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Мышь

LButton — левая кнопка мыши

RButton — правая кнопка мыши

MButton — средняя кнопка мыши (или колесо)

WheelDown — поворот колеса мыши «вниз»

WheelUp — поворот колеса мыши «вверх»

XButton1 — четвертая кнопка мыши, боковая

XButton2 — пятая кнопка мыши, боковая

Клавиатура

Примечание: названия буквенных и цифровых клавиш точно такие же, как и сами символы этих клавиш. То есть,
клавиша «b» записывается как b, а клавиша «5» как 5.

Space — пробел

Tab

Enter (или Return)

Escape (или Esc)

Backspace (или BS)

Delete (или Del)

Insert (или Ins)

Home

End

PgUp

PgDn

Up

Down

Left

Right

ScrollLock

CapsLock

NumLock

NumpadDiv — слэш «/»

NumpadMult — звездочка «*»

NumpadAdd — плюс «+»

NumpadSub — минус «-«

NumpadEnter — клавиша «Numpad-Enter»

Следующие названия клавиш используются, когда Numlock выключен:

NumpadDel

NumpadIns

NumpadClear — та же кнопка, что и Numpad5 на клавиатуре

NumpadUp

NumpadDown

NumpadLeft

NumpadRight

NumpadHome

NumpadEnd

NumpadPgUp

NumpadPgDn

Эти названия клавиш используются при включенном Numlock’e:

Numpad0

Numpad1

Numpad2

Numpad3

Numpad4

Numpad5

Numpad6

Numpad7

Numpad8

Numpad9

NumpadDot — «Numpad-точка»

С F1 по F24 — двенадцать или более функциональных клавиш, на большинстве клавиатур представлены в
самом верхнем ряду.

AppsKey — клавиша, вызывающая контекстное меню файла/программы, как при правом клике мышкой.

LWin — левая клавиша «Windows»

RWin — правая клавиша «Windows»

Control (или Ctrl)

Alt

Shift

LControl (или LCtrl) — левый «Сontrol»

RControl (или RCtrl) — правый «Сontrol»

LShift

RShift

LAlt — левый «Alt»

RAlt — правый «Alt». Примечание: если на вашей клавиатуре вместо клавиши RAlt сделана
клавиша AltGr, вы можете использовать следующую запись данной клавиши: <^>! Также заметим, что клавишу AltGr
можно записать как сочетание клавиш «LControl & RAlt::».

PrintScreen

CtrlBreak

Pause

Break

Help — довольно редкая клавиша, присутствует далеко не на всех клавиатурах. И работает совсем
не как F1.

Sleep — предупреждаем, что клавиша «Sleep» на некоторых клавиатурах не работает под этой
записью.

Клавиши расширенных функций Мультимедийных и Интернет-клавиатур:

Browser_Back

Browser_Forward

Browser_Refresh

Browser_Stop

Browser_Search

Browser_Favorites

Browser_Home

Volume_Mute

Volume_Down

Volume_Up

Media_Next

Media_Prev

Media_Stop

Media_Play_Pause

Launch_Mail

Launch_Media

Launch_App1

Launch_App2

Запись вида SCnnn, где nnn — это сканкод клавиши, позволяет нам работать с остальными клавишами, не упоминавшимися
выше. Подробнее об этом — см. ниже.

Возможна запись VKnn, где nn является шестнадцатиричным виртуальным кодом клавиши. Несмотря на то, что этот редко
используемый метод поддерживается всеми версиями программы, только с версии 1.0.38.02 и выше для некоторых типов
горячих клавиш реализовано предотвращение отслеживания их функцией «keyboard hook» (обработчик клавиатурных прерываний). Например, следующая комбинация
клавиш не использует обработчик клавиатурных прерываний (keyboard hook), и как следствие может быть запущена нажатием как клавиши Home, так и NumpadHome:

^VK24::MsgBox Вы нажали Home или NumpadHome`, удерживая клавишу Control.

Джойстик

Joy1 — Joy32: кнопки джойстика. Для удобства определения номеров кнопок вашего джойстика был создан
специальный тест-скрипт (см. ссылку в оригинале статьи). Обратите внимание, что такие префиксы, как ^ (control) и
+ (shift) здесь не поддерживаются (тем не менее, команда GetKeyState может использоваться). Также обратите внимание,
что нажатия клавиш джойстика всегда обращены напрямую в активное окно, поддерживающее приём таких сигналов.

Несмотря на то, что следующие управляющие элементы джойстика не могут использоваться как горячие клавиши, их можно
использовать при помощи команды GetKeyState:

JoyX, JoyY, и JoyZ: где X (горизонтальная), Y (вертикальная), и Z (высота/глубина) —
оси координат джойстика.

JoyR: руль джойстика или 4-ая ось джойстика.

JoyU и JoyV: 5-ая и 6-ая оси джойстика.

JoyPOV: the point-of-view (hat) control (POV control, «шляпка» или «переключатель
видов»; например, вид глазами игрока).

JoyName: название джойстика.

JoyButtons: количество кнопок, поддерживаемых джойстиком (не всегда точное).

JoyAxes: количество направлений, поддерживаемых джойстиком.

JoyInfo: генерирует строку, состоящую из нуля или более знаков, иллюстрирующих
возможности джойстика: Z (имеется Z направление), R (имеется R направление), U (имеется U направление),
V (имеется V направление), P (имеется POV control), D (POV control имеет ограниченное количество
дискретных/промежуточных настроек), C (POV control передает непрерывные/точные данные). Пример строки: ZRUVPD.

Несколько джойстиков: если вы используете несколько джойстиков одновременно, то для более точной адресации
команды используйте при записи номер джойстика перед именем клавиши джойстика. Например запись 2joy1 будет
обозначать первую кнопку второго джойстика.

Примечание: если у вас возникли проблемы с определением скриптами вашего джойстика, вы можете попробовать
изменить номер джойстика с 1 на что-нибудь другое, даже несмотря на то, что к компьютеру у вас подключен всего один.
Неизвестно, по каким мистическим причинам, но иногда это вместе с использованием нашего тестового скрипта даёт
положительный результат.

Использование джойстика как мыши: специальный скрипт превращает ваш джойстик в мышь (см. ссылку в оригинале статьи).

Дистанционные пульты управления

Получение сигналов от дистанционных пультов управления с помощью специального клиентского скрипта WinLIRC — см.
ссылку в оригинале статьи.

Специальные клавиши

Если ваши клавиатура или мышь имеют клавиши, не перечисленные выше, вы всё равно имеете возможность использовать
их в качестве горячих клавиш, используя следующий метод:

1. Вначале убедитесь, что у вас проинсталлирован обработчик клавиатурных прерываний (keyboard hook) — #InstallKeybdHook.
2. Запускаем этот скрипт, и затем двойным кликом по его иконке в системном трее открываем его главное окно.
3. Затем нажимаем ту самую клавишу, которую пытаемся определить.
4. Далее открываем меню окошка скрипта «View — Key history and script info» и прокручиваем записи до самого
   низа.
5. Где-то внизу этого лога должны быть записи по нажатию-отпусканию нашей искомой клавиши. Сам лог обновляется
   нажатием клавиши F5. Примечание: если после нажатия искомой клавиши никаких записей в логе не появилось, значит
   такая клавиша не распознаётся данной программой. В этом случае вы не можете использовать данную клавишу как горячую,
   т.к. либо драйвер вашей клавиатуры, либо сама её «железная» составляющая даёт сигнал слишком низкого уровня,
   недоступного для AutoHotkey. В случае со «злобными» драйверами, вы можете попробовать либо перенастроить сами
   «родные» драйвера, либо заменить их на другие, более дружественые, например такие, как дефолтные клавиатурные
   драйвера Windows.
6. Если ваша клавиша успешно определилась, обратите внимание на трехзначное шестнадцатеричное число во второй
   колонке лога (например, 159).
7. Теперь, чтобы использовать данную клавишу как горячую, следуйте данному примеру:

   SC159:: ; Замените 159 на индекс вашей клавиши.
   MsgBox, Вы нажали клавишу %A_ThisHotKey%
   Return

Как альтернативный способ или в добавление к описанному выше: для переназначения какой-либо клавиши в нашу
«искомую» клавишу, используйте запись вида #c::Send {vkFFsc159}. Замените 159 на индекс вашей клавиши,
определённый вышеописанным методом. При необходимости замените буквы FF на те, что отображены в первой колонке
лога «View-Key history» (код вашей виртуальной клавиши).

Клавиатура компьютера имеет две кнопки Alt, расположенные справа и слева от длинной клавиши – пробела. Наряду с клавишами Shift, Ctrl, Caps Lock они составляют группу «управляющих», или, по-другому, клавиш-модификаторов. Эти кнопки используются для увеличения вариантов действий, сообщаемых пользователем программе, которая обрабатывает нажатия клавиш.

На клавиатуре присутствуют две кнопки Alt, а если она предназначена для языка, использующего латинский алфавит и дополнительные символы, в том числе и диакритические знаки (надстрочные и подстрочные значки, добавляемые к буквам), то правый Alt, необходимый для ввода этих символов, а обозначается AltGr (но не на всех устройствах). Клавиатуры с AltGr используются в основном на европейском континенте. Это связано с тем, что в европейских языках распространены диакритические знаки.

Функция AltGraph по умолчанию

Нажатие AltGr эквивалентно сочетанию Ctrl и Alt. Операционная система Windows также интерпретирует нажатие AltGr как Ctrl + Alt.

А изначально кнопка AltGraph была представлена, как средство для прорисовки линий и прямоугольников в различных графических редакторах. Но в нынешнее время у нее совершенно другое предназначение.

Специальные возможности

В зависимости от того, какие настройки установлены для клавиатуры, правый Alt можно использовать для печатания некоторых символов с диакритическими знаками, если сочетать его с алфавитными клавишами. Диакритические символы представляют собой группу различного вида надстрочных, подстрочных, иногда внутристрочных знаков размером меньше, чем обычные буквы, служат для изменения значений других символов, для различия или сокращения слов.

Также с помощью правого Alt можно напечатать некоторые символы, например, европейской валюты (Alt + кнопка «4»). А сочетание AltGr плюс клавиша «а» в английской раскладке выдаст значок «±».

