Манхва на английском как пишется

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For Chinese comics, see Manhua.

Manhwa (Korean: 만화; Hanja: 漫畵; Korean pronunciation: [manhwa]) is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons. Outside Korea, the term usually refers to South Korean comics.^[1] Manhwa is greatly influenced by Japanese Manga comics. Modern Manhwa has extended its reach to many other countries. These comics have branched outside of Korea by access of Webtoons and have created an impact that has resulted in many movie and television show adaptations.

Characteristics[edit]

The author or artist of a manhwa is called a manhwaga (만화가; 漫畵家). They take on the task of creating a comic that fits a certain format. Manhwa is read in the same direction as English books, horizontally and from left to right, because Korean is normally written and read horizontally. It can also be written and read vertically from right to left, top to bottom.^[2] Webtoons tend to be structured differently in the way they are meant for scrolling where manga is meant to be looked at page by page. Manhwa, unlike their manga counterpart, is often in color when posted on the internet, but in black & white when in a printed format.^[3]

Manhwa art differs from manga and manhua as well with its distinct features. The bodies of characters are often realistically proportioned, while the faces remain unrealistic. Manhwas also often have very detailed clothing on their characters as well as intricate backgrounds. Webtoons use vertical scrolling to their advantage to demonstrate movement or the passage of time. Manhwa webtoons are also recognized for having simplified dialogue compared to print.^[4]

Etymology and influence[edit]

Linguistically, manhwa, manga (漫画) and manhua (漫画) all mean ‘comics’ in Korean, Japanese and Chinese respectively. According to its Wikipedia article, «manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画,^[5] (katakana: マンガ; hiragana: まんが) which is composed of two kanji 漫 (man) meaning ‘whimsical or impromptu’ and 画 (ga) meaning ‘pictures.’^[6][7] The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, ‘manhwa,’ and the Chinese word ‘manhua.'»^[8] The Korean manhwa, the Japanese manga and the Chinese phrase manhua are cognates (transl. »impromptu sketches»)^[9] and their histories and influences intertwine with each other.

Originally the term manhua in Chinese vocabulary was an 18th-century term used in Chinese literati painting. The term  manga was used in Japan to mean «comics» in the late 19th century, when it became popular. Since then, accordingly  manhwa, manga (漫画) and manhua (漫画) are all became to mean ‘comics’ in Korean, Japanese and Chinese.^{[citation needed]}

The current usage of the terms manhwa and manhua in English is largely explained by the international success of Japanese manga. Although in a traditional sense, the terms manga/manhua/manhwa had a similar meaning of comical drawing in a broad way, in English the terms manhwa and manhua generally designate the manga-inspired comic strips. Manga influenced manhwa from the medium’s beginnings during the Japanese occupation of Korea and continued to exert a powerful influence as the manga industry became a major force within Japanese culture and began to export comics abroad. Manhwaga were not culturally isolated, and the influx of manga into the Korean comics market had a strong effect on the art and content of many artists’ manhwa.^[10]

History[edit]

Korea was under Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945 and during this time elements of Japanese language and culture were incorporated into Korean society.^[11] The term manhwa came into popular use in Korea during the 1920s,^[12] when it was applied to cartoons. By the mid 1920s, most newspapers were shut down,^[13] and political and social cartoons were abandoned, replaced by humorous illustrations and cartoons geared towards children.

Political cartoon slowly reemerged following the establishment of the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea) in 1948.^[14] During the early years of Japanese occupation, newspaper comics featured a great deal of social criticism. Popular artist Kim Yong-hwan started Korea’s first comic magazine, Manhwa Haengjin, in 1948,^[15] but it was quickly shut down because the authorities disapproved of the cover.

During the Korean war, Manhwa was used with the aim of boosting the morale of the public.^[16]The popularity of comics rose during the 1950s and 1960s,^[17] creating diversity of styles and subject matter which led to the construction of new genres such as sunjeong (or soonjung),^[18] stories containing romance that are aimed at young women (equivalent to the Japanese genre shoujo). Also around this time another more humorous genre, myeongnyang or happy comics had become popular in order to counteract gritty ones.^[16] Manhwabang (lit. comics room), comics cafés and stores that allowed readers to pay a set rate to sit and read comics were also introduced to the public, creating a positive atmosphere around the comics.^[19] In response to the increasing publication of comics, as well as social and political changes within South Korea, the government began to enforce censorship laws and, by the mid-1960s, created a comics distribution monopoly that further censored manhwa.^[20]

In the 1990s, the ban on Japanese media was lifted, which helped to influence the present-day art and styles of contemporary Manhwa. Around this time was when Manhwa had come up in North Korea as well. Then in the early 2000s, the majority of Manhwa was transferred to online sources due to economic collapse that South Korea had experienced at the end of the millennium. because of its transfer to online sources, its popularity overseas has risen. This led to the South Korean search portal to launch LINE Webtoon, a platform for distributing online Manhwa.^[16]

Webtoons[edit]

The term «Webtoon» (웹툰) is a portmanteau of the Korean words 웹 meaning web and 카툰 meaning cartoon. The term was first coined on 8 August 2000, by Chollian, one of South Korea’s oldest and now discontinued internet service engines.^[21] Webtoons are the digital form of manhwa that first came into popularity in the early 2000s due to their free access and availability on the internet.^[22] It was also beneficial to creators because it helped them get around strict South Korean censorship laws. ^[23] Webtoons encourage amateur writers to publish their own stories for others to read.^[21] Since their creation, webtoons have gained popularity around the globe and have even been adopted outside of Korea as another form of comic publication.^[24] This is credited to their unique format and pay model.

In 2014 WEBTOON’s global website and mobile app were launched, revolutionizing the comic world’s way of reading for entertainment. Also, around this time JunKoo Kim, the person that started LINE Webtoon, had reported that Webtoon was used in 60 countries, had 55 million monthly users, and 100 billion annual views.^{[citation needed]}

Manhwa outside of Korea[edit]

Manhwa has reached all over the world now. With websites such as TopToon, a webtoon company from Korea that also has a global service in TopToonPlus, people are able to access a wide variety of comics from their phones. ^[25] There are also places like WEBTOON that not only allow people to read original comics, but make them as well, opening up this aspect of Korean culture for everyone to take part in.

