 cm | 1.130 kg | 11 years | 2.0 | [32] | [33] | [34] | Vulnerable[35] |
↑ Wild capture
↑ Aquaculture production
Aquaculture[edit]
Farmed tilapia production in 2002 worldwide was about 1.5 million tonnes (1.7 million short tons) annually, with an estimated value of US$1.8 billion,[37] about equal to those of salmon and trout.
Unlike carnivorous fish, tilapia can feed on algae or any plant-based food. This reduces the cost of tilapia farming, reduces fishing pressure on prey species, avoids concentrating toxins that accumulate at higher levels of the food chain, and makes tilapia the preferred «aquatic chickens» of the trade.[38]
Because of their large size, rapid growth, and palatability, tilapia cichlids are the focus of major farming efforts, specifically various species of Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and Coptodon (all were formerly in the namesake genus Tilapia).[2] Like other large fish, they are a good source of protein and popular among artisanal and commercial fisheries. Most such fisheries were originally found in Africa, but outdoor fish farms in tropical countries, such as Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Indonesia, are underway in freshwater lakes.[39] In temperate zone localities, tilapiine farming operations require energy to warm the water to tropical temperatures. One method uses waste heat from factories and power stations.[40][failed verification]
At 1.3 million tonnes per annum, China is the largest tilapia producer in the world, followed by Egypt with 0.5 million.[41] The US, by comparison, produces 10 thousand tonnes against a consumption of 2.5 million.[36]
In modern aquaculture, wild-type Nile tilapia are not too often seen, as the dark color of their flesh is not much desired by many customers, and because it has a bit of a reputation of being a rough fish associated with poverty.[42] However, they are fast-growing and give good fillets; leucistic («red») breeds which have lighter meat have been developed and are very popular.
Hybrid stock is also used in aquaculture; Nile × blue tilapia hybrids are usually rather dark, but a light-colored hybrid breed known as «Rocky Mountain White» tilapia is often grown due to its very light flesh and tolerance of low temperatures.[42]
Commercially grown tilapia are almost exclusively male, typically done by adding male sex hormone in the food to the tilapia fry, causing any potential female tilapia to change sex to male.[26][43] It can also be achieved through hybridization of certain tilapia species or the use of so-called «supermales» that have homozygous male sex chromosomes (resulting in all their offspring receiving a male sex chromosome and thus becoming males).[43][44] Males are preferred because they grow much faster than females.[26] Additionally, because tilapia are prolific breeders, the presence of female tilapia results in rapidly increasing populations of small fish, rather than a stable population of harvest-size animals.[45][unreliable source?]
Other methods of tilapia population control are polyculture, with predators farmed alongside tilapia or hybridization with other species.[46]
As food[edit]
Blackened tilapia filets seasoned with Cajun spices, lemon & lime juice
Whole tilapia fish can be processed into skinless, boneless (pin-bone[clarification needed] out) fillets: the yield is from 30 to 37%, depending on fillet size and final trim.[47][unreliable source?][48][unreliable source?] In some of the commercial strains, the yield has been reported up to 47% at harvest weight.[49][50]
Tilapia are some of several commercially important aquaculture species that are susceptible to off-flavors (others include trout, barramundi, and channel catfish). These ‘muddy’ or ‘musty’ flavors are normally caused by geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, organic products of ubiquitous cyanobacteria that are often present or bloom sporadically in water bodies and soil.[51] These flavors are no indication of freshness or safety of the fish, but they make the product unattractive to consumers. Simple quality-control procedures are known to be effective in ensuring the quality of fish entering the market.
Tilapia have very low levels of mercury,[52] as they are fast-growing, lean, and short-lived, with an omnivorous diet, do not accumulate mercury found in prey.[53][unreliable source?] Tilapia are low in saturated fat, calories, carbohydrates, and sodium, and are a good protein source. They also contain the micronutrients phosphorus, niacin, selenium, vitamin B12, and potassium.[54]
Some research has found that tilapia may be a less nutritious fish than generally believed. The Wake Forest University School of Medicine released a report in 2008 showing that the fish’s omega-3 fatty acid content is often far lower than that of other commonly eaten fish species. The same study also showed that their omega-6 fatty acid levels were unusually high. Multiple studies have evaluated the effects of adding flaxseed derivatives (a vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids) to the feed of farmed tilapia. These studies have found both the more common omega-3 fatty acid found in the flax, ALA and the two types almost unique to animal sources (DHA and EPA), increased in the fish fed this diet.[55][56] Guided by these findings, tilapia farming techniques could be adjusted to address the nutritional criticisms directed at the fish, while retaining its advantage as an omnivore capable of feeding on economically and environmentally inexpensive vegetable protein. Adequate diets for salmon and other carnivorous fish can alternatively be formulated from protein sources such as soybean, although soy-based diets with soy oil may also change in the balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.[57]
Miscellaneous uses[edit]
Ecological agent[edit]
Tilapia serve as a natural, biological control for most aquatic plant problems. They consume floating aquatic plants, such as duckweed watermeal (Lemna spp.), most «undesirable» submerged plants, and most forms of algae.[58] In the United States and countries such as Thailand, they are becoming the plant-control method of choice, reducing or eliminating the use of toxic chemicals and heavy metal-based algaecides.
Tilapia rarely compete with other «pond» fish for food. Instead, because they consume plants and nutrients unused by other fish species and substantially reduce oxygen-depleting detritus, adding tilapia often increases the population, size, and health of other fish. They are used for zoo ponds as a source of food for birds.[citation needed]
Tilapia can be farmed with shrimp in a symbiotic manner, positively enhancing the productive output of both.[citation needed]
Arkansas stocks many public ponds and lakes to help with vegetation control, favoring tilapia as a robust forage species and for anglers.
In Kenya, tilapia help control mosquitoes, which carry malaria parasites. They consume mosquito larvae, which reduces the numbers of adult females, the disease’s vector.[17]
Medical use[edit]
This section is missing information about how it works (collagen dressing); what kinds of preparation is required (sterilization processes). Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (February 2022) |
In Brazil, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish skin applied as a bandage is being used in a new clinical trial to treat burn injuries.[59] In the United States, tilapia skin has been used to successfully treat third-degree wounds to the paws of two black bears caught in California’s Thomas wildfire,[60][61] and also to treat burns on the paws of a black bear from California’s Carr wildfire.[62] Nile tilapia skin has completed a phase III clinical trial for burn dressing, but no results have been posted as of November 2020.[63]
Nile tilapia skin has also been used in neovaginoplasty as a skin graft material.[64][65]
Parasites[edit]
As with most fish, tilapia harbor a variety of parasites. For the monogeneans, these especially include species of the megadiverse genus Cichlidogyrus, which are gill parasites. Species of Enterogyrus are parasites in the digestive system. Tilapia, as important aquaculture fishes, have been introduced widely all over the world, and often carried their monogenean parasites with them. In South China, a 2019 study has shown that nine species of monogeneans were carried by introduced tilapia.[66]
References[edit]
- ^ Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Statistics UN Food and Agriculture Department
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- ^ «Tilapia». Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. January 2013.
