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1. сокр. от многофункциональное устройство ◆ Особенно, это проявилось в 2009—2010 г., когда даже производители сканеров почти не выпускали на рынок новые модели, а сосредоточили свои усилия на сегменте МФУ. Соломенчук В.Г., «Железо ПК 2011», 2011 г.

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Многофункциональное устройство (сокр. МФУ) — устройство, совмещающее в себе функции принтера, сканера, факса, копировального аппарата. Эти функции могут входить в стандартную комплектацию устройства или добавляться к базовому устройству опционально.

Типы МФУ

Существует множество МФУ, которые различаются:

• по технологии печати: струйные, светодиодные, лазерные;
• по цветности: цветные (полноцветные), монохромные;
• по входящим в состав компонентам;
• по сфере применения: бытовые, офисные, профессиональные (для фотомастерских, печати большими партиями или нестандартных размеров).

Преимущества и недостатки

Преимущества:

• Экономия офисного и домашнего пространства.
• Стоимость МФУ, намного ниже, чем стоимость раздельно приобретенных сканера, принтера, факса и копировального устройства.
• Объединение принтера и сканера в одном блоке позволяет копировать при выключенном компьютере. С помощью большинства МФУ сделать несколько экземпляров за один проход сканирующей линейки.

Недостатки:

• По сравнению с дупликаторами МФУ обладают значительно меньшей скоростью получения копии и более высокой стоимостью отпечатка.

Производители

Производители МФУ:

• Brother
• Canon
• Dell
• Epson
• Hewlett-Packard
• Kodak
• Konica Minolta
• Kyocera
• Lexmark
• Océ (Canon)
• Okidata
• Olivetti
• Panasonic
• Ricoh
• Samsung
• Sharp
• Sindoh
• Toshiba
• Utax
• Xerox
• Infoeglobe

Ссылки

• Multifunction peripheral (MFP) / Techtarget, March 2011
• MULTI-FUNCTIONAL DEVICES / CPNI, MARCH 2011 (англ.)
• The Best All-in-One Printers of 2016 / PCMag, SEPTEMBER 21, 2016 (англ.)

Эта страница в последний раз была отредактирована 22 сентября 2022 в 17:03.

Как только страница обновилась в Википедии она обновляется в Вики 2.
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МФУ в оргтехнике — что это такое и как расшифровывается

МФУ расшифровывается как многофункциональное устройство. По сути, так можно назвать любой аппарат, который обладает несколькими функциями сразу. Однако МФУ прижилось именно в оргтехнике, и если где-то встречаются эти буквы, то сразу становится понятно, что речь идёт об устройстве, которое как минимум имеет сканер, принтер и как следствие — функцию копирования. Основное назначение МФУ устройств — обеспечение фронта работ из одного рабочего места. То есть, там, где раньше для сканирования, печати и копирования требовались три разных аппарата, сейчас можно использовать один. Это удобно, практично, и все агрегаты компактно размещены в одном корпусе. Стоит отметить, что МФУ на английском имеет несколько интерпретаций — MFP (multi-function printer/peripheral) или MFD (multi-function device). Также такие устройства могут обозначаться как All-in-one.

Так выглядят модели для больших офисов

В основе любого подобного устройства обычно лежит три базовых функции: печать, сканирование и копирование. Хотя функционал принято обозначать ещё и так: принтер, сканер, копир. На самом деле, физически агрегатов получается два: принтер и сканер, что значит, что в МФУ копирование — это результат совместной их работы. Реже многофункциональное устройство может снабжаться различными дополнительными опциями — факс, телефония, хранилище данных и прочими.

Преимущества и недостатки МФУ

Самое главное преимущество — удобство использования, о чём как бы намекает расшифровка аббревиатуры МФУ. Куча функций в одном месте. Отправить документ на печать — легко, просканировать данные для базы — проще простого, «отксерить» паспорт — буквально за минуту. В тех отраслях, где документооборот является основной причиной занятости сотрудников, МФУ действительно может стать отличным подспорьем, экономящим время.

Компактный струйный вариант

Отсюда вытекает ещё одно важное преимущество — компактность. По отдельности все три вида устройств занимают немало места: принтер, сканер и копир. МФУ же занимает места немного больше классического принтера. Соизмеримость стоимости также можно отнести к плюсам. По отдельности три разных гаджета в сумме обойдутся дороже, чем один аппарат, который делает всё.

Из серьёзных минусов таких аппаратов можно выделить сложный механизм и устройство. Ремонт МФУ в разы сложнее из-за большого количества связанных между собой узлов и их размещения в одном корпусе. А если кончится тонер в картридже, то это остановит не только печать, но и копирование. Возможным будет только сканирование.

В целом же МФУ значительно выигрывает у трёх разных представителей оргтехники. Но только в тех областях, где его специфика актуальна. Какой смысл брать составное устройство домой, если документы вы распечатываете от случая к случаю, а копируете и вовсе раз в год?

Устройство, принцип работы и технические характеристики отдельных модулей МФУ

Многофункциональные устройства бывают разными — струйными или лазерными. Поэтому механизмы печати внутри них отличаются. Давайте посмотрим, что может находиться внутри МФУ и как это работает.

