Как сокращенно пишется полипропилен

Компания СИМАС
Москва, Варшавское шоссе
д.125 стр.1
+7 (495) 980 — 29 — 37,
+7 (916) 942 — 65 — 95
info@simas.ru

• Показать

Информация о торгах полимерными материалами

Polypropylene
IUPAC name poly(propene)
Other names Polypropylene; Polypropene; Polipropene 25 [USAN];Propene polymers; Propylene polymers; 1-Propene
Identifiers
CAS number	9003-07-0
Properties
Molecular formula	(C3H6)n
Density	0.855 g/cm3, amorphous 0.946 g/cm3, crystalline
Melting point	130–171 °C
(what is this?)  (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer, made by the chemical industry and used in a wide variety of applications, including packaging, textiles (e.g. ropes, thermal underwear and carpets), stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components, and polymer banknotes. An addition polymer made from the monomer propylene, it is rugged and unusually resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids.

In 2007, the global market for polypropylene had a volume of 45.1 million tons, which led to a turnover of about 65 billion US-dollars (47.4 billion Euro).^[1]

Chemical and physical properties

Most commercial polypropylene is isotactic and has an intermediate level of crystallinity between that of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE); its Young’s modulus is also intermediate. Polypropylene is normally tough and flexible, especially when copolymerized with ethylene. This allows polypropylene to be used as an engineering plastic, competing with materials such as ABS. Polypropylene is reasonably economical, and can be made translucent when uncolored but is not as readily made transparent as polystyrene, acrylic, or certain other plastics. It is often opaque or colored using pigments. Polypropylene has good resistance to fatigue.

The melting of polypropylene occurs as a range, so a melting point is determined by finding the highest temperature of a differential scanning calorimetry chart. Perfectly isotactic PP has a melting point of 171 °C (340 °F). Commercial isotactic PP has a melting point that ranges from Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAonDbSoffT, depending on atactic material and crystallinity. Syndiotactic PP with a crystallinity of 30% has a melting point of 130 °C (266 °F).^[2]

The melt flow rate (MFR) or melt flow index (MFI) is a measure of molecular weight of polypropylene. The measure helps to determine how easily the molten raw material will flow during processing. Polypropylene with higher MFR will fill the plastic mold more easily during the injection or blow-molding production process. As the melt flow increases, however, some physical properties, like impact strength, will decrease.

There are three general types of polypropylene: homopolymer, random copolymer, and block copolymer. The comonomer used is typically ethylene. Ethylene-propylene rubber or EPDM added to polypropylene homopolymer increases its low temperature impact strength. Randomly polymerized ethylene monomer added to polypropylene homopolymer decreases the polymer crystallinity and makes the polymer more transparent.

Degradation

Polypropylene is liable to chain degradation from exposure to heat and UV radiation such as that present in sunlight. Oxidation usually occurs at the tertiary carbon atom present in every repeat unit. A free radical is formed here, and then reacts further with oxygen, followed by chain scission to yield aldehydes and carboxylic acids. In external applications, it shows up as a network of fine cracks and crazes that become deeper and more severe with time of exposure.

For external applications, UV-absorbing additives must be used. Carbon black also provides some protection from UV attack. The polymer can also be oxidized at high temperatures, a common problem during molding operations. Anti-oxidants are normally added to prevent polymer degradation.

History

Propylene was first polymerized to a crystalline isotactic polymer by Giulio Natta and his coworkers in March of 1954^[3]. This pioneering discovery led to large-scale commercial production of isotactic polypropylene from 1957 onwards.^[4]
Syndiotactic polypropylene was also first synthesized by Giulio Natta and his coworkers.

Synthesis

An important concept in understanding the link between the structure of polypropylene and its properties is tacticity. The relative orientation of each methyl group (CH₃ in the figure) relative to the methyl groups in neighboring monomer units has a strong effect on the polymer’s ability to form crystals.

A Ziegler-Natta catalyst is able to restrict linking of monomer molecules to a specific regular orientation, either isotactic, when all methyl groups are positioned at the same side with respect to the backbone of the polymer chain, or syndiotactic, when the positions of the methyl groups alternate. Commercially available isotactic polypropylene is made with two types of Ziegler-Natta catalysts. The first group of the catalysts encompases solid (mostly supported) catalysts and certain types of soluble metallocene catalysts. Such isotactic macromolecules coil into a helical shape; these helices then line up next to one another to form the crystals that give commercial isotactic polypropylene many of its desirable properties.

Another type of metallocene catalysts produce syndiotactic polypropylene. These macromolecules also coil into helices (of a different type) and form crystalline materials.

When the methyl groups in a polypropylene chain exhibit no preferred orientation, the polymers are called atactic. Atactic polypropylene is an amorphous rubbery material. It can be produced commercially either with a special type of supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst or with some metallocene catalysts.

Modern supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts developed for the polymerization of propylene and other 1-alkenes to isotactic polymers usually use TiCl₄ as an active ingredient and MgCl₂ as a support.^[5],^[6],^[7] The catalysts also contain organic modifiers, either aromatic acid esters and diesters or ethers. These catalysts are activated with special cocatalysts containing an organoaluminum compound such as Al(C₂H₅)₃ and the second type of a modifier. The catalysts are differentiated depending on the procedure used for fashioning catalyst particles from MgCl₂ and depending on the type of organic modifiers employed during catalyst preparation and use in polymerization reactions. Two most important technological characteristics of all the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70-80°C under standard polymerization conditions. Commercial synthesis of isotactic polypropylene is usually carried out either in the medium of liquid propylene or in gas-phase reactors.

Commercial synthesis of syndiotactic polypropylene is carried out with the use of a special class of metallocene catalysts. They employ bridged bis-metallocene complexes of the type bridge-(Cp₁)(Cp₂)ZrCl₂ where the first Cp ligand is the cyclopentadienyl group, the second Cp ligand is the fluorenyl group, and the bridge between the two Cp ligands is -CH₂-CH₂-, >SiMe₂, or >SiPh₂).^[8] These complexes are converted to polymerization catalysts by activating them with a special organoaluminum cocatalyst, methylalumoxane MAO^[9]

Manufacturing

Melt processing of polypropylene can be achieved via extrusion and molding. Common extrusion methods include production of melt-blown and spun-bond fibers to form long rolls for future conversion into a wide range of useful products, such as face masks, filters, nappies (diapers) and wipes.

The most common shaping technique is injection molding, which is used for parts such as cups, cutlery, vials, caps, containers, housewares, and automotive parts such as batteries. The related techniques of blow molding and injection-stretch blow molding are also used, which involve both extrusion and molding.

The large number of end-use applications for polypropylene are often possible because of the ability to tailor grades with specific molecular properties and additives during its manufacture. For example, antistatic additives can be added to help polypropylene surfaces resist dust and dirt. Many physical finishing techniques can also be used on polypropylene, such as machining. Surface treatments can be applied to polypropylene parts in order to promote adhesion of printing ink and paints.

Applications

Since polypropylene is resistant to fatigue, most plastic living hinges, such as those on flip-top bottles, are made from this material. However, it is important to ensure that chain molecules are oriented across the hinge to maximize strength.

Very thin sheets of polypropylene are used as a dielectric within certain high-performance pulse and low-loss RF capacitors.

