Как правильно пишутся латинские буквы

Латинский алфавит
Тип:	консонантно-вокалическое
Языки:	Первоначально латинский, языки Западной и Центральной Европы, некоторые языки Азии, многие языки Африки, Америки, Австралии и Океании
Место возникновения:	Италия
Территория:	Первоначально Италия, затем вся Западная Европа, Америка, Австралия и Океания
Дата создания:	~700 г. до н.э.
Период:	~700 г. до н.э. по настоящее время
Направление письма:	слева направо
Знаков:	26
Происхождение:	Ханаанейское письмо Финикийское письмо Греческий алфавит Этрусский алфавит
Родственные:	Кириллица Коптский алфавит Армянский Руны
См. также: Проект:Лингвистика

Современный латинский алфавит, являющийся основой письменности германских, романских и многих других языков, состоит из 26 букв. Буквы в разных языках называются по-разному. В таблице приведены русские и «русские математические» названия, которые следуют французской традиции.

Латинская буква	Название буквы		Латинская буква	Название буквы
A a	а	N n	эн
B b	бэ	O o	о
C c	це	P p	пэ
D d	дэ	Q q	ку
E e	е, э	R r	эр
F f	эф	S s	эс
G g	гэ, же	T t	тэ
H h	ха, аш	U u	у
I i	и	V v	вэ
J j	йот, жи	W w	дубль-вэ
K k	ка	X x	икс
L l	эль	Y y	игрек, ипсилон
M m	эм	Z z	зет, зета

Письменность на основе латинского алфавита используют языки балтийской, германской, романской и кельтской групп, а также некоторые языки других групп: все западно- и часть южнославянских языков, некоторые финно-угорские и тюркские языки, а также албанский и вьетнамский языки.

История

Латинский алфавит происходит от этрусского алфавита, основанного, в свою очередь, на одном из вариантов западного (южноиталийского) греческого алфавита. Латинский алфавит обособился примерно в VII веке до н.э. и первоначально включал только 21 букву:

A B C D E F Z H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X

Буква Z была исключена из алфавита в 312 г. до н. э. (позже её восстановили). Буква C использовалась для обозначения звуков [k] и [g]; в 234 г. до н. э. была создана отдельная буква G путем добавления к C поперечной черточки. В I веке до н. э. были добавлены буквы Y и Z для записи слов, заимствованных из греческого языка. В итоге получился классический латинский алфавит из 23 букв:

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z

Император Клавдий безуспешно пытался добавить в латинский алфавит знаки для звуков oe (как в слове Phoebus), ps/bs (по аналогии с греческим), а также v — в отличие от u (в классическом латинском алфавите буква V использовалась для двух звуков, U и V). После смерти Клавдия «Клавдиевы буквы» были забыты.

Уже в новое время произошла дифференциация слоговых и неслоговых вариантов букв I и V (I/J и U/V), а также стал считаться отдельной буквой диграф VV, использующийся в письме германских языков. В итоге получился современный алфавит из 26 букв:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Однако, когда говорят об алфавите собственно латинского языка, то W чаще всего не включают в состав букв (тогда латинский алфавит состоит из 25 букв).

В средние века в скандинавских и английском алфавитах использовалась руническая буква þ (название: thorn) для звука th (как в современном английском the), однако позднее она вышла из употребления. В настоящее время thorn используется только в исландском алфавите.

Все прочие добавочные знаки современных латинских алфавитов происходят от указанных выше 26 букв с добавлением диакритических знаков или в виде лигатур (немецкая буква ß происходит из готической лигатуры букв S и Z).

Древние римляне использовали только заглавные формы букв; современные строчные буквы появились на рубеже античности и средних веков; в целом буквы в своем современном виде оформились около 800 года н. э. (так называемый каролингский минускул)

Модификации букв

Для большинства языков обычного латинского алфавита недостаточно, поэтому часто используются разные диакритические знаки, лигатуры и другие модификации букв. Примеры:

Ā Ă Â Ä Å Æ Ç Ð Ē Ğ Ģ Î Ķ Ł Ñ Ö Ø Œ ß Ş Ţ Ū Ŭ Þ Ž

Распространённость

Латинский алфавит как международный

В настоящее время латинский алфавит знако́м почти всем людям Земли, поскольку изучается всеми школьниками либо на уроках математики, либо на уроках иностранного языка (не говоря уже о том, что для многих языков латинский алфавит является родным), поэтому он де-факто является «алфавитом международного общения».

Для всех языков с нелатинской письменностью существуют также системы записи латиницей — даже если иностранец и не знает правильного чтения, ему гораздо легче иметь дело со знакомыми латинскими буквами, чем с «китайской грамотой». В ряде стран вспомогательное письмо латиницей стандартизировано и дети изучают его в школе (в Японии, Китае).

Запись латиницей в ряде случаев диктуется техническими трудностями: международные телеграммы всегда писались латиницей; в электронной почте и на веб-форумах также часто можно встретить запись русского языка латиницей из-за отсутствия поддержки кириллицы или из-за несовпадения кодировок (см. транслит; то же относится и к греческому языку).

С другой стороны, в текстах на нелатинском алфавите иностранные названия нередко оставляют латиницей из-за отсутствия общепринятого и легко узнаваемого написания в своей системе. Дело доходит до того, что в русском тексте и японские названия иногда пишут латиницей, хотя японский язык использует свою собственную систему письма, а вовсе не латиницу.

Неоднократно выдвигалась идея перевода всех языков на латинское письмо — например, в СССР в 1920-х годах (см. латинизация). Сторонником глобальной латинизации был также известный датский лингвист Отто Есперсен.

См. также

• Латинское произношение и орфография
• Алфавиты на основе латинского
• Латинский алфавит в Юникоде
• Латинизация — проект по переводу письменностей народов СССР на латиницу
• Авиационный алфавит

Внешние ссылки

• Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь (1990) / Латинское письмо

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Латинский алфавит
Aa  Bb  Cc  Dd  Ee  Ff  Gg  Hh  Ii  Jj  Kk  Ll  Mm  Nn  Oo  Pp  Qq  Rr  Ss  Tt  Uu  Vv  Ww  Xx  Yy  Zz
Ää  Öö  Üü  ß  ſ  Åå  Ææ  Œœ  Øø  Çç  Ðð  Þþ  Ññ  Ũũ  Ó

Латинские буквы (алфавит): происхождение, состав латиницы и языки использования

Здравствуйте, уважаемые читатели блога KtoNaNovenkogo.ru. Абсолютное большинство письменных языков, распространенных на территории современных Европы, Северной и Южной Америк, Австралии, отчасти Африки, постсоветских территорий Азии используют буквенную письменность, восходящую к двум основным алфавитам.

Это латиница и кириллица.

Латиница — это…

Кириллическими графемами пользуются носители восточно- и южнославянских языков, а также младописьменные народы. Весь остальной мир в ходе исторических событий перешел на латинские буквы, даже если изначально имел свои.

Такие переходы актуальны даже сейчас. К примеру, в Казахстане в 2017 году начали применять латинскую графику в качестве основной.

Итак, латинские буквы – это какие? Ответить на этот вопрос может любой, кто хоть раз сталкивался с английским, немецким, французским, испанским… Алфавиты этих и многих других языков классически построены на графемах латыни.

Латинские буквы

Современная латиница состоит из 26 графем. В некоторых европейских языках дополняется особыми знаками.

Например, умлауты в немецком всегда представлены после 26-ой графемы, но в основной алфавит при этом не входят. В латышский же диакритические знаки включены сразу.

Латинские буквы – это основа письменности большинства германских, романских, балтийских, отчасти славянских и других языков.

Актуальный состав латиницы представлен в таблице:

История латинского алфавита

Латиница была создана в середине первого тысячелетия до нашей эры, ориентировочно в 7 веке до н.э. Изначально это был алфавит древних римлян.

Он разрабатывался на основе этрусского, который, в свою очередь, восходит к одному из наиболее совершенных для Античной Европы набору графем – греческому. Позднее стал использоваться в Римской республике, а потом и Империи.