Струйный принтер МФУ и СНПЧ — особенности и устройство

Для разных методов печати расшифровка МФУ одна и та же. Внутри есть принтер, сканер и копир. В струйных версиях многофункциональных устройств всё основное пространство, по сути, занимает принтер и лишь небольшую часть — сканер. Сама технология печати мало чем отличается от таковой в отдельных принтерах. То есть, имеются картриджи с чернилами, которые наносятся на бумагу. Цвета и тона получаются путём смешения нескольких основных цветов, обычно трёх и плюс чёрный. Чернила имеют свойство заканчиваться, причём гораздо быстрее, чем у лазерных. Да, собственно, и объём самой краски в разы меньше, чем тонера.

Коробочка справа — контейнер для СНПЧ

Для того чтобы снизить неудобства от постоянной заправки или замены картриджей, была придумана система непрерывной подачи чернил, или СНПЧ. По своей сути это картриджи большого объёма, которых хватает на более длительный период. Однако заправлять их также надо, просто делать это нужно не так часто. СНПЧ не получится компактно встроить в само устройство. Обычно оно имеет внешнее размещение.

Лазерный принтер МФУ и отличие от струйного

Что такое лазерное МФУ? Это тот же лазерный принтер с прикрученным к нему сканером и иногда различными дополнительными опциями. Конструктивно лазерный модуль может отличаться от принтерного. Однако метод нанесения тонера остаётся таким же. То есть, имеется картридж с тонером — мелким порошком, который наносится тонким слоем на бумагу по координатам изображения и затем впаивается в лист под воздействием высокой температуры.

Лазерные МФУ обычно массивнее струйных

В отличие от струйной технологии, здесь используется не краска, а более экономичный порошок — тонер. Поэтому картриджи для лазерных принтеров более ёмкие. Также лазерная печать более надёжная, так как в прямом смысле запекается в бумагу. Струйный же всего лишь наносит краску на поверхность. Вследствие чего готовый документ или рисунок может размазаться или пострадать от влаги в процессе работы.

Светодиодный принтер МФУ — что это такое

Светодиодные принтеры — ближайшие родственники лазерных. Сам механизм нанесения тонера, его закрепления высокой температурой ничем не отличается. Различие имеется лишь в способе электризации фотобарабана. Если в лазерных это происходит с помощью лазера, то здесь − с помощью светодиодов. Особой разницы между обоими типами принтеров нет. Разве что сама конструкция светодиодного элемента компактней и надёжней, что даёт возможность немного уменьшить размеры устройства. В остальном же оба вида показывают одинаковые характеристики по качеству и скорости.

Сканер в МФУ

Сканер, вообще, ничем не отличается от отдельного. Тот же самый механизм захвата данных с носителя.

Сканер обычно размещён в верхней части для быстрого доступа

Просто в МФУ он интегрирован во все процессы для лучшего взаимодействия с остальным функционалом.

Копировальное устройство МФУ

Копир в МФУ — это совместная работа сканера и принтера. Сначала первый читает документ, преобразовывая его в понятный для принтера растровый формат, а затем передаёт ему. Принтер просто распечатывает полученный документ. Таким образом, и получается невидимый для глаза процесс копирования.

Факсимильное устройство МФУ

Иногда МФУ может дополнительно оснащаться факсом. Эта технология постепенно отмирает, и её место занимает более практичная и быстрая электронная почта. Чаще всего механизм факса в МФУ реализован программно. То есть, устройство подключено к сети, пользователь из интерфейса отправляет необходимый документ на печать с пометкой факс, указывает номер и нажимает отправить. Аппарат сам дозвонится до адресата, установит соединение и передаст документ.

Дополнительные функции МФУ

Современные МФУ чем только не напичканы. Вот небольшой список того, что может присутствовать:

• кабельные и беспроводные сетевые интерфейсы;
• отправка изображений по электронной почте;
• возможность прямой печати с внешних носителей;
• двусторонняя печать;
• собственный встроенный накопитель данных.

В целом в многофункциональное устройство может быть интегрировано всё что угодно. Естественно, что за дополнительные возможности и удобства придётся заплатить рублём.

Чем отличается МФУ от простого принтера

Самое главное отличие — расширенные возможности. Вместо простой печати, пользователь может быстро сделать копию, отправить изображение по факсу или электронной почте, а также просканировать документ без помощи дополнительных внешних устройств.

Простой принтер актуален, когда необходимость в работе с документами возникает от случая к случаю

МФУ гораздо удобнее и практичнее отдельных принтеров, однако, только в том случае, если это уместно.

Какое МФУ лучше выбрать для дома

Вообще, МФУ для дома — это редкость. Их используют в основном те люди, которые самозаняты в различной деятельности — курсовые на дому, печать, сканирование, копирование документов. Для рядового человека постоянной необходимости в наличии копирующего и сканирующего устройства дома нет.

Ricoh SP 210SU – неплохое решение для дома, но он также подойдёт и для небольшого офиса

Но если всё же необходимость возникла, то можно порекомендовать лазерное МФУ Ricoh SP 210SU. Запаса его ресурса печати хватит на большие объёмы — 20000 страниц в месяц. Отличное разрешение печати и её скорость в 22 стр./мин. В общем, выносливое и недорогое МФУ для домашнего использования. Стоимость аппарата составляет 7 150 руб.