But despite that, the relative obscurity of Korean culture in the Western world has caused the word manhwa to remain somewhat unknown in the English-speaking countries.^{[citation needed]} English translations of manhwa have achieved success by targeting the manga and anime community, to the extent that manhwa were marketed as manga by the American publisher Tokyopop. ^[26]

United States[edit]

Sanho Kim was the first manhwa artist working in the States. During the 1960s and 1970s, he worked for publishers Charlton Comics, Warren Publishing, Iron Horse Publishing, Skywald Publications, DC Comics, and Marvel Comics.^[27]

According to journalist Paul Gravett, in 1987 Eastern Comics published the first original manhwas in the United States.^[28]

Due to the explosion of manga’s popularity in the Americas, many of the licensed titles acquired for the American market seek to emulate the popular elements of other successful series.^[29] Recently, long-running webtoons serialized via Internet portal sites (e.g. by Daum Media),^[30] like Lezhin Comics and personal homepages have become both the creative and popular destination among the younger generation in Korea.^{[citation needed]}
With manga proving to be both popular and commercially successful in Europe and the United States, a number of publishers imported and translated manhwa titles in the hope of reaching the same audience. The readability and left-to-right orientation of manhwa contributed to its growing popularity, as did the realism of the characters and the combination of Eastern and Western styles and mythologies.

Media franchise[edit]

Animations based on Korean comics are still relatively rare (though there were several major hits in the late 1980s and early 90s with titles such as Dooly the Little Dinosaur and Fly! Superboard). However, live-action drama series and movie adaptations of manhwa have occurred more frequently in recent years. Full House in 2004 and Goong («Palace» or «Princess Hours») in 2006 are prominent examples. Below is a list of manhwa titles adapted into television series, web series, and films. Not to be confused to another adapted works of adapted from Webtoons.

Korean manhwa publishers[edit]

Note: select publishers only

• Daewon C.I.
• Haksan Culture Company
• Seoul Culture Corporation
• Shinwon Agency Corporation

North American manhwa imprints[edit]

• ADV Manga
• Dark Horse Manhwa
• DramaQueen
• DrMaster Publications
• Media Blasters
• Netcomics
• NBM ComicsLit
• Seven Seas Entertainment
• SuperAni
• Manta
• UDON’s Korean Manhwa
• Yen Press

See also[edit]

• List of manhwa
• Myeongnang manhwa
• Manhwabang
• Culture of South Korea
• Korean Wave
• Korean animation
• Webtoon
• Video gaming in South Korea

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Fukushima, Yoshiko (2013). Manga Discourse in Japan Theatre. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-136-77273-3.
• Son Sang-ik (1999). 한국만화통사 1 (General History of Manwha 1) (in Korean). Sigongsa. ISBN 89-7259-890-9.
• Hart, Christopher (2004). Manhwa mania: how to draw Korean comics. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-2976-X.
• Kim Jinsu (2 June 2007). «개화기 일제의 시사만화 탄압 (The Japanese oppression on Sisa manhwa)» (in Korean). Chammalo.
• 만화 (in Korean). Empas/ Encyclopædia Britannica.
• Rousmaniere, Nicole (2001). Births and Rebirths in Japanese Art : Essays Celebrating the Inauguration of the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures. Hotei Publishing. ISBN 978-90-74822-44-2.
• «Manhwa» (in Korean). Empas/ EncyKorea.
• Sim Ji-hoon. «Korea Manhwa Museum». INISteel Webzine (in Korean).
• Onoda, Natsu (2009). God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga. University Press of Mississippi. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-60473-478-2.
• Petersen, Robert S. (2011). Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36330-6.
• Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John K (2012). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. BRILL. p. 596. ISBN 978-90-04-23435-2.
• Sugiyama, Rika (2004). Comic artists — Asia : manga, manhwa, manhua. New York: Harper Design International. ISBN 0-06-058924-8.
• Thompson, Jason (2007). Manga: The Complete Guide. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-48590-8.
• Webb, Martin (28 May 2006). «Manga by any other name is…» The Japan Times. Retrieved 5 April 2008.

• «Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 1, Comic-Con International 2004,» Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004
• «Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 2, Manhwa Sampler,» Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004
• «Sang-Sun Park, Les Bijoux Comic Artist,» Sequential Tart.com, Aug. 2004
• Manhwa site for «Demon Diary» (마왕일기)
• «Infinity Studios and Manhwa,» Anime Tourist.com, 16 June 2004
• Our Toys, Our Selves: Robot Taekwon V and South Korean Identity
• Cain, Geoffrey. «Will the Internet Kill the Manhwa Star?» The Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 November 2009

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For Chinese comics, see Manhua.

Manhwa (Korean: 만화; Hanja: 漫畵; Korean pronunciation: [manhwa]) is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons. Outside Korea, the term usually refers to South Korean comics.^[1] Manhwa is greatly influenced by Japanese Manga comics. Modern Manhwa has extended its reach to many other countries. These comics have branched outside of Korea by access of Webtoons and have created an impact that has resulted in many movie and television show adaptations.

Characteristics[edit]

The author or artist of a manhwa is called a manhwaga (만화가; 漫畵家). They take on the task of creating a comic that fits a certain format. Manhwa is read in the same direction as English books, horizontally and from left to right, because Korean is normally written and read horizontally. It can also be written and read vertically from right to left, top to bottom.^[2] Webtoons tend to be structured differently in the way they are meant for scrolling where manga is meant to be looked at page by page. Manhwa, unlike their manga counterpart, is often in color when posted on the internet, but in black & white when in a printed format.^[3]

Manhwa art differs from manga and manhua as well with its distinct features. The bodies of characters are often realistically proportioned, while the faces remain unrealistic. Manhwas also often have very detailed clothing on their characters as well as intricate backgrounds. Webtoons use vertical scrolling to their advantage to demonstrate movement or the passage of time. Manhwa webtoons are also recognized for having simplified dialogue compared to print.^[4]

Etymology and influence[edit]

Linguistically, manhwa, manga (漫画) and manhua (漫画) all mean ‘comics’ in Korean, Japanese and Chinese respectively. According to its Wikipedia article, «manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画,^[5] (katakana: マンガ; hiragana: まんが) which is composed of two kanji 漫 (man) meaning ‘whimsical or impromptu’ and 画 (ga) meaning ‘pictures.’^[6][7] The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, ‘manhwa,’ and the Chinese word ‘manhua.'»^[8] The Korean manhwa, the Japanese manga and the Chinese phrase manhua are cognates (transl. »impromptu sketches»)^[9] and their histories and influences intertwine with each other.

Originally the term manhua in Chinese vocabulary was an 18th-century term used in Chinese literati painting. The term  manga was used in Japan to mean «comics» in the late 19th century, when it became popular. Since then, accordingly  manhwa, manga (漫画) and manhua (漫画) are all became to mean ‘comics’ in Korean, Japanese and Chinese.^{[citation needed]}

The current usage of the terms manhwa and manhua in English is largely explained by the international success of Japanese manga. Although in a traditional sense, the terms manga/manhua/manhwa had a similar meaning of comical drawing in a broad way, in English the terms manhwa and manhua generally designate the manga-inspired comic strips. Manga influenced manhwa from the medium’s beginnings during the Japanese occupation of Korea and continued to exert a powerful influence as the manga industry became a major force within Japanese culture and began to export comics abroad. Manhwaga were not culturally isolated, and the influx of manga into the Korean comics market had a strong effect on the art and content of many artists’ manhwa.^[10]

History[edit]

Korea was under Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945 and during this time elements of Japanese language and culture were incorporated into Korean society.^[11] The term manhwa came into popular use in Korea during the 1920s,^[12] when it was applied to cartoons. By the mid 1920s, most newspapers were shut down,^[13] and political and social cartoons were abandoned, replaced by humorous illustrations and cartoons geared towards children.