Благодаря успеху государства на мировой арене распространился на огромной территории.

Изначально в алфавите была только 21 графема. В I веке до н.э. добавили буквы G, Y, вернули временно исключенную Z. Буквы J, U, W появились значительно позже – уже в новое время.

Уже после развала Римской империи именно латинская письменность легла в основу так называемых народных языков. Они возникли во вновь образованных национальных государствах Европы. Уже как часть этих языков письмо древних римлян эмигрировало в страны Нового света.

Таким образом, со своей географической родины – Италии – латиница территориально была «расселена» практически по большей части суши.

Речь, конечно, идет только о графемах: их звуковое отражение в языках может заметно отличаться.

Распространение латиницы в наше время

Сегодня латиница – это самый распространенный алфавит в мире.

Она лежит в основе всех языков таких групп (в скобках указаны самые популярные лингвосистемы):

1. Германские (английский, немецкий, нидерландский, шведский…).
2. Романские (французский, итальянский, испанский…).
3. Балтийские (латышский, литовский).
4. Кельтские (шотландский, бретонский). Ранее были распространены на обширных территориях, но сейчас большинство мертвы.
5. Западнославянские (польский, чешский…).

Также латиница используется как алфавит некоторых языков в южнославянской, финно-угорской, тюркской группах. Данные графемы применяются в отдельной выделенных албанском и вьетнамском языках.

География распространения представлена на карте:

Такое территориальное превалирование – несомненно, результат успешности Римского государства, а позднее – стран Европы, которые колонизировали обе Америки, Австралию, частично Океанию и Африку.

«Русская латиница»

В разное время отечественной истории латинский алфавит пробовали использовать и для передачи на письме русской речи.

Первые попытки соотносятся с XVI—XVIII веками, предприняты они были представителями Великого княжества Литовского, Речи Посполитой, которые владели территориями современной Украины. Соответственно, излагали на письме западнорусский вариант языка.

*при клике по картинке она откроется в полный размер в новом окне

Также русские слова латиницей записывали путешественники – носители французского, английского языков. Обычный для них рад графем дополнялся кириллическими буквами, которые нечем было заменить.

Отдельные проекты по серьезному введению латинского алфавита как основы русского правописания предлагались как в Российской империи, так и в Советском Союзе, но до практической реализации не дошло.

Новейшее аналогичное предложение поступило в 2017 году от депутата Владимира Петрова, который предложил сотрудникам РАН создать параллельную русскую азбуку, основанную на латинской графике. Ученые инициативу политика не поддержали.

Переводчик на латиницу онлайн

Введите текст русскими буквами:

Зачем переводить русские буквы в латиницу?

Так как у нас Россия пока не очень богатая страна и большинство компаний не может позволить себе организовать раздачу бесплатных образцов для рекламы своего товара, то на данный момент
большинство предложений о халяве приходит из за рубежа.

Так как наиболее распространённым языком является английский, то и формы заказа бесплатных пробников зачастую на английском языке.

Адресную информацию и ФИО получателя в таких формах обязательно необходимо заполнять на латинице. Так как латиницу поймут и наши почтальоны и те компании
которые раздают халяву.

Если же писать на русском, то есть риск,
что организаторы акци просто не захотят тратить время на перевод и понимать что там написано.

Если же писать на английском, то наши почтальоны не поймут кому и куда доставлять.

Самым лучшим вариантом является написание адреса доставки халявы и ФИО получателя халявы на латинице.

Сейчас в интернете полно разных переводчиков, но большинсто из них либо не удобные, либо их нужно долго искать.

Мы же предлагаем пользоваться постоянно нашим бесплатнып переводчиком русского текста на латиницу.

Когда будете заказывать халяву через формы написанные на английском, то пишите адрес доставки и ФИО на латинице.

Перевести русский текст на латиницу позволит наш бесплатный, простой и удобный сервис.
Когда мы заказываем образцы с иностранных сайтов, то всегда так делаем и халява, не всегда конечно :-), но приходит. Значит способ правильный.

For the Latin script originally used by the ancient Romans to write Latin, see Latin alphabet.

Latin Roman
Script type	Alphabet
Time period	c. 700 BC – present
Direction	left-to-right
Languages	Most Western European languages, including Latin All Baltic Languages Many Turkic, Finno-Ugric and Eskimo–Aleut languages Basque Some Slavic, African, Austronesian and Austroasiatic languages Official script in: 132 sovereign states  Albania  Andorra  Angola  Antigua and Barbuda  Argentina  Australia  Austria  Azerbaijan  Bahamas  Barbados  Belgium  Belize  Benin  Bolivia  Botswana  Brazil  Burkina Faso  Burundi  Cameroon  Canada  Cape Verde  Central African Republic  Chile  Colombia  Congo  Democratic Republic of Congo  Costa Rica  Cote D’Ivoire  Croatia  Cuba  Czech Republic  Denmark  Dominica  Dominican Republic  East Timor  Ecuador  El Salvador  Equatorial Guinea  Estonia  Eswatini  Fiji  Finland  France  Gabon  Gambia  Ghana  Germany  Grenada  Guatemala  Guinea  Guinea-Bissau  Guyana  Haiti  Honduras  Hungary  Iceland  Indonesia  Ireland  Italy  Jamaica  Kenya  Kiribati  Latvia  Lesotho  Liberia  Liechtenstein  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Madagascar  Malawi  Malaysia  Mali  Malta  Marshall Islands  Mauritius  Mexico  Micronesia  Moldova  Monaco  Mozambique  Namibia  Nauru  Netherlands  New Zealand  Nicaragua  Niger  Nigeria  Norway  Palau  Panama  Papua New Guinea  Paraguay  Peru  Philippines  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Rwanda  Saint Kitts and Nevis  Saint Lucia  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Samoa  San Marino  São Tomé and Príncipe  Senegal  Serbia  Seychelles  Sierra Leone  Slovakia  Slovenia  Solomon Islands  South Africa  South Sudan  Spain  Suriname  Sweden  Switzerland  Tanzania  Togo  Tonga  Trinidad and Tobago  Turkey  Turkmenistan  Tuvalu  Uganda  United Kingdom  United States  Uruguay  Uzbekistan  Vanuatu   Vatican City  Venezuela  Vietnam  Zambia  Zimbabwe Co-official script in: 15 sovereign states  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Brunei  Chad  Comoros  Djibouti  Eritrea  India  Kazakhstan  Kosovo  Montenegro  Pakistan  Singapore[a]  Somalia  Sudan  European Union  United Nations
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic script Phoenician alphabet Greek alphabet Old Italic script Latin
Child systems	Fraser alphabet (Lisu) Osage script Latin alphabet (partially) several phonetic alphabets, such as IPA, which have been used to write languages with no native script Deseret alphabet (partially) Pollard script (Miao) (partially) Caroline Island script (Woleaian) (indirectly) Cherokee syllabary (indirectly, partially) Yugtun script
Sister systems	Glagolitic script Cyrillic script Armenian alphabet Georgian script Coptic alphabet Runes
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Latn (215), ​Latin
Unicode
Unicode alias	Latin
Unicode range	See Latin characters in Unicode
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy (Magna Grecia). It was adopted by the Etruscans and subsequently by the Romans. Several Latin-script alphabets exist, which differ in graphemes, collation and phonetic values from the classical Latin alphabet.

The Latin script is the basis of the International Phonetic Alphabet, and the 26 most widespread letters are the letters contained in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

Latin script is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any writing system^[1] and is the
most widely adopted writing system in the world. Latin script is used as the standard method of writing for most western, central, and to a lesser extent some eastern European languages, as well as many languages in other parts of the world.

Name[edit]

The script is either called Latin script or Roman script, in reference to its origin in ancient Rome (though some of the capital letters are Greek in origin). In the context of transliteration, the term «romanization» (British English: «romanisation») is often found.^[2][3] Unicode uses the term «Latin»^[4] as does the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).^[5]

The numeral system is called the Roman numeral system, and the collection of the elements is known as the Roman numerals. The numbers 1, 2, 3 … are Latin/Roman script numbers for the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.