Отзыв о МФУ Ricoh SP 210SU

Из примерно этого же диапазона цен можно обратить внимание и на эти модели: Samsung Xpress M2070W, Ricoh SP150SUw или Xerox WorkCentre 3025Bl. Делитесь своими впечатлениями о работе и эксплуатации различных МФУ в комментариях.

МФУ

Полезное

«Multifunction» redirects here. For the mathematical concept, see multivalued function.

An MFP (multi-function product/printer/peripheral), multi-functional, all-in-one (AIO), or multi-function device (MFD), is an office machine which incorporates the functionality of multiple devices in one, so as to have a smaller footprint in a home or small business setting (the SOHO market segment), or to provide centralized document management/distribution/production in a large-office setting. A typical MFP may act as a combination of some or all of the following devices: email, fax, photocopier, printer, scanner.

Types of MFPs[edit]

MFP manufacturers traditionally divided MFPs into various segments. The segments roughly divided the MFPs according to their speed in pages-per-minute (ppm) and duty-cycle/robustness. However, many manufacturers^[quantify] are beginning to avoid the segment definition for their products, as speed and basic functionality alone do not always differentiate the many features that the devices include. Two color MFPs of a similar speed may end in the same segment, despite having potentially very different feature-sets, and therefore very different prices. From a marketing perspective, the manufacturer of the more expensive MFP would want to differentiate their product as much as possible to justify the price difference, and therefore avoids the segment definition.

Many MFP types, regardless of the category they fall into, also come in a «printer only» variety, which is the same model without the scanner unit included. This can even occur with devices where the scanner unit physically appears highly integrated into the product.

As of 2013, almost all printer manufacturers offer multifunction printers. They are designed for home, small business, enterprise and commercial use. Naturally, the cost, usability, robustness, throughput, output quality, etc. all vary with the various use cases. However, they all generally do the same functions; Print, Scan, Fax, and Photocopy. In the commercial/enterprise area, most MFP have used laser-printer technology, while the personal, SOHO environments, utilize inkjet methods. Typically, inkjet printers have struggled with delivering the performance and color-saturation demanded by enterprise/large business use.^[1] However, HP has recently^[when?] launched a business-grade MFP using inkjet technology.

In any case, instead of rigidly defined segments based on speed, more general definitions based on intended target audience and capabilities are becoming much more common as of 2013. While the sector lacks formal definitions, it is common agreed amongst MFP manufacturers^[2] that the products fall roughly into the following categories:

All-in-one[edit]

An All-in-one is a small desktop unit, designed for home or home-office use.

These devices focus on scan and print functionality for home use, and may come with bundled software for organising photos, simple OCR and other uses of interest to a home user. An All-in-one will always include the basic functions of Print and Scan, with most also including Copy functionality and a lesser number with Fax capabilities.

In the past, these devices were usually not networked, and were generally connected by USB or Parallel. As of 2013 even inexpensive all-in-one devices support ethernet and/or Wi-Fi connections. In some cases the wireless devices require connection to a host computer by wire (usually USB) to initialize the device, and once initial setup is done, support wireless operations for all the work performed thereafter.

All-in-one devices may have features oriented to home and personal use that are not found in larger devices. These functions include smart card readers, direct connection to digital cameras (e.g. PictBridge technology) and other similar uses.

The print engine of most All-in-one devices is based either on a home desktop inkjet printer, or on a home desktop laser printer. They may be black-and-white or colour capable. Laser models provide a better result for text while inkjet gives a more convincing result for images and they are a cheaper multifunctional.^[3]

Some of these devices, like the Hewlett-Packard Photosmart C8180 printer, have a DVD burner and LightScribe functionality where the user could burn DVDs and create an image on a special Lightscribe DVD or CD using special software like Roxio or Nero AG Software Suite to create the image. To create a Lightscribe image takes about 10 to 25 minutes.

SOHO MFP[edit]

A large desktop or small freestanding unit, designed for Small Office/Home Office use. Often, the form factor of the MFP (desktop or freestanding) depends on the options added, such as extra paper trays.

Generally a SOHO MFP will have basic Print, Copy, Scan and Fax functionality only, but towards the larger end of the scale, may include simple document storage and retrieval, basic authentication functions and so on, making the higher end of the «SOHO» scale difficult to differentiate from the lower end of the «Office» MFP scale.

SOHO MFPs are usually networked, however may also be connected via USB or, less frequently, parallel. SOHO MFPs may have basic finishing functionality such as duplexing, stapling and hole-punching, however this is rare. In general, document output offset, sorting and collation are standard capabilities.

By comparison to an All-in-one product, a SOHO MFP is more likely to have an automatic document feeder, greater fax capabilities and faster output-performance.
Most SOHO MFPs have their history in low-end black and white photocopiers, and the print engine is accordingly based around this type of technology.

Office MFP[edit]

A mid-sized free-standing unit, designed as a central office system.