Установив специальные настройки для клавиатуры можно расширить ее возможности, и с помощью комбинаций AltGr с другими клавишами набирать символы для обозначения угловых минут и секунд, кавычек «ёлочка», и даже дореволюционные и церковнославянсике буквы.

Таким образом, наличие кнопки AltGr является полезной опцией, позволяющей расширить возможности вашей клавиатуры в текстовых редакторах, и не только в них.

В следующей таблице приведены имена констант (VK Codes), десятичные и шестнадцатеричные значения для кодов виртуальных клавиш, используемых в системах Windows.

Название клавиши	DEC	HEX	Константа
Left Button	1	0x01	VK_LBUTTON
Right Button	2	0x02	VK_RBUTTON
Middle Button	4	0x04	VK_MBUTTON
X Button 1	5	0x05	VK_XBUTTON1
X Button 2	6	0x06	VK_XBUTTON2
Esc	27	0x1B	VK_ESCAPE
← Backspace	8	0x08	VK_BACK
Tab ↹	9	0x09	VK_TAB
↵ Enter	13	0x0D	VK_RETURN
⇧ Shift	16	0x10	VK_SHIFT
⇧ Shift левый	160	0xA0	VK_LSHIFT
⇧ Shift правый	161	0xA1	VK_RSHIFT
Ctrl	17	0x11	VK_CONTROL
Ctrl левый	162	0xA2	VK_LCONTROL
Ctrl правый	163	0xA3	VK_RCONTROL
Alt	18	0x12	VK_MENU
Alt левый	164	0xA4	VK_LMENU
Alt правый	165	0xA5	VK_RMENU
⊞ Win левый	91	0x5B	VK_LWIN
⊞ Win правый	92	0x5C	VK_RWIN
Caps Lock	20	0x14	VK_CAPITAL
Num Lock	144	0x90	VK_NUMLOCK
Scrol Lock	145	0x91	VK_SCROLL
Pause/Break	19	0x13	VK_PAUSE
Ctrl + Pause/Break	3	0x03	VK_CANCEL
End	35	0x23	VK_END
Home	36	0x24	VK_HOME
Пробел	32	0x20	VK_SPACE
Page Up	33	0x21	VK_PRIOR
Page Down	34	0x22	VK_NEXT
Clear	12	0x0C	VK_CLEAR
←	37	0x25	VK_LEFT
↑	38	0x26	VK_UP
→	39	0x27	VK_RIGHT
↓	40	0x28	VK_DOWN
Select	41	0x29	VK_SELECT
Print	42	0x2A	VK_PRINT
Execute	43	0x2B	VK_EXECUTE
Print Screen	44	0x2C	VK_SNAPSHOT
Insert	45	0x2D	VK_INSERT
Delete	46	0x2E	VK_DELETE
Help	47	0x2F	VK_HELP
0	48	0x30	VK_0
1	49	0x31	VK_1
2	50	0x32	VK_2
3	51	0x33	VK_3
4	52	0x34	VK_4
5	53	0x35	VK_5
6	54	0x36	VK_6
7	55	0x37	VK_7
8	56	0x38	VK_8
9	57	0x39	VK_9
A	65	0x41	VK_A
B	66	0x42	VK_B
C	67	0x43	VK_C
D	68	0x44	VK_D
E	69	0x45	VK_E
F	70	0x46	VK_F
G	71	0x47	VK_G
H	72	0x48	VK_H
I	73	0x49	VK_I
J	74	0x4A	VK_J
K	75	0x4B	VK_K
L	76	0x4C	VK_L
M	77	0x4D	VK_M
N	78	0x4E	VK_N
O	79	0x4F	VK_O
P	80	0x50	VK_P
Q	81	0x51	VK_Q
R	82	0x52	VK_R
S	83	0x53	VK_S
T	83	0x54	VK_T
U	85	0x55	VK_U
V	86	0x56	VK_V
W	87	0x57	VK_W
X	88	0x58	VK_X
Y	89	0x59	VK_Y
Z	90	0x5A	VK_Z
Context Menu	93	0x5D	VK_APPS
Sleep	95	0x5F	VK_SLEEP
Numpad 0	96	0x60	VK_NUMPAD0
Numpad 1	97	0x61	VK_NUMPAD1
Numpad 2	98	0x62	VK_NUMPAD2
Numpad 3	99	0x63	VK_NUMPAD3
Numpad 4	100	0x64	VK_NUMPAD4
Numpad 5	101	0x65	VK_NUMPAD5
Numpad 6	102	0x66	VK_NUMPAD6
Numpad 7	103	0x67	VK_NUMPAD7
Numpad 8	104	0x68	VK_NUMPAD8
Numpad 9	105	0x69	VK_NUMPAD9
Numpad *	106	0x6A	VK_MULTIPLY
Numpad +	107	0x6B	VK_ADD
Separator	108	0x6C	VK_SEPARATOR
Numpad -	109	0x6D	VK_SUBTRACT
Numpad . (Del)	110	0x6E	VK_DECIMAL
Numpad /	111	0x6F	VK_DIVIDE
Numpad Enter	13	0x0D	VK_RETURN
F1	112	0x70	VK_F1
F2	113	0x71	VK_F2
F3	114	0x72	VK_F3
F4	115	0x73	VK_F4
F5	116	0x74	VK_F5
F6	117	0x75	VK_F6
F7	118	0x76	VK_F7
F8	119	0x77	VK_F8
F9	120	0x78	VK_F9
F10	121	0x79	VK_F10
F11	122	0x7A	VK_F11
F12	123	0x7B	VK_F12
F13	124	0x7C	VK_F13
F14	125	0x7D	VK_F14
F15	126	0x7E	VK_F15
F16	127	0x7F	VK_F16
F17	128	0x80	VK_F17
F18	129	0x81	VK_F18
F19	130	0x82	VK_F19
F20	131	0x83	VK_F20
F21	132	0x84	VK_F21
F22	133	0x85	VK_F22
F23	134	0x86	VK_F23
F24	135	0x87	VK_F24
Browser Back	166	0xA6	VK_BROWSER_BACK
Browser Forward	167	0xA7	VK_BROWSER_FORWARD
Browser Refresh	168	0xA8	VK_BROWSER_REFRESH
Browser Stop	169	0xA9	VK_BROWSER_STOP
Browser Search	170	0xAA	VK_BROWSER_SEARCH
Browser Favorites	171	0xAB	VK_BROWSER_FAVORITES
Browser Home	172	0xAC	VK_BROWSER_HOME
Volume Mute	173	0xAD	VK_VOLUME_MUTE
Volume Down	174	0xAE	VK_VOLUME_DOWN
Volume Up	175	0xAF	VK_VOLUME_UP
Next Track	176	0xB0	VK_MEDIA_NEXT_TRACK
Previous Track	177	0xB1	VK_MEDIA_PREV_TRACK
Stop	178	0xB2	VK_MEDIA_STOP
Play / Pause	179	0xB3	VK_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE
Mail	180	0xB4	VK_LAUNCH_MAIL
Media	181	0xB5	VK_LAUNCH_MEDIA_SELECT
Проводник	182	0xB6	VK_LAUNCH_APP1
Калькулятор	183	0xB7	VK_LAUNCH_APP2
; :	186	0xBA	VK_OEM_1
= +	187	0xBB	VK_OEM_PLUS
, <	188	0xBC	VK_OEM_COMMA
- _	189	0xBD	VK_OEM_MINUS
. >	190	0xBE	VK_OEM_PERIOD
/ ?	191	0xBF	VK_OEM_2
~	192	0xC0	VK_OEM_3
Abnt C1	193	0xC1	–
Abnt C2	193	0xC2	–
] }	219	0xDB	VK_OEM_4
|	229	0xDC	VK_OEM_5
] }	221	0xDD	VK_OEM_6
' "	222	0xDE	VK_OEM_7
Разные знаки, может изменяться клавиатурой	223	0xDF	VK_OEM_8
Ax	225	0xE1	–
> <	226	0xE2	VK_OEM_102
IcoHlp	227	0xE3	–
Process	229	0xE5	VK_PROCESSKEY
IcoClr	230	0xE6	–
Packet	231	0xE7	VK_PACKET
Reset	233	0xE9	–
Jump	234	0xEA	–
OemPa1	235	0xEB	–
OemPa2	236	0xEC	–
OemPa3	237	0xED	–
WsCtrl	238	0xEE	–
Cu Sel	239	0xEF	–
Oem Attn	240	0xF0	–
Finish	241	0xF1	–
Copy	242	0xF2	–
Auto	243	0xF3	–
Enlw	244	0xF4	–
Back Tab	245	0xF5	–
Attn	246	0xF6	VK_ATTN
Cr Sel	247	0xF7	VK_CRSEL
Ex Sel	248	0xF8	VK_EXSEL
Er Eof	249	0xF9	VK_EREOF
Play	250	0xFA	VK_PLAY
Zoom	251	0xFB	VK_ZOOM
Зарезервировано	252	0xFC	VK_NONAME
Pa1	253	0xFD	VK_PA1
OemClr	254	0xFE	VK_OEM_CLEAR
Kana	21	0x15	VK_KANA, VK_HANGUEL, VK_HANGUL
IME On	22	0x16	VK_IME_ON
Junja	23	0x17	VK_JUNJA
Final	24	0x18	VK_FINAL
Kanji	25	0x19	VK_KANJI, VK_HANJA
IME Off	26	0x1A	VK_IME_OFF
Jisho	146	0x92	–
Mashu	147	0x93	–
Touroku	148	0x94	–
Loya	149	0x95	–
Roya	150	0x96	–
Convert	28	0x1C	VK_CONVERT
Non Convert	29	0x1D	VK_NONCONVERT
Accept	30	0x1E	VK_ACCEPT
Mode Change	31	0x1F	VK_MODECHANGE

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In computing, a keyboard shortcut is a sequence or combination of keystrokes on a computer keyboard which invokes commands in software.

Most keyboard shortcuts require the user to press a single key or a sequence of keys one after the other. Other keyboard shortcuts require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously (indicated in the tables below by the + sign). Keyboard shortcuts may depend on the keyboard layout.