History[edit]

Old Italic alphabet[edit]

Letters	𐌀	𐌁	𐌂	𐌃	𐌄	𐌅	𐌆	𐌇	𐌈	𐌉	𐌊	𐌋	𐌌	𐌍	𐌎	𐌏	𐌐	𐌑	𐌒	𐌓	𐌔	𐌕	𐌖	𐌗	𐌘	𐌙	𐌚
Transliteration	Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Vv	Zz	Hh	Θθ	Ii	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Éé	Oo	Pp	Śś	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Xx	Φφ	Ψψ	Ff

Archaic Latin alphabet[edit]

As Old Italic	𐌀	𐌁	𐌂	𐌃	𐌄	𐌅	𐌆	𐌇	𐌉	𐌊	𐌋	𐌌	𐌍	𐌏	𐌐	𐌒	𐌓	𐌔	𐌕	𐌖	𐌗
As Latin	Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Zz	Hh	Ii	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Vv Uu	X

The letter ⟨C⟩ was the western form of the Greek gamma, but it was used for the sounds /ɡ/ and /k/ alike, possibly under the influence of Etruscan, which might have lacked any voiced plosives. Later, probably during the 3rd century BC, the letter ⟨Z⟩ – unneeded to write Latin properly – was replaced with the new letter ⟨G⟩, a ⟨C⟩ modified with a small horizontal stroke, which took its place in the alphabet. From then on, ⟨G⟩ represented the voiced plosive /ɡ/, while ⟨C⟩ was generally reserved for the voiceless plosive /k/. The letter ⟨K⟩ was used only rarely, in a small number of words such as Kalendae, often interchangeably with ⟨C⟩.

Classical Latin alphabet[edit]

After the Roman conquest of Greece in the 1st century BC, Latin adopted the Greek letters ⟨Y⟩ and ⟨Z⟩ (or readopted, in the latter case) to write Greek loanwords, placing them at the end of the alphabet. An attempt by the emperor Claudius to introduce three additional letters did not last. Thus it was during the classical Latin period that the Latin alphabet contained 23 letters:Italic text

Letter	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	V	X	Y	Z
Latin name (majus)	á	bé	cé	dé	é	ef	gé	há	ꟾ	ká	el	em	en	ó	pé	qv́	er	es	té	v́	ix	ꟾ graeca	zéta
Latin name	ā	bē	cē	dē	ē	ef	gē	hā	ī	kā	el	em	en	ō	pē	qū	er	es	tē	ū	ix	ī Graeca	zēta
Latin pronunciation (IPA)	aː	beː	keː	deː	eː	ɛf	ɡeː	haː	iː	kaː	ɛl	ɛm	ɛn	oː	peː	kuː	ɛr	ɛs	teː	uː	iks	iː ˈɡraeka	ˈdzeːta

Medieval and later developments[edit]

It was not until the Middle Ages that the letter ⟨W⟩ (originally a ligature of two ⟨V⟩s) was added to the Latin alphabet, to represent sounds from the Germanic languages which did not exist in medieval Latin, and only after the Renaissance did the convention of treating ⟨I⟩ and ⟨U⟩ as vowels, and ⟨J⟩ and ⟨V⟩ as consonants, become established. Prior to that, the former had been merely allographs of the latter.^{[citation needed]}

With the fragmentation of political power, the style of writing changed and varied greatly throughout the Middle Ages, even after the invention of the printing press. Early deviations from the classical forms were the uncial script, a development of the Old Roman cursive, and various so-called minuscule scripts that developed from New Roman cursive, of which the insular script developed by Irish literati & derivations of this, such as Carolingian minuscule were the most influential, introducing the lower case forms of the letters, as well as other writing conventions that have since become standard.

The languages that use the Latin script generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and proper nouns. The rules for capitalization have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. Old English, for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized, whereas Modern English writers and printers of the 17th and 18th century frequently capitalized most and sometimes all nouns^[6] – e.g. in the preamble and all of the United States Constitution – a practice still systematically used in Modern German.

ISO basic Latin alphabet[edit]

Uppercase Latin alphabet	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
Lowercase Latin alphabet	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z

The use of the letters I and V for both consonants and vowels proved inconvenient as the Latin alphabet was adapted to Germanic and Romance languages. W originated as a doubled V (VV) used to represent the Voiced labial–velar approximant /w/ found in Old English as early as the 7th century. It came into common use in the later 11th century, replacing the letter wynn ⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩, which had been used for the same sound. In the Romance languages, the minuscule form of V was a rounded u; from this was derived a rounded capital U for the vowel in the 16th century, while a new, pointed minuscule v was derived from V for the consonant. In the case of I, a word-final swash form, j, came to be used for the consonant, with the un-swashed form restricted to vowel use. Such conventions were erratic for centuries. J was introduced into English for the consonant in the 17th century (it had been rare as a vowel), but it was not universally considered a distinct letter in the alphabetic order until the 19th century.

By the 1960s, it became apparent to the computer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin alphabet in their (ISO/IEC 646) standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. As the United States held a preeminent position in both industries during the 1960s, the standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange, better known as ASCII, which included in the character set the 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) letters of the English alphabet. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode Latin), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin alphabet with extensions to handle other letters in other languages.

Spread[edit]

The Latin alphabet spread, along with Latin, from the Italian Peninsula to the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea with the expansion of the Roman Empire. The eastern half of the Empire, including Greece, Turkey, the Levant, and Egypt, continued to use Greek as a lingua franca, but Latin was widely spoken in the western half, and as the western Romance languages evolved out of Latin, they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet.

Middle Ages[edit]

With the spread of Western Christianity during the Middle Ages, the Latin alphabet was gradually adopted by the peoples of Northern Europe who spoke Celtic languages (displacing the Ogham alphabet) or Germanic languages (displacing earlier Runic alphabets) or Baltic languages, as well as by the speakers of several Uralic languages, most notably Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian.

The Latin script also came into use for writing the West Slavic languages and several South Slavic languages, as the people who spoke them adopted Roman Catholicism. The speakers of East Slavic languages generally adopted Cyrillic along with Orthodox Christianity. The Serbian language uses both scripts, with Cyrillic predominating in official communication and Latin elsewhere, as determined by the Law on Official Use of the Language and Alphabet.^[7]

Since the 16th century[edit]

As late as 1500, the Latin script was limited primarily to the languages spoken in Western, Northern, and Central Europe. The Orthodox Christian Slavs of Eastern and Southeastern Europe mostly used Cyrillic, and the Greek alphabet was in use by Greek speakers around the eastern Mediterranean. The Arabic script was widespread within Islam, both among Arabs and non-Arab nations like the Iranians, Indonesians, Malays, and Turkic peoples. Most of the rest of Asia used a variety of Brahmic alphabets or the Chinese script.

Through European colonization the Latin script has spread to the Americas, Oceania, parts of Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, in forms based on the Spanish, Portuguese, English, French, German and Dutch alphabets.

It is used for many Austronesian languages, including the languages of the Philippines and the Malaysian and Indonesian languages, replacing earlier Arabic and indigenous Brahmic alphabets. Latin letters served as the basis for the forms of the Cherokee syllabary developed by Sequoyah; however, the sound values are completely different.^{[citation needed]}

Under Portuguese missionary influence, a Latin alphabet was devised for the Vietnamese language, which had previously used Chinese characters. The Latin-based alphabet replaced the Chinese characters in administration in the 19th century with French rule.

Since the 19th century[edit]

In the late 19th century, the Romanians switched to the Latin alphabet, which they had used until the Council of Florence in 1439,^[8] primarily because Romanian is a Romance language. The Romanians were predominantly Orthodox Christians, and their Church, increasingly influenced by Russia after the fall of Byzantine Greek Constantinople in 1453 and capture of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch, had begun promoting the Slavic Cyrillic.