These units are usually the most fully featured type of MFP. They include the basic Print, Copy and Scan functions with optional Fax functionality as well as networked document storage with security, authentication using common network user credentials, ability to run custom software (often a manufacturer will supply a Software development kit), advanced network scan destinations such as FTP, WebDAV, Email, SMB and NFS stores, encryption for data transmission and so on.

Office MFPs usually have moderately advanced finishing functions as options such as duplexing, stapling, holepunching, offset modes and booklet-creation.

Office MFPs are almost always networked, however some have optional or standard (but infrequently used) USB and parallel connections.
Most Office MFPs have their history in mid-range photocopiers (both colour and black-and-white), and the print engine is therefore based around this type of technology, however, Hewlett-Packard recently introduced two Office MFPs based on fixed-head inkjet technology.

Production printing MFP[edit]

A large free-standing unit, designed as a central printing-device or reprographic-department device.

These devices, while far larger and more expensive than Office MFPs, generally do not have all of the advanced network functionality of their smaller relations. They instead concentrate on high-speed, high-quality output, and highly advanced finishing functionality including book creation with cover insertion (including hot-glue binding) and so on. Production printing itself is often further divided^{[by whom?]} into «light» production printing and «heavy» production printing, with the differentiating factor being the speed. A 100ppm device for example, falls into the light production printing category by the standards of most manufacturers.

Because of the focus on printing, while most Production Printing MFPs have a scanner, it is infrequently used and often only has very basic functionality.

There are a variety of different print engines for Production Printing MFPs, however in the «light» end of the Production Printing market, most are based on the large Office MFPs, which themselves are based on photocopier technology as described above.
Production Printing MFPs may also be known as «Print on demand» devices, or «Digital presses». This latter term can also be used to refer to the print controller controlling the MFP, however.

Characteristics[edit]

It is useful to consider the features and functions of an MFP before integrating it into a home or office environment. It is possible to have an MFP with almost all of the features and functions listed below, however a typical AIO or SOHO MFP is unlikely to incorporate many of these.

An (incomplete) list of features that an MFP may offer or will vary depending on the MFP under consideration (in any segment):

Print features/functions[edit]

• Input
  • Network print types available (Raw, LPR, IPP, FTP printing, print via email etc.)
  • Network, USB, Parallel or other connection types
  • PDLs (PostScript, PCL, XPS etc.) and direct interpreters (PDF, TIFF, etc.) supported
  • Printer drivers available for different operating systems
• Output
  • Ability to print directly to the MFP’s internal storage function
  • Capability of using the MFP’s finishing functions (see below under Copy features/functions)
  • Direct CD/DVD Label Printing (usually only available on some InkJet AIO models)
  • Duplex printing capability — Whether the MFP can print on both sides of a sheet of paper without manual intervention by the user
  • Paper formats (what kind of paper sizes and stocks the MFP can output)
  • Printer technology (e.g. InkJet/Laser/Color Laser)
  • Printing speed (typically given in pages per minute or ppm)
  • Resolution DPI — this is an important metric for both printing and scanning quality. (Note that print DPI is rarely greater than 600dpi actual. Some MFPs use a system similar to sub-pixel rendering on computer displays to give «enhanced» resolutions of 1200×600 or 1800×600, however it is important to note that this is not a true resolution)

Scan features/functions[edit]

• Input
  • Ability to retrieve a document from internal storage and send it as if it was a new «scan»
  • Automatic document feeder (ADF) — this allows multiple sheets of paper to be input without manually placing each piece of paper on the platen glass.
  • Duplex scanning capability (depends on the ADF) — Whether the MFP can scan both sides of a sheet of paper without manual intervention by the user.
• Output
  • Scan file formats available (e.g. PDF, TIFF, JPEG, XPS, etc.)
  • Scan transfer methods available (e.g. FTP, WebDAV, Email, SMB, NFS, TWAIN)
  • Security of scanned documents — such as PDF encryption, digital signatures and so on.

Fax features/functions[edit]

• Answering machine
• Cordless telephone (generally only a consideration for AIO or smaller SOHO products)
• Color Fax capability
• PC Fax send and receive capability
• Sent / Received Faxes Forwarding to E-mail capability (via SMTP)
• TCP/IP Fax methods such as SIP Fax (Fax over IP), Network Fax (via SMTP), Internet Fax and so on

Copy features/functions[edit]

• Document Finishing capabilities
  • Duplex output
  • Stapling
    • Single point
    • Staple positioning
    • Two point
  • Hole punching
    • International standard ISO 838 2-hole
    • Swedish «triohålning» 4-hole
    • US 3-hole
    • «888» 4-hole
  • Folding
    • Cover binding (generally only available on production printing models) — differs from «cover insertion», in that a cover is physically bound to the book instead of simply placing it around the other pages. Cover binding often uses hot glue to bind the cover to the finished book.
    • Cover insertion for booklets
    • Fold and centre staple (for Booklet pagination)
    • Half fold / crease
    • Tri-fold / Envelope-folding
    • Trimming for folded documents to avoid «creep»
• Document editing modes
  • Booklet pagination / «perfect binding» booklet pagination
  • Image scaling / rotation
  • n-in-one (2 in 1, 4 in 1 etc.)
  • Page numbering / text & image stamping / watermarking
• Plus, see items under «Print features/functions» output and «Scan features/functions» input

Document storage features/functions[edit]

• Documents storage capability the MFP
• Storage (HDD) capacity
• User authentication for the stored document, and any relationship to the user authentication of the MFP (e.g. Network authentication with a server or custom software, internal only, etc.)