Comparison of keyboard shortcuts[edit]

Keyboard shortcuts are a common aspect of most modern operating systems and associated software applications. Their use is pervasive enough that some users consider them an important element of their routine interactions with a computer. Whether used as a matter of personal preference or for adaptive technology, the pervasiveness of common conventions means that a meaningful comparison of keyboard shortcuts can be made across various widely used operating systems.

General shortcuts[edit]

Many shortcuts (such as Ctrl+Z, Alt+E, etc.) are just common conventions and are not handled by the operating system. Whether such commands are implemented (or not) depends on how an actual application program (such as an editor) is written. Not all applications follow (all of) these conventions, so if it doesn’t work, it isn’t compatible.

Some of the combinations are not true for localized versions of operating systems. For example, in a non-English version of Windows, the Edit menu is not always bound to the E shortcut.

Some software (such as KDE) allow their shortcuts to be changed, and the below list contains the defaults.

Action	Windows	macOS[notes 1]	Linux	Emacs	Vim	ChromeOS
File menu	Alt+F, or F10 then F	Ctrl+F2, then F[notes 2]	Alt+F	Meta+`, then f	Alt+f (gvim) or Ctrl+e (vim + NERDTree)	Ctrl+O
Edit menu	Alt+E	Ctrl+F2, then E[notes 2]	Alt+E	Meta+`, then e	Alt+e (gvim)
View menu	Alt+V	Ctrl+F2, then V[notes 2]	Alt+V
Undo the last operation	Ctrl+Z, or Alt+Backspace	⌘ Cmd+Z	Ctrl+Z	Ctrl+x, then u or Ctrl+/ or Ctrl+_ or Undo	u	Ctrl+Z
Redo the last operation	Ctrl+Y, or Alt+Shift+Backspace	⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Z	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Z, or Ctrl+Y	Same as undo, when undo is exhausted, it redoes. Move the cursor after one or more undos, and further undos will be redos. Since version 28, also Ctrl+? or Ctrl+Alt+_.	Ctrl+r	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Z
Cut the selection and store it in the clipboard	Ctrl+X, or ⇧ Shift+Del	⌘ Cmd+X	Ctrl+X	Ctrl+w	x or "ax to cut in register «a» or "+x to cut in system clipboard	Ctrl+X
Copy the selection into the clipboard	Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+Ins	⌘ Cmd+C	Ctrl+C	Meta+w, or Ctrl+Ins	y or "ay or "+y	Ctrl+C
Paste contents of clipboard at cursor	Ctrl+V,or ⇧ Shift+Ins	⌘ Cmd+V	Ctrl+V	Ctrl+y, or ⇧ Shift+Ins	p or "ap to paste the content of the «a» register or "+p to paste the content of the system clipboard	Ctrl+V
Paste special	⊞ Win+V	Shift+Opt+Cmd+V	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V	Meta+y	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V
Select all in focused control or window	Ctrl+A	⌘ Cmd+A	Ctrl+A	Ctrl+x, then h	ggVG, unlikely ever needed as most commands take an optional range parameter. % means «all in focused windows» here so e.g. to copy all the text, use :%y	Ctrl+A
Cycle through installed keyboard languages / input methods	Alt+⇧ Shift, or ⊞ Win+Space The latter displays a menu with the currently selected input method highlighted, and debuted in Windows 8.	Cmd+Space (not MBR) Configure desired keypress in Keyboard and Mouse Preferences, Keyboard Shortcuts, Select the next source in Input menu.[1]	Ctrl+Alt+K via KDE Keyboard Alt+⇧ Shift in GNOME	Ctrl+		Ctrl+Space
Print	Ctrl+P	⌘ Cmd+P	Ctrl+P			Ctrl+P
Open Help Menu			F1 in GNOME			Ctrl+Alt+/
Windows Mobility Center	Windows 7: ⊞ Win+x Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > b
PowerUser (WinX) Menu	Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x
Restart Video Driver	Windows 10: Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⊞ Win+B[2][3]

Navigation[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS[notes 1]	Linux	ChromeOS
Start new Explorer window	⊞ Win+E			⇧ Shift+Alt+M
New browser window with same page as current	Ctrl+N (for Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox)	⌘ Cmd+T	Ctrl+N	Ctrl+click
New folder	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N	⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+N	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N	Ctrl+E
Applications menu	⊞ Win or Ctrl+Esc	Ctrl+F2, then "n"[notes 2]	Alt+<letter> e.g. for File Alt+F	Search
Lock desktop	⊞ Win+L[4]	Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Q[5] (macOS High Sierra and greater) or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject or MBR Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Pwr (If «Require password after sleep or screen saver» is enabled in «System Preferences — Security & Privacy»)	Ctrl+Alt+L	Power (Hold for 3 seconds)
Show desktop	⊞ Win+D	F11	Ctrl+Alt+D
Access SysTray	⊞ Win+B			⇧ Shift+Alt+S
Emoji Picker	⊞ Win+. or ⊞ Win+;	Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Space		Search+⇧ Shift+Space
Minimize all windows	⊞ Win+M, then use ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M to bring back all windows		Ctrl+Super+D
Log out user		⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Q	Ctrl+Alt+Delete	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Q (Twice)
Switch active user	⊞ Win+L[notes 3]
Task manager	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc, Ctrl+Alt+Delete[notes 4]	⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Esc	Ctrl+Esc	Search+Esc
Rename object	F2	↵ Enter[notes 5] or F2	F2	Ctrl+↵ Enter
Open file or program	↵ Enter or ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter	⌘ Cmd+O or ⌘ Cmd+↓	↵ Enter	↵ Enter
Switch window (next/previous)	Alt+Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ↹	⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹	Ctrl+Tab ↹ / Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹	Hold Alt, then quickly press Tab ↹
Switch window without dialog (next/previous)	Alt+Esc / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc	Only works within single Applications ⌘ Cmd+` / ⌘ Cmd+~	Ctrl+Esc / Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc
Run application	⊞ Win, enter executable name or ⊞ Win+R, enter executable name	⌘ Cmd+Space, enter executable name or ⌘ Cmd+↓	Alt+F2, enter executable name
Search	⊞ Win, enter executable name or ⊞ Win+S or F3	⌘ Cmd+Space		Search
Show Hidden Files	Alt+V, then H, then H again, while in File Explorer, will toggle setting	⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+., while in Finder, will toggle setting	Ctrl+F in GNOME, Alt+. in KDE	Ctrl+.

Power management[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	ChromeOS
Place computer into sleep/standby mode	Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > s Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↵ Enter Sleep (available on some keyboards)	⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject	Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable in Control Panel ➢ Power Options ➢ Advanced tab dialog box)
Task manager/Force quit	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc	⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Esc		Search+Esc
Shut down computer	Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > u	Ctrl+⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject (no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)	Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageDown (KDE; no confirmation, shutdown is immediate) (GNOME; there is no default shortcut)[6]	Power (Hold for 10 seconds)
Restart computer	Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > r Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↑+↵ Enter	Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Eject[7] or Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Power (no confirmation, restart is immediate)	Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageUp (KDE; no confirmation, restart is immediate)
Place display in sleep mode		Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject		where is lined
Bring up power/sleep dialog box		Ctrl+Eject
Force shutdown	Power (Hold for several seconds)	⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject		refresh+power

Screenshots[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	ChromeOS
Save screenshot of entire screen as file	⊞ Win+Print Screen	⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3[8]	Print Screen[9]	Ctrl+Show Windows
Copy screenshot of entire screen to clipboard	⊞ Win+Print Screen or Print Screen	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3	Ctrl+Print Screen	Ctrl+Show Windows
Copy screenshot of active window to clipboard	Alt+Print Screen		Ctrl+Alt+Print Screen
Save screenshot of window as file		⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space then move mouse and click	Alt+Print Screen set the name and click «Save». GNOME[9]	Ctrl+Alt+Show Windows then move mouse and click
Copy screenshot of window to clipboard		Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space then move mouse and click	Alt+Print Screen click «Copy to Clipboard». GNOME[9]	Ctrl+Alt+Show Windows then move mouse and click
Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file		⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then click+drag mouse over required area	⇧ Shift+Print Screen set the name and click «Save». GNOME[9]	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Show Windows then click+drag mouse over required area
Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard (Snip)	Windows 10: ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+S	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then click+drag mouse over required area	⇧ Shift+Print Screen click «Copy to Clipboard». GNOME[9]	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Show Windows then click+drag mouse over required area
Screencasting			Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+R[10][11]	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Show Windows then select the Screen Record button on the toolbar
Screenshot Utility		macOS Mojave: ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+5[12]		Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Show Windows

Text editing[edit]

Many of these commands may be combined with ⇧ Shift to select a region of text.^{[notes 6]}