Since 20th century[edit]

In 1928, as part of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s reforms, the new Republic of Turkey adopted a Latin alphabet for the Turkish language, replacing a modified Arabic alphabet. Most of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the former USSR, including Tatars, Bashkirs, Azeri, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and others, had their writing systems replaced by the Latin-based Uniform Turkic alphabet in the 1930s; but, in the 1940s, all were replaced by Cyrillic.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, three of the newly independent Turkic-speaking republics, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, as well as Romanian-speaking Moldova, officially adopted Latin alphabets for their languages. Kyrgyzstan, Iranian-speaking Tajikistan, and the breakaway region of Transnistria kept the Cyrillic alphabet, chiefly due to their close ties with Russia.

In the 1930s and 1940s, the majority of Kurds replaced the Arabic script with two Latin alphabets. Although only the official Kurdish government uses an Arabic alphabet for public documents, the Latin Kurdish alphabet remains widely used throughout the region by the majority of Kurdish-speakers.

In 1957, the People’s Republic of China introduced a script reform to the Zhuang language, changing its orthography from Sawndip, a writing system based on Chinese, to a Latin script alphabet that used a mixture of Latin, Cyrillic, and IPA letters to represent both the phonemes and tones of the Zhuang language, without the use of diacritics. In 1982 this was further standardised to use only Latin script letters.

With the collapse of the Derg and subsequent end of decades of Amharic assimilation in 1991, various ethnic groups in Ethiopia dropped the Geʽez script, which was deemed unsuitable for languages outside of the Semitic branch.^[9] In the following years the Kafa,^[10] Oromo,^[11] Sidama,^[12] Somali,^[12] and Wolaitta^[12] languages switched to Latin while there is continued debate on whether to follow suit for the Hadiyya and Kambaata languages.^[13]

21st century[edit]

On 15 September 1999 the authorities of Tatarstan, Russia, passed a law to make the Latin script a co-official writing system alongside Cyrillic for the Tatar language by 2011.^[14] A year later, however, the Russian government overruled the law and banned Latinization on its territory.^[15]

In 2015, the government of Kazakhstan announced that a Kazakh Latin alphabet would replace the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet as the official writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025.^[16] There are also talks about switching from the Cyrillic script to Latin in Ukraine,^[17] Kyrgyzstan,^[18][19] and Mongolia.^[20] Mongolia, however, has since opted to revive the Mongolian script instead of switching to Latin.^[21]

In October 2019, the organization National Representational Organization for Inuit in Canada (ITK) announced that they will introduce a unified writing system for the Inuit languages in the country. The writing system is based on the Latin alphabet and is modeled after the one used in the Greenlandic language.^[22]

On 12 February 2021 the government of Uzbekistan announced it will finalize the transition from Cyrillic to Latin for the Uzbek language by 2023. Plans to switch to Latin originally began in 1993 but subsequently stalled and Cyrillic remained in widespread use.^[23][24]

At present the Crimean Tatar language uses both Cyrillic and Latin. The use of Latin was originally approved by Crimean Tatar representatives after the Soviet Union’s collapse^[25] but was never implemented by the regional government. After Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 the Latin script was dropped entirely. Nevertheless Crimean Tatars outside of Crimea continue to use Latin and on 22 October 2021 the government of Ukraine approved a proposal endorsed by the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People to switch the Crimean Tatar language to Latin by 2025.^[26]

In July 2020, 2.6 billion people (36% of the world population) use the Latin alphabet.^[27]

International standards[edit]

By the 1960s, it became apparent to the computer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin alphabet in their (ISO/IEC 646) standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage.

As the United States held a preeminent position in both industries during the 1960s, the standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange, better known as ASCII, which included in the character set the 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) letters of the English alphabet. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode Latin), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin alphabet with extensions to handle other letters in other languages.

National standards[edit]

The DIN standard DIN 91379 specifies a subset of Unicode letters, special characters, and sequences of letters and diacritic signs to allow the correct representation of names and to simplify data exchange in Europe. This specification supports all official languages of European Union countries (thus also Greek and Cyrillic for Bulgarian) as well as the official languages of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland, and also the German minority languages. To allow the transliteration of names in other writing systems to the Latin script according to the relevant ISO standards all necessary combinations of base letters and diacritic signs are provided.^[28]
Efforts are being made to further develop it into a European CEN standard.^[29]

As used by various languages[edit]

In the course of its use, the Latin alphabet was adapted for use in new languages, sometimes representing phonemes not found in languages that were already written with the Roman characters. To represent these new sounds, extensions were therefore created, be it by adding diacritics to existing letters, by joining multiple letters together to make ligatures, by creating completely new forms, or by assigning a special function to pairs or triplets of letters. These new forms are given a place in the alphabet by defining an alphabetical order or collation sequence, which can vary with the particular language.

Letters[edit]

Some examples of new letters to the standard Latin alphabet are the Runic letters wynn ⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨Þ þ⟩, and the letter eth ⟨Ð/ð⟩, which were added to the alphabet of Old English. Another Irish letter, the insular g, developed into yogh ⟨Ȝ ȝ⟩, used in Middle English. Wynn was later replaced with the new letter ⟨w⟩, eth and thorn with ⟨th⟩, and yogh with ⟨gh⟩. Although the four are no longer part of the English or Irish alphabets, eth and thorn are still used in the modern Icelandic alphabet, while eth is also used by the Faroese alphabet.

Some West, Central and Southern African languages use a few additional letters that have sound values similar to those of their equivalents in the IPA. For example, Adangme uses the letters ⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩ and ⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩, and Ga uses ⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩, ⟨Ŋ ŋ⟩ and ⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩. Hausa uses ⟨Ɓ ɓ⟩ and ⟨Ɗ ɗ⟩ for implosives, and ⟨Ƙ ƙ⟩ for an ejective. Africanists have standardized these into the African reference alphabet.

Dotted and dotless I — ⟨İ i⟩ and ⟨I ı⟩ — are two forms of the letter I used by the Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Kazakh alphabets.^[30] The Azerbaijani language also has ⟨Ə ə⟩, which represents the near-open front unrounded vowel.

Multigraphs[edit]

A digraph is a pair of letters used to write one sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters in sequence. Examples are ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ng⟩, ⟨rh⟩, ⟨sh⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨th⟩ in English, and ⟨ij⟩, ⟨ee⟩, ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ei⟩ in Dutch. In Dutch the ⟨ij⟩ is capitalized as ⟨IJ⟩ or the ligature ⟨IJ⟩, but never as ⟨Ij⟩, and it often takes the appearance of a ligature ⟨ij⟩ very similar to the letter ⟨ÿ⟩ in handwriting.

A trigraph is made up of three letters, like the German ⟨sch⟩, the Breton ⟨c’h⟩ or the Milanese ⟨oeu⟩. In the orthographies of some languages, digraphs and trigraphs are regarded as independent letters of the alphabet in their own right. The capitalization of digraphs and trigraphs is language-dependent, as only the first letter may be capitalized, or all component letters simultaneously (even for words written in title case, where letters after the digraph or trigraph are left in lowercase).

Ligatures[edit]

A ligature is a fusion of two or more ordinary letters into a new glyph or character. Examples are ⟨Æ æ⟩ (from ⟨AE⟩, called «ash»), ⟨Œ œ⟩ (from ⟨OE⟩, sometimes called «oethel»), the abbreviation ⟨&⟩ (from Latin: et, lit. ‘and’, called «ampersand»), and ⟨ẞ ß⟩ (from ⟨ſʒ⟩ or ⟨ſs⟩, the archaic medial form of ⟨s⟩, followed by an ⟨ʒ⟩ or ⟨s⟩, called «sharp S» or «eszett»).

Diacritics[edit]

A diacritic, in some cases also called an accent, is a small symbol that can appear above or below a letter, or in some other position, such as the umlaut sign used in the German characters ⟨ä⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ü⟩ or the Romanian characters ă, â, î, ș, ț. Its main function is to change the phonetic value of the letter to which it is added, but it may also modify the pronunciation of a whole syllable or word, indicate the start of a new syllable, or distinguish between homographs such as the Dutch words een (pronounced [ən]) meaning «a» or «an», and één, (pronounced [e:n]) meaning «one». As with the pronunciation of letters, the effect of diacritics is language-dependent.