High-purity piping systems are built using polypropylene. Stronger, more rigid piping systems, intended for use in potable plumbing, hydronic heating and cooling, and reclaimed water applications, are also manufactured using polypropylene.^[10] This material is often chosen for its resistance to corrosion and chemical leaching, its resilience against most forms of physical damage, including impact and freezing, its environmental benefits, and its ability to be joined by heat fusion rather than gluing.^[11][12][13]

Many plastic items for medical or laboratory use can be made from polypropylene because it can withstand the heat in an autoclave. Its heat resistance also enables it to be used as the manufacturing material of consumer-grade kettles. Food containers made from it will not melt in the dishwasher, and do not melt during industrial hot filling processes. For this reason, most plastic tubs for dairy products are polypropylene sealed with aluminum foil (both heat-resistant materials). After the product has cooled, the tubs are often given lids made of a less heat-resistant material, such as LDPE or polystyrene. Such containers provide a good hands-on example of the difference in modulus, since the rubbery (softer, more flexible) feeling of LDPE with respect to polypropylene of the same thickness is readily apparent. Rugged, translucent, reusable plastic containers made in a wide variety of shapes and sizes for consumers from various companies such as Rubbermaid and Sterilite are commonly made of polypropylene, although the lids are often made of somewhat more flexible LDPE so they can snap on to the container to close it. Polypropylene can also be made into disposable bottles to contain liquid, powdered, or similar consumer products, although HDPE and polyethylene terephthalate are commonly also used to make bottles. Plastic pails, car batteries, wastebaskets, cooler containers, dishes and pitchers are often made of polypropylene or HDPE, both of which commonly have rather similar appearance, feel, and properties at ambient temperature.

A common application for polypropylene is as biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP). These BOPP sheets are used to make a wide variety of materials including clear bags. When polypropylene is biaxially oriented, it becomes crystal clear and serves as an excellent packaging material for artistic and retail products.

Polypropylene, highly colorfast, is widely used in manufacturing carpets, rugs and mats to be used at home.^[14]

Polypropylene is widely used in ropes, distinctive because they are light enough to float in water.^[15] For equal mass and construction, polypropylene rope is similar in strength to polyester rope. Polypropylene costs less than most other synthetic fibers.

Polypropylene is also used as an alternative to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as insulation for electrical cables for LSZH cable in low-ventilation environments, primarily tunnels. This is because it emits less smoke and no toxic halogens, which may lead to production of acid in high-temperature conditions.

Polypropylene is also used in particular roofing membranes as the waterproofing top layer of single-ply systems as opposed to modified-bit systems.

Polypropylene is most commonly used for plastic moldings, wherein it is injected into a mold while molten, forming complex shapes at relatively low cost and high volume; examples include bottle tops, bottles, and fittings.

Recently^[when?], it has been produced in sheet form, which has been widely used for the production of stationery folders, packaging, and storage boxes. The wide color range, durability, and resistance to dirt make it ideal as a protective cover for papers and other materials. It is used in Rubik’s cube stickers because of these characteristics.

The availability of sheet polypropylene has provided an opportunity for the use of the material by designers. The light-weight, durable, and colorful plastic makes an ideal medium for the creation of light shades, and a number of designs have been developed using interlocking sections to create elaborate designs.

Polypropylene sheets are a popular choice for trading card collectors; these come with pockets (nine for standard-size cards) for the cards to be inserted and are used to protect their condition and are meant to be stored in a binder.

In 2008, Researchers in Canada asserted that quaternary ammonium biocides and oleamide were leaking out of certain polypropylene labware, affecting experimental results.^[16] Since polypropylene is used in a wide number of food containers such as those for yogurt, Health Canada media spokesman Paul Duchesne, said the department will be reviewing the findings to determine whether steps are needed to protect consumers.^[17]

Expanded polypropylene (EPP) is a foam form of polypropylene. EPP has very good impact characteristics due to its low stiffness; this allows EPP to resume its shape after impacts. EPP is extensively used in model aircraft and other radio controlled vehicles by hobbyists. This is mainly due to its ability to absorb impacts, making this an ideal material for RC aircraft for beginners and amateurs.

Polypropylene is used in the manufacture of loudspeaker drive units. Its use was pioneered by engineers at the BBC and the patent rights subsequently purchased by Mission Electronics for use in their Mission Freedom Loudspeaker and Mission 737 Renaissance loudspeaker.

Polypropylene fibres are used as a concrete additive to increase strength and reduce cracking and spalling.^[18]

Clothes

Polypropylene is a major polymer used in nonwovens, with over 50% used^{[citation needed]} for diapers or sanitary products where it is treated to absorb water (hydrophilic) rather than naturally repelling water (hydrophobic). Other interesting non-woven uses include filters for air, gas, and liquids in which the fibers can be formed into sheets or webs that can be pleated to form cartridges or layers that filter in various efficiencies in the 0.5 to 30 micrometre range. Such applications could be seen in the house as water filters or air-conditioning-type filters. The high surface area and naturally hydrophilic polypropylene nonwovens are ideal absorbers of oil spills with the familiar floating barriers near oil spills on rivers.

In New Zealand, in the US military, and elsewhere, polypropylene, or ‘polypro’ (New Zealand ‘polyprops’), has been used for the fabrication of cold-weather base layers, such as long-sleeve shirts or long underwear (More recently, polyester has replaced polypropylene in these applications in the U.S. military, such as in the ECWCS ^[19]). Polypropylene is also used in warm-weather gear such as some Under Armour clothing, which can easily transport sweat away from the skin. Although polypropylene clothes are not easily flammable, they can melt, which may result in severe burns if the service member is involved in an explosion or fire of any kind.^[20]. Polypropylene undergarments are known for retaining body odors which are then difficult to remove. The current generation of polyester does not have this disadvantage.^[21]

The material has recently been introduced into the fashion industry through the work of designers such as Anoush Waddington, who have developed specialized techniques to create jewelry and wearable items from polypropylene.

Medical

Its most common medical use is in the synthetic, nonabsorbable suture Prolene, manufactured by Ethicon Inc.

Polypropylene has been used in hernia and pelvic organ prolapse repair operations to protect the body from new hernias in the same location. A small patch of the material is placed over the spot of the hernia, below the skin, and is painless and is rarely, if ever, rejected by the body. However, a polypropylene mesh will erode over the uncertain period from days to years. Therefore, the FDA has issued several warnings on the use of polypropylene mesh medical kits for certain applications in pelvic organ prolapse, specifically when introduced in close proximity to the vaginal wall due to a continued increase in number of mesh erosions reported by patients over the past few years.^[22]

Recycling

Polypropylene is commonly recycled, and has the number «5» as its resin identification code: .^[23]

Repairing

Solid objects in PP may be joined with a two part epoxy glue.

References

External links

• Chain structure of Polypropylene
• Polypropylene is traded on the London Metal Exchange

Imported from Wikipedia This page is being imported from Wikipedia, to create a Wikidwelling stub or article. These steps need to be completed: Sections not relevant to Wikidwelling can be deleted, or trimmed to a brief comment. Note: Image redlinks should not be removed Redlinks to articles unlikely to be created on Wikidwelling can be unlinked. (leave links to locations and institutions.) Categories may need to be adapted or removed — e.g. «people born in the 1940s». Redlinked categories are not a problem. Templates not used on Wikidwelling should be deleted, like all the interwiki links ({{de:…}}, {{fr:…}}, When these first tasks are basically done, you can remove this template, writing {{Attrib Wikipedia | article name}} in place of this {{Attrib Wikipedia raw | article name}} at the bottom (simply remove «raw»). You can also: Move to a section «External links» all Wikimedia project-related templates (e.g. {{Commons}}, {{Commons category}}, {{Wiktionary}}, etc. ). Add more specific content (related to the Wikidwelling topic) to the article, insert videos from YouTube, etc. Pages with this template. The original article was at Polypropylene. The list of authors can be seen in the history for that page. The text of Wikipedia is available under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license.