Network features/functions[edit]

• Active Directory or other authentication functionality
• Data encryption
• IPv6 support
• SNMP support — both private and public MIB specifications
• Wireless network capability

Other features/functions[edit]

• SDK availability and licensing model
• Software — Many MFPs support advanced functionality through third party software such as optical character recognition. In some cases, these software components are not specific to the MFP being used, however it is important to determine this, as in other cases proprietary technologies are used that effectively tie the software to the platform.
• User interface — By their nature, MFPs are complex devices. Many MFPs now include LCD screens and other user interface aids. Generally, AIO and SOHO products contain simple LCD displays, while Office MFPs contain advanced LCD panels resembling a custom computer-like user interface (some MFPs also offer optional keyboard and mouse attachments).

Internal architecture[edit]

Hardware[edit]

MFPs, like most external peripherals that are capable of functioning without a computer, are essentially a type of computer themselves. They contain memory, one or more processors, and often some kind of local storage, such as a hard disk drive or flash memory. As mentioned in the Types of MFP section, the physical print engine may be based on several technologies, however most larger MFPs are an evolution of a digital photocopier.

Security[edit]

When disposing of old printers with local storage, one should keep in mind that confidential documents (print, scan, copy jobs) are potentially still unencrypted on the printer’s local storage and can be undeleted.^[4][5] Crypto-shredding can be a countermeasure.

Software[edit]

MFPs also run a set of instructions from their internal storage, which is comparable to a computer’s operating system.

Generally, as the size and complexity of an MFP increases, the more like a computer the device becomes. It is uncommon for a small AIO or even a SOHO MFP to use a general purpose operating system, however many larger MFPs run Linux^[6] or VxWorks.^[7]

Additionally, many print controllers, separate, but integral to the MFP, also run computer operating systems, with Linux^[8] and Microsoft Windows (often Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, Windows XP Embedded^[9]).

On top of the core operating system and firmware, the MFP will also provide several functions, equivalent to applications or in some cases daemons or services.

These functions may include (amongst many others):

• Bytecode interpreters or virtual machines for internally hosted third party applications
• Image conversion and processing functions
• MFP Panel control for user input
• Network service clients for sending of documents to different destinations
• Network service servers for receiving documents for print or storage
• Raster image processing functions (although, often this task is handled by a separate print controller unit instead)
• Web server for remote management functions

Software[edit]

Computer systems equipped with the proper software must be able to take advantage of the MFP’s capabilities, an important requirement to research when considering integrating an MFP with an existing office. Some or all of the following functionality might be provided:

• Device administration and configuration
• Document imaging, such as ad hoc scanning
• Document management such as remote scanning, document type conversion from text to PDF, OCR, etc.
• Document type/paper input mode selection
• Monitoring of print quotas, toner/ink levels etc.

Software development kits[edit]

In addition to specific software packages, many vendors also provide the ability for the user to develop software to communicate with the MFP through a Software development kit. Different vendors have different licensing models, from completely «closed» proprietary systems (often with large costs involved) to open strategies with no direct cost involved.
An incomplete list of these technologies is:

• Nuance OmniPage
• Canon MEAP (Multifunctional Embedded Application Platform)
• HP Open Extensibility Platform (OXP)
• Konica Minolta OpenAPI
• Lexmark Embedded Solutions Framework (eSF)
• Ricoh’s Device SDK
• Samsung XOA — eXtensible Open Architecture
• Sharp OSA (Open Systems Architecture)
• Toshiba OPA (Open Platform Architecture)
• Xerox EIP (Extensible Interface Platform)

In general, these technologies fall into one of two technical models — Server based, or MFP internal software.

Server based technologies use a method to communicate information to and from the MFP (often SOAP/XML based), running the operating code on a suitably powered computer on the network. This method has the advantage of being very flexible, in that the software is free to do anything that the developer can make the computer do. The only limit from the MFP itself is the capability of the MFP to display a user interface to the workings of the application. As many of the applications are based around custom printing, scanning and authentication requirements, the MFP manufacturers that use this method gravitate towards these core technologies in the user interface.

MFP internal software, by comparison, has the advantage of not requiring anything outside of the MFP. The software runs within the MFP itself and so even a complete network outage will not disrupt the software from working (unless of course the software requires a network connection for other reasons). MFP internal software is often, but not always, Java based and runs in a Java virtual machine within the MFP. The negative side to this kind of software is usually that it is much more limited in capabilities than Server based systems.

Manufacturers[edit]

MFP manufacturers/brands include

• Brother
• Canon
• Dell
• Epson
• Hewlett-Packard
• Kodak
• Konica Minolta
• Kyocera
• Lexmark
• Océ (Canon)
• Okidata
• Olivetti
• Panasonic
• Ricoh
• Samsung
• Sharp
• Sindoh
• Toshiba
• Utax
• Xerox
• Infoeglobe

Note that not all of these manufacturers produce all types of MFP — some may only focus on AIO products, whilst others may only focus on Production Printing, while yet more may cover a wider range.

