Мини гольф как пишется

Мини-гольф — миниатюрная версия гольфа, спортивная игра, в которой отдельные участники соревнуются, загоняя маленький мячик в специальные лунки ударами клюшек, пытаясь пройти отведённую дистанцию за минимальное число ударов.

Все значения слова «мини-гольф»

• мини-футбол
• сквош
• пинг-понг
• петанк
• дартс
• (ещё синонимы…)

Всего найдено: 97

слово «минивидеорегистратор» пишется слитно? через дефис? раздельно?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Словарной фиксации нет. Корректно: мини-видеорегистратор.

Добрый день, уважаемые лингвисты! Вопрос такой: спорт-парк или спортпарк? Нужен ли в этом слове дефис? Например: В нашем городе на территории перед ледовым дворцом открылся современный спорт-парк с тренажёрами и площадками для игр в мини-футбол и волейбол. В правилах мы смотрели, подходит два случая, как раз противоположные друг другу. Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Сложные слова с первой частью спорт- пишутся слитно. Верно: спортпарк.

Уважаемая Грамота! Прошу разрешить вопрос, связанный с написанием иноязычной приставки СУПЕР-. Пишется она слитно, за исключением случаев написания с именами собственными типа супер-Лиза (это ваш же пример) и случаев сложных типа «супер-мини-компьютер» или «супер-пупер-книга» (ваши же примеры). Словари не фиксируют написание слова СУПЕРРАСКРАСКА, но, судя по правилам и другим похожим словам типа суперрадостный, я права. Разъясните раз и навсегда, пожалуйста. Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Верно слитное написание: суперраскраска.

Как писать «суперминикомпьютер»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Орфографически верно: супер-мини-компьютер.

как правильно мини маркет или минииаркет ?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: мини-маркет.

Здравствуйте, уважаемая «Грамота»! Подскажите, пожалуйста, как правильно написать слово » минимикроскоп» (в значении «маленький микроскоп»)? Вопрос очень срочный, спасибо за внимание!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Первая часть сложных слов мини- пишется через дефис: мини-микроскоп.

Добрый день, как правильно писать словосочетание: мини термос — слитно или через дефис? Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Первая часть сложных слов мини- присоединяется дефисом: мини-термос.

Добрый день! Как пишется «мини-гольф»? В одно слово или через дефис? Спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Первая часть сложных слов мини- присоединяется дефисом: мини-гольф.

Добрый день! Как правильно пишется слово мини-кофейня, слитно или через тире

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Первая часть сложных слов мини- присоединяется дефисом: мини-кофейня.

Здравствуйте, у меня вопрос как правильно писать мини-система, либо минисистема, если речь идет о музыкальном центре. Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Первая часть сложных слов мини- присоединяется дефисом: мини-система.

Добрый день.
По правилам русского языка слово мини-маркет нужно писать через дефис. Почему в таком случае на всех вывесках собственники пишут это слово слитно? Что в таком случае делать журналистам — под фотографией с надписью «минимаркет» писать мини-маркет? Выглядит это как минимум странно.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Журналист должен писать в соответствии с нормами русского литературного языка: мини-маркет.

Добрый день, уважаемая справочная служба русского языка Грамота.ру! Прочла два ваших ответа (№ 201046 и 269801) по поводу написания слова «минивэн». Данные вами ответы предлагают разное написание этого слова — слитно(минивэн) и раздельно(мини-вэн). Так как все же правильно пишется это слово? Спасибо за ответ. С уважением — ваш постоянный читатель Rusya.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Это заимствованное слово испытывало колебания в написании, менялась и словарная фиксация. 4-м изданием «Русского орфографического словаря» РАН (М., 2012) установлено слитное написание: минивэн (ранее лингвисты предлагали писать это слово через дефис).

Подскажите, пожалуйста, как правильно: мини-мастер-класс или мини мастер-класс?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: мини-мастер-класс.

подскажите, как пишется слово мини-маркет или минимаркет? спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Первая часть сложных слов мини- пишется с последующим существительным через дефис: мини-маркет.

Здравствуйте! Как пишутся слова с корнем «мини»? Конкретно интересует «мини*масштаб».
Заранее спасибо за быстрый ответ.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Первая часть сложных слов мини- присоединяется дефисом: мини-масштаб.

А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Э Ю Я

ми́ни-го́льф, -а

Рядом по алфавиту:

ми́ни го́ночный автомоби́ль
ми́ни гражда́нская война́
ми́ни-ба́р , -а
ми́ни-баскетбо́л , -а
ми́ни-бассе́йн , -а
ми́ни-бату́т , -а
ми́ни-бло́к , -а
ми́ни-бо́мба , -ы
ми́ни-бре́йк , -а
ми́ни-бюдже́т , -а
ми́ни-водоём , -а
ми́ни-война́ , -ы́
ми́ни-гара́ж , -ажа́, тв. -о́м
ми́ни-го́льф , -а
ми́ни-гольф-по́ле , -я
ми́ни-гости́ница , -ы, тв. -ей
ми́ни-грузови́к , -ика́
ми́ни-гру́ппа , -ы
ми́ни-гря́дка , -и, р. мн. -док
ми́ни-ГЭ́С , нескл., ж.
ми́ни-ди́ск , -а
ми́ни-диск-пле́ер , -а
ми́ни-диспле́й , -я
ми́ни-духо́вка , -и, р. мн. -вок
ми́ни-жиле́т , -а
ми́ни-заво́д , -а
ми́ни-заку́ска , -и, р. мн. -сок
миниатю́р-полиго́н , -а
миниатю́рность , -и
миниатю́рный , кр. ф. -рен, -рна
минивэ́н , -а

Правильное написание слова гольф:

гольф

Крутая NFT игра. Играй и зарабатывай!