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- ^ Gay Robin: Women in ancient Egypt (p. 188), British museum press, 1993, ISBN 0-7141-0956-8
- ^ Matthew 17:24–27
- ^ Baker, Jenny (1988). Simply Fish. London: Faber & Faber. p. 197. ISBN 0-571-14966-9.
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The Salton Sea: Fishing for Answers Archived 2014-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
A half-century later, a few species of fish have been hearty enough to survive. One of them is the tilapia and its key to the survival of the Salton’s ecosystem, which includes millions of birds that depend on them for food…“The salinity level of the Salton Sea is about 45 parts per thousand (ppt), which is about 30% saltier than the ocean»
- ^ «Oreochromis». Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 16 August 2007.
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- ^ a b Wan, Z.Y.; G. Lin; G. Yue (2019). «Genes for sexual body size dimorphism in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp. x Oreochromis mossambicus)». Aquaculture and Fisheries. 4 (6): 231–238. doi:10.1016/j.aaf.2019.05.003.
- ^ Baroiller, J.F.; H. D’Cotta; E. Bezault; S. Wessels; G. Hoerstgen-Schwark (2009). «Tilapia sex determination: Where temperature and genetics meet». Comp Biochem Physiol A. 153 (1): 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.11.018. PMID 19101647.
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- ^ Gjøen, H. M.; T. H. E. Meuwissen; Woolliams, J. A.; Joshi, R. (May 2018). «Maternal, dominance and additive genetic effects in Nile tilapia; influence on growth, fillet yield and body size traits». Heredity. 120 (5): 452–462. doi:10.1038/s41437-017-0046-x. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 5889400. PMID 29335620.
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- ^ Aguiar, AC; et al. (September 2007). «Effect of flaxseed oil in diet on fatty acid composition in the liver of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)». Arch Latinoam Nutr. 57 (3): 273–277. PMID 18271406.
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- ^ «Two bears were badly burned in wildfires, and fish skin helped heal them». Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
- ^ «Bears Burned in California Wildfires Healed With Fish Skins, Released to Wild». UC Davis. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
- ^ «WILDFIRES: Bear Treated With Fish Skins; Firefighters Return». UC Davis. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
- ^ Júnior, Edmar Maciel Lima (January 27, 2020). «Evaluation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Skin as an Occlusive Biological Dressing in the Treatment of Burn Wounds: Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial» – via clinicaltrials.gov.
- ^ Pinto Medeiros Dias, M. T.; Lima Júnior, E. M.; Negreiros Nunes Alves, A. P.; Monteiro Bilhar, A. P.; Rios, L. C.; Costa, B. A.; Rocha Matos, E. S.; Venancio, A. C.; Bruno, Z. V.; Odorico de Moraes Filho M; Pinheiro Sobreira Bezerra, L. R. (2019). «Tilapia fish skin as a new biologic graft for neovaginoplasty in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome: A video case report». Fertility and Sterility. 112 (1): 174–176. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.04.003. PMID 31103284. S2CID 159039703.
- ^ Lima Júnior, E. M.; De Moraes Filho, M. O.; Costa, B. A.; Bruno, Z. V.; Filho MPM; Amaral De Moraes, M. E.; Rodrigues FAR; Paier CRK; Bezerra LRPS (2020). «Male-to-Female Gender-Affirming Surgery Using Nile Tilapia Fish Skin as a Biocompatible Graft». Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology. 27 (7): 1474–1475. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2020.02.017. PMID 32142893. S2CID 212622119.
- ^ Zhang, Shuai; Zhi, Tingting; Xu, Xiangli; Zheng, Yingying; Bilong Bilong, Charles Félix; Pariselle, Antoine; Yang, Tingbao (2019). «Monogenean fauna of alien tilapias (Cichlidae) in south China». Parasite. 26: 4. doi:10.1051/parasite/2019003. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 6361074. PMID 30714897.
Further reading[edit]
- Logan, Cheryl A.; Alter, S. Elizabeth; Haupt, Alison J.; Tomalty, Katharine; Palumbi, Stephen R. (2008). «An impediment to consumer choice: Overfished species are sold as Pacific red snapper». Biological Conservation. 141 (6): 1591–1599. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.007. ISSN 0006-3207.
- FAO Fishery Information, Data & Statistics Service (1993). «Aquaculture production (1985–1991)». FAO Fisheries Circular. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 815: 20–21.
- Trewavas, Ethelwynn (1983). Tilapiine fish of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. London: British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0-565-00878-1.
- McCrary, Jeffrey K; Castro, Mark; McKaye, Kenneth R. (2005). «Mercury in Fish From Two Nicaraguan Lakes: A Recommendation for Increased Monitoring of Fish for International Commerce» (PDF). Environmental Pollution. pp. 513–518. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-03.
External links[edit]
This article is about the common name for many species of fish.. For the genus, see Tilapia (genus).
Global harvest of tilapia in million tonnes as reported by the FAO, 1950–2009[1]
Tilapia ( tih-LAH-pee-ə) is the common name for nearly a hundred species of cichlid fish from the coelotilapine, coptodonine, heterotilapine, oreochromine, pelmatolapiine, and tilapiine tribes (formerly all were «Tilapiini»), with the economically most important species placed in the Coptodonini and Oreochromini.[2] Tilapia are mainly freshwater fish inhabiting shallow streams, ponds, rivers, and lakes, and less commonly found living in brackish water. Historically, they have been of major importance in artisanal fishing in Africa, and they are of increasing importance in aquaculture and aquaponics. Tilapia can become a problematic invasive species in new warm-water habitats such as Australia,[3] whether deliberately or accidentally introduced, but generally not in temperate climates due to their inability to survive in cold water.
Tilapia has been the fourth-most consumed fish in the United States since 2002. The popularity of tilapia came about due to its low price, easy preparation, and mild taste.[4]
It is also a traditionally popular food in the Philippines, also known for its low cost and mild taste. Traditionally, the fish is either fried as an individual food or boiled as part of a dish in the country.
History[edit]
The Tomb of Nakht, from 1500 BC, contains a tilapia hieroglyph just above and to the right of the head of the central tall figure.