Action	Windows	macOS[notes 1]	Linux	Emacs	Vim	ChromeOS
Delete char to the right of cursor	Del or Fn+← Backspace	Del or Fn+← Backspace	Del	Ctrl+d	x	Alt+← Backspace or Search+← Backspace or Del
Delete word to the right of cursor	Ctrl+Del	⌥ Opt+Del or ⌥ Opt+Fn+← Backspace	Ctrl+Del	Meta+d	dw (delete space too)or de (keep space)	Ctrl+Search+← Backspace
Delete word to the left of cursor	Ctrl+← Backspace	⌥ Opt+← Backspace	Ctrl+← Backspace	Ctrl+← Backspace or Meta+← Backspace	dge (delete space too)or db (keep space)	Ctrl+← Backspace
Go to start of line	Home or Fn+←	⌘ Cmd+← or Ctrl+A	Home	Ctrl+a or Home	^ (go to first non-space) or 0 (go to column 0)	Search+←
Go to end of line	End or Fn+→	⌘ Cmd+→ or Ctrl+E	End	Ctrl+e or End	$	Search+→
Go to start of document	Ctrl+Home	⌘ Cmd+↑	Ctrl+Home	Meta+< or Ctrl+Home	gg	Ctrl+Search+←
Go to end of document	Ctrl+End	⌘ Cmd+↓	Ctrl+End	Meta+> or Ctrl+End	G	Ctrl+Search+→
Go to previous word	Ctrl+← or Ctrl+/	⌥ Opt+←	Ctrl+←	Meta+b or Ctrl+← or Meta+←	b or ge	Ctrl+←
Go to next word	Ctrl+→	⌥ Opt+→	Ctrl+→	Meta+f or Ctrl+→ or Meta+→	w or e	Ctrl+→
Go to previous line	↑	↑ or Ctrl+p	↑	Ctrl+p or ↑	k or ↑	↑
Go to next line	↓	↓ or Ctrl+n	↓	Ctrl+n or ↓	j or ↓	↓
Go to previous line break (paragraph)	Ctrl+↑	⌥ Opt+↑	Ctrl+↑ (kword or GNOME)	Meta+( or Control+↑	(	Ctrl+↑
Go to next line break	Ctrl+↓	⌥ Opt+↓	Ctrl+↓ (kword or GNOME)	Meta+} or Control+↓	)	Ctrl+↓
Move the cursor down the length of the viewport	Page Down	⌥ Opt+⇟ or ⌥ Opt+Fn+↓	Page Down	Ctrl+v or Page Down	Ctrl+f or Page Down	Search+↓
Move the cursor up the length of the viewport	Page Up	⌥ Opt+⇞ or ⌥ Opt+Fn+↑	Page Up	Meta+v or Page Up	Ctrl+b or Page Up	Search+↑
Find	Ctrl+F	⌘ Cmd+F ⌘ Cmd+E (Search with current selection)	Ctrl+F Ctrl+K (GNOME; interactive search)	Ctrl+s	/	Ctrl+F
Go to next search result	F3	⌘ Cmd+G	Ctrl+G (GNOME) or F3 (KDE)[13]	Ctrl+s	n	Ctrl+G or ↵ Enter
Go to previous search result	⇧ Shift+F3	⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+G (GNOME) or ⇧ Shift+F3 (KDE)[13]	Ctrl+r	N	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+G or ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
Search and replace	Ctrl+H	⌘ Cmd+F	Ctrl+H (GNOME) or Ctrl+R (KDE)	Meta+%	%s/fosh/fish/gc[notes 7]	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+H
Search with a regular expression				Ctrl+Meta+s	All searches use regular expressions.
Search and replace with a regular expression				Ctrl+Meta+%

Text formatting[edit]

Action	Windows WordPad	macOS[notes 1]	Linux[14]	Emacs	Vim
Bold	Ctrl+B	⌘ Cmd+B	Ctrl+B	Meta+o, then b
Underline	Ctrl+U	⌘ Cmd+U	Ctrl+U	Meta+o, then u
Italic	Ctrl+I	⌘ Cmd+I	Ctrl+I	Meta+o, then i
Uppercase / Lowercase	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+A	⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+C	⇧ Shift+F3	Meta+u for upper, Meta+l for lower, Meta+c for capitalized.	gU for upper, gu for lower, ~ to toggle.
Superscript	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+=	Ctrl+⌘ Cmd++ (some applications only)	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+P[15]
Subscript	Ctrl+=	Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+- (some applications only)	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+B[15]
Selected text larger/smaller	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+>, Ctrl+⇧ Shift+< or Ctrl+[, Ctrl/core+]	⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+> ⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+<
Selected text Bullets or Numbered Items	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+L
Insert Linebreak	Ctrl+↵ Enter	⇧ Shift+↵ Enter[notes 5] or ⌥ Opt+↵ Enter[notes 5]	Ctrl+↵ Enter
Insert Unicode	Alt+X + character codepoint	Alt + character codepoint (must be enabled as input source)	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+U + character codepoint	Ctrl+v+u + character codepoint	Ctrl+X+8 + character codepoint

[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	ChromeOS
Go to Address Bar	Ctrl+L / F6 / Alt+D, Alt+C or Alt+E depending on language	⌘ Cmd+L or ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G	Ctrl+L or Alt+D or F6	Ctrl+L or Alt+D
Go to the previous location in history[16]	Alt+← or ← Backspace	⌘ Cmd+[ or ⌘ Cmd+←	Alt+←	Alt+←
Go to the next location in history	Alt+→ or ⇧ Shift+← Backspace (web browser only)	⌘ Cmd+] or ⌘ Cmd+→	Alt+→	Alt+→
Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy	Alt+↑ (Vista, 7, 8 or 10 only) or ← Backspace (Windows Explorer)	⌘ Cmd+↑	Alt+↑
Go to the starting page defined by the user or application	Alt+Home	⌘ Cmd+Home	Ctrl+Home (KDE) / Alt+Home (GNOME)	Alt+Search+←

Web browsers[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	Emacs-w3m	Vimperator	ChromeOS
Bookmarks menu	Ctrl+B	⌘ Cmd+B (Firefox)	Alt+B	v	:bmarks	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+B
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com)	Ctrl+↵ Enter	⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter[notes 5] (Firefox) or Ctrl+↵ Enter[notes 5] (Chrome)	Ctrl+↵ Enter			Ctrl+↵ Enter
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org)		⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter[notes 5] (Firefox)	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net)		⇧ Shift+↵ Enter[notes 5] (Firefox)	⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
Add bookmark for current page	Ctrl+D	⌘ Cmd+D	Ctrl+B / Ctrl+D	a	:bmark	Ctrl+D
Add bookmark for current link				Meta+a
Manage bookmarks	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+O (Microsoft Edge) or Ctrl+B (Internet Explorer)	⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+B (Chrome/Safari) or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+B (Firefox)	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R / Ctrl+B			Ctrl+⇧ Shift+O
Focus and select Web search bar	Ctrl+E	⌘ Cmd+E (Opera) or ⌘ Cmd+K (Firefox) or ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+F (Safari)	Ctrl+k		t (open in a new tab) or T (open in current tab)	Ctrl+E or Ctrl+K
Focus and select address bar	Ctrl+L or F6 or Alt+D	⌘ Cmd+L	Ctrl+L or Alt+D or F6	g	O to alter URL, use y to copy it.	Ctrl+L or Alt+D
Refresh a webpage	Fn+F5 or Ctrl+R	⌘ Cmd+R	F5 or Ctrl+R	R	r	⟲ or Ctrl+R
Refresh a webpage ignoring cache	Ctrl+F5 or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R	⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+E then ⌘ Cmd+R	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F5 or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R		R	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R
Open a new window	Ctrl+N	⌘ Cmd+N (Chrome)	Ctrl+N		:winopen	Ctrl+N
Zoom Options (zoom in / zoom out / zoom 100%)	Ctrl++ / Ctrl+- / Ctrl+0	⌘ Cmd++ / ⌘ Cmd+- / ⌘ Cmd+0	Ctrl++ / Ctrl+- / Ctrl+0		zi / zo / zz (text only) or zI / zO / zZ (text and images)	Ctrl++ / Ctrl+- / Ctrl+0

Tab management[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	Emacs-w3m	Vimperator	ChromeOS
New tab	Ctrl+T	⌘ Cmd+T	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T or Ctrl+T	Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+t	t	Ctrl+T
Close tab	Ctrl+W	⌘ Cmd+W	Ctrl+W Firefox[17] & Opera[18] & Chrome[19] & GNOME Web[20] & Midori Ctrl+F4 Firefox[17] & Opera[18] & Chrome[19]		d	Ctrl+W
Close all tabs but the current one		⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+T (Safari)		Ctrl+c, then Meta+w
Go to next tab	Ctrl+Tab ↹	Ctrl+Tab ↹ or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+→ (Safari)	Ctrl+PageDown or Ctrl+Tab ↹ or Ctrl+.	Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+n	gt	Ctrl+Tab ↹
Go to previous tab	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+← (Safari)	Ctrl+PageUp or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ or Ctrl+,	Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+p	gT	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Go to tab-n[notes 8]	Ctrl+n[notes 8] (Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer)	⌘ Cmd+n[notes 8] (Chrome)	Alt+n[notes 8] (Chrome, Firefox) or Ctrl+n[notes 8] (Chrome)		First tab: g0 Last tab: g$	Ctrl+b
Go to last tab	Ctrl+9 (Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer)	⌘ Cmd+9 (Chrome)	Alt+9 (Chrome, Firefox) or Ctrl+9 (Chrome)
Open a previously closed tab	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T	⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox, Opera, Chrome)	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox, Opera, Chrome)[19][17][18]	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox)[17]	u	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T
Open a previously closed window	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N (Firefox)[17]					Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T
Close the current internet tab	Ctrl+W	⌘ Cmd+F11				Ctrl+W