English is the only major modern European language that requires no diacritics for its native vocabulary^{[note 1]}. Historically, in formal writing, a diaeresis was sometimes used to indicate the start of a new syllable within a sequence of letters that could otherwise be misinterpreted as being a single vowel (e.g., “coöperative”, “reëlect”), but modern writing styles either omit such marks or use a hyphen to indicate a syllable break (e.g. “cooperative”, “re-elect”). ^{[note 2][31]}

Collation[edit]

Some modified letters, such as the symbols ⟨å⟩, ⟨ä⟩, and ⟨ö⟩, may be regarded as new individual letters in themselves, and assigned a specific place in the alphabet for collation purposes, separate from that of the letter on which they are based, as is done in Swedish. In other cases, such as with ⟨ä⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ü⟩ in German, this is not done; letter-diacritic combinations being identified with their base letter. The same applies to digraphs and trigraphs. Different diacritics may be treated differently in collation within a single language. For example, in Spanish, the character ⟨ñ⟩ is considered a letter, and sorted between ⟨n⟩ and ⟨o⟩ in dictionaries, but the accented vowels ⟨á⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨í⟩, ⟨ó⟩, ⟨ú⟩, ⟨ü⟩ are not separated from the unaccented vowels ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩.

Capitalization[edit]

The languages that use the Latin script today generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and proper nouns. The rules for capitalization have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. Old English, for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized; whereas Modern English of the 18th century had frequently all nouns capitalized, in the same way that Modern German is written today, e.g. German: Alle Schwestern der alten Stadt hatten die Vögel gesehen, lit. ‘All of the sisters of the old city had seen the birds’.

Romanization[edit]

Words from languages natively written with other scripts, such as Arabic or Chinese, are usually transliterated or transcribed when embedded in Latin-script text or in multilingual international communication, a process termed romanization.

Whilst the romanization of such languages is used mostly at unofficial levels, it has been especially prominent in computer messaging where only the limited seven-bit ASCII code is available on older systems. However, with the introduction of Unicode, romanization is now becoming less necessary. Note that keyboards used to enter such text may still restrict users to romanized text, as only ASCII or Latin-alphabet characters may be available.

See also[edit]

• List of languages by writing system#Latin script
• Western Latin character sets (computing)
• European Latin Unicode subset (DIN 91379)
• Latin letters used in mathematics
• Latin omega

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Boyle, Leonard E. 1976. «Optimist and recensionist: ‘Common errors’ or ‘common variations.'» In Latin script and letters A.D. 400–900: Festschrift presented to Ludwig Bieler on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Edited by John J. O’Meara and Bernd Naumann, 264–74. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
• Morison, Stanley. 1972. Politics and script: Aspects of authority and freedom in the development of Graeco-Latin script from the sixth century B.C. to the twentieth century A.D. Oxford: Clarendon.

External links[edit]

• Unicode collation chart—Latin letters sorted by shape
• Diacritics Project – All you need to design a font with correct accents

For the Latin script originally used by the ancient Romans to write Latin, see Latin alphabet.

Latin Roman
Script type	Alphabet
Time period	c. 700 BC – present
Direction	left-to-right
Languages	Most Western European languages, including Latin All Baltic Languages Many Turkic, Finno-Ugric and Eskimo–Aleut languages Basque Some Slavic, African, Austronesian and Austroasiatic languages Official script in: 132 sovereign states  Albania  Andorra  Angola  Antigua and Barbuda  Argentina  Australia  Austria  Azerbaijan  Bahamas  Barbados  Belgium  Belize  Benin  Bolivia  Botswana  Brazil  Burkina Faso  Burundi  Cameroon  Canada  Cape Verde  Central African Republic  Chile  Colombia  Congo  Democratic Republic of Congo  Costa Rica  Cote D’Ivoire  Croatia  Cuba  Czech Republic  Denmark  Dominica  Dominican Republic  East Timor  Ecuador  El Salvador  Equatorial Guinea  Estonia  Eswatini  Fiji  Finland  France  Gabon  Gambia  Ghana  Germany  Grenada  Guatemala  Guinea  Guinea-Bissau  Guyana  Haiti  Honduras  Hungary  Iceland  Indonesia  Ireland  Italy  Jamaica  Kenya  Kiribati  Latvia  Lesotho  Liberia  Liechtenstein  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Madagascar  Malawi  Malaysia  Mali  Malta  Marshall Islands  Mauritius  Mexico  Micronesia  Moldova  Monaco  Mozambique  Namibia  Nauru  Netherlands  New Zealand  Nicaragua  Niger  Nigeria  Norway  Palau  Panama  Papua New Guinea  Paraguay  Peru  Philippines  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Rwanda  Saint Kitts and Nevis  Saint Lucia  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Samoa  San Marino  São Tomé and Príncipe  Senegal  Serbia  Seychelles  Sierra Leone  Slovakia  Slovenia  Solomon Islands  South Africa  South Sudan  Spain  Suriname  Sweden  Switzerland  Tanzania  Togo  Tonga  Trinidad and Tobago  Turkey  Turkmenistan  Tuvalu  Uganda  United Kingdom  United States  Uruguay  Uzbekistan  Vanuatu   Vatican City  Venezuela  Vietnam  Zambia  Zimbabwe Co-official script in: 15 sovereign states  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Brunei  Chad  Comoros  Djibouti  Eritrea  India  Kazakhstan  Kosovo  Montenegro  Pakistan  Singapore[a]  Somalia  Sudan  European Union  United Nations
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic script Phoenician alphabet Greek alphabet Old Italic script Latin
Child systems	Fraser alphabet (Lisu) Osage script Latin alphabet (partially) several phonetic alphabets, such as IPA, which have been used to write languages with no native script Deseret alphabet (partially) Pollard script (Miao) (partially) Caroline Island script (Woleaian) (indirectly) Cherokee syllabary (indirectly, partially) Yugtun script
Sister systems	Glagolitic script Cyrillic script Armenian alphabet Georgian script Coptic alphabet Runes
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Latn (215), ​Latin
Unicode
Unicode alias	Latin
Unicode range	See Latin characters in Unicode
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy (Magna Grecia). It was adopted by the Etruscans and subsequently by the Romans. Several Latin-script alphabets exist, which differ in graphemes, collation and phonetic values from the classical Latin alphabet.

The Latin script is the basis of the International Phonetic Alphabet, and the 26 most widespread letters are the letters contained in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.

Latin script is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any writing system^[1] and is the
most widely adopted writing system in the world. Latin script is used as the standard method of writing for most western, central, and to a lesser extent some eastern European languages, as well as many languages in other parts of the world.

Name[edit]

The script is either called Latin script or Roman script, in reference to its origin in ancient Rome (though some of the capital letters are Greek in origin). In the context of transliteration, the term «romanization» (British English: «romanisation») is often found.^[2][3] Unicode uses the term «Latin»^[4] as does the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).^[5]

The numeral system is called the Roman numeral system, and the collection of the elements is known as the Roman numerals. The numbers 1, 2, 3 … are Latin/Roman script numbers for the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.