The aquaculture of Nile tilapia goes back to Ancient Egypt, where it was represented by the hieroglyph K1, of the Gardiner list: 𓆛
was a symbol of rebirth in Egyptian art, and was in addition associated with Hathor. It was also said to accompany and protect the sun god on his daily journey across the sky. Tilapia painted on tomb walls, is reminiscent of spell 15 of the Book of the Dead by which the deceased hopes to take his place in the sun boat: «You see the tilapia in its [true] form at the turquoise pool», and «I behold the tilapia in its [true] nature guiding the speedy boat in its waters.»[5]
Tilapia were one of the three main types of fish caught in Talmudic times from the Sea of Galilee, specifically the Galilean comb (Sarotherodon galilaeus). Today, in Modern Hebrew, the fish species is called amnoon (probably a compound of am, «mother» and noon, «fish»). In English, it is sometimes known by the name «St. Peter’s fish», which comes from the narrative in the Gospel of Matthew about the apostle Peter catching a fish that carried a coin in its mouth. Though the passage does not name the fish,[6] different tilapia species (Sarotherodon galilaeus, Oreochromis aureus, Coptodon zillii, and Tristramella) are found in the Sea of Galilee, where the author of the Gospel of Matthew recounts the event took place. These species have been the target of small-scale artisanal fisheries in the area for thousands of years.[7][8]
The common name «tilapia» is based on the name of the cichlid genus Tilapia, which is itself a latinization of tlhapi, the Tswana word for «fish».[9]
Characteristics[edit]
Tilapia typically have laterally compressed, deep bodies. Like other cichlids, their lower pharyngeal bones are fused into a single tooth-bearing structure. A complex set of muscles allows the upper and lower pharyngeal bones to be used as a second set of jaws for processing food (cf. morays), allowing a division of labor between the «true jaws» (mandibles) and the «pharyngeal jaws». This means they are efficient feeders that can capture and process a wide variety of food items.[10] Their mouths are protrusible, usually bordered with wide and often swollen lips. The jaws have conical teeth. Typically, tilapia have a long dorsal fin, and a lateral line that often breaks towards the end of the dorsal fin, and starts again two or three rows of scales below. Some Nile tilapia can grow as long as 60 centimetres (2 ft).[11]
Other than their temperature sensitivity, tilapia exist in or can adapt to a very wide range of conditions. An extreme example is the Salton Sea, where tilapia introduced when the water was merely brackish now live in salt concentrations so high that other marine fish cannot survive.[12]
Tilapia are also known to be mouth-brooding species, which means they carry the fertilized eggs and young fish in their mouths for several days after the yolk sac is absorbed.[11]
Gallery[edit]
Species[edit]
Historically, all tilapia have been included in their namesake genus Tilapia.[2] In recent decades, some were moved into a few other genera, notably Oreochromis,[13] and Sarotherodon.[14] Even with this modification, apparently Tilapia was strongly poly– or paraphyletic.[15] In 2013, a major taxonomic review resolved this by moving most former Tilapia spp. to several other genera. As a consequence, none of the species that are of major economic importance remain in Tilapia, but are instead placed in Coptodon, Oreochormis, and Sarotherodon.[2]
Exotic and invasive species[edit]
Tilapia have been used as biological controls for certain aquatic plant problems. They have a preference for a floating aquatic plant, duckweed (Lemna spp.), but also consume some filamentous algae.[16] In Kenya, tilapia were introduced to control mosquitoes, which were causing malaria, because they consume mosquito larvae, consequently reducing the numbers of adult female mosquitoes, the vector of the disease.[17] These benefits are, however, frequently outweighed by the negative aspects of tilapia as invasive species.[18]
Tilapia are unable to survive in temperate climates because they require warm water. The pure strain of the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus, has the greatest cold tolerance and dies at 7 °C (45 °F), while all other species of tilapia die at a range of 11 to 17 °C (52 to 62 °F). As a result, they cannot invade temperate habitats and disrupt native ecologies in temperate zones; however, they have spread widely beyond their points of introduction in many fresh and brackish tropical and subtropical habitats, often disrupting native species significantly.[19] Because of this, tilapia are on the IUCN’s 100 of the World’s Worst Alien Invasive Species list.[20] In the United States, tilapia are found in much of the south, especially Florida and Texas, and as far north as Idaho, where they survive in power-plant discharge zones.[21] Tilapia are also currently stocked in the Phoenix, Arizona, canal system as an algal growth-control measure. Many state fish and wildlife agencies in the United States, Australia, South Africa, and elsewhere consider them to be invasive species.[22]
Aquarium species[edit]
Larger tilapia species are generally poor community aquarium fish because they eat plants, dig up the bottom, and race with other fish. The larger species are often raised as a food source, though, because they grow rapidly and tolerate high stocking densities and poor water quality.
Smaller West African species, such as Coelotilapia joka and species from the crater lakes of Cameroon, are more popular. In specialised cichlid aquaria, tilapia can be mixed successfully with nonterritorial cichlids, armored catfish, tinfoil barbs, garpike, and other robust fish. Some species, including Heterotilapia buttikoferi, Coptodon rendalli, Pelmatolapia mariae, C. joka, and the brackish-water Sarotherodon melanotheron, have attractive patterns and are quite decorative.[23]
Commercial species[edit]
Tilapia were originally farmed in their native Africa and Levant. Fast-growing, tolerant of stocking density, and adaptable, tilapia have been introduced to and are farmed extensively in many parts of Asia and are increasingly common aquaculture targets elsewhere.
Principal commercial tilapia species | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common name | Scientific name | Maximum length |
Common length |
Maximum weight |
Maximum age |
Trophic level |
Fish Base |
FAO | WoRMS | IUCN status |
Nile tilapia | Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) | 60 cm | cm | 4.324 kg | 9 years | 2.0 | [24] | [25][26] | [27] | Least Concern[28] |
Blue tilapia | — Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) |
45.7 cm | 16 cm | 2.010 kg | years | 2.1 | [29] | [30] | Least Concern[31] | |
Nile tilapia + blue tilapia hybrid | cm | cm | kg | years | ||||||
Mozambique tilapia | Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) | 39 cm | 35 cm | 1.130 kg | 11 years | 2.0 | [32] | [33] | [34] | Vulnerable[35] |
↑ Wild capture
↑ Aquaculture production
Aquaculture[edit]
Farmed tilapia production in 2002 worldwide was about 1.5 million tonnes (1.7 million short tons) annually, with an estimated value of US$1.8 billion,[37] about equal to those of salmon and trout.