Window management[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS[notes 1]	KDE	GNOME	Emacs	ChromeOS
Force window mode (Application requires functionality for set action)	0+↵ Enter	⌥ Opt+Alt+↵ Enter[notes 5] or ⌥ Option+Alt+F or ⌘ Cmd+F or ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+F
Pop up window menu	Alt+Space		Alt+F3	Alt+Space	Meta+`, then b
Close the focused window	Alt+F4 or Alt+Space then C[notes 9]	⌘ Cmd+W	Alt+F4	Alt+F4	Ctrl+x, then k	Ctrl+W
Close all windows of current application		⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+W				Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W
Restore the focused window to its previous size	Alt+Space then R[notes 9]		Alt+F3 then X	Alt+F5	Ctrl+x, then r, then j, then letter of the window state register.
Move the focused window	Alt+Space then M[notes 9] then Arrow Keys and ↵ Enter (to save new location)		Alt+Mouse / Alt+F3 then M then Arrow Keys	Alt+Mouse / Alt+F7 then Arrow Keys
Resize the focused window	Alt+Space then S[notes 9] then Arrow Keys and ↵ Enter (to save new size)		Alt+F3 then S then Arrow Keys	Alt+F8 then Arrow Keys / Alt+Right Mouse Button[notes 10]	Ctrl+x, then ^ vertically	Alt+] (snap window to right half of screen), Alt+[ (snap window to left half of screen)
Keep window always on top	Ctrl+Alt+Esc (toggles on/off)
Hide the focused window		⌘ Cmd+H			Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter
Hide all except the focused window		⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+H
Put the focused window furthest back (in tab order and Z axis)	Alt+Esc
Minimize the focused window	Alt+Space then N[notes 9] or ⊞ Win+↓ (Windows Vista Home Premium, Windows 7+)	⌘ Cmd+M	Alt+F3 then N	Alt+F9	Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter	Alt+-
Maximize the focused window	Alt+Space then X[notes 9] or ⊞ Win+↑ (Windows 7+)	⌘ Cmd+L	Alt+F3 then X	Alt+F10	Ctrl+x, then 1	Alt
Maximize horizontally			Available, but no default	Available, but no default
Maximize vertically	⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑ (Windows 7+)	Available (‘Zoom’), but no default	Available, but no default	Available, but no default
Minimize all	⊞ Win+M or ⊞ Win+D	⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+M	Available, but no default	Ctrl+Alt+D
Minimize all non focused windows	⊞ Win+Home (Windows 7+)		Available, but no default
Undo minimize all	⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M		Available, but no default	Ctrl+Alt+D
Switch fullscreen/normal size	F11 or ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter (UWP apps only)	⌘ Cmd+Ctrl+F	F11	F11		Fullscreen
Show the window in full screen mode, with no border, menubar, toolbar or statusbar		Depends on application, system default: ⌘ Cmd+Ctrl+F	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F	Ctrl+F11
Rollup/down window			Available, but no default	Alt+F12
Show all open windows	⊞ Win+Tab ↹	F3 or F9 or Fn+F9 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[21][22]		⊞ Win works per desktop on Gnome 3+	Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b	Show Windows
Show all windows of current application	⊞ Win+Tab ↹	Ctrl+F3 or F10 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[21][22]		Ctrl+`	Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b
Show all workspaces	⊞ Win+Tab ↹ (Windows 10)	F8 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[21][22]		⊞ Win then mouse over the desktop bar on the right edge of the screen		Show Windows
Move window to left/right/up/down workspace	⊞ Win+←/→ (Windows 7+)		Available, but no default	Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+← / → / ↑ / ↓		⇧ Shift+Search+[/]
Move window between multiple monitors	⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+←/→ (Windows 7+)					Alt+Search+M
Move window to workspace n			Available, but no default
Switch to next/previous workspace list			Available, but no default
Go to workspace n		Ctrl+n	Ctrl+Fn			⇧ Shift+Search+n
Go to left/right/up/down workspace	[notes 11]	Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ / Ctrl+↑ / Ctrl+↓ (OS X 10.5 to 10.6), Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ (OS X 10.7 and later)	Available, but no default	Ctrl+Alt+← / → / ↑ / ↓		Search+[/]
Quit application of current window	Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 varies[notes 12]	⌘ Cmd+Q[notes 13]	Ctrl+Alt+Esc		q	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W
Close dialog	Esc (Laptop) ⊞ Win+↓+F4 (Desktop)	Esc				Esc or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W
Open/Focus (preview) pinned program on the taskbar	⊞ Win+(#) where «#» is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7+)					Alt+(#) where «#» is the position of the program on the Shelf
Open new program window of pinned program in Quick Launch	⊞ Win+(#) where «#» is the position of the program on the Quick Launch toolbar (Windows Vista, 7+)	⌘ Cmd+A+⇧ Shift				Alt+(#) where «#» is the position of the program on the Shelf
Open new program window of the pinned program on the taskbar (if program is already opened)	⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+(#) where «#» is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7+)					Alt+(#) where «#» is the position of the program on the Shelf
Focus the first taskbar entry; pressing again will cycle through them	⊞ Win+T, then ←→ back and forth; hold ⇧ Shift to cycle backwards (Windows 7+)
Peek at the desktop	⊞ Win+Space (Windows 7) ⊞ Win+Comma (Windows 8+)	⌘ Cmd+F3 or F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[21][22]
Bring gadgets to the front of the Z-order and cycle between gadgets	⊞ Win+G (Windows Vista,7) or ⊞ Win+Space (Vista only, no cycling)
External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc.)	⊞ Win+P (Windows 7+)					Ctrl+Fullscreen

User interface navigation (widgets and controls)[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS[notes 1]	KDE	GNOME
Moves keyboard focus to next/previous control	Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹	Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹[notes 2]	Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹	Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ Ctrl+Tab ↹ / Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Pop up tooltip for currently focused control	⇧ Shift+F1			Ctrl+F1
Show context-sensitive help for currently focused window or control	⇧ Shift+F1	⌘ Cmd+?	⇧ Shift+F1	⇧ Shift+F1
Give focus to next/previous pane	Ctrl+F6 / Alt+F6	⌘ Cmd+`		F6 / ⇧ Shift+F6
Give focus to splitter bar in paned window				F8
Give focus to window’s menu bar	F10 or Alt	⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+/, then type command name, or Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards)[notes 2]	Alt	F10
Pop up contextual menu for currently selected objects (aka context menu)	⇧ Shift+F10 or ≣ Menu	Varies with laptop / extended keyboard type; enable Mouse keys in Universal Access, then Fn+Ctrl+5 or Ctrl+5 (numeric keypad) or Function+Ctrl+I (laptop)	≣ Menu	≣ Menu or ⇧ Shift+F10
Toggle selected state of focused checkbox, radio button, or toggle button	Space	Space	Space	Space
Activate focused button, menu item etc.	↵ Enter	Space (also ↵ Enter[notes 5] for menu items)	↵ Enter	↵ Enter
Expand a drop-down list	F4 or Alt+↓
Select/move to first/last item in selected widget			Home / End	Home / End
Scroll selected view by one page up/left/down/right		⇞ / ⇟ (or Fn+↑ / Fn+↓ on some keyboards)		PageUp / Ctrl+PageUp / PageDown / Ctrl+PageDown
Scroll selected view to top/bottom		↖ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↖ ↘ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↘
Switch focus to the next/previous tab within a window	Ctrl+Tab ↹	Ctrl+Tab ↹ / ⌘ Cmd+`		Ctrl+Tab ↹ -> Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ <-
Switch focus to the next/previous panel on the desktop				Ctrl+Alt+Tab ↹ / Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Switch focus to the next/previous panel (without dialog)				Ctrl+Alt+Esc / Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+Esc

Command line shortcuts[edit]

Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used in a command line environment.

Action	Windows (cmd.exe)	Windows (PowerShell)	Unix-like (bash, zsh)	Unix-like (POSIX-compliant shell)
Scroll through history of typed commands	↑/↓	↑/↓	↑/↓ or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N	ESC K / ESC J
Signal end-of-file	Ctrl+Z		Ctrl+D
Abort current command/typing	Ctrl+C	Ctrl+C	Ctrl+C	Ctrl+C
Erase word to the left	Ctrl+← Backspace	Ctrl+← Backspace	Ctrl+W or Esc+← Backspace
Erase word to the right	Ctrl+Delete	Ctrl+Delete	Alt+D
Erase line to the left	Ctrl+Home	Ctrl+Home	Ctrl+U
Erase line to the right	Ctrl+End	Ctrl+End	Ctrl+K
Yank/paste previously erased string			Ctrl+Y
Move one word to the left (backward)	Ctrl+←	Ctrl+←	Alt+B
Move one word to the right (forward)	Ctrl+→	Ctrl+→	Alt+F
Move to beginning of line	Home	Home	Ctrl+A or Home
Move to end of line	End	End	Ctrl+E or End
Reverse search of history	F8	F8	Ctrl+R
Pause execution of the current job			Ctrl+Z
Insert the next character typed verbatim			Ctrl+V
Autocomplete command/file name	Tab ↹ (enabled by default in Windows XP and later)	Tab ↹	Tab ↹ (usually once)	Esc (usually twice)
Paste contents of clipboard at cursor	Alt+Space then E[notes 9] then P	Ctrl+V	⇧ Shift+Ins
Scroll window up	⇧ Shift+PageUp (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)	PageUp	⇧ Shift+PageUp
Scroll window down	⇧ Shift+PageDown (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)	PageDown	⇧ Shift+PageDown
Clear screen			Ctrl+L

Accessibility[edit]

• In Windows, it is possible to disable these shortcuts using the Accessibility or Ease of Access control panel.
• In GNOME, these shortcuts are possible, if Universal Access is enabled on the system.

Action	Windows	macOS	KDE	GNOME
Utility Manager	⊞ Win+U
Use keyboard to control cursor	Left Alt+Left Shift+Numlock			[23]
Allow user to press shortcuts one key at a time	⇧ Shift press 5 times			⇧ Shift 5 times[24]
Hear beep when -lock key pressed	Numlock hold 5 seconds
Stop/slow repeating characters when key is pressed	Right Shift hold 8 seconds			⇧ Shift hold for 8 seconds[25][26][27]
Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode	Left Alt+Left Shift+PrtScn	⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Ctrl+8	Meta+⇧ Shift+i (if enabled)
Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode (Only current window)			Meta+⇧ Shift+u (if enabled)
Accessibility Shortcut[notes 14]	Ctrl+⊞ Win+C

See also[edit]

• Keyboard shortcut
• Microsoft Windows key shortcuts
• Common User Access (CUA)
• Computer keyboard
• Human interface guidelines
• Pointing device gesture

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• macOS
  • Mac keyboard shortcuts
  • Keyboard shortcuts in Safari for Mac
• Windows
  • Keyboard shortcuts in Windows
• ChromeOS
  • Chromebook keyboard shortcuts
• Linux
  • GNOME
    • Useful Keyboard Shortcuts
    • Keyboard Navigation
    • Set Keyboard Shortcuts
    • Universal Access
    • Usage
    • Keyboard Interaction
    • library.gnome.org for the latest documentation of unstable
  • KDE
    • KDE Fundamentals: Common Keyboard Shortcuts
    • KDE Community Wiki: KDE Visual Design Group/HIG/Keyboard Shortcuts
• Office Suites
  • Apache OpenOffice or LibreOffice
    • OpenOffice.org and LibreOffice keyboard shortcuts
• Web Browsers
  • Chrome or Chromium: Google Chrome keyboard shortcuts
  • Firefox: Firefox browser keyboard shortcuts
  • Opera: Opera browser keyboard shortcuts

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In computing, a keyboard shortcut is a sequence or combination of keystrokes on a computer keyboard which invokes commands in software.