Political cartoon slowly reemerged following the establishment of the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea) in 1948.^[14] During the early years of Japanese occupation, newspaper comics featured a great deal of social criticism. Popular artist Kim Yong-hwan started Korea’s first comic magazine, Manhwa Haengjin, in 1948,^[15] but it was quickly shut down because the authorities disapproved of the cover.

During the Korean war, Manhwa was used with the aim of boosting the morale of the public.^[16]The popularity of comics rose during the 1950s and 1960s,^[17] creating diversity of styles and subject matter which led to the construction of new genres such as sunjeong (or soonjung),^[18] stories containing romance that are aimed at young women (equivalent to the Japanese genre shoujo). Also around this time another more humorous genre, myeongnyang or happy comics had become popular in order to counteract gritty ones.^[16] Manhwabang (lit. comics room), comics cafés and stores that allowed readers to pay a set rate to sit and read comics were also introduced to the public, creating a positive atmosphere around the comics.^[19] In response to the increasing publication of comics, as well as social and political changes within South Korea, the government began to enforce censorship laws and, by the mid-1960s, created a comics distribution monopoly that further censored manhwa.^[20]

In the 1990s, the ban on Japanese media was lifted, which helped to influence the present-day art and styles of contemporary Manhwa. Around this time was when Manhwa had come up in North Korea as well. Then in the early 2000s, the majority of Manhwa was transferred to online sources due to economic collapse that South Korea had experienced at the end of the millennium. because of its transfer to online sources, its popularity overseas has risen. This led to the South Korean search portal to launch LINE Webtoon, a platform for distributing online Manhwa.^[16]

Webtoons[edit]

The term «Webtoon» (웹툰) is a portmanteau of the Korean words 웹 meaning web and 카툰 meaning cartoon. The term was first coined on 8 August 2000, by Chollian, one of South Korea’s oldest and now discontinued internet service engines.^[21] Webtoons are the digital form of manhwa that first came into popularity in the early 2000s due to their free access and availability on the internet.^[22] It was also beneficial to creators because it helped them get around strict South Korean censorship laws. ^[23] Webtoons encourage amateur writers to publish their own stories for others to read.^[21] Since their creation, webtoons have gained popularity around the globe and have even been adopted outside of Korea as another form of comic publication.^[24] This is credited to their unique format and pay model.

In 2014 WEBTOON’s global website and mobile app were launched, revolutionizing the comic world’s way of reading for entertainment. Also, around this time JunKoo Kim, the person that started LINE Webtoon, had reported that Webtoon was used in 60 countries, had 55 million monthly users, and 100 billion annual views.^{[citation needed]}

Manhwa outside of Korea[edit]

Manhwa has reached all over the world now. With websites such as TopToon, a webtoon company from Korea that also has a global service in TopToonPlus, people are able to access a wide variety of comics from their phones. ^[25] There are also places like WEBTOON that not only allow people to read original comics, but make them as well, opening up this aspect of Korean culture for everyone to take part in.

But despite that, the relative obscurity of Korean culture in the Western world has caused the word manhwa to remain somewhat unknown in the English-speaking countries.^{[citation needed]} English translations of manhwa have achieved success by targeting the manga and anime community, to the extent that manhwa were marketed as manga by the American publisher Tokyopop. ^[26]

United States[edit]

Sanho Kim was the first manhwa artist working in the States. During the 1960s and 1970s, he worked for publishers Charlton Comics, Warren Publishing, Iron Horse Publishing, Skywald Publications, DC Comics, and Marvel Comics.^[27]

According to journalist Paul Gravett, in 1987 Eastern Comics published the first original manhwas in the United States.^[28]

Due to the explosion of manga’s popularity in the Americas, many of the licensed titles acquired for the American market seek to emulate the popular elements of other successful series.^[29] Recently, long-running webtoons serialized via Internet portal sites (e.g. by Daum Media),^[30] like Lezhin Comics and personal homepages have become both the creative and popular destination among the younger generation in Korea.^{[citation needed]}
With manga proving to be both popular and commercially successful in Europe and the United States, a number of publishers imported and translated manhwa titles in the hope of reaching the same audience. The readability and left-to-right orientation of manhwa contributed to its growing popularity, as did the realism of the characters and the combination of Eastern and Western styles and mythologies.

Media franchise[edit]

Animations based on Korean comics are still relatively rare (though there were several major hits in the late 1980s and early 90s with titles such as Dooly the Little Dinosaur and Fly! Superboard). However, live-action drama series and movie adaptations of manhwa have occurred more frequently in recent years. Full House in 2004 and Goong («Palace» or «Princess Hours») in 2006 are prominent examples. Below is a list of manhwa titles adapted into television series, web series, and films. Not to be confused to another adapted works of adapted from Webtoons.

Korean manhwa publishers[edit]

Note: select publishers only

• Daewon C.I.
• Haksan Culture Company
• Seoul Culture Corporation
• Shinwon Agency Corporation

North American manhwa imprints[edit]

• ADV Manga
• Dark Horse Manhwa
• DramaQueen
• DrMaster Publications
• Media Blasters
• Netcomics
• NBM ComicsLit
• Seven Seas Entertainment
• SuperAni
• Manta
• UDON’s Korean Manhwa
• Yen Press

See also[edit]

• List of manhwa
• Myeongnang manhwa
• Manhwabang
• Culture of South Korea
• Korean Wave
• Korean animation
• Webtoon
• Video gaming in South Korea

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Fukushima, Yoshiko (2013). Manga Discourse in Japan Theatre. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-136-77273-3.
• Son Sang-ik (1999). 한국만화통사 1 (General History of Manwha 1) (in Korean). Sigongsa. ISBN 89-7259-890-9.
• Hart, Christopher (2004). Manhwa mania: how to draw Korean comics. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-2976-X.
• Kim Jinsu (2 June 2007). «개화기 일제의 시사만화 탄압 (The Japanese oppression on Sisa manhwa)» (in Korean). Chammalo.
• 만화 (in Korean). Empas/ Encyclopædia Britannica.
• Rousmaniere, Nicole (2001). Births and Rebirths in Japanese Art : Essays Celebrating the Inauguration of the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures. Hotei Publishing. ISBN 978-90-74822-44-2.
• «Manhwa» (in Korean). Empas/ EncyKorea.
• Sim Ji-hoon. «Korea Manhwa Museum». INISteel Webzine (in Korean).
• Onoda, Natsu (2009). God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga. University Press of Mississippi. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-60473-478-2.
• Petersen, Robert S. (2011). Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36330-6.
• Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John K (2012). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. BRILL. p. 596. ISBN 978-90-04-23435-2.
• Sugiyama, Rika (2004). Comic artists — Asia : manga, manhwa, manhua. New York: Harper Design International. ISBN 0-06-058924-8.
• Thompson, Jason (2007). Manga: The Complete Guide. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-48590-8.
• Webb, Martin (28 May 2006). «Manga by any other name is…» The Japan Times. Retrieved 5 April 2008.