Unlike carnivorous fish, tilapia can feed on algae or any plant-based food. This reduces the cost of tilapia farming, reduces fishing pressure on prey species, avoids concentrating toxins that accumulate at higher levels of the food chain, and makes tilapia the preferred «aquatic chickens» of the trade.[38]
Because of their large size, rapid growth, and palatability, tilapia cichlids are the focus of major farming efforts, specifically various species of Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and Coptodon (all were formerly in the namesake genus Tilapia).[2] Like other large fish, they are a good source of protein and popular among artisanal and commercial fisheries. Most such fisheries were originally found in Africa, but outdoor fish farms in tropical countries, such as Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Indonesia, are underway in freshwater lakes.[39] In temperate zone localities, tilapiine farming operations require energy to warm the water to tropical temperatures. One method uses waste heat from factories and power stations.[40][failed verification]
At 1.3 million tonnes per annum, China is the largest tilapia producer in the world, followed by Egypt with 0.5 million.[41] The US, by comparison, produces 10 thousand tonnes against a consumption of 2.5 million.[36]
In modern aquaculture, wild-type Nile tilapia are not too often seen, as the dark color of their flesh is not much desired by many customers, and because it has a bit of a reputation of being a rough fish associated with poverty.[42] However, they are fast-growing and give good fillets; leucistic («red») breeds which have lighter meat have been developed and are very popular.
Hybrid stock is also used in aquaculture; Nile × blue tilapia hybrids are usually rather dark, but a light-colored hybrid breed known as «Rocky Mountain White» tilapia is often grown due to its very light flesh and tolerance of low temperatures.[42]
Commercially grown tilapia are almost exclusively male, typically done by adding male sex hormone in the food to the tilapia fry, causing any potential female tilapia to change sex to male.[26][43] It can also be achieved through hybridization of certain tilapia species or the use of so-called «supermales» that have homozygous male sex chromosomes (resulting in all their offspring receiving a male sex chromosome and thus becoming males).[43][44] Males are preferred because they grow much faster than females.[26] Additionally, because tilapia are prolific breeders, the presence of female tilapia results in rapidly increasing populations of small fish, rather than a stable population of harvest-size animals.[45][unreliable source?]
Other methods of tilapia population control are polyculture, with predators farmed alongside tilapia or hybridization with other species.[46]
As food[edit]
Blackened tilapia filets seasoned with Cajun spices, lemon & lime juice
Whole tilapia fish can be processed into skinless, boneless (pin-bone[clarification needed] out) fillets: the yield is from 30 to 37%, depending on fillet size and final trim.[47][unreliable source?][48][unreliable source?] In some of the commercial strains, the yield has been reported up to 47% at harvest weight.[49][50]
Tilapia are some of several commercially important aquaculture species that are susceptible to off-flavors (others include trout, barramundi, and channel catfish). These ‘muddy’ or ‘musty’ flavors are normally caused by geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, organic products of ubiquitous cyanobacteria that are often present or bloom sporadically in water bodies and soil.[51] These flavors are no indication of freshness or safety of the fish, but they make the product unattractive to consumers. Simple quality-control procedures are known to be effective in ensuring the quality of fish entering the market.
Tilapia have very low levels of mercury,[52] as they are fast-growing, lean, and short-lived, with an omnivorous diet, do not accumulate mercury found in prey.[53][unreliable source?] Tilapia are low in saturated fat, calories, carbohydrates, and sodium, and are a good protein source. They also contain the micronutrients phosphorus, niacin, selenium, vitamin B12, and potassium.[54]
Some research has found that tilapia may be a less nutritious fish than generally believed. The Wake Forest University School of Medicine released a report in 2008 showing that the fish’s omega-3 fatty acid content is often far lower than that of other commonly eaten fish species. The same study also showed that their omega-6 fatty acid levels were unusually high. Multiple studies have evaluated the effects of adding flaxseed derivatives (a vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids) to the feed of farmed tilapia. These studies have found both the more common omega-3 fatty acid found in the flax, ALA and the two types almost unique to animal sources (DHA and EPA), increased in the fish fed this diet.[55][56] Guided by these findings, tilapia farming techniques could be adjusted to address the nutritional criticisms directed at the fish, while retaining its advantage as an omnivore capable of feeding on economically and environmentally inexpensive vegetable protein. Adequate diets for salmon and other carnivorous fish can alternatively be formulated from protein sources such as soybean, although soy-based diets with soy oil may also change in the balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.[57]
Miscellaneous uses[edit]
Ecological agent[edit]
Tilapia serve as a natural, biological control for most aquatic plant problems. They consume floating aquatic plants, such as duckweed watermeal (Lemna spp.), most «undesirable» submerged plants, and most forms of algae.[58] In the United States and countries such as Thailand, they are becoming the plant-control method of choice, reducing or eliminating the use of toxic chemicals and heavy metal-based algaecides.
Tilapia rarely compete with other «pond» fish for food. Instead, because they consume plants and nutrients unused by other fish species and substantially reduce oxygen-depleting detritus, adding tilapia often increases the population, size, and health of other fish. They are used for zoo ponds as a source of food for birds.[citation needed]
Tilapia can be farmed with shrimp in a symbiotic manner, positively enhancing the productive output of both.[citation needed]
Arkansas stocks many public ponds and lakes to help with vegetation control, favoring tilapia as a robust forage species and for anglers.
In Kenya, tilapia help control mosquitoes, which carry malaria parasites. They consume mosquito larvae, which reduces the numbers of adult females, the disease’s vector.[17]
Medical use[edit]
This section is missing information about how it works (collagen dressing); what kinds of preparation is required (sterilization processes). Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (February 2022) |
In Brazil, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish skin applied as a bandage is being used in a new clinical trial to treat burn injuries.[59] In the United States, tilapia skin has been used to successfully treat third-degree wounds to the paws of two black bears caught in California’s Thomas wildfire,[60][61] and also to treat burns on the paws of a black bear from California’s Carr wildfire.[62] Nile tilapia skin has completed a phase III clinical trial for burn dressing, but no results have been posted as of November 2020.[63]
Nile tilapia skin has also been used in neovaginoplasty as a skin graft material.[64][65]
Parasites[edit]
As with most fish, tilapia harbor a variety of parasites. For the monogeneans, these especially include species of the megadiverse genus Cichlidogyrus, which are gill parasites. Species of Enterogyrus are parasites in the digestive system. Tilapia, as important aquaculture fishes, have been introduced widely all over the world, and often carried their monogenean parasites with them. In South China, a 2019 study has shown that nine species of monogeneans were carried by introduced tilapia.[66]
References[edit]
- ^ Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Statistics UN Food and Agriculture Department
- ^ a b c d Andreas R.Dunz & Ulrich K.Schliewen (2013). «Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the haplotilapiine cichlid fishes formerly referred to as Tilapia«. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 68 (1): 64–80. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.015. PMID 23542002.