Most keyboard shortcuts require the user to press a single key or a sequence of keys one after the other. Other keyboard shortcuts require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously (indicated in the tables below by the + sign). Keyboard shortcuts may depend on the keyboard layout.

Comparison of keyboard shortcuts[edit]

Keyboard shortcuts are a common aspect of most modern operating systems and associated software applications. Their use is pervasive enough that some users consider them an important element of their routine interactions with a computer. Whether used as a matter of personal preference or for adaptive technology, the pervasiveness of common conventions means that a meaningful comparison of keyboard shortcuts can be made across various widely used operating systems.

General shortcuts[edit]

Many shortcuts (such as Ctrl+Z, Alt+E, etc.) are just common conventions and are not handled by the operating system. Whether such commands are implemented (or not) depends on how an actual application program (such as an editor) is written. Not all applications follow (all of) these conventions, so if it doesn’t work, it isn’t compatible.

Some of the combinations are not true for localized versions of operating systems. For example, in a non-English version of Windows, the Edit menu is not always bound to the E shortcut.

Some software (such as KDE) allow their shortcuts to be changed, and the below list contains the defaults.

Action	Windows	macOS[notes 1]	Linux	Emacs	Vim	ChromeOS
File menu	Alt+F, or F10 then F	Ctrl+F2, then F[notes 2]	Alt+F	Meta+`, then f	Alt+f (gvim) or Ctrl+e (vim + NERDTree)	Ctrl+O
Edit menu	Alt+E	Ctrl+F2, then E[notes 2]	Alt+E	Meta+`, then e	Alt+e (gvim)
View menu	Alt+V	Ctrl+F2, then V[notes 2]	Alt+V
Undo the last operation	Ctrl+Z, or Alt+Backspace	⌘ Cmd+Z	Ctrl+Z	Ctrl+x, then u or Ctrl+/ or Ctrl+_ or Undo	u	Ctrl+Z
Redo the last operation	Ctrl+Y, or Alt+Shift+Backspace	⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Z	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Z, or Ctrl+Y	Same as undo, when undo is exhausted, it redoes. Move the cursor after one or more undos, and further undos will be redos. Since version 28, also Ctrl+? or Ctrl+Alt+_.	Ctrl+r	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Z
Cut the selection and store it in the clipboard	Ctrl+X, or ⇧ Shift+Del	⌘ Cmd+X	Ctrl+X	Ctrl+w	x or "ax to cut in register «a» or "+x to cut in system clipboard	Ctrl+X
Copy the selection into the clipboard	Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+Ins	⌘ Cmd+C	Ctrl+C	Meta+w, or Ctrl+Ins	y or "ay or "+y	Ctrl+C
Paste contents of clipboard at cursor	Ctrl+V,or ⇧ Shift+Ins	⌘ Cmd+V	Ctrl+V	Ctrl+y, or ⇧ Shift+Ins	p or "ap to paste the content of the «a» register or "+p to paste the content of the system clipboard	Ctrl+V
Paste special	⊞ Win+V	Shift+Opt+Cmd+V	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V	Meta+y	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V
Select all in focused control or window	Ctrl+A	⌘ Cmd+A	Ctrl+A	Ctrl+x, then h	ggVG, unlikely ever needed as most commands take an optional range parameter. % means «all in focused windows» here so e.g. to copy all the text, use :%y	Ctrl+A
Cycle through installed keyboard languages / input methods	Alt+⇧ Shift, or ⊞ Win+Space The latter displays a menu with the currently selected input method highlighted, and debuted in Windows 8.	Cmd+Space (not MBR) Configure desired keypress in Keyboard and Mouse Preferences, Keyboard Shortcuts, Select the next source in Input menu.[1]	Ctrl+Alt+K via KDE Keyboard Alt+⇧ Shift in GNOME	Ctrl+		Ctrl+Space
Print	Ctrl+P	⌘ Cmd+P	Ctrl+P			Ctrl+P
Open Help Menu			F1 in GNOME			Ctrl+Alt+/
Windows Mobility Center	Windows 7: ⊞ Win+x Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > b
PowerUser (WinX) Menu	Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x
Restart Video Driver	Windows 10: Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⊞ Win+B[2][3]

Navigation[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS[notes 1]	Linux	ChromeOS
Start new Explorer window	⊞ Win+E			⇧ Shift+Alt+M
New browser window with same page as current	Ctrl+N (for Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox)	⌘ Cmd+T	Ctrl+N	Ctrl+click
New folder	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N	⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+N	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N	Ctrl+E
Applications menu	⊞ Win or Ctrl+Esc	Ctrl+F2, then "n"[notes 2]	Alt+<letter> e.g. for File Alt+F	Search
Lock desktop	⊞ Win+L[4]	Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Q[5] (macOS High Sierra and greater) or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject or MBR Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Pwr (If «Require password after sleep or screen saver» is enabled in «System Preferences — Security & Privacy»)	Ctrl+Alt+L	Power (Hold for 3 seconds)
Show desktop	⊞ Win+D	F11	Ctrl+Alt+D
Access SysTray	⊞ Win+B			⇧ Shift+Alt+S
Emoji Picker	⊞ Win+. or ⊞ Win+;	Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Space		Search+⇧ Shift+Space
Minimize all windows	⊞ Win+M, then use ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M to bring back all windows		Ctrl+Super+D
Log out user		⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Q	Ctrl+Alt+Delete	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Q (Twice)
Switch active user	⊞ Win+L[notes 3]
Task manager	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc, Ctrl+Alt+Delete[notes 4]	⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Esc	Ctrl+Esc	Search+Esc
Rename object	F2	↵ Enter[notes 5] or F2	F2	Ctrl+↵ Enter
Open file or program	↵ Enter or ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter	⌘ Cmd+O or ⌘ Cmd+↓	↵ Enter	↵ Enter
Switch window (next/previous)	Alt+Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ↹	⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹	Ctrl+Tab ↹ / Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹	Hold Alt, then quickly press Tab ↹
Switch window without dialog (next/previous)	Alt+Esc / ⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc	Only works within single Applications ⌘ Cmd+` / ⌘ Cmd+~	Ctrl+Esc / Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc
Run application	⊞ Win, enter executable name or ⊞ Win+R, enter executable name	⌘ Cmd+Space, enter executable name or ⌘ Cmd+↓	Alt+F2, enter executable name
Search	⊞ Win, enter executable name or ⊞ Win+S or F3	⌘ Cmd+Space		Search
Show Hidden Files	Alt+V, then H, then H again, while in File Explorer, will toggle setting	⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+., while in Finder, will toggle setting	Ctrl+F in GNOME, Alt+. in KDE	Ctrl+.

Power management[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	ChromeOS
Place computer into sleep/standby mode	Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > s Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↵ Enter Sleep (available on some keyboards)	⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject	Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable in Control Panel ➢ Power Options ➢ Advanced tab dialog box)
Task manager/Force quit	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc	⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Esc		Search+Esc
Shut down computer	Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > u	Ctrl+⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject (no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)	Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageDown (KDE; no confirmation, shutdown is immediate) (GNOME; there is no default shortcut)[6]	Power (Hold for 10 seconds)
Restart computer	Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > r Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↑+↵ Enter	Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Eject[7] or Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Power (no confirmation, restart is immediate)	Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageUp (KDE; no confirmation, restart is immediate)
Place display in sleep mode		Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject		where is lined
Bring up power/sleep dialog box		Ctrl+Eject
Force shutdown	Power (Hold for several seconds)	⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject		refresh+power

Screenshots[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	ChromeOS
Save screenshot of entire screen as file	⊞ Win+Print Screen	⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3[8]	Print Screen[9]	Ctrl+Show Windows
Copy screenshot of entire screen to clipboard	⊞ Win+Print Screen or Print Screen	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3	Ctrl+Print Screen	Ctrl+Show Windows
Copy screenshot of active window to clipboard	Alt+Print Screen		Ctrl+Alt+Print Screen
Save screenshot of window as file		⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space then move mouse and click	Alt+Print Screen set the name and click «Save». GNOME[9]	Ctrl+Alt+Show Windows then move mouse and click
Copy screenshot of window to clipboard		Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space then move mouse and click	Alt+Print Screen click «Copy to Clipboard». GNOME[9]	Ctrl+Alt+Show Windows then move mouse and click
Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file		⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then click+drag mouse over required area	⇧ Shift+Print Screen set the name and click «Save». GNOME[9]	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Show Windows then click+drag mouse over required area
Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard (Snip)	Windows 10: ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+S	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then click+drag mouse over required area	⇧ Shift+Print Screen click «Copy to Clipboard». GNOME[9]	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Show Windows then click+drag mouse over required area
Screencasting			Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+R[10][11]	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Show Windows then select the Screen Record button on the toolbar
Screenshot Utility		macOS Mojave: ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+5[12]		Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Show Windows

Text editing[edit]

Many of these commands may be combined with ⇧ Shift to select a region of text.^{[notes 6]}