Polypropylene
IUPAC name poly(propene)
Other names Polypropylene; Polypropene; Polipropene 25 [USAN];Propene polymers; Propylene polymers; 1-Propene
Identifiers
CAS number	9003-07-0
Properties
Molecular formula	(C3H6)n
Density	0.855 g/cm3, amorphous 0.946 g/cm3, crystalline
Melting point	130–171 °C
(what is this?)  (verify) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer, made by the chemical industry and used in a wide variety of applications, including packaging, textiles (e.g. ropes, thermal underwear and carpets), stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components, and polymer banknotes. An addition polymer made from the monomer propylene, it is rugged and unusually resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids.

In 2007, the global market for polypropylene had a volume of 45.1 million tons, which led to a turnover of about 65 billion US-dollars (47.4 billion Euro).^[1]

Chemical and physical properties

Most commercial polypropylene is isotactic and has an intermediate level of crystallinity between that of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE); its Young’s modulus is also intermediate. Polypropylene is normally tough and flexible, especially when copolymerized with ethylene. This allows polypropylene to be used as an engineering plastic, competing with materials such as ABS. Polypropylene is reasonably economical, and can be made translucent when uncolored but is not as readily made transparent as polystyrene, acrylic, or certain other plastics. It is often opaque or colored using pigments. Polypropylene has good resistance to fatigue.

The melting of polypropylene occurs as a range, so a melting point is determined by finding the highest temperature of a differential scanning calorimetry chart. Perfectly isotactic PP has a melting point of 171 °C (340 °F). Commercial isotactic PP has a melting point that ranges from Template:Convert/Dual/LoffAonDbSoffT, depending on atactic material and crystallinity. Syndiotactic PP with a crystallinity of 30% has a melting point of 130 °C (266 °F).^[2]

The melt flow rate (MFR) or melt flow index (MFI) is a measure of molecular weight of polypropylene. The measure helps to determine how easily the molten raw material will flow during processing. Polypropylene with higher MFR will fill the plastic mold more easily during the injection or blow-molding production process. As the melt flow increases, however, some physical properties, like impact strength, will decrease.

There are three general types of polypropylene: homopolymer, random copolymer, and block copolymer. The comonomer used is typically ethylene. Ethylene-propylene rubber or EPDM added to polypropylene homopolymer increases its low temperature impact strength. Randomly polymerized ethylene monomer added to polypropylene homopolymer decreases the polymer crystallinity and makes the polymer more transparent.

Degradation

Polypropylene is liable to chain degradation from exposure to heat and UV radiation such as that present in sunlight. Oxidation usually occurs at the tertiary carbon atom present in every repeat unit. A free radical is formed here, and then reacts further with oxygen, followed by chain scission to yield aldehydes and carboxylic acids. In external applications, it shows up as a network of fine cracks and crazes that become deeper and more severe with time of exposure.

For external applications, UV-absorbing additives must be used. Carbon black also provides some protection from UV attack. The polymer can also be oxidized at high temperatures, a common problem during molding operations. Anti-oxidants are normally added to prevent polymer degradation.

History

Propylene was first polymerized to a crystalline isotactic polymer by Giulio Natta and his coworkers in March of 1954^[3]. This pioneering discovery led to large-scale commercial production of isotactic polypropylene from 1957 onwards.^[4]
Syndiotactic polypropylene was also first synthesized by Giulio Natta and his coworkers.

Synthesis

An important concept in understanding the link between the structure of polypropylene and its properties is tacticity. The relative orientation of each methyl group (CH₃ in the figure) relative to the methyl groups in neighboring monomer units has a strong effect on the polymer’s ability to form crystals.

A Ziegler-Natta catalyst is able to restrict linking of monomer molecules to a specific regular orientation, either isotactic, when all methyl groups are positioned at the same side with respect to the backbone of the polymer chain, or syndiotactic, when the positions of the methyl groups alternate. Commercially available isotactic polypropylene is made with two types of Ziegler-Natta catalysts. The first group of the catalysts encompases solid (mostly supported) catalysts and certain types of soluble metallocene catalysts. Such isotactic macromolecules coil into a helical shape; these helices then line up next to one another to form the crystals that give commercial isotactic polypropylene many of its desirable properties.

Another type of metallocene catalysts produce syndiotactic polypropylene. These macromolecules also coil into helices (of a different type) and form crystalline materials.

When the methyl groups in a polypropylene chain exhibit no preferred orientation, the polymers are called atactic. Atactic polypropylene is an amorphous rubbery material. It can be produced commercially either with a special type of supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst or with some metallocene catalysts.

Modern supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts developed for the polymerization of propylene and other 1-alkenes to isotactic polymers usually use TiCl₄ as an active ingredient and MgCl₂ as a support.^[5],^[6],^[7] The catalysts also contain organic modifiers, either aromatic acid esters and diesters or ethers. These catalysts are activated with special cocatalysts containing an organoaluminum compound such as Al(C₂H₅)₃ and the second type of a modifier. The catalysts are differentiated depending on the procedure used for fashioning catalyst particles from MgCl₂ and depending on the type of organic modifiers employed during catalyst preparation and use in polymerization reactions. Two most important technological characteristics of all the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70-80°C under standard polymerization conditions. Commercial synthesis of isotactic polypropylene is usually carried out either in the medium of liquid propylene or in gas-phase reactors.

Commercial synthesis of syndiotactic polypropylene is carried out with the use of a special class of metallocene catalysts. They employ bridged bis-metallocene complexes of the type bridge-(Cp₁)(Cp₂)ZrCl₂ where the first Cp ligand is the cyclopentadienyl group, the second Cp ligand is the fluorenyl group, and the bridge between the two Cp ligands is -CH₂-CH₂-, >SiMe₂, or >SiPh₂).^[8] These complexes are converted to polymerization catalysts by activating them with a special organoaluminum cocatalyst, methylalumoxane MAO^[9]

Manufacturing

Melt processing of polypropylene can be achieved via extrusion and molding. Common extrusion methods include production of melt-blown and spun-bond fibers to form long rolls for future conversion into a wide range of useful products, such as face masks, filters, nappies (diapers) and wipes.

The most common shaping technique is injection molding, which is used for parts such as cups, cutlery, vials, caps, containers, housewares, and automotive parts such as batteries. The related techniques of blow molding and injection-stretch blow molding are also used, which involve both extrusion and molding.

The large number of end-use applications for polypropylene are often possible because of the ability to tailor grades with specific molecular properties and additives during its manufacture. For example, antistatic additives can be added to help polypropylene surfaces resist dust and dirt. Many physical finishing techniques can also be used on polypropylene, such as machining. Surface treatments can be applied to polypropylene parts in order to promote adhesion of printing ink and paints.

Applications

Since polypropylene is resistant to fatigue, most plastic living hinges, such as those on flip-top bottles, are made from this material. However, it is important to ensure that chain molecules are oriented across the hinge to maximize strength.

Very thin sheets of polypropylene are used as a dielectric within certain high-performance pulse and low-loss RF capacitors.

High-purity piping systems are built using polypropylene. Stronger, more rigid piping systems, intended for use in potable plumbing, hydronic heating and cooling, and reclaimed water applications, are also manufactured using polypropylene.^[10] This material is often chosen for its resistance to corrosion and chemical leaching, its resilience against most forms of physical damage, including impact and freezing, its environmental benefits, and its ability to be joined by heat fusion rather than gluing.^[11][12][13]

Many plastic items for medical or laboratory use can be made from polypropylene because it can withstand the heat in an autoclave. Its heat resistance also enables it to be used as the manufacturing material of consumer-grade kettles. Food containers made from it will not melt in the dishwasher, and do not melt during industrial hot filling processes. For this reason, most plastic tubs for dairy products are polypropylene sealed with aluminum foil (both heat-resistant materials). After the product has cooled, the tubs are often given lids made of a less heat-resistant material, such as LDPE or polystyrene. Such containers provide a good hands-on example of the difference in modulus, since the rubbery (softer, more flexible) feeling of LDPE with respect to polypropylene of the same thickness is readily apparent. Rugged, translucent, reusable plastic containers made in a wide variety of shapes and sizes for consumers from various companies such as Rubbermaid and Sterilite are commonly made of polypropylene, although the lids are often made of somewhat more flexible LDPE so they can snap on to the container to close it. Polypropylene can also be made into disposable bottles to contain liquid, powdered, or similar consumer products, although HDPE and polyethylene terephthalate are commonly also used to make bottles. Plastic pails, car batteries, wastebaskets, cooler containers, dishes and pitchers are often made of polypropylene or HDPE, both of which commonly have rather similar appearance, feel, and properties at ambient temperature.