History[edit]

Old Italic alphabet[edit]

Letters	𐌀	𐌁	𐌂	𐌃	𐌄	𐌅	𐌆	𐌇	𐌈	𐌉	𐌊	𐌋	𐌌	𐌍	𐌎	𐌏	𐌐	𐌑	𐌒	𐌓	𐌔	𐌕	𐌖	𐌗	𐌘	𐌙	𐌚
Transliteration	Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Vv	Zz	Hh	Θθ	Ii	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Éé	Oo	Pp	Śś	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Xx	Φφ	Ψψ	Ff

Archaic Latin alphabet[edit]

As Old Italic	𐌀	𐌁	𐌂	𐌃	𐌄	𐌅	𐌆	𐌇	𐌉	𐌊	𐌋	𐌌	𐌍	𐌏	𐌐	𐌒	𐌓	𐌔	𐌕	𐌖	𐌗
As Latin	Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Zz	Hh	Ii	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Vv Uu	X

The letter ⟨C⟩ was the western form of the Greek gamma, but it was used for the sounds /ɡ/ and /k/ alike, possibly under the influence of Etruscan, which might have lacked any voiced plosives. Later, probably during the 3rd century BC, the letter ⟨Z⟩ – unneeded to write Latin properly – was replaced with the new letter ⟨G⟩, a ⟨C⟩ modified with a small horizontal stroke, which took its place in the alphabet. From then on, ⟨G⟩ represented the voiced plosive /ɡ/, while ⟨C⟩ was generally reserved for the voiceless plosive /k/. The letter ⟨K⟩ was used only rarely, in a small number of words such as Kalendae, often interchangeably with ⟨C⟩.

Classical Latin alphabet[edit]

After the Roman conquest of Greece in the 1st century BC, Latin adopted the Greek letters ⟨Y⟩ and ⟨Z⟩ (or readopted, in the latter case) to write Greek loanwords, placing them at the end of the alphabet. An attempt by the emperor Claudius to introduce three additional letters did not last. Thus it was during the classical Latin period that the Latin alphabet contained 23 letters:Italic text

Letter	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	V	X	Y	Z
Latin name (majus)	á	bé	cé	dé	é	ef	gé	há	ꟾ	ká	el	em	en	ó	pé	qv́	er	es	té	v́	ix	ꟾ graeca	zéta
Latin name	ā	bē	cē	dē	ē	ef	gē	hā	ī	kā	el	em	en	ō	pē	qū	er	es	tē	ū	ix	ī Graeca	zēta
Latin pronunciation (IPA)	aː	beː	keː	deː	eː	ɛf	ɡeː	haː	iː	kaː	ɛl	ɛm	ɛn	oː	peː	kuː	ɛr	ɛs	teː	uː	iks	iː ˈɡraeka	ˈdzeːta

Medieval and later developments[edit]

It was not until the Middle Ages that the letter ⟨W⟩ (originally a ligature of two ⟨V⟩s) was added to the Latin alphabet, to represent sounds from the Germanic languages which did not exist in medieval Latin, and only after the Renaissance did the convention of treating ⟨I⟩ and ⟨U⟩ as vowels, and ⟨J⟩ and ⟨V⟩ as consonants, become established. Prior to that, the former had been merely allographs of the latter.^{[citation needed]}

With the fragmentation of political power, the style of writing changed and varied greatly throughout the Middle Ages, even after the invention of the printing press. Early deviations from the classical forms were the uncial script, a development of the Old Roman cursive, and various so-called minuscule scripts that developed from New Roman cursive, of which the insular script developed by Irish literati & derivations of this, such as Carolingian minuscule were the most influential, introducing the lower case forms of the letters, as well as other writing conventions that have since become standard.

The languages that use the Latin script generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and proper nouns. The rules for capitalization have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. Old English, for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized, whereas Modern English writers and printers of the 17th and 18th century frequently capitalized most and sometimes all nouns^[6] – e.g. in the preamble and all of the United States Constitution – a practice still systematically used in Modern German.

ISO basic Latin alphabet[edit]

Uppercase Latin alphabet	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
Lowercase Latin alphabet	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z

The use of the letters I and V for both consonants and vowels proved inconvenient as the Latin alphabet was adapted to Germanic and Romance languages. W originated as a doubled V (VV) used to represent the Voiced labial–velar approximant /w/ found in Old English as early as the 7th century. It came into common use in the later 11th century, replacing the letter wynn ⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩, which had been used for the same sound. In the Romance languages, the minuscule form of V was a rounded u; from this was derived a rounded capital U for the vowel in the 16th century, while a new, pointed minuscule v was derived from V for the consonant. In the case of I, a word-final swash form, j, came to be used for the consonant, with the un-swashed form restricted to vowel use. Such conventions were erratic for centuries. J was introduced into English for the consonant in the 17th century (it had been rare as a vowel), but it was not universally considered a distinct letter in the alphabetic order until the 19th century.

By the 1960s, it became apparent to the computer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin alphabet in their (ISO/IEC 646) standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. As the United States held a preeminent position in both industries during the 1960s, the standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange, better known as ASCII, which included in the character set the 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) letters of the English alphabet. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode Latin), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin alphabet with extensions to handle other letters in other languages.

Spread[edit]

The Latin alphabet spread, along with Latin, from the Italian Peninsula to the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea with the expansion of the Roman Empire. The eastern half of the Empire, including Greece, Turkey, the Levant, and Egypt, continued to use Greek as a lingua franca, but Latin was widely spoken in the western half, and as the western Romance languages evolved out of Latin, they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet.

Middle Ages[edit]

With the spread of Western Christianity during the Middle Ages, the Latin alphabet was gradually adopted by the peoples of Northern Europe who spoke Celtic languages (displacing the Ogham alphabet) or Germanic languages (displacing earlier Runic alphabets) or Baltic languages, as well as by the speakers of several Uralic languages, most notably Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian.

The Latin script also came into use for writing the West Slavic languages and several South Slavic languages, as the people who spoke them adopted Roman Catholicism. The speakers of East Slavic languages generally adopted Cyrillic along with Orthodox Christianity. The Serbian language uses both scripts, with Cyrillic predominating in official communication and Latin elsewhere, as determined by the Law on Official Use of the Language and Alphabet.^[7]

Since the 16th century[edit]

As late as 1500, the Latin script was limited primarily to the languages spoken in Western, Northern, and Central Europe. The Orthodox Christian Slavs of Eastern and Southeastern Europe mostly used Cyrillic, and the Greek alphabet was in use by Greek speakers around the eastern Mediterranean. The Arabic script was widespread within Islam, both among Arabs and non-Arab nations like the Iranians, Indonesians, Malays, and Turkic peoples. Most of the rest of Asia used a variety of Brahmic alphabets or the Chinese script.

Through European colonization the Latin script has spread to the Americas, Oceania, parts of Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, in forms based on the Spanish, Portuguese, English, French, German and Dutch alphabets.

It is used for many Austronesian languages, including the languages of the Philippines and the Malaysian and Indonesian languages, replacing earlier Arabic and indigenous Brahmic alphabets. Latin letters served as the basis for the forms of the Cherokee syllabary developed by Sequoyah; however, the sound values are completely different.^{[citation needed]}

Under Portuguese missionary influence, a Latin alphabet was devised for the Vietnamese language, which had previously used Chinese characters. The Latin-based alphabet replaced the Chinese characters in administration in the 19th century with French rule.

Since the 19th century[edit]

In the late 19th century, the Romanians switched to the Latin alphabet, which they had used until the Council of Florence in 1439,^[8] primarily because Romanian is a Romance language. The Romanians were predominantly Orthodox Christians, and their Church, increasingly influenced by Russia after the fall of Byzantine Greek Constantinople in 1453 and capture of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch, had begun promoting the Slavic Cyrillic.

Since 20th century[edit]

In 1928, as part of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s reforms, the new Republic of Turkey adopted a Latin alphabet for the Turkish language, replacing a modified Arabic alphabet. Most of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the former USSR, including Tatars, Bashkirs, Azeri, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and others, had their writing systems replaced by the Latin-based Uniform Turkic alphabet in the 1930s; but, in the 1940s, all were replaced by Cyrillic.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, three of the newly independent Turkic-speaking republics, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, as well as Romanian-speaking Moldova, officially adopted Latin alphabets for their languages. Kyrgyzstan, Iranian-speaking Tajikistan, and the breakaway region of Transnistria kept the Cyrillic alphabet, chiefly due to their close ties with Russia.

In the 1930s and 1940s, the majority of Kurds replaced the Arabic script with two Latin alphabets. Although only the official Kurdish government uses an Arabic alphabet for public documents, the Latin Kurdish alphabet remains widely used throughout the region by the majority of Kurdish-speakers.