Action	Windows	macOS[notes 1]	Linux	Emacs	Vim	ChromeOS
Delete char to the right of cursor	Del or Fn+← Backspace	Del or Fn+← Backspace	Del	Ctrl+d	x	Alt+← Backspace or Search+← Backspace or Del
Delete word to the right of cursor	Ctrl+Del	⌥ Opt+Del or ⌥ Opt+Fn+← Backspace	Ctrl+Del	Meta+d	dw (delete space too)or de (keep space)	Ctrl+Search+← Backspace
Delete word to the left of cursor	Ctrl+← Backspace	⌥ Opt+← Backspace	Ctrl+← Backspace	Ctrl+← Backspace or Meta+← Backspace	dge (delete space too)or db (keep space)	Ctrl+← Backspace
Go to start of line	Home or Fn+←	⌘ Cmd+← or Ctrl+A	Home	Ctrl+a or Home	^ (go to first non-space) or 0 (go to column 0)	Search+←
Go to end of line	End or Fn+→	⌘ Cmd+→ or Ctrl+E	End	Ctrl+e or End	$	Search+→
Go to start of document	Ctrl+Home	⌘ Cmd+↑	Ctrl+Home	Meta+< or Ctrl+Home	gg	Ctrl+Search+←
Go to end of document	Ctrl+End	⌘ Cmd+↓	Ctrl+End	Meta+> or Ctrl+End	G	Ctrl+Search+→
Go to previous word	Ctrl+← or Ctrl+/	⌥ Opt+←	Ctrl+←	Meta+b or Ctrl+← or Meta+←	b or ge	Ctrl+←
Go to next word	Ctrl+→	⌥ Opt+→	Ctrl+→	Meta+f or Ctrl+→ or Meta+→	w or e	Ctrl+→
Go to previous line	↑	↑ or Ctrl+p	↑	Ctrl+p or ↑	k or ↑	↑
Go to next line	↓	↓ or Ctrl+n	↓	Ctrl+n or ↓	j or ↓	↓
Go to previous line break (paragraph)	Ctrl+↑	⌥ Opt+↑	Ctrl+↑ (kword or GNOME)	Meta+( or Control+↑	(	Ctrl+↑
Go to next line break	Ctrl+↓	⌥ Opt+↓	Ctrl+↓ (kword or GNOME)	Meta+} or Control+↓	)	Ctrl+↓
Move the cursor down the length of the viewport	Page Down	⌥ Opt+⇟ or ⌥ Opt+Fn+↓	Page Down	Ctrl+v or Page Down	Ctrl+f or Page Down	Search+↓
Move the cursor up the length of the viewport	Page Up	⌥ Opt+⇞ or ⌥ Opt+Fn+↑	Page Up	Meta+v or Page Up	Ctrl+b or Page Up	Search+↑
Find	Ctrl+F	⌘ Cmd+F ⌘ Cmd+E (Search with current selection)	Ctrl+F Ctrl+K (GNOME; interactive search)	Ctrl+s	/	Ctrl+F
Go to next search result	F3	⌘ Cmd+G	Ctrl+G (GNOME) or F3 (KDE)[13]	Ctrl+s	n	Ctrl+G or ↵ Enter
Go to previous search result	⇧ Shift+F3	⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+G (GNOME) or ⇧ Shift+F3 (KDE)[13]	Ctrl+r	N	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+G or ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
Search and replace	Ctrl+H	⌘ Cmd+F	Ctrl+H (GNOME) or Ctrl+R (KDE)	Meta+%	%s/fosh/fish/gc[notes 7]	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+H
Search with a regular expression				Ctrl+Meta+s	All searches use regular expressions.
Search and replace with a regular expression				Ctrl+Meta+%

Text formatting[edit]

Action	Windows WordPad	macOS[notes 1]	Linux[14]	Emacs	Vim
Bold	Ctrl+B	⌘ Cmd+B	Ctrl+B	Meta+o, then b
Underline	Ctrl+U	⌘ Cmd+U	Ctrl+U	Meta+o, then u
Italic	Ctrl+I	⌘ Cmd+I	Ctrl+I	Meta+o, then i
Uppercase / Lowercase	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+A	⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+C	⇧ Shift+F3	Meta+u for upper, Meta+l for lower, Meta+c for capitalized.	gU for upper, gu for lower, ~ to toggle.
Superscript	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+=	Ctrl+⌘ Cmd++ (some applications only)	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+P[15]
Subscript	Ctrl+=	Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+- (some applications only)	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+B[15]
Selected text larger/smaller	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+>, Ctrl+⇧ Shift+< or Ctrl+[, Ctrl/core+]	⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+> ⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+<
Selected text Bullets or Numbered Items	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+L
Insert Linebreak	Ctrl+↵ Enter	⇧ Shift+↵ Enter[notes 5] or ⌥ Opt+↵ Enter[notes 5]	Ctrl+↵ Enter
Insert Unicode	Alt+X + character codepoint	Alt + character codepoint (must be enabled as input source)	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+U + character codepoint	Ctrl+v+u + character codepoint	Ctrl+X+8 + character codepoint

[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	ChromeOS
Go to Address Bar	Ctrl+L / F6 / Alt+D, Alt+C or Alt+E depending on language	⌘ Cmd+L or ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G	Ctrl+L or Alt+D or F6	Ctrl+L or Alt+D
Go to the previous location in history[16]	Alt+← or ← Backspace	⌘ Cmd+[ or ⌘ Cmd+←	Alt+←	Alt+←
Go to the next location in history	Alt+→ or ⇧ Shift+← Backspace (web browser only)	⌘ Cmd+] or ⌘ Cmd+→	Alt+→	Alt+→
Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy	Alt+↑ (Vista, 7, 8 or 10 only) or ← Backspace (Windows Explorer)	⌘ Cmd+↑	Alt+↑
Go to the starting page defined by the user or application	Alt+Home	⌘ Cmd+Home	Ctrl+Home (KDE) / Alt+Home (GNOME)	Alt+Search+←

Web browsers[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	Emacs-w3m	Vimperator	ChromeOS
Bookmarks menu	Ctrl+B	⌘ Cmd+B (Firefox)	Alt+B	v	:bmarks	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+B
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com)	Ctrl+↵ Enter	⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter[notes 5] (Firefox) or Ctrl+↵ Enter[notes 5] (Chrome)	Ctrl+↵ Enter			Ctrl+↵ Enter
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org)		⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter[notes 5] (Firefox)	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net)		⇧ Shift+↵ Enter[notes 5] (Firefox)	⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
Add bookmark for current page	Ctrl+D	⌘ Cmd+D	Ctrl+B / Ctrl+D	a	:bmark	Ctrl+D
Add bookmark for current link				Meta+a
Manage bookmarks	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+O (Microsoft Edge) or Ctrl+B (Internet Explorer)	⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+B (Chrome/Safari) or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+B (Firefox)	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R / Ctrl+B			Ctrl+⇧ Shift+O
Focus and select Web search bar	Ctrl+E	⌘ Cmd+E (Opera) or ⌘ Cmd+K (Firefox) or ⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+F (Safari)	Ctrl+k		t (open in a new tab) or T (open in current tab)	Ctrl+E or Ctrl+K
Focus and select address bar	Ctrl+L or F6 or Alt+D	⌘ Cmd+L	Ctrl+L or Alt+D or F6	g	O to alter URL, use y to copy it.	Ctrl+L or Alt+D
Refresh a webpage	Fn+F5 or Ctrl+R	⌘ Cmd+R	F5 or Ctrl+R	R	r	⟲ or Ctrl+R
Refresh a webpage ignoring cache	Ctrl+F5 or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R	⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+E then ⌘ Cmd+R	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F5 or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R		R	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R
Open a new window	Ctrl+N	⌘ Cmd+N (Chrome)	Ctrl+N		:winopen	Ctrl+N
Zoom Options (zoom in / zoom out / zoom 100%)	Ctrl++ / Ctrl+- / Ctrl+0	⌘ Cmd++ / ⌘ Cmd+- / ⌘ Cmd+0	Ctrl++ / Ctrl+- / Ctrl+0		zi / zo / zz (text only) or zI / zO / zZ (text and images)	Ctrl++ / Ctrl+- / Ctrl+0

Tab management[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS	Linux	Emacs-w3m	Vimperator	ChromeOS
New tab	Ctrl+T	⌘ Cmd+T	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T or Ctrl+T	Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+t	t	Ctrl+T
Close tab	Ctrl+W	⌘ Cmd+W	Ctrl+W Firefox[17] & Opera[18] & Chrome[19] & GNOME Web[20] & Midori Ctrl+F4 Firefox[17] & Opera[18] & Chrome[19]		d	Ctrl+W
Close all tabs but the current one		⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+T (Safari)		Ctrl+c, then Meta+w
Go to next tab	Ctrl+Tab ↹	Ctrl+Tab ↹ or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+→ (Safari)	Ctrl+PageDown or Ctrl+Tab ↹ or Ctrl+.	Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+n	gt	Ctrl+Tab ↹
Go to previous tab	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ or ⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+← (Safari)	Ctrl+PageUp or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ or Ctrl+,	Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+p	gT	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Go to tab-n[notes 8]	Ctrl+n[notes 8] (Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer)	⌘ Cmd+n[notes 8] (Chrome)	Alt+n[notes 8] (Chrome, Firefox) or Ctrl+n[notes 8] (Chrome)		First tab: g0 Last tab: g$	Ctrl+b
Go to last tab	Ctrl+9 (Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer)	⌘ Cmd+9 (Chrome)	Alt+9 (Chrome, Firefox) or Ctrl+9 (Chrome)
Open a previously closed tab	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T	⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox, Opera, Chrome)	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox, Opera, Chrome)[19][17][18]	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox)[17]	u	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T
Open a previously closed window	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N (Firefox)[17]					Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T
Close the current internet tab	Ctrl+W	⌘ Cmd+F11				Ctrl+W