A common application for polypropylene is as biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP). These BOPP sheets are used to make a wide variety of materials including clear bags. When polypropylene is biaxially oriented, it becomes crystal clear and serves as an excellent packaging material for artistic and retail products.

Polypropylene, highly colorfast, is widely used in manufacturing carpets, rugs and mats to be used at home.^[14]

Polypropylene is widely used in ropes, distinctive because they are light enough to float in water.^[15] For equal mass and construction, polypropylene rope is similar in strength to polyester rope. Polypropylene costs less than most other synthetic fibers.

Polypropylene is also used as an alternative to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as insulation for electrical cables for LSZH cable in low-ventilation environments, primarily tunnels. This is because it emits less smoke and no toxic halogens, which may lead to production of acid in high-temperature conditions.

Polypropylene is also used in particular roofing membranes as the waterproofing top layer of single-ply systems as opposed to modified-bit systems.

Polypropylene is most commonly used for plastic moldings, wherein it is injected into a mold while molten, forming complex shapes at relatively low cost and high volume; examples include bottle tops, bottles, and fittings.

Recently^[when?], it has been produced in sheet form, which has been widely used for the production of stationery folders, packaging, and storage boxes. The wide color range, durability, and resistance to dirt make it ideal as a protective cover for papers and other materials. It is used in Rubik’s cube stickers because of these characteristics.

The availability of sheet polypropylene has provided an opportunity for the use of the material by designers. The light-weight, durable, and colorful plastic makes an ideal medium for the creation of light shades, and a number of designs have been developed using interlocking sections to create elaborate designs.

Polypropylene sheets are a popular choice for trading card collectors; these come with pockets (nine for standard-size cards) for the cards to be inserted and are used to protect their condition and are meant to be stored in a binder.

In 2008, Researchers in Canada asserted that quaternary ammonium biocides and oleamide were leaking out of certain polypropylene labware, affecting experimental results.^[16] Since polypropylene is used in a wide number of food containers such as those for yogurt, Health Canada media spokesman Paul Duchesne, said the department will be reviewing the findings to determine whether steps are needed to protect consumers.^[17]

Expanded polypropylene (EPP) is a foam form of polypropylene. EPP has very good impact characteristics due to its low stiffness; this allows EPP to resume its shape after impacts. EPP is extensively used in model aircraft and other radio controlled vehicles by hobbyists. This is mainly due to its ability to absorb impacts, making this an ideal material for RC aircraft for beginners and amateurs.

Polypropylene is used in the manufacture of loudspeaker drive units. Its use was pioneered by engineers at the BBC and the patent rights subsequently purchased by Mission Electronics for use in their Mission Freedom Loudspeaker and Mission 737 Renaissance loudspeaker.

Polypropylene fibres are used as a concrete additive to increase strength and reduce cracking and spalling.^[18]

Clothes

Polypropylene is a major polymer used in nonwovens, with over 50% used^{[citation needed]} for diapers or sanitary products where it is treated to absorb water (hydrophilic) rather than naturally repelling water (hydrophobic). Other interesting non-woven uses include filters for air, gas, and liquids in which the fibers can be formed into sheets or webs that can be pleated to form cartridges or layers that filter in various efficiencies in the 0.5 to 30 micrometre range. Such applications could be seen in the house as water filters or air-conditioning-type filters. The high surface area and naturally hydrophilic polypropylene nonwovens are ideal absorbers of oil spills with the familiar floating barriers near oil spills on rivers.

In New Zealand, in the US military, and elsewhere, polypropylene, or ‘polypro’ (New Zealand ‘polyprops’), has been used for the fabrication of cold-weather base layers, such as long-sleeve shirts or long underwear (More recently, polyester has replaced polypropylene in these applications in the U.S. military, such as in the ECWCS ^[19]). Polypropylene is also used in warm-weather gear such as some Under Armour clothing, which can easily transport sweat away from the skin. Although polypropylene clothes are not easily flammable, they can melt, which may result in severe burns if the service member is involved in an explosion or fire of any kind.^[20]. Polypropylene undergarments are known for retaining body odors which are then difficult to remove. The current generation of polyester does not have this disadvantage.^[21]

The material has recently been introduced into the fashion industry through the work of designers such as Anoush Waddington, who have developed specialized techniques to create jewelry and wearable items from polypropylene.

Medical

Its most common medical use is in the synthetic, nonabsorbable suture Prolene, manufactured by Ethicon Inc.

Polypropylene has been used in hernia and pelvic organ prolapse repair operations to protect the body from new hernias in the same location. A small patch of the material is placed over the spot of the hernia, below the skin, and is painless and is rarely, if ever, rejected by the body. However, a polypropylene mesh will erode over the uncertain period from days to years. Therefore, the FDA has issued several warnings on the use of polypropylene mesh medical kits for certain applications in pelvic organ prolapse, specifically when introduced in close proximity to the vaginal wall due to a continued increase in number of mesh erosions reported by patients over the past few years.^[22]

Recycling

Polypropylene is commonly recycled, and has the number «5» as its resin identification code: .^[23]

Repairing

Solid objects in PP may be joined with a two part epoxy glue.

References

External links

• Chain structure of Polypropylene
• Polypropylene is traded on the London Metal Exchange

Imported from Wikipedia This page is being imported from Wikipedia, to create a Wikidwelling stub or article. These steps need to be completed: Sections not relevant to Wikidwelling can be deleted, or trimmed to a brief comment. Note: Image redlinks should not be removed Redlinks to articles unlikely to be created on Wikidwelling can be unlinked. (leave links to locations and institutions.) Categories may need to be adapted or removed — e.g. «people born in the 1940s». Redlinked categories are not a problem. Templates not used on Wikidwelling should be deleted, like all the interwiki links ({{de:…}}, {{fr:…}}, When these first tasks are basically done, you can remove this template, writing {{Attrib Wikipedia | article name}} in place of this {{Attrib Wikipedia raw | article name}} at the bottom (simply remove «raw»). You can also: Move to a section «External links» all Wikimedia project-related templates (e.g. {{Commons}}, {{Commons category}}, {{Wiktionary}}, etc. ). Add more specific content (related to the Wikidwelling topic) to the article, insert videos from YouTube, etc. Pages with this template. The original article was at Polypropylene. The list of authors can be seen in the history for that page. The text of Wikipedia is available under the CC-BY-SA 3.0 license.