See also[edit]

• PictBridge allows images to be printed directly from digital cameras to a printer, without a computer.
• Computer printer
• Canon NoteJet

References[edit]

«Multifunction» redirects here. For the mathematical concept, see multivalued function.

An MFP (multi-function product/printer/peripheral), multi-functional, all-in-one (AIO), or multi-function device (MFD), is an office machine which incorporates the functionality of multiple devices in one, so as to have a smaller footprint in a home or small business setting (the SOHO market segment), or to provide centralized document management/distribution/production in a large-office setting. A typical MFP may act as a combination of some or all of the following devices: email, fax, photocopier, printer, scanner.

Types of MFPs[edit]

MFP manufacturers traditionally divided MFPs into various segments. The segments roughly divided the MFPs according to their speed in pages-per-minute (ppm) and duty-cycle/robustness. However, many manufacturers^[quantify] are beginning to avoid the segment definition for their products, as speed and basic functionality alone do not always differentiate the many features that the devices include. Two color MFPs of a similar speed may end in the same segment, despite having potentially very different feature-sets, and therefore very different prices. From a marketing perspective, the manufacturer of the more expensive MFP would want to differentiate their product as much as possible to justify the price difference, and therefore avoids the segment definition.

Many MFP types, regardless of the category they fall into, also come in a «printer only» variety, which is the same model without the scanner unit included. This can even occur with devices where the scanner unit physically appears highly integrated into the product.

As of 2013, almost all printer manufacturers offer multifunction printers. They are designed for home, small business, enterprise and commercial use. Naturally, the cost, usability, robustness, throughput, output quality, etc. all vary with the various use cases. However, they all generally do the same functions; Print, Scan, Fax, and Photocopy. In the commercial/enterprise area, most MFP have used laser-printer technology, while the personal, SOHO environments, utilize inkjet methods. Typically, inkjet printers have struggled with delivering the performance and color-saturation demanded by enterprise/large business use.^[1] However, HP has recently^[when?] launched a business-grade MFP using inkjet technology.

In any case, instead of rigidly defined segments based on speed, more general definitions based on intended target audience and capabilities are becoming much more common as of 2013. While the sector lacks formal definitions, it is common agreed amongst MFP manufacturers^[2] that the products fall roughly into the following categories:

All-in-one[edit]

An All-in-one is a small desktop unit, designed for home or home-office use.

These devices focus on scan and print functionality for home use, and may come with bundled software for organising photos, simple OCR and other uses of interest to a home user. An All-in-one will always include the basic functions of Print and Scan, with most also including Copy functionality and a lesser number with Fax capabilities.

In the past, these devices were usually not networked, and were generally connected by USB or Parallel. As of 2013 even inexpensive all-in-one devices support ethernet and/or Wi-Fi connections. In some cases the wireless devices require connection to a host computer by wire (usually USB) to initialize the device, and once initial setup is done, support wireless operations for all the work performed thereafter.

All-in-one devices may have features oriented to home and personal use that are not found in larger devices. These functions include smart card readers, direct connection to digital cameras (e.g. PictBridge technology) and other similar uses.

The print engine of most All-in-one devices is based either on a home desktop inkjet printer, or on a home desktop laser printer. They may be black-and-white or colour capable. Laser models provide a better result for text while inkjet gives a more convincing result for images and they are a cheaper multifunctional.^[3]

Some of these devices, like the Hewlett-Packard Photosmart C8180 printer, have a DVD burner and LightScribe functionality where the user could burn DVDs and create an image on a special Lightscribe DVD or CD using special software like Roxio or Nero AG Software Suite to create the image. To create a Lightscribe image takes about 10 to 25 minutes.

SOHO MFP[edit]

A large desktop or small freestanding unit, designed for Small Office/Home Office use. Often, the form factor of the MFP (desktop or freestanding) depends on the options added, such as extra paper trays.

Generally a SOHO MFP will have basic Print, Copy, Scan and Fax functionality only, but towards the larger end of the scale, may include simple document storage and retrieval, basic authentication functions and so on, making the higher end of the «SOHO» scale difficult to differentiate from the lower end of the «Office» MFP scale.

SOHO MFPs are usually networked, however may also be connected via USB or, less frequently, parallel. SOHO MFPs may have basic finishing functionality such as duplexing, stapling and hole-punching, however this is rare. In general, document output offset, sorting and collation are standard capabilities.

By comparison to an All-in-one product, a SOHO MFP is more likely to have an automatic document feeder, greater fax capabilities and faster output-performance.
Most SOHO MFPs have their history in low-end black and white photocopiers, and the print engine is accordingly based around this type of technology.

Office MFP[edit]

A mid-sized free-standing unit, designed as a central office system.

These units are usually the most fully featured type of MFP. They include the basic Print, Copy and Scan functions with optional Fax functionality as well as networked document storage with security, authentication using common network user credentials, ability to run custom software (often a manufacturer will supply a Software development kit), advanced network scan destinations such as FTP, WebDAV, Email, SMB and NFS stores, encryption for data transmission and so on.