- ^ «Tilapia». Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. January 2013.
- ^ «Tilapia | Seafood Health Facts». www.seafoodhealthfacts.org. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
- ^ Gay Robin: Women in ancient Egypt (p. 188), British museum press, 1993, ISBN 0-7141-0956-8
- ^ Matthew 17:24–27
- ^ Baker, Jenny (1988). Simply Fish. London: Faber & Faber. p. 197. ISBN 0-571-14966-9.
- ^ Rosencrans, Joyce (2003-07-16). «Tilapia is a farmed fish of biblical fame». The Cincinnati Post. E. W. Scripps Company. Archived from the original on 2006-02-18. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
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- ^ Science and the CSU
The Salton Sea: Fishing for Answers Archived 2014-04-22 at the Wayback Machine
A half-century later, a few species of fish have been hearty enough to survive. One of them is the tilapia and its key to the survival of the Salton’s ecosystem, which includes millions of birds that depend on them for food…“The salinity level of the Salton Sea is about 45 parts per thousand (ppt), which is about 30% saltier than the ocean»
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- ^ Diallo, I.; Snoeks, J.; Freyhof, J.; Geelhand, D.; Hughes, A. (2020). «Oreochromis niloticus«. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T166975A134879289. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T166975A134879289.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2012). «Oreochromis aureus« in FishBase. September 2012 version.
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- ^ a b Based on data from the FishStat database
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- ^ a b Wan, Z.Y.; G. Lin; G. Yue (2019). «Genes for sexual body size dimorphism in hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp. x Oreochromis mossambicus)». Aquaculture and Fisheries. 4 (6): 231–238. doi:10.1016/j.aaf.2019.05.003.
- ^ Baroiller, J.F.; H. D’Cotta; E. Bezault; S. Wessels; G. Hoerstgen-Schwark (2009). «Tilapia sex determination: Where temperature and genetics meet». Comp Biochem Physiol A. 153 (1): 30–38. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.11.018. PMID 19101647.
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- ^ Ødegård, Jørgen; Alvarez, Alejandro Tola; Vera, Mayet de; Skaarud, Anders; Joshi, Rajesh (2019-08-05). «Genomic prediction for commercial traits using univariate and multivariate approaches in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)». bioRxiv: 725143. doi:10.1101/725143.
- ^ Gjøen, H. M.; T. H. E. Meuwissen; Woolliams, J. A.; Joshi, R. (May 2018). «Maternal, dominance and additive genetic effects in Nile tilapia; influence on growth, fillet yield and body size traits». Heredity. 120 (5): 452–462. doi:10.1038/s41437-017-0046-x. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 5889400. PMID 29335620.
- ^ Robin, Joël; Cravedi, Jean-Pierre; Hillenweck, Anne; Deshayes, Cyrille; Vallod, Dominique (2006). «Off flavor characterization and origin in French trout farming». Aquaculture. 260 (1–4): 128–138. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.05.058.
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- ^ «Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Fish, tilapia, cooked, dry heat». Retrieved 2014-01-26.
- ^ Shapira, N; et al. (March 2009). «n-3 PUFA fortification of high n-6 PUFA farmed tilapia with linseed could significantly increase dietary contribution and support nutritional expectations of fish». J. Agric. Food Chem. 57 (6): 2249–2254. doi:10.1021/jf8029258. PMID 19243170.(subscription required)
- ^ Aguiar, AC; et al. (September 2007). «Effect of flaxseed oil in diet on fatty acid composition in the liver of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)». Arch Latinoam Nutr. 57 (3): 273–277. PMID 18271406.
- ^ Espe, Marit; et al. (May 2006). «Can Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) grow on diets devoid of fish meal?». Aquaculture. 255 (1–4): 255–262. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.12.030.(subscription required)
- ^ Cross, John W. «Aquatic Weed Control». The Charms of Duckweed. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
- ^ «Why this Brazilian city uses tilapia fish skin to treat burn victims». PBS. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
- ^ «Two bears were badly burned in wildfires, and fish skin helped heal them». Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
- ^ «Bears Burned in California Wildfires Healed With Fish Skins, Released to Wild». UC Davis. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
- ^ «WILDFIRES: Bear Treated With Fish Skins; Firefighters Return». UC Davis. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
- ^ Júnior, Edmar Maciel Lima (January 27, 2020). «Evaluation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Skin as an Occlusive Biological Dressing in the Treatment of Burn Wounds: Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial» – via clinicaltrials.gov.
- ^ Pinto Medeiros Dias, M. T.; Lima Júnior, E. M.; Negreiros Nunes Alves, A. P.; Monteiro Bilhar, A. P.; Rios, L. C.; Costa, B. A.; Rocha Matos, E. S.; Venancio, A. C.; Bruno, Z. V.; Odorico de Moraes Filho M; Pinheiro Sobreira Bezerra, L. R. (2019). «Tilapia fish skin as a new biologic graft for neovaginoplasty in Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome: A video case report». Fertility and Sterility. 112 (1): 174–176. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.04.003. PMID 31103284. S2CID 159039703.
- ^ Lima Júnior, E. M.; De Moraes Filho, M. O.; Costa, B. A.; Bruno, Z. V.; Filho MPM; Amaral De Moraes, M. E.; Rodrigues FAR; Paier CRK; Bezerra LRPS (2020). «Male-to-Female Gender-Affirming Surgery Using Nile Tilapia Fish Skin as a Biocompatible Graft». Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology. 27 (7): 1474–1475. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2020.02.017. PMID 32142893. S2CID 212622119.
- ^ Zhang, Shuai; Zhi, Tingting; Xu, Xiangli; Zheng, Yingying; Bilong Bilong, Charles Félix; Pariselle, Antoine; Yang, Tingbao (2019). «Monogenean fauna of alien tilapias (Cichlidae) in south China». Parasite. 26: 4. doi:10.1051/parasite/2019003. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 6361074. PMID 30714897.
Further reading[edit]
- Logan, Cheryl A.; Alter, S. Elizabeth; Haupt, Alison J.; Tomalty, Katharine; Palumbi, Stephen R. (2008). «An impediment to consumer choice: Overfished species are sold as Pacific red snapper». Biological Conservation. 141 (6): 1591–1599. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.007. ISSN 0006-3207.
- FAO Fishery Information, Data & Statistics Service (1993). «Aquaculture production (1985–1991)». FAO Fisheries Circular. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 815: 20–21.
- Trewavas, Ethelwynn (1983). Tilapiine fish of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. London: British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0-565-00878-1.