>PP< — полипропилен — Гибкий и прочный на разрыв. Размягчается по мере нагрева. Горит почти без копоти. Пламя с ясным пламенем, синим в основанием, желтой вершиной, капли во время горения. Запахи, как нефть или воск. Не гасит себя. Не растворяется. Самая распространенная пластмасса. Из нее бывают почти любые изделия (бампера, подкрылки, защиты, бачки и т.д). Бывает с маркировкой >PP-T40<, >PP-T20<, >PP-T10< (фары, корпуса воздушных фильтров), >PP-EPDM<, >PP-EPDM Т-16<, >PP-PE< (бампера, подкрылки) и т.д. (>EPDM< этилен-пропиленовая резина.)
>PE< — полиэтилен — более распространен во французских автомобилях. Делают те же изделия, что и из полипропилена. Еще почти все топливные баки. Пламя с ясным пламенем, синим в основании, желтой вершиной, капли во время горения и запах, как стеарин. Не гасит себя.
>ABS< — Акрилонитрилбутадиенстирол — при попытке согнуть изгиб белеет. Переход из твердой фазы в жидкую происходит очень быстро. Очень текучий. При перегреве пузырится. Сильно коптит. Пламя со вспышками, оранжевым пламенем. Запах, как каучук. Не гасит себя. Легко растворяется в ацетоне. Легко плавится и хорошо поддается ремонту. Из нее обычно сделаны изделия не подверженные нагрузкам, имеющие больше эстетический характер (решетки радиаторов, обшивки, части приборной панели и т.д.)
>PA<, >PA66< — Полиамид 66 — отличается более высокими прочными свойствами и деформационной теплостойкостью.При попытке согнуть изгиб белеет. Очень плохо плавится, что затрудняет его ремонт. Обычно из него сделаны изделия подверженные нагрузке, температуре, давлению (боковины радиаторов, впускные коллектора, ручки, бачки и т.д.).Пламя с желтым цветом, синим в основании и вспышки пламени. Тает и пенится. Резкий запах, не растворяется.
>POM< — полиформальдегид — имеет высокое соотношение прочности и упругости, а также обладает хорошим сопротивлением к усталостным нагрузкам, деформации и истиранию. Легко плавится и хорошо поддается ремонту. При сварке отличается резким запахом. Делают из него обычно механизмы стеклоподъемников, части топливных насосов и т.д..
>ASA< — акрилонитрил-стирол-акрилат — атмосферостойкий аналог ABS пластика. В ремонте от ABS отличается тем, что очень плохо варится сваркой.
>HDPE< — Полиэтилен низкого давления — является легким эластичным термопластичным материалом. Легко плавится, но очень плохо поддается ремонту. Почти не варится и я не встречал клей, который мог бы его склеить. Делают из него в основном подкрылки, бачки омывателя, крайне редко бампера.
>PC< — поликарбонат — благодаря высокой прочности и ударной вязкости (250—500 кДж/м2) применяется в качестве конструкционных материалов в различных отраслях. В автомобилях из него делают стекла задних фонарей и рассеиватели передних. Пламя со вспышками, желтым огнём и пылающим пеплом. Запах карамели. Частично гасит себя.
>PCPBT< — Смесь поликарбонатов и полибутилентерефталата — Обладает высокой прочностью, стойкостью к ударным нагрузкам, в том числе при низких температурах, стойкостью к статическим нагрузкам и вибрациям. Хорошо поддаётся ремонту хоть и не очень хорошо плавится. Из него сделаны почти все бампера у таких марок как Mercedes, BMW и FORD примерно до 2000 года. Очень широко используется в грузовых автомобилях.
— В более новых моделях все чаще используются смешанные пластики. Например >PP-PE<, >PA-ABS< и т.д.

Типы пластмасс.

Полимеры (от греч. polys — многочисленный, обширный и meros — доля, часть) — вещества, молекулы которых состоят из большого числа повторяющихся звеньев.
Пластические массы (пластмассы, пластики) — материалы, представляющие собой композицию, связующую основу которой составляет полимер. Они могут содержать наполнители, пластификаторы, стабилизаторы, пигменты и др. В зависимости от характера превращений, происходящих в полимере при формовании изделий, они подразделяются на термопласты и реактопласты. Для производства пластиковых бамперов используются оба вида пластмассы.
Термопласты (термопластичные пластмассы) — материалы, сохраняющие способность многократно плавиться при нагревании. Поэтому детали, изготовленные из термопласта, поддаются сварке. (PP, PP/EPDM, PE, PC, …)

• Можно паять, изменять форму после нагрева
• Возможна переработка
• При шлифовке плавятся

Реактопласты (термореактивные пластмассы) — материалы, в которых при формовании изделия происходят необратимые химические реакции, приводящие к потере способности плавиться при нагревании. Они стойки к растворителям или незначительно набухают под их воздействием. Детали из этого вида пластмасс ПЛОХО поддаются сварке. (Polyester, SMC, ABS, BMC,…)

• Имеют постоянную форму после формовки
• >Разрушаются при нагреве
• Не плавятся при шлифовке

Так же в автомобиле строении применяются Композитные материалы.

• Смесь резины и фибровых материалов (стекло, карбон…)
• Фибру обычно видно с обратной стороны и во время шлифования.