• «Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 1, Comic-Con International 2004,» Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004
• «Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 2, Manhwa Sampler,» Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004
• «Sang-Sun Park, Les Bijoux Comic Artist,» Sequential Tart.com, Aug. 2004
• Manhwa site for «Demon Diary» (마왕일기)
• «Infinity Studios and Manhwa,» Anime Tourist.com, 16 June 2004
• Our Toys, Our Selves: Robot Taekwon V and South Korean Identity
• Cain, Geoffrey. «Will the Internet Kill the Manhwa Star?» The Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 November 2009

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For Chinese comics, see Manhua.

Manhwa (Korean: 만화; Hanja: 漫畵; Korean pronunciation: [manhwa]) is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons. Outside Korea, the term usually refers to South Korean comics.^[1] Manhwa is greatly influenced by Japanese Manga comics. Modern Manhwa has extended its reach to many other countries. These comics have branched outside of Korea by access of Webtoons and have created an impact that has resulted in many movie and television show adaptations.

Characteristics[edit]

The author or artist of a manhwa is called a manhwaga (만화가; 漫畵家). They take on the task of creating a comic that fits a certain format. Manhwa is read in the same direction as English books, horizontally and from left to right, because Korean is normally written and read horizontally. It can also be written and read vertically from right to left, top to bottom.^[2] Webtoons tend to be structured differently in the way they are meant for scrolling where manga is meant to be looked at page by page. Manhwa, unlike their manga counterpart, is often in color when posted on the internet, but in black & white when in a printed format.^[3]

Manhwa art differs from manga and manhua as well with its distinct features. The bodies of characters are often realistically proportioned, while the faces remain unrealistic. Manhwas also often have very detailed clothing on their characters as well as intricate backgrounds. Webtoons use vertical scrolling to their advantage to demonstrate movement or the passage of time. Manhwa webtoons are also recognized for having simplified dialogue compared to print.^[4]

Etymology and influence[edit]

Linguistically, manhwa, manga (漫画) and manhua (漫画) all mean ‘comics’ in Korean, Japanese and Chinese respectively. According to its Wikipedia article, «manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画,^[5] (katakana: マンガ; hiragana: まんが) which is composed of two kanji 漫 (man) meaning ‘whimsical or impromptu’ and 画 (ga) meaning ‘pictures.’^[6][7] The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, ‘manhwa,’ and the Chinese word ‘manhua.'»^[8] The Korean manhwa, the Japanese manga and the Chinese phrase manhua are cognates (transl. »impromptu sketches»)^[9] and their histories and influences intertwine with each other.

Originally the term manhua in Chinese vocabulary was an 18th-century term used in Chinese literati painting. The term  manga was used in Japan to mean «comics» in the late 19th century, when it became popular. Since then, accordingly  manhwa, manga (漫画) and manhua (漫画) are all became to mean ‘comics’ in Korean, Japanese and Chinese.^{[citation needed]}

The current usage of the terms manhwa and manhua in English is largely explained by the international success of Japanese manga. Although in a traditional sense, the terms manga/manhua/manhwa had a similar meaning of comical drawing in a broad way, in English the terms manhwa and manhua generally designate the manga-inspired comic strips. Manga influenced manhwa from the medium’s beginnings during the Japanese occupation of Korea and continued to exert a powerful influence as the manga industry became a major force within Japanese culture and began to export comics abroad. Manhwaga were not culturally isolated, and the influx of manga into the Korean comics market had a strong effect on the art and content of many artists’ manhwa.^[10]

History[edit]

Korea was under Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945 and during this time elements of Japanese language and culture were incorporated into Korean society.^[11] The term manhwa came into popular use in Korea during the 1920s,^[12] when it was applied to cartoons. By the mid 1920s, most newspapers were shut down,^[13] and political and social cartoons were abandoned, replaced by humorous illustrations and cartoons geared towards children.

Political cartoon slowly reemerged following the establishment of the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea) in 1948.^[14] During the early years of Japanese occupation, newspaper comics featured a great deal of social criticism. Popular artist Kim Yong-hwan started Korea’s first comic magazine, Manhwa Haengjin, in 1948,^[15] but it was quickly shut down because the authorities disapproved of the cover.

During the Korean war, Manhwa was used with the aim of boosting the morale of the public.^[16]The popularity of comics rose during the 1950s and 1960s,^[17] creating diversity of styles and subject matter which led to the construction of new genres such as sunjeong (or soonjung),^[18] stories containing romance that are aimed at young women (equivalent to the Japanese genre shoujo). Also around this time another more humorous genre, myeongnyang or happy comics had become popular in order to counteract gritty ones.^[16] Manhwabang (lit. comics room), comics cafés and stores that allowed readers to pay a set rate to sit and read comics were also introduced to the public, creating a positive atmosphere around the comics.^[19] In response to the increasing publication of comics, as well as social and political changes within South Korea, the government began to enforce censorship laws and, by the mid-1960s, created a comics distribution monopoly that further censored manhwa.^[20]

In the 1990s, the ban on Japanese media was lifted, which helped to influence the present-day art and styles of contemporary Manhwa. Around this time was when Manhwa had come up in North Korea as well. Then in the early 2000s, the majority of Manhwa was transferred to online sources due to economic collapse that South Korea had experienced at the end of the millennium. because of its transfer to online sources, its popularity overseas has risen. This led to the South Korean search portal to launch LINE Webtoon, a platform for distributing online Manhwa.^[16]

Webtoons[edit]

The term «Webtoon» (웹툰) is a portmanteau of the Korean words 웹 meaning web and 카툰 meaning cartoon. The term was first coined on 8 August 2000, by Chollian, one of South Korea’s oldest and now discontinued internet service engines.^[21] Webtoons are the digital form of manhwa that first came into popularity in the early 2000s due to their free access and availability on the internet.^[22] It was also beneficial to creators because it helped them get around strict South Korean censorship laws. ^[23] Webtoons encourage amateur writers to publish their own stories for others to read.^[21] Since their creation, webtoons have gained popularity around the globe and have even been adopted outside of Korea as another form of comic publication.^[24] This is credited to their unique format and pay model.