- McCrary, Jeffrey K; Castro, Mark; McKaye, Kenneth R. (2005). «Mercury in Fish From Two Nicaraguan Lakes: A Recommendation for Increased Monitoring of Fish for International Commerce» (PDF). Environmental Pollution. pp. 513–518. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-03.
External links[edit]
1. кулин. обобщенное название для нескольких сотен видов рыб, относящихся к разным родам семейства цихлид, а также мясо таких рыб, употребляемое в пищу
Все значения слова «тилапия»
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Я же на червяка буду ловить тилапию – исконную африканскую рыбу, чёрную, некрасивую, но будто бы очень вкусную.
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Одну тилапию размером чуть больше ладони я всё-таки изловил.
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Рыбоводство повышает численность таких видов, как лососёвые, сомообразные, тилапия, треска, карп, форель и других.
- (все предложения)
- кета
- пеламида
- салака
- судак
- палтус
- (ещё синонимы…)
Ударение в слове «Тилапия»
тилапия
Слово «тилапия» правильно пишется как «тилапия», с ударением на гласную — а (2-ой слог).
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Ударение в слове: тилапия
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один
-
два
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три
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четыре
-
пять
5 (1)
тила́пия
В таком слове ударение ставят на слог с буквой А — тилАпия.
Примеры предложений со словом тилапия
- — Н. М. Звонарев, Прибыльное разведение рыбы, 2012
- — Е. Левашева, Мультиварка. Рецепты блюд и секреты приготовления, 2013
- Рыбоводство повышает численность таких видов, как лососёвые, сомообразные, тила́пия, треска, карп, форель и других.
- Для приготовления этого блюда лучше всего подойдёт хёк, тила́пия или минтай.
Рейтинг удрарения в слове «тилапия» :
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- Средняя частота слова «тилапия» 86. Количество букв: 7.
- Искалась форма слова «тилапия»
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Вверх ↑
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Тиля́пии[1], или тила́пии[2][3] (лат. Tilapia) — род пресноводных рыб семейства цихлид. Род включает более ста видов, распространённых в тропиках.
Ранее род Tilapia понимался более широко; позже из него были выделены роды Oreochromis и Sarotherodon, виды которых и по сей день для простоты и привычности произношения именуются «тиляпиями».
Содержание
- 1 Название
- 2 Биологическое описание
- 3 Промышленное выращивание
- 4 Культурный обзор
- 5 Виды
- 6 Примечания
- 7 Литература
- 8 Ссылки
Название
Название рода в целом происходит от местного имени одной из крупнейших рыб этого семейства (на языке африканского племени, живущего в районе озера Малави). Впрочем, по одному из исторических анекдотов, современное имя этой рыбе дал сам Аристотель. Впервые попробовав экзотическое мясо этой рыбы, он якобы огорчился и сказал, хлопнув в ладоши: «как жаль, что тиляпия!» (в переводе это означало: жаль, что такая далёкая рыба!)
Тиляпия, как очень широко распространённая рыба, имеющая большое культурное, пищевое и хозяйственное значение, имеет множество местных, исторических и религиозных названий. Самые известные из них: амнун (на иврите), мушт (арабское), а также «рыба Святого Петра». В продуктовых магазинах иногда можно встретить ценники с весьма прозаическим товарным названием тиляпии — «морской цыплёнок» или «речная курица».
Биологическое описание
Как считается[кем?], род тиляпия происходит из Малой Азии, однако со временем и при помощи людей широко распространился по всей Африке и большей части Азии, органично вошёл там в местную пресноводную фауну. Включает в себя множество видов, подвидов, местных вариаций и натургибридов, часто очень близких, похожих друг на друга и с трудом различающихся. Тиляпии практически всеядны, отличаются неприхотливостью и высокой выносливостью к резким колебаниям условий существования. Внешний вид и поведение этих рыб является типичным для цихлид. Большинство видов образуют устойчивые «семейные пары», инкубируют икру и мальков во рту, обладают высокоразвитой сигнальной системой общения и ярко выраженным территориальным инстинктом.
Несмотря на то, что тиляпия может быть названа в полном смысле слова всеядной, разные виды несколько отличаются по способу и характеру питания. Например, тиляпия мозамбикская, ауреа, мери и нильская абсолютно всеядны. У таких видов, как тиляпия галилейская, мясистая и макрочире наблюдается акцент в сторону питания растительным планктоном. А в рационе тиляпии меланоплеуры и цилли — и вовсе преобладает крупная водная растительность, они более других видов являются вегетарианцами. В научных исследованиях отмечается также особая роль полуразложившихся органических донных отложений в питании практически всех видов тиляпий, образ жизни которых вообще связан с непрерывным рытьём и «пережёвыванием» грунта[4]. Можно предположить, что именно детритные аминокислоты являются своеобразным ускорителем роста тиляпий, которые развиваются очень быстро и в среднем достигают половой зрелости уже до года (самцы несколько опережают самок). При благоприятных условиях и при температуре воды 25 — 30° дальнейший нерест может происходить регулярно, примерно раз в месяц.
Тиляпия мозамбикская (рыба со сложным характером)
Большинство видов тиляпий (в основном из рода ореохромис) после икрометания сразу забирают икру в рот и долгое время (до месяца) «высиживают» икру и мальков во рту, с каждым днём всё дольше и дальше выпуская их на кормление и, таким образом, постепенно приучая с самостоятельному образу жизни. Пожалуй, этот способ защиты икры и мальков от хищников можно назвать идеальным. Кроме того, естественный инкубатор во рту у родителей защищает потомство от грибковой и прочей болезнетворной флоры. Слизистая оболочка ротовой полости взрослой рыбы вырабатывает секрет, угнетающе действующий на нежелательные микроорганизмы. Постоянно вентилируя и перебирая икру во рту, тиляпия ещё и отбраковывает «на ощупь» не оплодотворённые, ослабленные и заболевшие икринки, чем обеспечивает (методом своеобразного искусственного отбора) ровное и сильное потомство. Однако не все тиляпии инкубируют икру во рту. Некоторые виды (например, тиляпия цилли и зебровая тиляпия) мечут икру традиционным для рыб образом, в грунт или на камни, впоследствии бдительно и агрессивно охраняя территорию.