Таблица сокращений пластиков и пластмасс

№	сокращенное английское название	полное английское название	полное русское название
1	ABAK	Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate-kunststoff	Акрилонитрил бутадиен акрилат
2	ABR	Acrylate-rubber	Акрилат c каучуком
3	ABS	Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene	Акрилонитрил бутадиен стирол
4	ACM	Acrylate-rubber	Акрилат c каучуком
5	AEM	Acrylate-ethylene polymethylene-rubber	Акрилат этилен полиметиленовый
6	AMMA	Polyacrylonitrile-methyl	Полиакрилонитрил метил
7	ASA	Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylic ester	Акрилонитрил стирол акриловых эфиров
8	BR	Butadiene-rubber	Бутадиен с каучуком
9	BS	Butadiene-styrene	Бутадиен стирол
10	CA	Cellulose acetate	Ацетат целлюлозы
11	CAB	Acetobutyrate	Aцетобутират
12	CAP	Cellulose acetate propionate	Пропионат ацетата целлюлозы
13	CF	Cresol-formaldehyde-resin	Кресол формальдегид смола
14	CHR	Epichlorohydrin-rubber, high molecular	Эпихлоргидрин каучук высокий молекулярный
15	CIIR	Chlorobutyl-rubber	Хлоридбутил каучук
16	CN	Сellulose nitrate	Нитроцеллюлоза
17	CO	Epichlorohydrin-rubber	Эпихлоргидрин каучук
18	CP	Сellulose propionate	Пропионат целлюлозы
19	CR	chloroprene-rubber	Хлоропрен каучук
20	DAP	Diallylphthalate	Диаллилфталат
21	EA	Ethyl	Этил
22	EBA	Ethylene-butyl-copolymer	Этилен бутилакрилат сополимер
23	ECO	Epichlorohydrin-kautschuk	Эпихлоргидрин каучук
24	ECTFE	Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene	Этилен хлортрифторэтилен
25	EP	Epoxy	Эпоксидная смола
26	EPDM	Ethylene-propylene-dienpolymerisat-kautschuk	Этилен-пропилен-диен-мономер
27	EPDM-X	Ethylene-propylene-terpolymer-networked	Этилен пропилен тройной кольцевой
28	ETFE	Ethylene-tetrafluorethylen	Этилен тетрафторэтилен
29	EU	Polyurethane-elastomer	Полиуретан эластомер
30	EVAC	Ethylen-vinylacetat-copolymer	Этилен винилсетат сополимер
31	EVOH	Ethylen-vinylacetat-copolymer	Этилен винилсетат сополимер
32	FEP	Tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene	Тетрафторэтилен-гексафторпропилен
33	FPM	Polypropylene-tetrafluoroethylene-copolymer	Полипропилен-тетрафторэтилен-сополимер
34	IIR	Butyl rubber	Бутил-каучук
35	IM	Polyisobutylene	Полиизобутилен
36	IR	Isoprene-rubber	Изопреновый каучук
37	LCP	Liquid-сristal-polymer	Жидкий кристальный полимер
38	MAPS	Methylmethacrylat-acrylnitril- butadiene-styrene	Meтилакрелат-акрилнитрил-бутадиен-стирол
39	MBS	Metylacrylat-butadiene-styrene-сopolymer	Meтилакрелат-бутадиен-стирол-сополимер
40	MF	Melamin-formaldehyde-resin	Mеламин-формальдегид-смол
41	MPF	Melamine-phenol-formaldehyd-harz	Меламин-фенол-формальдегид-гарц
42	MUF	Melamine-harnstoff-formaldehyd-Harz	Меламин-харнстофф-формальдегид-гарц
43	NAR	Acrylonitrile-Аcrylat-rubber	Акрилонитрил-акрилат-каучук
44	NC	Nitrocellulose	Нитроцеллюлоза
45	NCR	Acrylonitrile-chloroprene-rubber	Акрилонитрил-хлоропрен-каучук
46	NIR	Acrylonitrile-isoprene-rubber	Акрилонитрил-изопрена-каучук
47	NR	Natural rubber	Натуральная резина
48	PA	Polyamide	Полиамид
49	PAEK	Polyacryletherketone	Полиарилтеркетон
50	PAI	Polyamideimide	Полиамидимид
51	PAN	Polyacrylonitrile	Полиакрилонитрил
52	PAR	Polyacrylate	Полиакрилата
53	PB	1,2 — Polybutadiene	1,2 — Полибутадиена
54	PBT	Polybuthylenterephthalat	Полиэтилентерефталат
55	PC	Polycarbonate	Поликарбонат
56	PCE	Polycarbonate ester	Поликарбонат эфир
57	PCTFE	Polychlorotrifluoroethylene	Полихлортрифторэтилен
58	PE	Polyethylene	Полиэтилен
59	PE — E	Expanded polyethylene	Вспененный полиэтилен
60	PE — HD	High density polyethylene	Полиэтилен высокой плотности
61	PE — LD	Polyethylene low density	Полиэтилен низкой плотности
62	PE — LLD	Polyethylene linear low density	Полиэтилен низкой линейной плотности
63	PE — M	Medium density polyethylene	Полиэтилен средней плотности
64	PE — X	Crosslinked polyethylene	Сшитый полиэтилен
65	PEBA	Polyether (ester)-block-amides-copolymers	Полиэфир (эфир)амид блок-сополимер
66	PEEK	Polyetheretherketone	Полиэфирэфиркетон
67	PEEKK	Polyetheretherketoneketone	Кетон полиэфир эфир
68	PEI	Polyetherimide	Полиэфиримид
69	PEK	Polyetherketone	Полиэфир
70	PEKK	Polyetheretherketoneketone	Кетон полиэфир эфир
71	PET	Polyethylene terephthalate	Полиэтилентерефталат
72	PET — A	Polyethylene-amorphous	Полиэтилен аморфный
73	PET — G	Polyethylene glycol modified	Полиэтиленгликоль обновленный
74	PF	Phenol-formaldehyde	Фенол-формальдегидный
75	PI	Polyimide	Полиимид
76	PIB	Polyisobutylene	Полиизобутилен
77	PK	Polyketone	Поликетон
78	PMMA	Polymethylmethacrylate	Полиметилметакрилат
79	PMMI	Polymethacrylmethylimid	Полиметакриловый метиламин
80	PMP	Poly-4-methylpentene	Поли-4-метилпентен
81	PO	Propylene oxide-rubber	Окись пропилен каучука
82	POM	Polyoxymethylene	Полиоксиметилен
83	PP	Polypropylene	Полипропилен
84	PP — (MC)	Polypropylene, metallocene-catalysts prepared	Полипропилен, металлоценовый катализатор
85	PP — B	Polypropylene-block polymer	Полипропилен блокирующий сополимер
86	PP — H	Polypropylene homopolymer	Полипропилен гомополимер
87	PP — HC	Highly crystalline polypropylene	Высоко кристаллический полипропилен
88	PP — Q	Polypropylene, high melt strength	Полипропилен, высокой прочности расплава
89	PP — R	Polypropylene-randompolymerisat	Полипропилен статистический сополимерсат
90	PPC	Сhlorinated polypropylene	Хлорированный полипропилен
91	PPE	Polyphenylene	Полифенилен
92	PPS	Polyphenylenesulfid	Полифенилен сульфид
93	PPSU	Polyphenylenesulfone	Полифениленовый сульфон
94	PS	Polystyrene	Полистирол
95	PS — E	Expanded polystyrene	Пенополистирол
96	PS — HI	Polystyrene, high impact	Полистирол, ударопрочный
97	PSU	Polysulfone	Полисульфон
98	PTFE	Polytetrafluoroethylene	Политетрафторэтилен
99	PUR	Polyurethane	Полиуретан
100	PVAC	Polyvinylacetat	Поливинилацетат
101	PVAL	Polyvinylalcohol	Поливинил
102	PVB	Polyvinyl butyral	Поливинилбутираль
103	PVC	Polyvinylchloride	Поливинилхлорид
104	PVC — C	Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride	Хлорированный поливинилхлорид
105	PVC — P	Polyvinyl chloride with plasticizers	Поливинилхлорид с пластификатором
106	PVC — U	Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride	Непластифицированный поливинилхлорид
107	PVDC	Polyvinylidene	Поливинилиден
108	PVDF	Polyvinylidenfluorid	Поливинилиденфлюорид
109	PVF	Polyvinylfluorid	Поливинилфлюорид
110	Q	Silicone rubber	Силиконовая резина
111	SAN	Styrene-crylonitrile	Стирол-акрилонитрил
112	SB	Styrene-butadiene	Стирол-бутадиен
113	SBR	Styrene butadiene-rubber	Стирол бутадиен-каучук
114	SBS	Styrene butadiene styrene	Стирол бутадиен стирол
115	SEBS	Styrene ethylene butylene styrene	Стирол этилен бутилен стирол
116	SI	Silicone	Силикон
117	SIR	Styrene-isoprene-rubber	Стирол-изопрен-каучук
118	SIS	Styrene-isoprene-styrene	Стирол-изопрен-стирол
119	SMMA	Styrene-methacrylsduremethyleste-copolymer	Стирол-methacrylsduremethyleste-сополимер
120	SR	Polysulfide-rubber	Полисульфидный каучук
121	TM	Polysulfide-rubber	Полисульфидный-каучук
122	UF	Urea-formaldehyde-resin	Мочевина-формальдегид-смола
123	UP	Ungesttigtes polyester resin	Ненасыщенная полиэфирная смола
124	UP — E	Ungesttigtes polyester resin expands	Ненасыщенная полиэфирная смола расширенная
125	VF	Vulcanized fiber	Вулканизированная фибра

Другие статьи:

• Маркировка автомобильных стекол;
• Маркировка шин и дисков;
• Таблица автомобильных ламп;
• Типы кузовов автомобилей;

A

ABA Сополимер акрилонитрила, бутадиена и акрилата ABS Сополимер акрилонитрила, бутадиена и стирола (АБС-сополимер) ACETAL Полиформальдегид, сополимеры формальдегида ACS Сополимер акрилонитрила, хлорированного полиэтилена и стирола A/EPDM/S

Сополимер акрилонитрила, этилена, пропилена, диена и стирола

(сополимер акрилонитрила, СКЭПТ и стирола)

AES

Сополимер акрилонитрила, этилена, пропилена, диена и стирола

(сополимер акрилонитрила, СКЭПТ и стирола)