Office MFPs usually have moderately advanced finishing functions as options such as duplexing, stapling, holepunching, offset modes and booklet-creation.

Office MFPs are almost always networked, however some have optional or standard (but infrequently used) USB and parallel connections.
Most Office MFPs have their history in mid-range photocopiers (both colour and black-and-white), and the print engine is therefore based around this type of technology, however, Hewlett-Packard recently introduced two Office MFPs based on fixed-head inkjet technology.

Production printing MFP[edit]

A large free-standing unit, designed as a central printing-device or reprographic-department device.

These devices, while far larger and more expensive than Office MFPs, generally do not have all of the advanced network functionality of their smaller relations. They instead concentrate on high-speed, high-quality output, and highly advanced finishing functionality including book creation with cover insertion (including hot-glue binding) and so on. Production printing itself is often further divided^{[by whom?]} into «light» production printing and «heavy» production printing, with the differentiating factor being the speed. A 100ppm device for example, falls into the light production printing category by the standards of most manufacturers.

Because of the focus on printing, while most Production Printing MFPs have a scanner, it is infrequently used and often only has very basic functionality.

There are a variety of different print engines for Production Printing MFPs, however in the «light» end of the Production Printing market, most are based on the large Office MFPs, which themselves are based on photocopier technology as described above.
Production Printing MFPs may also be known as «Print on demand» devices, or «Digital presses». This latter term can also be used to refer to the print controller controlling the MFP, however.

Characteristics[edit]

It is useful to consider the features and functions of an MFP before integrating it into a home or office environment. It is possible to have an MFP with almost all of the features and functions listed below, however a typical AIO or SOHO MFP is unlikely to incorporate many of these.

An (incomplete) list of features that an MFP may offer or will vary depending on the MFP under consideration (in any segment):

Print features/functions[edit]

• Input
  • Network print types available (Raw, LPR, IPP, FTP printing, print via email etc.)
  • Network, USB, Parallel or other connection types
  • PDLs (PostScript, PCL, XPS etc.) and direct interpreters (PDF, TIFF, etc.) supported
  • Printer drivers available for different operating systems
• Output
  • Ability to print directly to the MFP’s internal storage function
  • Capability of using the MFP’s finishing functions (see below under Copy features/functions)
  • Direct CD/DVD Label Printing (usually only available on some InkJet AIO models)
  • Duplex printing capability — Whether the MFP can print on both sides of a sheet of paper without manual intervention by the user
  • Paper formats (what kind of paper sizes and stocks the MFP can output)
  • Printer technology (e.g. InkJet/Laser/Color Laser)
  • Printing speed (typically given in pages per minute or ppm)
  • Resolution DPI — this is an important metric for both printing and scanning quality. (Note that print DPI is rarely greater than 600dpi actual. Some MFPs use a system similar to sub-pixel rendering on computer displays to give «enhanced» resolutions of 1200×600 or 1800×600, however it is important to note that this is not a true resolution)

Scan features/functions[edit]

• Input
  • Ability to retrieve a document from internal storage and send it as if it was a new «scan»
  • Automatic document feeder (ADF) — this allows multiple sheets of paper to be input without manually placing each piece of paper on the platen glass.
  • Duplex scanning capability (depends on the ADF) — Whether the MFP can scan both sides of a sheet of paper without manual intervention by the user.
• Output
  • Scan file formats available (e.g. PDF, TIFF, JPEG, XPS, etc.)
  • Scan transfer methods available (e.g. FTP, WebDAV, Email, SMB, NFS, TWAIN)
  • Security of scanned documents — such as PDF encryption, digital signatures and so on.

Fax features/functions[edit]

• Answering machine
• Cordless telephone (generally only a consideration for AIO or smaller SOHO products)
• Color Fax capability
• PC Fax send and receive capability
• Sent / Received Faxes Forwarding to E-mail capability (via SMTP)
• TCP/IP Fax methods such as SIP Fax (Fax over IP), Network Fax (via SMTP), Internet Fax and so on

Copy features/functions[edit]

• Document Finishing capabilities
  • Duplex output
  • Stapling
    • Single point
    • Staple positioning
    • Two point
  • Hole punching
    • International standard ISO 838 2-hole
    • Swedish «triohålning» 4-hole
    • US 3-hole
    • «888» 4-hole
  • Folding
    • Cover binding (generally only available on production printing models) — differs from «cover insertion», in that a cover is physically bound to the book instead of simply placing it around the other pages. Cover binding often uses hot glue to bind the cover to the finished book.
    • Cover insertion for booklets
    • Fold and centre staple (for Booklet pagination)
    • Half fold / crease
    • Tri-fold / Envelope-folding
    • Trimming for folded documents to avoid «creep»
• Document editing modes
  • Booklet pagination / «perfect binding» booklet pagination
  • Image scaling / rotation
  • n-in-one (2 in 1, 4 in 1 etc.)
  • Page numbering / text & image stamping / watermarking
• Plus, see items under «Print features/functions» output and «Scan features/functions» input

Document storage features/functions[edit]

• Documents storage capability the MFP
• Storage (HDD) capacity
• User authentication for the stored document, and any relationship to the user authentication of the MFP (e.g. Network authentication with a server or custom software, internal only, etc.)