In 1957, the People’s Republic of China introduced a script reform to the Zhuang language, changing its orthography from Sawndip, a writing system based on Chinese, to a Latin script alphabet that used a mixture of Latin, Cyrillic, and IPA letters to represent both the phonemes and tones of the Zhuang language, without the use of diacritics. In 1982 this was further standardised to use only Latin script letters.

With the collapse of the Derg and subsequent end of decades of Amharic assimilation in 1991, various ethnic groups in Ethiopia dropped the Geʽez script, which was deemed unsuitable for languages outside of the Semitic branch.^[9] In the following years the Kafa,^[10] Oromo,^[11] Sidama,^[12] Somali,^[12] and Wolaitta^[12] languages switched to Latin while there is continued debate on whether to follow suit for the Hadiyya and Kambaata languages.^[13]

21st century[edit]

On 15 September 1999 the authorities of Tatarstan, Russia, passed a law to make the Latin script a co-official writing system alongside Cyrillic for the Tatar language by 2011.^[14] A year later, however, the Russian government overruled the law and banned Latinization on its territory.^[15]

In 2015, the government of Kazakhstan announced that a Kazakh Latin alphabet would replace the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet as the official writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025.^[16] There are also talks about switching from the Cyrillic script to Latin in Ukraine,^[17] Kyrgyzstan,^[18][19] and Mongolia.^[20] Mongolia, however, has since opted to revive the Mongolian script instead of switching to Latin.^[21]

In October 2019, the organization National Representational Organization for Inuit in Canada (ITK) announced that they will introduce a unified writing system for the Inuit languages in the country. The writing system is based on the Latin alphabet and is modeled after the one used in the Greenlandic language.^[22]

On 12 February 2021 the government of Uzbekistan announced it will finalize the transition from Cyrillic to Latin for the Uzbek language by 2023. Plans to switch to Latin originally began in 1993 but subsequently stalled and Cyrillic remained in widespread use.^[23][24]

At present the Crimean Tatar language uses both Cyrillic and Latin. The use of Latin was originally approved by Crimean Tatar representatives after the Soviet Union’s collapse^[25] but was never implemented by the regional government. After Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 the Latin script was dropped entirely. Nevertheless Crimean Tatars outside of Crimea continue to use Latin and on 22 October 2021 the government of Ukraine approved a proposal endorsed by the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People to switch the Crimean Tatar language to Latin by 2025.^[26]

In July 2020, 2.6 billion people (36% of the world population) use the Latin alphabet.^[27]

International standards[edit]

By the 1960s, it became apparent to the computer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin alphabet in their (ISO/IEC 646) standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage.

As the United States held a preeminent position in both industries during the 1960s, the standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange, better known as ASCII, which included in the character set the 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) letters of the English alphabet. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode Latin), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin alphabet with extensions to handle other letters in other languages.

National standards[edit]

The DIN standard DIN 91379 specifies a subset of Unicode letters, special characters, and sequences of letters and diacritic signs to allow the correct representation of names and to simplify data exchange in Europe. This specification supports all official languages of European Union countries (thus also Greek and Cyrillic for Bulgarian) as well as the official languages of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland, and also the German minority languages. To allow the transliteration of names in other writing systems to the Latin script according to the relevant ISO standards all necessary combinations of base letters and diacritic signs are provided.^[28]
Efforts are being made to further develop it into a European CEN standard.^[29]

As used by various languages[edit]

In the course of its use, the Latin alphabet was adapted for use in new languages, sometimes representing phonemes not found in languages that were already written with the Roman characters. To represent these new sounds, extensions were therefore created, be it by adding diacritics to existing letters, by joining multiple letters together to make ligatures, by creating completely new forms, or by assigning a special function to pairs or triplets of letters. These new forms are given a place in the alphabet by defining an alphabetical order or collation sequence, which can vary with the particular language.

Letters[edit]

Some examples of new letters to the standard Latin alphabet are the Runic letters wynn ⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨Þ þ⟩, and the letter eth ⟨Ð/ð⟩, which were added to the alphabet of Old English. Another Irish letter, the insular g, developed into yogh ⟨Ȝ ȝ⟩, used in Middle English. Wynn was later replaced with the new letter ⟨w⟩, eth and thorn with ⟨th⟩, and yogh with ⟨gh⟩. Although the four are no longer part of the English or Irish alphabets, eth and thorn are still used in the modern Icelandic alphabet, while eth is also used by the Faroese alphabet.

Some West, Central and Southern African languages use a few additional letters that have sound values similar to those of their equivalents in the IPA. For example, Adangme uses the letters ⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩ and ⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩, and Ga uses ⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩, ⟨Ŋ ŋ⟩ and ⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩. Hausa uses ⟨Ɓ ɓ⟩ and ⟨Ɗ ɗ⟩ for implosives, and ⟨Ƙ ƙ⟩ for an ejective. Africanists have standardized these into the African reference alphabet.

Dotted and dotless I — ⟨İ i⟩ and ⟨I ı⟩ — are two forms of the letter I used by the Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Kazakh alphabets.^[30] The Azerbaijani language also has ⟨Ə ə⟩, which represents the near-open front unrounded vowel.

Multigraphs[edit]

A digraph is a pair of letters used to write one sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters in sequence. Examples are ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ng⟩, ⟨rh⟩, ⟨sh⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨th⟩ in English, and ⟨ij⟩, ⟨ee⟩, ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ei⟩ in Dutch. In Dutch the ⟨ij⟩ is capitalized as ⟨IJ⟩ or the ligature ⟨IJ⟩, but never as ⟨Ij⟩, and it often takes the appearance of a ligature ⟨ij⟩ very similar to the letter ⟨ÿ⟩ in handwriting.

A trigraph is made up of three letters, like the German ⟨sch⟩, the Breton ⟨c’h⟩ or the Milanese ⟨oeu⟩. In the orthographies of some languages, digraphs and trigraphs are regarded as independent letters of the alphabet in their own right. The capitalization of digraphs and trigraphs is language-dependent, as only the first letter may be capitalized, or all component letters simultaneously (even for words written in title case, where letters after the digraph or trigraph are left in lowercase).

Ligatures[edit]

A ligature is a fusion of two or more ordinary letters into a new glyph or character. Examples are ⟨Æ æ⟩ (from ⟨AE⟩, called «ash»), ⟨Œ œ⟩ (from ⟨OE⟩, sometimes called «oethel»), the abbreviation ⟨&⟩ (from Latin: et, lit. ‘and’, called «ampersand»), and ⟨ẞ ß⟩ (from ⟨ſʒ⟩ or ⟨ſs⟩, the archaic medial form of ⟨s⟩, followed by an ⟨ʒ⟩ or ⟨s⟩, called «sharp S» or «eszett»).

Diacritics[edit]

A diacritic, in some cases also called an accent, is a small symbol that can appear above or below a letter, or in some other position, such as the umlaut sign used in the German characters ⟨ä⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ü⟩ or the Romanian characters ă, â, î, ș, ț. Its main function is to change the phonetic value of the letter to which it is added, but it may also modify the pronunciation of a whole syllable or word, indicate the start of a new syllable, or distinguish between homographs such as the Dutch words een (pronounced [ən]) meaning «a» or «an», and één, (pronounced [e:n]) meaning «one». As with the pronunciation of letters, the effect of diacritics is language-dependent.