A/MMA Сополимер акрилонитрила и метилметакрилата APAO Аморфный поли-альфа-олефин APET Аморфный полиэтилентерефталат (сополимер) AS Сополимер акрилонитрила и стирола (САН) ASA Сополимер акрилового эфира, стирола и акрилонитрила ASR Ударопрочный сополимер стирола (advanced styrene resine)     B   BUTYRATE  Ацетобутират целлюлозы, ацетобутиратцеллюлозный этрол     C   CA Ацетат целлюлозы, ацетилцеллюлозный этрол CAB Ацетобутират целлюлозы, ацетобутиратцеллюлозный этрол CAP Ацетопропионат целлюлозы, ацетопропионатцеллюлозный этрол  CARBON Материал, содержащий углеволокно (углепластик) CE 1) Целлюлоза  2) Хлорированный полиэтилен CF Крезолформальдегидная смола CN Нитроцеллюлоза COC Циклоолефиновый сополимер compounded TPO Термопластичный полиолефиновый эластомер CoPA Сополиамид COPOLYE Сополиэфир CP Ацетопропионат целлюлозы, ацетопропионатцеллюлозный этрол CPE Хлорированный полиэтилен CPVC Хлорированный поливинилхлорид CR Хлоропреновый каучук Сrystal PS Полистирол общего назначения (прозрачные неокрашенные марки) c-TPO Термопластичный полиолефиновый эластомер CTPO Термопластичный полиолефиновый эластомер     D   DAP Полидиаллилфталат     E   EAA Сополимер этилена и акриловой кислоты EBA Сополимер этилена и бутилакрилата E/BA 1) Сополимер этилена и бутилакрилата;  E/BA 2) этиленблокамид EBAC Сополимер этилена и бутилакрилата EC Этилцеллюлоза E/CTFE Сополимер этилена и трифторхлорэтилена ECTFE Сополимер этилена и трифторхлорэтилена E/EA Сополимер этилена и этилакрилата EEA Сополимер этилена и этилакрилата EMA Сополимер этилена и метилакрилата EMAA Сополимер этилена и метакриловой кислоты EMAC Сополимер этилена и метилакрилата EMI ЭМИ-экранирующие материалы EMMA Сополимер этилена и метилметакриловой кислоты EMPP Полипропилен, модифицированный каучуком EnBA Сополимер этилена и бутилакрилата EP Эпоксидный полимер EPDM Тройной сополимер этилена, пропилена и диена (СКЭПТ) EPE Вспенивающийся полиэтилен EPP Вспенивающийся полипропилен EPS Вспенивающийся полистирол ESI Этилен-стирольный интерполимер E/TFE Сополимер этилена и тетрафторэтилена ETFE Сополимер этилена и тетрафторэтилена ETP Термопласты инженерно-технического назначения, конструкционные термопласты E/VA Сополимер этилена и винилацетата (СЭВ) EVA Сополимер этилена и винилацетата (СЭВ) EVAC Сополимер этилена и винилацетата (СЭВ) E/VAL Сополимер этилена и винилового спирта EVAL Сополимер этилена и винилового спирта EVOH Сополимер этилена и винилового спирта     F   FEP

Сополимер тетрафторэтилена и гексафторпропилена,

фторопласт 4МБ 

Fluorinated TPE Фторопластовый термопластичный эластомер FRP Полимер, наполненный волокнистым наполнителем FPVC Пластифицированный поливинилхлорид     G   GPPS Полистирол общего назначения     H   HDPE Полиэтилен высокой плотности (полиэтилен низкого давления) HIPP Высокоизотактический полипропилен (гомополимер) HIPS Ударопрочный полистирол HMW-HDPE Высокомолекулярный полиэтилен высокой плотности HMWHDPE Высокомолекулярный полиэтилен высокой плотности  HMWPE Высокомолекулярный полиэтилен HMW-PE Высокомолекулярный полиэтилен HMW PVC Высокомолекулярный поливинилхлорид     I   I Иономер In Иономер in-reactor TPO «Реакторные» термопластичные полиолефиновые эластомеры IONOMER Иономер IPS Полистирол средней ударной прочности IR Изопреновый каучук Interpolymer Интерполимер     L   LCP Жидкокристаллический полимер LDPE Полиэтилен низкой плотности (полиэтилен высокого давления) LFRT Термопластичный материал, наполненный длинным волокном (стекловокном и др.)  LLDPE Линейный полиэтилен низкой плотности LMDPE Линейный полиэтилен средней плотности LSR Жидкий силиконовый каучук     M   M-ABS Сополимер метилметакрилата, акрилонитрила, бутадиена и стирола (прозрачный АБС) MABS Сополимер метилметакрилата, акрилонитрила, бутадиена и стирола (прозрачный АБС) MBS Сополимер метилметакрилата, бутадиена и стирола MDPE Полиэтилен средней плотности mEPDM Металлоценовый тройной сополимер этилена, пропилена и диена (СКЭПТ) MF Меламиноформальдегидная смола MIPS Полистирол средней ударной прочности MPF Меламинофенолформальдегидная смола MPPE Модифицированный полифениленэфир (полифениленоксид) MPPO Модифицированный полифениленоксид (полифениленэфир) MS Сополимер метилметакрилата и стирола MXD6  Полиамид MXD6     N   NBR Нитрильный каучук NYLON Полиамид     O   o-TPE Термопластичный полиолефиновый эластомер  o-TPV Термопластичный вулканизат на основе полиолефинов     P   PA Полиамид PA 11 Полиамид 11 PA 12 Полиамид 12 PA 46 Полиамид 46 PA 4.6 Полиамид 46 PA 6 Полиамид 6 PA 6.10 Полиамид 610 PA 6-10 Полиамид 610 PA 6/10 Полиамид 610 PA 610 Полиамид 610 PA 6.12 Полиамид 612 PA 6-12 Полиамид 612 PA 6/12 Полиамид 612 PA 612 Полиамид 612 PA 6/66

1) Сополимер полиамида 6 и полиамида 66;

 2) смесь полиамида 6 и полиамида 66

PA 6/6T Полиамид 6/6T PA 6-3  Полиамид 6-3-T PA 6-3-T Полиамид 6-3-T PA 63T Полиамид 6-3-T PA 6.6 Полиамид 66 PA 66 Полиамид 66 PA 66/6

1) Сополимер полиамида 66 и полиамида 6;

 2) смесь полиамида 66 и полиамида 6

PA 66/610

1) Сополимер полиамида 66 и полиамида 610;