In 2014 WEBTOON’s global website and mobile app were launched, revolutionizing the comic world’s way of reading for entertainment. Also, around this time JunKoo Kim, the person that started LINE Webtoon, had reported that Webtoon was used in 60 countries, had 55 million monthly users, and 100 billion annual views.^{[citation needed]}

Manhwa outside of Korea[edit]

Manhwa has reached all over the world now. With websites such as TopToon, a webtoon company from Korea that also has a global service in TopToonPlus, people are able to access a wide variety of comics from their phones. ^[25] There are also places like WEBTOON that not only allow people to read original comics, but make them as well, opening up this aspect of Korean culture for everyone to take part in.

But despite that, the relative obscurity of Korean culture in the Western world has caused the word manhwa to remain somewhat unknown in the English-speaking countries.^{[citation needed]} English translations of manhwa have achieved success by targeting the manga and anime community, to the extent that manhwa were marketed as manga by the American publisher Tokyopop. ^[26]

United States[edit]

Sanho Kim was the first manhwa artist working in the States. During the 1960s and 1970s, he worked for publishers Charlton Comics, Warren Publishing, Iron Horse Publishing, Skywald Publications, DC Comics, and Marvel Comics.^[27]

According to journalist Paul Gravett, in 1987 Eastern Comics published the first original manhwas in the United States.^[28]

Due to the explosion of manga’s popularity in the Americas, many of the licensed titles acquired for the American market seek to emulate the popular elements of other successful series.^[29] Recently, long-running webtoons serialized via Internet portal sites (e.g. by Daum Media),^[30] like Lezhin Comics and personal homepages have become both the creative and popular destination among the younger generation in Korea.^{[citation needed]}
With manga proving to be both popular and commercially successful in Europe and the United States, a number of publishers imported and translated manhwa titles in the hope of reaching the same audience. The readability and left-to-right orientation of manhwa contributed to its growing popularity, as did the realism of the characters and the combination of Eastern and Western styles and mythologies.

Media franchise[edit]

Animations based on Korean comics are still relatively rare (though there were several major hits in the late 1980s and early 90s with titles such as Dooly the Little Dinosaur and Fly! Superboard). However, live-action drama series and movie adaptations of manhwa have occurred more frequently in recent years. Full House in 2004 and Goong («Palace» or «Princess Hours») in 2006 are prominent examples. Below is a list of manhwa titles adapted into television series, web series, and films. Not to be confused to another adapted works of adapted from Webtoons.

Korean manhwa publishers[edit]

Note: select publishers only

• Daewon C.I.
• Haksan Culture Company
• Seoul Culture Corporation
• Shinwon Agency Corporation

North American manhwa imprints[edit]

• ADV Manga
• Dark Horse Manhwa
• DramaQueen
• DrMaster Publications
• Media Blasters
• Netcomics
• NBM ComicsLit
• Seven Seas Entertainment
• SuperAni
• Manta
• UDON’s Korean Manhwa
• Yen Press

See also[edit]

• List of manhwa
• Myeongnang manhwa
• Manhwabang
• Culture of South Korea
• Korean Wave
• Korean animation
• Webtoon
• Video gaming in South Korea

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Fukushima, Yoshiko (2013). Manga Discourse in Japan Theatre. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-136-77273-3.
• Son Sang-ik (1999). 한국만화통사 1 (General History of Manwha 1) (in Korean). Sigongsa. ISBN 89-7259-890-9.
• Hart, Christopher (2004). Manhwa mania: how to draw Korean comics. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-2976-X.
• Kim Jinsu (2 June 2007). «개화기 일제의 시사만화 탄압 (The Japanese oppression on Sisa manhwa)» (in Korean). Chammalo.
• 만화 (in Korean). Empas/ Encyclopædia Britannica.
• Rousmaniere, Nicole (2001). Births and Rebirths in Japanese Art : Essays Celebrating the Inauguration of the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures. Hotei Publishing. ISBN 978-90-74822-44-2.
• «Manhwa» (in Korean). Empas/ EncyKorea.
• Sim Ji-hoon. «Korea Manhwa Museum». INISteel Webzine (in Korean).
• Onoda, Natsu (2009). God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga. University Press of Mississippi. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-60473-478-2.
• Petersen, Robert S. (2011). Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36330-6.
• Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John K (2012). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. BRILL. p. 596. ISBN 978-90-04-23435-2.
• Sugiyama, Rika (2004). Comic artists — Asia : manga, manhwa, manhua. New York: Harper Design International. ISBN 0-06-058924-8.
• Thompson, Jason (2007). Manga: The Complete Guide. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-48590-8.
• Webb, Martin (28 May 2006). «Manga by any other name is…» The Japan Times. Retrieved 5 April 2008.

• «Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 1, Comic-Con International 2004,» Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004
• «Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 2, Manhwa Sampler,» Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004
• «Sang-Sun Park, Les Bijoux Comic Artist,» Sequential Tart.com, Aug. 2004
• Manhwa site for «Demon Diary» (마왕일기)
• «Infinity Studios and Manhwa,» Anime Tourist.com, 16 June 2004
• Our Toys, Our Selves: Robot Taekwon V and South Korean Identity
• Cain, Geoffrey. «Will the Internet Kill the Manhwa Star?» The Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 November 2009

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For Chinese comics, see Manhua.

Manhwa (Korean: 만화; Hanja: 漫畵; Korean pronunciation: [manhwa]) is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons. Outside Korea, the term usually refers to South Korean comics.^[1] Manhwa is greatly influenced by Japanese Manga comics. Modern Manhwa has extended its reach to many other countries. These comics have branched outside of Korea by access of Webtoons and have created an impact that has resulted in many movie and television show adaptations.

Characteristics[edit]

The author or artist of a manhwa is called a manhwaga (만화가; 漫畵家). They take on the task of creating a comic that fits a certain format. Manhwa is read in the same direction as English books, horizontally and from left to right, because Korean is normally written and read horizontally. It can also be written and read vertically from right to left, top to bottom.^[2] Webtoons tend to be structured differently in the way they are meant for scrolling where manga is meant to be looked at page by page. Manhwa, unlike their manga counterpart, is often in color when posted on the internet, but in black & white when in a printed format.^[3]

Manhwa art differs from manga and manhua as well with its distinct features. The bodies of characters are often realistically proportioned, while the faces remain unrealistic. Manhwas also often have very detailed clothing on their characters as well as intricate backgrounds. Webtoons use vertical scrolling to their advantage to demonstrate movement or the passage of time. Manhwa webtoons are also recognized for having simplified dialogue compared to print.^[4]

Etymology and influence[edit]

Linguistically, manhwa, manga (漫画) and manhua (漫画) all mean ‘comics’ in Korean, Japanese and Chinese respectively. According to its Wikipedia article, «manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画,^[5] (katakana: マンガ; hiragana: まんが) which is composed of two kanji 漫 (man) meaning ‘whimsical or impromptu’ and 画 (ga) meaning ‘pictures.’^[6][7] The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, ‘manhwa,’ and the Chinese word ‘manhua.'»^[8] The Korean manhwa, the Japanese manga and the Chinese phrase manhua are cognates (transl. »impromptu sketches»)^[9] and their histories and influences intertwine with each other.