Network features/functions[edit]

• Active Directory or other authentication functionality
• Data encryption
• IPv6 support
• SNMP support — both private and public MIB specifications
• Wireless network capability

Other features/functions[edit]

• SDK availability and licensing model
• Software — Many MFPs support advanced functionality through third party software such as optical character recognition. In some cases, these software components are not specific to the MFP being used, however it is important to determine this, as in other cases proprietary technologies are used that effectively tie the software to the platform.
• User interface — By their nature, MFPs are complex devices. Many MFPs now include LCD screens and other user interface aids. Generally, AIO and SOHO products contain simple LCD displays, while Office MFPs contain advanced LCD panels resembling a custom computer-like user interface (some MFPs also offer optional keyboard and mouse attachments).

Internal architecture[edit]

Hardware[edit]

MFPs, like most external peripherals that are capable of functioning without a computer, are essentially a type of computer themselves. They contain memory, one or more processors, and often some kind of local storage, such as a hard disk drive or flash memory. As mentioned in the Types of MFP section, the physical print engine may be based on several technologies, however most larger MFPs are an evolution of a digital photocopier.

Security[edit]

When disposing of old printers with local storage, one should keep in mind that confidential documents (print, scan, copy jobs) are potentially still unencrypted on the printer’s local storage and can be undeleted.^[4][5] Crypto-shredding can be a countermeasure.

Software[edit]

MFPs also run a set of instructions from their internal storage, which is comparable to a computer’s operating system.

Generally, as the size and complexity of an MFP increases, the more like a computer the device becomes. It is uncommon for a small AIO or even a SOHO MFP to use a general purpose operating system, however many larger MFPs run Linux^[6] or VxWorks.^[7]

Additionally, many print controllers, separate, but integral to the MFP, also run computer operating systems, with Linux^[8] and Microsoft Windows (often Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, Windows XP Embedded^[9]).

On top of the core operating system and firmware, the MFP will also provide several functions, equivalent to applications or in some cases daemons or services.

These functions may include (amongst many others):

• Bytecode interpreters or virtual machines for internally hosted third party applications
• Image conversion and processing functions
• MFP Panel control for user input
• Network service clients for sending of documents to different destinations
• Network service servers for receiving documents for print or storage
• Raster image processing functions (although, often this task is handled by a separate print controller unit instead)
• Web server for remote management functions

Software[edit]

Computer systems equipped with the proper software must be able to take advantage of the MFP’s capabilities, an important requirement to research when considering integrating an MFP with an existing office. Some or all of the following functionality might be provided:

• Device administration and configuration
• Document imaging, such as ad hoc scanning
• Document management such as remote scanning, document type conversion from text to PDF, OCR, etc.
• Document type/paper input mode selection
• Monitoring of print quotas, toner/ink levels etc.

Software development kits[edit]

In addition to specific software packages, many vendors also provide the ability for the user to develop software to communicate with the MFP through a Software development kit. Different vendors have different licensing models, from completely «closed» proprietary systems (often with large costs involved) to open strategies with no direct cost involved.
An incomplete list of these technologies is:

• Nuance OmniPage
• Canon MEAP (Multifunctional Embedded Application Platform)
• HP Open Extensibility Platform (OXP)
• Konica Minolta OpenAPI
• Lexmark Embedded Solutions Framework (eSF)
• Ricoh’s Device SDK
• Samsung XOA — eXtensible Open Architecture
• Sharp OSA (Open Systems Architecture)
• Toshiba OPA (Open Platform Architecture)
• Xerox EIP (Extensible Interface Platform)

In general, these technologies fall into one of two technical models — Server based, or MFP internal software.

Server based technologies use a method to communicate information to and from the MFP (often SOAP/XML based), running the operating code on a suitably powered computer on the network. This method has the advantage of being very flexible, in that the software is free to do anything that the developer can make the computer do. The only limit from the MFP itself is the capability of the MFP to display a user interface to the workings of the application. As many of the applications are based around custom printing, scanning and authentication requirements, the MFP manufacturers that use this method gravitate towards these core technologies in the user interface.

MFP internal software, by comparison, has the advantage of not requiring anything outside of the MFP. The software runs within the MFP itself and so even a complete network outage will not disrupt the software from working (unless of course the software requires a network connection for other reasons). MFP internal software is often, but not always, Java based and runs in a Java virtual machine within the MFP. The negative side to this kind of software is usually that it is much more limited in capabilities than Server based systems.

Manufacturers[edit]

MFP manufacturers/brands include

• Brother
• Canon
• Dell
• Epson
• Hewlett-Packard
• Kodak
• Konica Minolta
• Kyocera
• Lexmark
• Océ (Canon)
• Okidata
• Olivetti
• Panasonic
• Ricoh
• Samsung
• Sharp
• Sindoh
• Toshiba
• Utax
• Xerox
• Infoeglobe

Note that not all of these manufacturers produce all types of MFP — some may only focus on AIO products, whilst others may only focus on Production Printing, while yet more may cover a wider range.

See also[edit]

• PictBridge allows images to be printed directly from digital cameras to a printer, without a computer.
• Computer printer
• Canon NoteJet

References[edit]