 2) смесь полиамида 66 и полиамида 610

PA 66/6T Сополимер полиамидов 66 и 6T (полифталамид) PA 69 Полиамид 69 PA 6T Полиамид 6T (полифталамид) PA 6T/66 Сополимер полиамидов 6T и 66 (полифталамид) PA 6T/XT Сополимер полиамида 6T (полифталамид) PA 9T Полиамид 9T (полифталамид) PAA Полиариламид PAEK Полиариленэфиркетон PAI Полиамидимид PA MXD6  Полиамид MXD6 PAN Полиакрилонитрил PA NDT/INDT Полиамид 6-3-Т PA PACM 12 Полиамид PACM 12 PAR Полиарилат PAS Полиарилсульфон PASA Полиамид полуароматический PASU Полиарилсульфон PA transp. Прозрачный полиамид PA tsp Прозрачный полиамид PB 1) Полибутилен; 2) Поли-1-бутен  PBA Полибутилакрилат PBT Полибутилентерефталат PBTP Полибутилентерефталат  PC Поликарбонат PC-HT Высокотермостойкий поликарбонат PCT Полициклогександиметилентерефталат (термопластичный полиэфир PCT) PCTA Полициклогександиметилентерефталат-кислота (термопластичный сополиэфир PCTA) PCTFE Политрифторхлорэтилен PCTG Полициклогександиметилентерефталат-гликоль (термопластичный сополиэфир PCTG) PDAP Полидиаллилфталат PE Полиэтилен PEBA Полиэфирблокамид PEBD Полиэтилен низкой плотности (французское и испанское обозначение) PEC 1. Полиэфиркарбонат  PEC 2. Хлорированный полиэтилен PE-C Хлорированный полиэтилен PEEEK Полиэфирэфирэфиркетон PEEK Полиэфирэфиркетон PEEKEK Полиэфирэфиркетонэфиркетон PEEKK Полиэфирэфиркетонкетон PEEL Термопластичный полиэфирный эластомер PE-HD Полиэтилен высокой плотности (полиэтилен низкого давления) PE-HMW Высокомолекулярный полиэтилен PEI Полиэфиримид PEK Полиэфиркетон PEKEKK Полиэфиркетонэфиркетонкетон PEKK Полиэфиркетонкетон PE-LD Полиэтилен низкой плотности (полиэтилен высокого давления) PE-LLD Линейный полиэтилен низкой плотности PE-MD Полиэтилен средней плотности PEN Полиэтиленнафталат PES Полиэфирсульфон PESU Полиэфирсульфон PET Полиэтилентерефталат PETG Полиэтилентерефталатгликоль PETP Полиэтилентерефталат PE-UHMW Сверхвысокомолекулярный полиэтилен PEX Сшитый полиэтилен PF Фенолоформальдегидная смола Phenolic Фенолоформальдегидная смола PI Полиимид PIB Полиизобутен PISU Полиимидсульфон PK 1) Поликетон алифатический;   PK 2) Поликетон (полиэфиркетон) ароматический  PLS Полисульфон PMMA Полиметилметакрилат, сополимеры метилметакрилата PMMI Поли(n-метил)метакрилимид PMP Поли-4-метилпентен-1 PO Полиолефин POE Полиолефиновый эластомер (полиолефиновый пластомер) Polyester Сложный полиэфир Polyether Простой полиэфир POM Полиформальдегид, полиоксиметилен, полиацеталь, сополимеры формальдегида POP Полиолефиновый пластомер PP Полипропилен PPA Полифталамид PP block-copolymer Полипропилен блок-сополимер, блок-сополимер пропилена и этилена PP/Co Полипропилен блок-сополимер, блок-сополимер пропилена и этилена PP CO Полипропилен блок-сополимер, блок-сополимер пропилена и этилена PPCP Полипропилен блок-сополимер, блок-сополимер пропилена и этилена PPE Полифениленэфир (полифениленоксид) PP-EPDM Смесь полипропилена и тройного сополимера этилена, пропилена и диена PP/EPDM Смесь полипропилена и тройного сополимера этилена, пропилена и диена PPH

1) Блок-сополимер пропилена и этилена с очень высоким содержанием полиэтилена

2) полипропилен гомополимер

PP HO Полипропилен гомополимер PP homopolymer Полипропилен гомополимер PP impact copolymer Полипропилен блок-сополимер, блок-сополимер пропилена и этилена PPМ Блок-сополимер пропилена и этилена с низким содержанием полиэтилена PPO Полифениленоксид (полифениленэфир) PPOm Модифицированный полифениленоксид (полифениленэфир) PPOX Полифениленоксид (полифениленэфир) PPR Блок-сополимер пропилена и этилена со средним содержанием полиэтилена PP random copolymer Полипропилен статистический сополимер, статистический сополимер пропилена и этилена PPS Полифениленсульфид PPSO2 Полифениленсульфон PPSU Полифениленсульфон PPU Блок-сополимер пропилена и этилена с высоким содержанием полиэтилена PROPIONATE Ацетопропионат целлюлозы, ацетопропионатцеллюлозный этрол PS Полистирол, полистирольные пластики PSF Полисульфон PS-HI Ударопрочный полистирол PS-GP Полистирол общего назначения PS-I Полистирол средней ударной прочности PSO Полисульфон PSU Полисульфон PSUL Полисульфон PTES Политиоэфирсульфон PTFE Политетрафторэтилен, фторопласт-4 PTT Политриметилентерефталат PTTP Политриметилентерефталат PU Полиуретан PUR Полиуретан PVB Поливинилбутираль PVC Поливинилхлорид PVCC Хлорированный поливинилхлорид PVC-C Хлорированный поливинилхлорид PVC elastomer Виниловый термопластичный эластомер PVC-P Пластифицированный поливинилхлорид PVC-U Непластифицированный поливинилхлорид PVDC Поливинилиденхлорид PVdC Поливинилиденхлорид PVF Поливинилфторид PVFМ Поливинилформаль     R   reactor TPO «Реакторный» термопластичный полиолефиновый эластомер reactor-made TPO «Реакторный» термопластичный полиолефиновый эластомер RPVC Непластифицированный поливинилхлорид  RTPO «Реакторный» термопластичный полиолефиновый эластомер R-TPO «Реакторный» термопластичный полиолефиновый эластомер RTPU Жесткий термопластичный полиуретан RxTPO «Реакторный» термопластичный полиолефиновый эластомер     S   SAN Сополимер стирола и акрилонитрила SB Блоксополимер стирола и бутадиена S/B Блоксополимер стирола и бутадиена  SBC Термопластичный стирольный эластомер SBR Стирол-бутадиеновый каучук S/B/S Стирол-бутадиен-стирольный блок сополимер SBS Стирол-бутадиен-стирольный блоксополимер SEBS Стирол-этилен-бутилен-стирольный блоксополимер S-E/B-S Стирол-этилен-бутилен-стирольный блоксополимер SEEPS Стирол-этилен-этилен/пропилен-стирольный блоксополимер Si Силиконовый полимер SI 1) Стирол-изопреновый блоксополимер; 2) Силиконовый полимер SIS Стирол-изопрен-стирольный блоксополимер S/MA Сополимер стирола и малеинового ангидрида SMA Сополимер стирола и малеинового ангидрида SMMA Сополимер стирола и метилметакрилата SMS Сополимер стирола и альфа-метилстирола SPS Синдиотактический полистирол SRP Самоупрочняющиеся полимеры     T   TE Термопластичный эластомер, ТЭП TECE Термопластичный эластомер на основе хлорированного полиэтилена TEO Термопластичный полиолефиновый эластомер TE (PE-C) Термопластичный эластомер на основе хлорированного полиэтилена terpolymer Тройной сополимер TES Термопластичный стирольный эластомер  TPA Термопластичный полиамидный эластомер TPAE Термопластичный полиамидный эластомер TPE Термопластичный эластомер TPEL Термопластичный эластомер  TPE-A Термопластичный полиамидный эластомер TPE-E Термопластичный полиэфирный эластомер TPE-O Термопластичный полиолефиновый эластомер  TPE-S Термопластичный стирольный эластомер TPES Термопластичный стирольный эластомер  TPE-U Термопластичный полиуретан   TPE-V Термопластичная резина (термопластичный вулканизат) TPI Термопластичный полиимид TPO Термопластичный полиолефиновый эластомер TPR Термопластичная резина (термопластичный вулканизат) TPSiV Термопластичный силиконовый вулканизат TPU Термопластичный полиуретан TPUR Термопластичный полиуретан  TP Urethane Термопластичный полиуретан  TPV Термопластичная резина (термопластичный вулканизат) TPX Поли-4-метилпентен-1 TR Термопластичный эластомер, ТЭП     U   UF Мочевиноформальдегтдная смола UHMW-PE Сверхвысокомолекулярный полиэтилен UHMW-HDPE Ультравысокомолекулярный полиэтилен высокой плотности UHMWPE Сверхвысокомолекулярный полиэтилен ULDPE Полиэтилен сверхнизкой плотности UP Ненасыщенный полиэфир u-PVC Непластифицированный поливинилхлорид U-PVC Непластифицированный поливинилхлорид UPVC Непластифицированный поливинилхлорид     V   VHMWPE Высокомолекулярный полиэтилен VHMW-PE Высокомолекулярный полиэтилен vinyl TPE Виниловый термопластичный эластомер VLDPE Полиэтилен очень низкой плотности     W   WPC Полимеры с деревянным наполнителем, «литьевое дерево»     X   XLPE Сшитый полиэтилен XPS Полистирол общего назначения (прозрачные неокрашенные марки)