Такой образ жизни и индивидуалистические наклонности приводят к тому, что при содержании в аквариуме тиляпии драчливы и сильно роются в грунте, не допуская на «свой участок» ни одной чужой рыбы, а зачастую и не оставляя в окрестностях ни одного растения. Для содержания тиляпий требуется весьма просторный аквариум с небольшим количеством сильных растений и многочисленными укрытиями и лабиринтами из камней. Рыбы общительны, отличаются жизнерадостным характером и очень богатым поведением. Они с готовностью реагируют на своего хозяина, привязываются к нему, отличают от прочих людей и с лёгкостью вырабатывают многочисленные и сложные условные рефлексы, не уступая в этом отношении большинству привычных домашних животных. Кроме того, почти все виды тиляпий обладают ещё и скрытым гермафродитизмом и при необходимости имеют способность к постепенной перемене пола (чаще от самки к самцу) в результате сложного сочетания внешних и внутренних факторов. По всем перечисленным причинам тиляпии являются излюбленным материалом для биологических исследований в области зоопсихологии и подводной акустики.
Промышленное выращивание
В гастрономическом отношении тиляпия стала очень популярной благодаря нежному вкусу своего белого мяса с высоким содержанием белка и низким содержанием жиров. Всеядность и непритязательность тиляпии по отношению к корму вошла в легенды и поговорки местных африканских племён. Вот, например, одна из них, не столько изящная, сколько показательная: «Если у тебя есть старый башмак — не выбрасывай его, лучше отдай тиляпии… и через год у тебя будет вкусное мясо».
И действительно, тиляпия очень неприхотлива к условиям содержания, температуре и качеству воды. Практически все виды тиляпии могут жить, нормально развиваться и размножаться в пресной, солоноватой и даже морской воде, что является весьма редким для рыб свойством. Несмотря на то, что большинство тиляпий — тропические рыбы, некоторые виды могут существовать при весьма широком диапазоне температур (от 10 до 45° максимум). Также выносливы тиляпии и к пониженному содержанию кислорода в воде. Несмотря на то, что они — типичные донные рыбы, при необходимости они могут подниматься в поверхностный слой и дышать, самостоятельно обогащая воду кислородом пузырьками из воздуха.
Сегодня тиляпию культивируют очень широко, её можно обнаружить в искусственных водоёмах почти во всех странах Африки, Юго-Восточной и Центральной Азии, а также в большинстве стран Латинской Америки, США и даже в некоторых европейских странах. На Украине, в Днепропетровской области в речке Базавлук она сильно развелась. В больших количествах тиляпия выращивается также и в КНР, откуда экспортируется в промышленных объёмах. Наряду с толстолобиком, тиляпию выращивают в геотермальных водах и охладительных бассейнах АЭС (не с радиоактивной водой). В США специально для промышленного рыбоводства был выведен неприхотливый и быстрорастущий гибрид, так называемая «тиляпия красная», представляющая собой помесь альбиносных форм тиляпии мозамбикской и тиляпии нильской. Помимо этого гибрида, в промышленных целях выращиваются также такие природные виды, как тиляпия золотая, галилейская, меланоплеура и макрочире. Сегодня тиляпия выходит на второе место в мире после карпа по значению — как объект пресноводного рыборазведения.
Культурный обзор
Тиляпия Нильская (иероглиф)
Тиляпия из-за своей выносливости и всеядности в исторические времена была чрезвычайно распространена и встречалась практически по всему бассейну Нила. Благодаря своему яркому, запоминающемуся образу жизни и поведению она, (наряду с тетраодоном фахак) была самой распространённой разновидностью рыб в египетской письменности и искусстве. Несмотря на довольно невзрачный внешний вид, отсутствие ярких плавников или контрастной окраски, для тиляпии нильской ещё со времён Древнего Царства около домов и в парках строили специальные бассейны, в которых их разводили и содержали, как священное (тотемное) животное. Первые известные фрески с изображениями этих рыб, находящихся в искусственных водоёмах, относятся к XV веку до нашей эры (времена царицы Хатшепсут и Аменхотепа II), но они, несомненно, существовали и ранее.
Более того, тиляпию нильскую не только содержали в богатых домовладениях и изображали на стенах гробниц, её формализованный образ прочно вошёл в древнеегипетскую письменность в качестве одного из составных иероглифов. Сам по себе иероглиф, соединявший в себе два значка, расположенных друг над другом: вода и рыба с высоким плавником (тиляпия нильская) расшифровывался как слог «инт». Постепенно упрощаясь и видоизменяясь вместе с развитием письменности, этот иероглиф во времена Среднего и Позднего Царства произносился уже как «ин», а в египетской скорописи имел вид двух кривых полос, расположенных друг над другом (одна из этих полос в форме петли — изображала тиляпию).
Самка этого вида имеет яркую особенность поведения, прекрасно известную зоологам. От всех опасностей и превратностей судьбы она спасает сначала икру, а потом и стайку проклюнувшихся мальков — у себя во рту. При этом она проявляет чудеса самоотверженности и иногда более недели не принимает пищи. Понятно, что эта поразительная особенность не ускользнула от внимания наблюдательных египтян и многократно была воспроизведена в качестве одного из излюбленных сюжетов настенных росписей, орнаментов и мелких декоративных изделий. Нередко самые разные предметы представляют собой натурально воспроизведённый или стилизованный мотив, где хорошо узнаваемые образы тиляпии, расположенные в круге или друг напротив друга, касаются ртом небольшого шарового скопления, в котором легко можно опознать в той или иной степени формализованный образ слипшейся икры.
Тиляпия на фресках гробницы Менна (Древний Египет, XVIII династия)
Как это довольно часто случалось, весьма далекий от оригинала (и искажённый) отклик на наблюдения египтян о необычном поведении нильской тиляпии можно найти у Геродота. В его полуфантастическом изложении этот сюжет выглядел примерно так: когда самки некоторых крупных рыб спускались по Нилу к морю, в момент оплодотворения они глотали семя, извергаемое самцами, а те, в свою очередь, наоборот, забирали в рот икру, оставленную самками в реке на обратном пути.
Можно сделать вывод, что знание именно этой интереснейшей особенности размножения и защиты потомства, а также развитая символика избражений нильской тиляпии сказалась в том числе и на образах религии египтян. Зарождение новой жизни, следующее за ним поглощение (тьма) и новое возрождение на свет, которое происходит немного позднее, на самом деле является аллегорией основных элементов суточного солнечного цикла, в котором небесная мать поглощает светило (шар жизни) на закате и даёт ему рождение на рассвете. Кроме того, эта тема объясняет другой весьма распространённый декоративный мотив, в котором тиляпия, представленная с цветком лотоса во рту, является общеизвестным символом возрождения, новой жизни после смерти.
Ещё один замечательный сюжет, связанный с тиляпией, правда, в сочетании с другой небольшой нильской рыбой — латесом, довольно часто можно встретить в гробницах или настенных росписях, так или иначе посвящённых погребальным обрядам. Главный герой этой сцены, умерший человек, изображается один или (чаще) в виде двух одинаковых фигур, вторая из которых его двойник (или «ка»). Стоя на берегах Нила друг напротив друга, эти двое, по всей видимости, занимаются рыбной ловлей, причём один из них всегда ловит тиляпию, а второй — латеса. В аллегорической форме эта картина означает выбор человека между своей душой вчерашней и завтрашней, между путём земной жизни и дорогой мира иного.