Originally the term manhua in Chinese vocabulary was an 18th-century term used in Chinese literati painting. The term  manga was used in Japan to mean «comics» in the late 19th century, when it became popular. Since then, accordingly  manhwa, manga (漫画) and manhua (漫画) are all became to mean ‘comics’ in Korean, Japanese and Chinese.^{[citation needed]}

The current usage of the terms manhwa and manhua in English is largely explained by the international success of Japanese manga. Although in a traditional sense, the terms manga/manhua/manhwa had a similar meaning of comical drawing in a broad way, in English the terms manhwa and manhua generally designate the manga-inspired comic strips. Manga influenced manhwa from the medium’s beginnings during the Japanese occupation of Korea and continued to exert a powerful influence as the manga industry became a major force within Japanese culture and began to export comics abroad. Manhwaga were not culturally isolated, and the influx of manga into the Korean comics market had a strong effect on the art and content of many artists’ manhwa.^[10]

History[edit]

Korea was under Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945 and during this time elements of Japanese language and culture were incorporated into Korean society.^[11] The term manhwa came into popular use in Korea during the 1920s,^[12] when it was applied to cartoons. By the mid 1920s, most newspapers were shut down,^[13] and political and social cartoons were abandoned, replaced by humorous illustrations and cartoons geared towards children.

Political cartoon slowly reemerged following the establishment of the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea) in 1948.^[14] During the early years of Japanese occupation, newspaper comics featured a great deal of social criticism. Popular artist Kim Yong-hwan started Korea’s first comic magazine, Manhwa Haengjin, in 1948,^[15] but it was quickly shut down because the authorities disapproved of the cover.

During the Korean war, Manhwa was used with the aim of boosting the morale of the public.^[16]The popularity of comics rose during the 1950s and 1960s,^[17] creating diversity of styles and subject matter which led to the construction of new genres such as sunjeong (or soonjung),^[18] stories containing romance that are aimed at young women (equivalent to the Japanese genre shoujo). Also around this time another more humorous genre, myeongnyang or happy comics had become popular in order to counteract gritty ones.^[16] Manhwabang (lit. comics room), comics cafés and stores that allowed readers to pay a set rate to sit and read comics were also introduced to the public, creating a positive atmosphere around the comics.^[19] In response to the increasing publication of comics, as well as social and political changes within South Korea, the government began to enforce censorship laws and, by the mid-1960s, created a comics distribution monopoly that further censored manhwa.^[20]

In the 1990s, the ban on Japanese media was lifted, which helped to influence the present-day art and styles of contemporary Manhwa. Around this time was when Manhwa had come up in North Korea as well. Then in the early 2000s, the majority of Manhwa was transferred to online sources due to economic collapse that South Korea had experienced at the end of the millennium. because of its transfer to online sources, its popularity overseas has risen. This led to the South Korean search portal to launch LINE Webtoon, a platform for distributing online Manhwa.^[16]

Webtoons[edit]

The term «Webtoon» (웹툰) is a portmanteau of the Korean words 웹 meaning web and 카툰 meaning cartoon. The term was first coined on 8 August 2000, by Chollian, one of South Korea’s oldest and now discontinued internet service engines.^[21] Webtoons are the digital form of manhwa that first came into popularity in the early 2000s due to their free access and availability on the internet.^[22] It was also beneficial to creators because it helped them get around strict South Korean censorship laws. ^[23] Webtoons encourage amateur writers to publish their own stories for others to read.^[21] Since their creation, webtoons have gained popularity around the globe and have even been adopted outside of Korea as another form of comic publication.^[24] This is credited to their unique format and pay model.

In 2014 WEBTOON’s global website and mobile app were launched, revolutionizing the comic world’s way of reading for entertainment. Also, around this time JunKoo Kim, the person that started LINE Webtoon, had reported that Webtoon was used in 60 countries, had 55 million monthly users, and 100 billion annual views.^{[citation needed]}

Manhwa outside of Korea[edit]

Manhwa has reached all over the world now. With websites such as TopToon, a webtoon company from Korea that also has a global service in TopToonPlus, people are able to access a wide variety of comics from their phones. ^[25] There are also places like WEBTOON that not only allow people to read original comics, but make them as well, opening up this aspect of Korean culture for everyone to take part in.

But despite that, the relative obscurity of Korean culture in the Western world has caused the word manhwa to remain somewhat unknown in the English-speaking countries.^{[citation needed]} English translations of manhwa have achieved success by targeting the manga and anime community, to the extent that manhwa were marketed as manga by the American publisher Tokyopop. ^[26]

United States[edit]

Sanho Kim was the first manhwa artist working in the States. During the 1960s and 1970s, he worked for publishers Charlton Comics, Warren Publishing, Iron Horse Publishing, Skywald Publications, DC Comics, and Marvel Comics.^[27]

According to journalist Paul Gravett, in 1987 Eastern Comics published the first original manhwas in the United States.^[28]

Due to the explosion of manga’s popularity in the Americas, many of the licensed titles acquired for the American market seek to emulate the popular elements of other successful series.^[29] Recently, long-running webtoons serialized via Internet portal sites (e.g. by Daum Media),^[30] like Lezhin Comics and personal homepages have become both the creative and popular destination among the younger generation in Korea.^{[citation needed]}
With manga proving to be both popular and commercially successful in Europe and the United States, a number of publishers imported and translated manhwa titles in the hope of reaching the same audience. The readability and left-to-right orientation of manhwa contributed to its growing popularity, as did the realism of the characters and the combination of Eastern and Western styles and mythologies.

Media franchise[edit]

Animations based on Korean comics are still relatively rare (though there were several major hits in the late 1980s and early 90s with titles such as Dooly the Little Dinosaur and Fly! Superboard). However, live-action drama series and movie adaptations of manhwa have occurred more frequently in recent years. Full House in 2004 and Goong («Palace» or «Princess Hours») in 2006 are prominent examples. Below is a list of manhwa titles adapted into television series, web series, and films. Not to be confused to another adapted works of adapted from Webtoons.