English is the only major modern European language that requires no diacritics for its native vocabulary^{[note 1]}. Historically, in formal writing, a diaeresis was sometimes used to indicate the start of a new syllable within a sequence of letters that could otherwise be misinterpreted as being a single vowel (e.g., “coöperative”, “reëlect”), but modern writing styles either omit such marks or use a hyphen to indicate a syllable break (e.g. “cooperative”, “re-elect”). ^{[note 2][31]}

Collation[edit]

Some modified letters, such as the symbols ⟨å⟩, ⟨ä⟩, and ⟨ö⟩, may be regarded as new individual letters in themselves, and assigned a specific place in the alphabet for collation purposes, separate from that of the letter on which they are based, as is done in Swedish. In other cases, such as with ⟨ä⟩, ⟨ö⟩, ⟨ü⟩ in German, this is not done; letter-diacritic combinations being identified with their base letter. The same applies to digraphs and trigraphs. Different diacritics may be treated differently in collation within a single language. For example, in Spanish, the character ⟨ñ⟩ is considered a letter, and sorted between ⟨n⟩ and ⟨o⟩ in dictionaries, but the accented vowels ⟨á⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨í⟩, ⟨ó⟩, ⟨ú⟩, ⟨ü⟩ are not separated from the unaccented vowels ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩.

Capitalization[edit]

The languages that use the Latin script today generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and proper nouns. The rules for capitalization have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. Old English, for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized; whereas Modern English of the 18th century had frequently all nouns capitalized, in the same way that Modern German is written today, e.g. German: Alle Schwestern der alten Stadt hatten die Vögel gesehen, lit. ‘All of the sisters of the old city had seen the birds’.

Romanization[edit]

Words from languages natively written with other scripts, such as Arabic or Chinese, are usually transliterated or transcribed when embedded in Latin-script text or in multilingual international communication, a process termed romanization.

Whilst the romanization of such languages is used mostly at unofficial levels, it has been especially prominent in computer messaging where only the limited seven-bit ASCII code is available on older systems. However, with the introduction of Unicode, romanization is now becoming less necessary. Note that keyboards used to enter such text may still restrict users to romanized text, as only ASCII or Latin-alphabet characters may be available.

See also[edit]

• List of languages by writing system#Latin script
• Western Latin character sets (computing)
• European Latin Unicode subset (DIN 91379)
• Latin letters used in mathematics
• Latin omega

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Boyle, Leonard E. 1976. «Optimist and recensionist: ‘Common errors’ or ‘common variations.'» In Latin script and letters A.D. 400–900: Festschrift presented to Ludwig Bieler on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Edited by John J. O’Meara and Bernd Naumann, 264–74. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
• Morison, Stanley. 1972. Politics and script: Aspects of authority and freedom in the development of Graeco-Latin script from the sixth century B.C. to the twentieth century A.D. Oxford: Clarendon.

External links[edit]

• Unicode collation chart—Latin letters sorted by shape
• Diacritics Project – All you need to design a font with correct accents

Латинский алфавит

Пронумерованный латинский алфавит(буквы «прописная — строчная») с переводом на русский язык.

№	Латинская буква.(Прописная — строчная)	Русское произношение
1	A — a	а
2	B — b	бэ
3	C — c	цэ
4	D — d	дэ
5	E — e	э
6	F — f	эф
7	G — g	гэ
8	H — h	ха/аш
9	I — i	и
10	J — j	йот/жи
11	K — k	ка
12	L — l	эль
13	M — m	эм
14	N — n	эн
15	O — o	о
16	P — p	пэ
17	Q — q	ку
18	R — r	эр
19	S — s	эс
20	T — t	тэ
21	U — u	у
22	V — v	вэ
23	W — w	дубль-вэ
24	X — x	икс
25	Y — y	игрек/ипсилон
26	Z — z	зед

Классический латинский алфавит Римской империи состоял из 23 букв: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V, X, Y, Z.

Буквы J, U, W появился гораздо позднее.

Дополнительные буквы латинского алфавита:

Прописные и строчные латинские буквы без пробела

прописные латинские буквы без пробела в одну строку.

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

строчные латинские буквы без пробела в одну строку.

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

Латинский алфавит в обратную сторону:

Прописные латинские буквы без пробела в одну строку, в обратную сторону .

ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

Строчные латинские буквы без пробела в одну строку, в обратную сторону .

zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba

Прописные и строчные латинские буквы с пробелом

Прописные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку .

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Строчные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку .

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Прописные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку, в обратную сторону .

Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N M L K J I H G F E D C B A

Строчные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку, в обратную сторону .

z y x w v u t s r q p o n m l k j i h g f e d c b a

Прописные и строчные латинские буквы через запятую

Прописные латинские буквы через запятую в одну строку .

A , B , C , D , E , F , G , H , I , J , K , L , M , N , O , P , Q , R , S , T , U , V , W , X , Y , Z

Строчные латинские буквы через запятую в одну строку .

a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z,

И строчные, и прописные латинские буквы через запятую в одну строку .

A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Прописные и строчные латинские буквы в столбик

Прописные латинские буквы в столбик.

Строчные латинские буквы в столбик.

Прописные и строчные латинские буквы в столбик.

Прописные и строчные латинские буквы в столбик с запятой.

Латинский алфавит в обратную сторону.

Прописные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку в обратную сторону.

Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N M L K J I H G F E D C B A

Строчные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку в обратную сторону.

z y x w v u t s r q p o n m l k j i h g f e d c b a

Прописные латинские буквы через запятую в одну строку, в обратную сторону .

Z, Y, X, W, V, U, T, S, R, Q, P, O, N, M, L, K, J, I, H, G, F, E, D, C, B, A,

Строчные латинские буквы через запятую в одну строку, в обратную сторону .

z, y, x, w, v, u, t, s, r, q, p, o, n, m, l, k, j, i, h, g, f, e, d, c, b, a,

Прописные латинские буквы в столбик в обратную сторону.

Строчные латинские буквы в столбик в обратную сторону.

Прописные и строчные латинские буквы в столбик в обратную сторону.

Прописные и строчные латинские буквы в столбик с запятой в обратную сторону.

Латинский алфавит гласные буквы.

В латинском алфавите 6 гласных букв.

Прописные и строчные гласные латинские буквы с пробелом

Прописные гласные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку .

A E I O U Y

Строчные гласные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку .

a e i o u y

Прописные гласные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку, в обратную сторону .

Y U O I E A

Строчные гласные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку, в обратную сторону .

y u o i e a

Прописные и строчные гласные латинские буквы через запятую

Прописные латинские буквы через запятую в одну строку .

A, E, I, O, U, Y,

Строчные гласные латинские буквы через запятую в одну строку .

a, e, i, o, u, y,

И строчные гласные, и прописные латинские буквы через запятую в одну строку .

A a, E e, I i, O o, U u, Y y,

Прописные и строчные гласные латинские буквы в столбик

Прописные латинские гласные буквы в столбик.

Строчные гласные латинские буквы в столбик.

Прописные и строчные гласные латинские буквы в столбик.

Прописные и строчные гласные латинские буквы в столбик с запятой.

Латинский алфавит согласные буквы.

В латинском алфавите 20 согласных букв.

Прописные и строчные согласные латинские буквы с пробелом

Прописные согласные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку .

B C D F G H J K L M N P Q R S T V W X Z

Строчные согласные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку .

b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z

Прописные согласные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку, в обратную сторону .

Z X W V T S R Q P N M L K J H G F D C B

Строчные согласные латинские буквы с пробелом в одну строку, в обратную сторону .

z x w v t s r q p n m l k j h g f d c b

Прописные и строчные согласные латинские буквы через запятую

Прописные латинские буквы через запятую в одну строку .

Z, X, W, V, T, S, R, Q, P, N, M, L, K, J, H, G, F, D, C, B,

Строчные согласные латинские буквы через запятую в одну строку .

z, x, w, v, t, s, r, q, p, n, m, l, k, j, h, g, f, d, c, b,

И строчные согласные, и прописные латинские буквы через запятую в одну строку .

Bb, Cc, Dd, Ff, Gg, Hh, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Vv, Ww, Xx, Zz

с проббелом

B b , C c , D d , F f , G g , H h , J j , K k , L l , M m , N n , P p , Q q , R r , S s , T t , V v , W w , X x , Zz

Прописные и строчные согласные латинские буквы в столбик

Прописные латинские согласные буквы в столбик.

Строчные согласные латинские буквы в столбик.

Прописные и строчные согласные латинские буквы в столбик.

Прописные и строчные согласные латинские буквы в столбик с запятой.