Базилика Марии Магдалины. Христос в силах (центральный портал)
Довольно часто символика египетских фресок переходила в образы раннего и средневекового христианства. Самым известным примером в этом смысле являются дошедшие до наших времён фрески базилики Марии Магдалины в Везле 1120 года постройки. Те же самые две рыбы — тиляпия и латес — нарисованы во втором знаке большого Зодиака, обрамляющего образ «Христа в силах» как символ власти над миром здешним и загробным.
Несколько более скромные легенды связаны с «библейским» и «евангельским» прошлым рыбы-тиляпии. В частности, одно из самых распространённых сегодня ресторанных названий тиляпии выглядит так: Рыба Святого Петра. Это имя тиляпии очень распространено в Израиле, а также южной Европе. По евангельскому преданию, тиляпию много раз ловил Святой Пётр, который по первой своей профессии был рыбаком. У нескольких видов тиляпии, живущих в водоёмах Израиля, за жабрами можно заметить два тёмных пятна — якобы оставшиеся навсегда следы пальцев апостола Петра (в частности, такие пятна, возникающие и пропадающие в зависимости от состояния рыбы и освещения, имеет Sarotherodon galilaeus, или тиляпия галилейская). По всей вероятности, именно этот вид тиляпии дважды упомянут в Евангелии, в частности, в знаменитой притче о том, как на озере Кинерет (где в изобилии водится тиляпия галилейская) Иисус накормил пять тысяч голодных пятью хлебами и двумя рыбами (Евангелие от Марка, 6:32-44).
Позднее, с перемещением центра цивилизации на север, тиляпия постепенно утрачивает своё значения символа и знака для культуры: как повседневной, так и высокой. Ортодоксальная идеология христианства не приветствовала излишнего «анимализма», а здоровая практичность европейских бюргеров привела скорее к тому, что можно прочитать во второй главе данной статьи о промышленном выращивании и возрастающем экономическом значении деликатесного мяса этой рыбы. Потому культурные артефакты Нового и Новейшего времени, когда тиляпия каким-то образом всплывала бы в произведениях искусства и литературы, довольно бедны. Из таковых, пожалуй, можно было бы назвать картину известнейшего художника-сюрреалиста Рене Магритта «Соучастие» с изображением окаменевшей исполинской тиляпии (1965 год)[5] и фильм режиссёра Безрукова «Шагреневая кость» (1993 год), в котором тиляпия снялась в одной из ролей второго плана.
Виды
Tilapia rendalli
Tilapia zillii
Tilapia mariae
Tilapia sparrmanii
- Подрод Coptodon, часто с красной окраской груди и брюха, исключительно либо преимущественно растительноядны.
- Tilapia bemini Thys van den Audenaerde, 1972.
- Tilapia cameronensis Holly, 1927.
- Tilapia camerunensis Lönnberg, 1903.
- Tilapia coffea Thys van den Audenaerde, 1970.
- Tilapia congica Poll & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1960
- Tilapia dageti Thys van den Audenaerde, 1971.
- Tilapia deckerti Thys van den Audenaerde, 1967.
- Tilapia discolor (Günther, 1903).
- Tilapia guineensis (Günther, 1862).
- Tilapia kottae Lönnberg, 1904.
- Tilapia louka Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969.
- Tilapia margaritacea Boulenger, 1916.
- Tilapia nyongana Thys van den Audenaerde, 1971.
- Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1897).
- Tilapia tholloni (Sauvage, 1884).
- Tilapia walteri Thys van den Audenaerde, 1968.
- Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848).
- Подрод Dagetia
- Tilapia rheophila Daget, 1962.
- Подрод Heterotilapia; характерны 7—8 тёмных полос на теле.
- Tilapia buttikoferi (Hubrecht, 1881).
- Tilapia cessiana Thys van den Audenaerde, 1968.
- Подрод Neotrewavasiai
- Tilapia guinasana Trewavas, 1936.
- Подрод Pelmatolapia; молодые особи с вертикально-полосатой раскраской
- Tilapia bilineata Pellegrin, 1900.
- Tilapia brevimanus Boulenger, 1911.
- Tilapia busumana (Günther, 1903).
- Tilapia cabrae Boulenger, 1899.
- Tilapia mariae Boulenger, 1899.
- Подрод Tilapia
- Tilapia sparrmanii Smith, 1840.
- incertae sedis
- Tilapia bakossiorum Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992.
- Tilapia baloni Trewavas & Stewart, 1975.
- Tilapia bythobates Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992.
- Tilapia flava Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992.
- Tilapia gutturosa Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992.
- Tilapia imbriferna Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992.
- Tilapia ismailiaensis Mekkawy, 1995.
- Tilapia jallae (Boulenger, 1896).
- Tilapia joka Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969.
- Tilapia ruweti (Poll & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1965). .
- Tilapia snyderae Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992.
- Tilapia spongotroktis Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992.
- Tilapia thysi Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992.
Примечания
- ↑ Написание тиляпия с ударением на второй слог — согласно Электронной версии словаря ударений (Зарва М. В. Русское словесное ударение: Словарь. — Около 50 000 слов. — М.: Изд-во НЦ ЭНАС, 2001.)
- ↑ Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 305. — 12 500 экз. — ISBN 5-200-00237-0
- ↑ Написание тилапия — согласно Большой советской энциклопедии. В энциклопедии нет отдельной статьи про этот род, но тилапия упоминается в нескольких статьях (например, Бурунди, Замбия).
- ↑ Привезенцев Ю. Новый объект для тепловодного хозяйства, 1983
- ↑ Magritte Catalogue de Centenaire. — Paris: Ludion/Flammarion, 1997. — С. 221.
Литература
- Hans Frey. Das grosse Lexikon der Aquaristik. Neumann Verlag, Leipzig, 1976.
- Кочетов А. М. Декоративное рыбоводство. — М.: Просвещение, 1991. — 384 с. — 300 000 экз. — ISBN 5-09-001433-7
- Maris Carmel Betro. «Hyeroglyphes (les mysteres de l’ecriture)» edition Flammarion, Paris, 1995.
- Kees H., et al… «Aegyptische Schrift und Sprache», Leiden, 1973.
Ссылки
- Род Тиляпия
- Фотографии африканских цихлид
- Тиляпия мозамбикская в аквариумистике
- Каталог фотографий. Свежевыловленная тилапия.
- Рыбы святого Петра