Window management[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS[notes 1]	KDE	GNOME	Emacs	ChromeOS
Force window mode (Application requires functionality for set action)	0+↵ Enter	⌥ Opt+Alt+↵ Enter[notes 5] or ⌥ Option+Alt+F or ⌘ Cmd+F or ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+F
Pop up window menu	Alt+Space		Alt+F3	Alt+Space	Meta+`, then b
Close the focused window	Alt+F4 or Alt+Space then C[notes 9]	⌘ Cmd+W	Alt+F4	Alt+F4	Ctrl+x, then k	Ctrl+W
Close all windows of current application		⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+W				Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W
Restore the focused window to its previous size	Alt+Space then R[notes 9]		Alt+F3 then X	Alt+F5	Ctrl+x, then r, then j, then letter of the window state register.
Move the focused window	Alt+Space then M[notes 9] then Arrow Keys and ↵ Enter (to save new location)		Alt+Mouse / Alt+F3 then M then Arrow Keys	Alt+Mouse / Alt+F7 then Arrow Keys
Resize the focused window	Alt+Space then S[notes 9] then Arrow Keys and ↵ Enter (to save new size)		Alt+F3 then S then Arrow Keys	Alt+F8 then Arrow Keys / Alt+Right Mouse Button[notes 10]	Ctrl+x, then ^ vertically	Alt+] (snap window to right half of screen), Alt+[ (snap window to left half of screen)
Keep window always on top	Ctrl+Alt+Esc (toggles on/off)
Hide the focused window		⌘ Cmd+H			Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter
Hide all except the focused window		⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+H
Put the focused window furthest back (in tab order and Z axis)	Alt+Esc
Minimize the focused window	Alt+Space then N[notes 9] or ⊞ Win+↓ (Windows Vista Home Premium, Windows 7+)	⌘ Cmd+M	Alt+F3 then N	Alt+F9	Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter	Alt+-
Maximize the focused window	Alt+Space then X[notes 9] or ⊞ Win+↑ (Windows 7+)	⌘ Cmd+L	Alt+F3 then X	Alt+F10	Ctrl+x, then 1	Alt
Maximize horizontally			Available, but no default	Available, but no default
Maximize vertically	⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑ (Windows 7+)	Available (‘Zoom’), but no default	Available, but no default	Available, but no default
Minimize all	⊞ Win+M or ⊞ Win+D	⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+M	Available, but no default	Ctrl+Alt+D
Minimize all non focused windows	⊞ Win+Home (Windows 7+)		Available, but no default
Undo minimize all	⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M		Available, but no default	Ctrl+Alt+D
Switch fullscreen/normal size	F11 or ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter (UWP apps only)	⌘ Cmd+Ctrl+F	F11	F11		Fullscreen
Show the window in full screen mode, with no border, menubar, toolbar or statusbar		Depends on application, system default: ⌘ Cmd+Ctrl+F	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F	Ctrl+F11
Rollup/down window			Available, but no default	Alt+F12
Show all open windows	⊞ Win+Tab ↹	F3 or F9 or Fn+F9 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[21][22]		⊞ Win works per desktop on Gnome 3+	Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b	Show Windows
Show all windows of current application	⊞ Win+Tab ↹	Ctrl+F3 or F10 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[21][22]		Ctrl+`	Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b
Show all workspaces	⊞ Win+Tab ↹ (Windows 10)	F8 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[21][22]		⊞ Win then mouse over the desktop bar on the right edge of the screen		Show Windows
Move window to left/right/up/down workspace	⊞ Win+←/→ (Windows 7+)		Available, but no default	Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+← / → / ↑ / ↓		⇧ Shift+Search+[/]
Move window between multiple monitors	⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+←/→ (Windows 7+)					Alt+Search+M
Move window to workspace n			Available, but no default
Switch to next/previous workspace list			Available, but no default
Go to workspace n		Ctrl+n	Ctrl+Fn			⇧ Shift+Search+n
Go to left/right/up/down workspace	[notes 11]	Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ / Ctrl+↑ / Ctrl+↓ (OS X 10.5 to 10.6), Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ (OS X 10.7 and later)	Available, but no default	Ctrl+Alt+← / → / ↑ / ↓		Search+[/]
Quit application of current window	Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 varies[notes 12]	⌘ Cmd+Q[notes 13]	Ctrl+Alt+Esc		q	Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W
Close dialog	Esc (Laptop) ⊞ Win+↓+F4 (Desktop)	Esc				Esc or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+W
Open/Focus (preview) pinned program on the taskbar	⊞ Win+(#) where «#» is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7+)					Alt+(#) where «#» is the position of the program on the Shelf
Open new program window of pinned program in Quick Launch	⊞ Win+(#) where «#» is the position of the program on the Quick Launch toolbar (Windows Vista, 7+)	⌘ Cmd+A+⇧ Shift				Alt+(#) where «#» is the position of the program on the Shelf
Open new program window of the pinned program on the taskbar (if program is already opened)	⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+(#) where «#» is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7+)					Alt+(#) where «#» is the position of the program on the Shelf
Focus the first taskbar entry; pressing again will cycle through them	⊞ Win+T, then ←→ back and forth; hold ⇧ Shift to cycle backwards (Windows 7+)
Peek at the desktop	⊞ Win+Space (Windows 7) ⊞ Win+Comma (Windows 8+)	⌘ Cmd+F3 or F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[21][22]
Bring gadgets to the front of the Z-order and cycle between gadgets	⊞ Win+G (Windows Vista,7) or ⊞ Win+Space (Vista only, no cycling)
External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc.)	⊞ Win+P (Windows 7+)					Ctrl+Fullscreen

User interface navigation (widgets and controls)[edit]

Action	Windows	macOS[notes 1]	KDE	GNOME
Moves keyboard focus to next/previous control	Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹	Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹[notes 2]	Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹	Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ Ctrl+Tab ↹ / Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Pop up tooltip for currently focused control	⇧ Shift+F1			Ctrl+F1
Show context-sensitive help for currently focused window or control	⇧ Shift+F1	⌘ Cmd+?	⇧ Shift+F1	⇧ Shift+F1
Give focus to next/previous pane	Ctrl+F6 / Alt+F6	⌘ Cmd+`		F6 / ⇧ Shift+F6
Give focus to splitter bar in paned window				F8
Give focus to window’s menu bar	F10 or Alt	⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+/, then type command name, or Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards)[notes 2]	Alt	F10
Pop up contextual menu for currently selected objects (aka context menu)	⇧ Shift+F10 or ≣ Menu	Varies with laptop / extended keyboard type; enable Mouse keys in Universal Access, then Fn+Ctrl+5 or Ctrl+5 (numeric keypad) or Function+Ctrl+I (laptop)	≣ Menu	≣ Menu or ⇧ Shift+F10
Toggle selected state of focused checkbox, radio button, or toggle button	Space	Space	Space	Space
Activate focused button, menu item etc.	↵ Enter	Space (also ↵ Enter[notes 5] for menu items)	↵ Enter	↵ Enter
Expand a drop-down list	F4 or Alt+↓
Select/move to first/last item in selected widget			Home / End	Home / End
Scroll selected view by one page up/left/down/right		⇞ / ⇟ (or Fn+↑ / Fn+↓ on some keyboards)		PageUp / Ctrl+PageUp / PageDown / Ctrl+PageDown
Scroll selected view to top/bottom		↖ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↖ ↘ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↘
Switch focus to the next/previous tab within a window	Ctrl+Tab ↹	Ctrl+Tab ↹ / ⌘ Cmd+`		Ctrl+Tab ↹ -> Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ <-
Switch focus to the next/previous panel on the desktop				Ctrl+Alt+Tab ↹ / Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Switch focus to the next/previous panel (without dialog)				Ctrl+Alt+Esc / Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+Esc

Command line shortcuts[edit]

Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used in a command line environment.

Action	Windows (cmd.exe)	Windows (PowerShell)	Unix-like (bash, zsh)	Unix-like (POSIX-compliant shell)
Scroll through history of typed commands	↑/↓	↑/↓	↑/↓ or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N	ESC K / ESC J
Signal end-of-file	Ctrl+Z		Ctrl+D
Abort current command/typing	Ctrl+C	Ctrl+C	Ctrl+C	Ctrl+C
Erase word to the left	Ctrl+← Backspace	Ctrl+← Backspace	Ctrl+W or Esc+← Backspace
Erase word to the right	Ctrl+Delete	Ctrl+Delete	Alt+D
Erase line to the left	Ctrl+Home	Ctrl+Home	Ctrl+U
Erase line to the right	Ctrl+End	Ctrl+End	Ctrl+K
Yank/paste previously erased string			Ctrl+Y
Move one word to the left (backward)	Ctrl+←	Ctrl+←	Alt+B
Move one word to the right (forward)	Ctrl+→	Ctrl+→	Alt+F
Move to beginning of line	Home	Home	Ctrl+A or Home
Move to end of line	End	End	Ctrl+E or End
Reverse search of history	F8	F8	Ctrl+R
Pause execution of the current job			Ctrl+Z
Insert the next character typed verbatim			Ctrl+V
Autocomplete command/file name	Tab ↹ (enabled by default in Windows XP and later)	Tab ↹	Tab ↹ (usually once)	Esc (usually twice)
Paste contents of clipboard at cursor	Alt+Space then E[notes 9] then P	Ctrl+V	⇧ Shift+Ins
Scroll window up	⇧ Shift+PageUp (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)	PageUp	⇧ Shift+PageUp
Scroll window down	⇧ Shift+PageDown (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)	PageDown	⇧ Shift+PageDown
Clear screen			Ctrl+L

Accessibility[edit]

• In Windows, it is possible to disable these shortcuts using the Accessibility or Ease of Access control panel.
• In GNOME, these shortcuts are possible, if Universal Access is enabled on the system.

Action	Windows	macOS	KDE	GNOME
Utility Manager	⊞ Win+U
Use keyboard to control cursor	Left Alt+Left Shift+Numlock			[23]
Allow user to press shortcuts one key at a time	⇧ Shift press 5 times			⇧ Shift 5 times[24]
Hear beep when -lock key pressed	Numlock hold 5 seconds
Stop/slow repeating characters when key is pressed	Right Shift hold 8 seconds			⇧ Shift hold for 8 seconds[25][26][27]
Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode	Left Alt+Left Shift+PrtScn	⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Ctrl+8	Meta+⇧ Shift+i (if enabled)
Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode (Only current window)			Meta+⇧ Shift+u (if enabled)
Accessibility Shortcut[notes 14]	Ctrl+⊞ Win+C

See also[edit]

• Keyboard shortcut
• Microsoft Windows key shortcuts
• Common User Access (CUA)
• Computer keyboard
• Human interface guidelines
• Pointing device gesture

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• macOS
  • Mac keyboard shortcuts
  • Keyboard shortcuts in Safari for Mac
• Windows
  • Keyboard shortcuts in Windows
• ChromeOS
  • Chromebook keyboard shortcuts
• Linux
  • GNOME
    • Useful Keyboard Shortcuts
    • Keyboard Navigation
    • Set Keyboard Shortcuts
    • Universal Access
    • Usage
    • Keyboard Interaction
    • library.gnome.org for the latest documentation of unstable
  • KDE
    • KDE Fundamentals: Common Keyboard Shortcuts
    • KDE Community Wiki: KDE Visual Design Group/HIG/Keyboard Shortcuts
• Office Suites
  • Apache OpenOffice or LibreOffice
    • OpenOffice.org and LibreOffice keyboard shortcuts
• Web Browsers
  • Chrome or Chromium: Google Chrome keyboard shortcuts
  • Firefox: Firefox browser keyboard shortcuts
  • Opera: Opera browser keyboard shortcuts