Korean manhwa publishers[edit]

Note: select publishers only

• Daewon C.I.
• Haksan Culture Company
• Seoul Culture Corporation
• Shinwon Agency Corporation

North American manhwa imprints[edit]

• ADV Manga
• Dark Horse Manhwa
• DramaQueen
• DrMaster Publications
• Media Blasters
• Netcomics
• NBM ComicsLit
• Seven Seas Entertainment
• SuperAni
• Manta
• UDON’s Korean Manhwa
• Yen Press

See also[edit]

• List of manhwa
• Myeongnang manhwa
• Manhwabang
• Culture of South Korea
• Korean Wave
• Korean animation
• Webtoon
• Video gaming in South Korea

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Fukushima, Yoshiko (2013). Manga Discourse in Japan Theatre. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-136-77273-3.
• Son Sang-ik (1999). 한국만화통사 1 (General History of Manwha 1) (in Korean). Sigongsa. ISBN 89-7259-890-9.
• Hart, Christopher (2004). Manhwa mania: how to draw Korean comics. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-2976-X.
• Kim Jinsu (2 June 2007). «개화기 일제의 시사만화 탄압 (The Japanese oppression on Sisa manhwa)» (in Korean). Chammalo.
• 만화 (in Korean). Empas/ Encyclopædia Britannica.
• Rousmaniere, Nicole (2001). Births and Rebirths in Japanese Art : Essays Celebrating the Inauguration of the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures. Hotei Publishing. ISBN 978-90-74822-44-2.
• «Manhwa» (in Korean). Empas/ EncyKorea.
• Sim Ji-hoon. «Korea Manhwa Museum». INISteel Webzine (in Korean).
• Onoda, Natsu (2009). God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga. University Press of Mississippi. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-60473-478-2.
• Petersen, Robert S. (2011). Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-36330-6.
• Prohl, Inken; Nelson, John K (2012). Handbook of Contemporary Japanese Religions. BRILL. p. 596. ISBN 978-90-04-23435-2.
• Sugiyama, Rika (2004). Comic artists — Asia : manga, manhwa, manhua. New York: Harper Design International. ISBN 0-06-058924-8.
• Thompson, Jason (2007). Manga: The Complete Guide. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-48590-8.
• Webb, Martin (28 May 2006). «Manga by any other name is…» The Japan Times. Retrieved 5 April 2008.

• «Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 1, Comic-Con International 2004,» Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004
• «Korean Comics in the U.S., Part 2, Manhwa Sampler,» Jade Magazine.com, Sep. 2004
• «Sang-Sun Park, Les Bijoux Comic Artist,» Sequential Tart.com, Aug. 2004
• Manhwa site for «Demon Diary» (마왕일기)
• «Infinity Studios and Manhwa,» Anime Tourist.com, 16 June 2004
• Our Toys, Our Selves: Robot Taekwon V and South Korean Identity
• Cain, Geoffrey. «Will the Internet Kill the Manhwa Star?» The Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 November 2009

комиксы, созданные в Корее Сцена из Noblesse, пример манхвы или корейских комиксов

манхва (Корейский : 만화; Ханджа : 畵; Корейское произношение: ) — это общий корейский термин для комиксов и печатных мультфильмов (распространенное употребление также включает мультфильмы ). За пределами Кореи этот термин обычно относится к южнокорейским комиксам, хотя индустрия комиксов развивается и в Северной Корее.

Содержание

• 1 История термина
  • 1.1 Адаптация термина
• 2 Webtoons
• 3 Корейских издателя манхвы
• 4 Манхва в США
  • 4.1 Направление текста
• 5 Отпечатков манхвы в Северной Америке
• 6 Анимация и живые действия адаптации
• 7 См. также
• 8 Ссылки
• 9 Внешние ссылки
  • 9.1 Популярные исполнители манхвы
  • 9.2 Фестивали
  • 9.3 Манхва на мобильных устройствах
  • 9.4 Ассоциации
  • 9.5 Информация и исследования

История термина

Первая гравюра на дереве «манхва», опубликованная в 1908 году.

Лингвистически, манга (漫画), манхуа (漫画) и манхва означают «комиксы». ‘на японском, китайском и корейском соответственно. Корейская манхва и японская манга являются родственниками китайской фразы manhua (перевод «импровизированные наброски»). Нынешнее использование терминов манхва и манхуа на английском языке во многом объясняется международным успехом японской манги. Хотя в традиционном смысле в этих языках термины манга / манхуа / манхва имели схожее значение комического рисунка в широком смысле, на английском языке термины манхва и манхуа обычно обозначают комиксы, вдохновленные мангой.

Термин манхва стал популярным в Корее в 1920-х годах, когда его применяли к мультфильмам. Корея находилась под японской оккупацией с 1910 по 1945 год, и за это время элементы японского языка и культуры были включены в корейское общество. К середине 1920-х годов большинство политических газет было закрыто, а политические и социальные карикатуры были оставлены в пользу детских и юмористических иллюстраций.

Политические карикатуры медленно возродились после основания Республики Корея (обычно известной как Южная Корея) в 1948 году. В первые годы японской оккупации газетные комиксы подвергались большой социальной критике. Популярный художник Ким Ён Хван основал первый в Корее журнал комиксов Manhwa Haengjin в 1948 году, но он был быстро закрыт, поскольку власти не одобрили обложку.

Популярность комиксов росла в 1950-х и 1960-х годах, а разнообразие стилей и тематик привело к созданию новых жанров, таких как сунчжон (или сунджон), романтические истории, предназначенные для молодых женщин (эквивалент Японский жанр Сёдзё ). Манхвабанг, кафе с комиксами и магазины, где читателям разрешалось платить установленную плату за то, чтобы сидеть и читать комиксы, также были представлены публике. В ответ на увеличивающееся количество публикаций комиксов, а также на социальные и политические изменения в Южной Корее, правительство начало применять законы о цензуре и к середине 1960-х годов создало монополию на распространение комиксов, которая еще больше подвергала цензуре манхва..

Манга оказывала влияние на манхву с момента ее зарождения во время японской оккупации Кореи и продолжала оказывать мощное влияние, поскольку индустрия манги стала главной силой в японской культуре и начала экспортировать комиксы за границу. Автор или художник манхвы называется манхвага (만화가; 漫 畵 家). Манхвага не были культурно изолированы, и приток манги на корейский рынок комиксов оказал сильное влияние на искусство и содержание манхвы многих художников.

Адаптация термина

Относительная неизвестность Корейская культура в западном мире привела к тому, что слово манхва остается в некоторой степени неизвестным в англоязычном мире. Перевод манхвы на английский язык добился успеха благодаря ориентации на сообщество манги и аниме, до такой степени, что манхва была продана как манга американским издателем Tokyopop.

Webtoons

Webtoons first стали популярными в начале 2000-х годов благодаря свободному доступу и доступности в Интернете. С момента своего создания веб-мультфильмы приобрели популярность во всем мире и даже были приняты за пределами Кореи в качестве еще одной формы публикации комиксов. Это связано с их уникальным форматом и моделью оплаты.

Корейские издатели манхвы

Примечание: только избранные издатели

• Daewon CI
• Haksan Culture Company
• Seoul Culture Corporation
• Shinwon Agency Corporation

Manhwa в Соединенных Штатах

Санхо Ким был первым художником манхва, работавшим в Штатах. В течение 60-70-х годов он работал в издательствах Charlton Comics, Warren Publishing, Iron Horse Publishing, Skywald Publications и Marvel Comics.

Согласно журналисту Полу Грэветту, в 1987 году Eastern Comics опубликовала первые оригинальные манги в Соединенных Штатах.

В связи со взрывом популярности манги в Америке, многие лицензионные названия были приобретены для Американский рынок стремится подражать популярным элементам других успешных сериалов. В последнее время давно существующие веб-мультфильмы, сериализованные через сайты интернет-порталов (например, Daum Media), такие как Lehzin Comics, и личные домашние страницы, стали творческим и популярным направлением среди молодого поколения в Корее. Поскольку манга оказалась популярной и коммерчески успешной в Европе и Соединенных Штатах, ряд издателей импортировали и перевели названия манхвы в надежде привлечь ту же аудиторию. Читаемость и ориентация манхвы слева направо способствовали ее растущей популярности, равно как и реализм персонажей, сочетание восточного и западного стилей и мифологий. Популярные манхва на рынках США и Европы включают Ragnarok, Priest, Island и The Tarot Café.

Направление текста

Манхва читается в в том же направлении, что и английские книги, по горизонтали и слева направо, потому что хангыль обычно пишется и читается по горизонтали, хотя его также можно писать и читать вертикально справа налево, сверху вниз.

Отпечатки североамериканской манхвы

• манга ADV
• Dark Horse Manhwa
• DramaQueen
• DrMaster Publications
• Media Blasters
• Netcomics
• NBM ComicsLit
• Seven Seas Entertainment
• SuperAni
• Korean Manhwa из UDON
• Yen Press

Анимация и адаптация к живому действию

Анимация, основанная на корейских комиксах, все еще относительно редка (хотя в конце 1980-х и начале 90-х было несколько крупных хитов. с такими названиями, как Динозавр Дули и Fly! Superboard). Однако в последние годы все чаще появляются драматические сериалы и экранизации манхвы. Full House в 2004 году и Goong («Дворец» или «Часы принцесс») в 2006 году являются яркими примерами, так как оба были признаны лучшими дорамами своих лет.

В 2004 году Клинок Призрачного мастера был адаптирован в анимационный фильм совместной корейско-японской командой аниматоров.

SamBakZa произвела Вот она !! в 2006 году, рассказывающая о развивающихся отношениях между кроликом и кошкой.

The Great Catsby, показанный на сцене как мюзикл в 2006 году. В 2007 году отмеченный наградами корейский вебтун был адаптирован в драму с живым боевиком. В конце 2007 года планировалось преобразовать название в художественный фильм.

Война денег, театрализованная (адаптированная версия) манхва, вышедшая в эфир в 2007 году, привлекла большое внимание своим саундтреком. и актеры.

Прист, манхва Хён Мин-У, переведенная на английский, была адаптирована в американском научно-фантастическом боевике ужасов 2011 года с тем же названием пользователя Screen Gems. Выпущенный в 2011 году, продюсером фильма был Майкл ДеЛука, режиссер Скотт Стюарт, а в главной роли Пол Беттани.

Тайно, сильно, фильм, основанный на вебтуне манхвы, стал самым кассовым фильмом в 2013 году.

В 2020 году Башня Бога, Бог старшей школы, и Noblesse получил японскую адаптацию через Crunchyroll.

См. также

• Список манхва
• Сунджунг манхва
• Мённанг манхва
• Манхвабанг
• Культура Южной Кореи
• Корейская волна
• Корейская анимация
• Webtoon
• Видеоигры в Южной Корее

Ссылки

• Сон Санг-ик (1999). 한국 만화 통사 1 (Всеобщая история Manwha 1) (на корейском языке). Сигонгса. ISBN 89-7259-890-9.
• (2004). Манхва мания: как рисовать корейские комиксы. Нью-Йорк: публикации Watson-Guptill. ISBN 0-8230-2976-X.
• Ким Джинсу (02.06.2007). «개화기 일제 의 시사 만화 탄압 (Японское угнетение на Сиса манхва)» (на корейском языке). Чаммало.
• 만화 (на корейском языке). Empas / Encyclopædia Britannica.
• «Manhwa» (на корейском языке). Эмпас / EncyKorea.
• Сим Джихун. «Корейский музей манхва». Интернет-журнал INISteel (на корейском языке).
• Сугияма, Рика (2004). Комиксы — Азия: манга, манхва, манхуа. Нью-Йорк: Harper Design International. ISBN 0-06-058924-8.

• «Корейские комиксы в США, часть 1, Comic-Con International 2004», Jade Magazine.com, сентябрь 2004 г.
• «Korean Comics in the US, Part 2, Manhwa Sampler», Jade Magazine.com, сентябрь 2004 г.
• «Sang-Sun Park, Les Bijoux Comic Artist», Sequential Tart.com, август. 2004
• Сайт Manhwa для «Demon Diary» (마왕 일기)
• «Infinity Studios and Manhwa», Anime Tourist.com, 16 июня 2004 г.
• Наши игрушки, наше Я: робот Taekwon V и Южнокорейская идентичность
• Каин, Джеффри. «Убьет ли Интернет звезду манхвы?» The Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 ноября 2009 г.

Внешние ссылки

Популярные исполнители манхвы

• Хён -тэ Ким
• Ким Чон-Ги

Фестивали

• Информационный центр Пучхон Манхва
• Международный фестиваль комиксов Пучхон
• Международный фестиваль комиксов и анимации в Сеуле
• Международный фестиваль комиксов и анимации Донг-а / LG анимация

Manhwa на мобильных телефонах

• Moonk Mobile Cartoon

Ассоциации

• Общество мультипликации и анимации в Корее
• Seoul Cartoon
• Корейская ассоциация карикатуристов
• Ассоциация корейских женщин-карикатуристов
• Любительские комиксы Ассоциация
• Страна любительских комиксов Кореи

Информация и исследования

• Корейское общество исследований мультфильмов и анимации
• Сеульский центр анимации
• Информационный центр мультфильмов Пучон
• Выставка корейского общества Манхва