Количество букв в слове: 5

Слово состоит из букв:
Г, О, Л, Ь, Ф

Правильный транслит слова: golf

Написание с не правильной раскладкой клавиатуры: ujkma

Тест на правописание

Основная цель игры в мини-гольф – наименьшим количеством ударов по мячу закатить его в лунку.

1. Игра начинается с зоны первого удара – стартовая площадка. Остальные удары – с места остановки мяча.
2. Любое касание мяча считается за удар.
3. В случае, если мяч вылетел за пределы игрового поля, то удар можно произвести с того же места. Штрафные очки при этом не начисляются.
4. В случае, когда мяч остановился возле борта или препятствия, его можно перенести на длину пятки клюшки от борта (но, не приближаясь к лунке). Штрафные очки при этом не начисляются.
5. Мяч, отскочивший от препятствия, играется с нового места. Штрафные очки при этом не начисляются.
6. Для каждой лунки установлено максимально допустимое количество ударов (6 ударов). Если за 6 ударов не справиться с лункой, то нужно перейти к следующей лунке со штрафным ударом.
7. В случае, когда мяч попадает в замкнутое препятствие, он считается утерянным. В этой ситуации необходимо добавить один штрафной удар и начать игру с места последнего удара.
8. После каждой лунки необходимо записывать свой результат в карточку игрока.
9. В случае, когда игра идёт на количество ударов, побеждает тот, кто затратил наименьшее количество ударов на прохождение всех лунок.
10. Если игра идёт на лунки, то побеждает тот, кто выиграл больше лунок.

Как держать клюшку

Хват (грип) — очень важный элемент техники игры в гольф. От того насколько правильным будет хват, зависит Ваш удар и возможности его совершенствования. Необходимость правильного хвата обуславливается тем, что мышцы при ударе по мячу работают на скручивание, что не свойственно обычным движениям человека, а потому правильный контакт рук с клюшкой позволит работать мышцам наиболее эффективно.

Существуют три вида хвата:

• нахлест (overlap)
• замок (interlock)
• бейсбольный хват (baseball grip)

Наиболее распространен нахлест, который был приведен к существующему виду в начале века и стал популярным благодаря Гарри Вардону (великий гольфист начала века). Клюшку нельзя брать, как молоток или как хоккейную клюшку, возьмите ее так, как будто Вы здороваетесь с кем- либо левой рукой (если Вы правша). Кисти должны взаимодействовать с клюшкой и друг с другом легко и надежно, обеспечивая перпендикулярность плоскости клюшки в момент удара.

Начинать хватку удобно с левой руки. Клюшка должна лечь в левую кисть легко и естественно. «Хвостовая» часть грипа удерживается фалангами мизинца. Указательный палец касается клюшки средней фалангой. Большой палец правой руки ложится на верхнюю плоскость грипа чуть левее центра. Латинская буква «V» правой руки должна указывать примерно на правое ухо. Кончики большого и указательного пальцев должны стремиться соединиться и почти касаются друг друга. Мизинец правой руки входит в зацепление с указательным пальцем левой. Пальцы обеих рук должны обхватывать грип естественным образом, работая как единое целое.

При правильной постановке обеих рук на клюшке Вы должны видеть косточки указательного и среднего пальцев на внешней стороне кисти правой руки. Правая кисть ложится на левую таким образом, что линия жизни правой кисти накрывает большой палец левой руки.Чтобы правильно расположить обе руки на грипе, Вы можете использовать следующее упражнение. Расположите ваши руки так, как показано на фотографии. Обе линии «V» должны быть направлены на ваше правое плечо. Не меняя этого положения рук поместите их на клюшку. Проверьте положение большого пальца левой руки, зацепите указательный палец и мизинец и завершите хват, закрыв правую руку.

Стойка

Стойка, которую гольфист занимает при подготовке к каждому предстоящему удару, призвана решать, по меньшей мере, три основные задачи:

1. подготовка тела к выполнению технического действия (свинг),
2. прицеливание,
3. задание плоскости свинга (траектории движения клюшки).

Стойка гольфиста, таким образом, способна предопределить точность удара и дальность полета мяча, как бы заранее программируя четкость и стабильность его выполнения.  Как быстро и правильно разучить и закрепить стойку перед ударом с полной амплитудой (полный свинг):

1. встаньте прямо, держа клюшку перед собой на уровне груди одним из перечисленных хватов, предложенных на выбор.
2. расположите ноги на ширине плеч, чтобы почувствовать себя устойчиво, и слегка согните их в коленных суставах для амортизации;
3. сохраняя спину прямой, слегка начинайте подавать плечевой пояс (верхняя часть туловища) вперед, одновременно опуская клюшку вниз к земле;
4. установите клюшку перед собой на землю, расположив руки в свободном, отвесном положении относительно земли.

Исходное положение мяча

Исходное положение мяча может и должно слегка меняться в зависимости от вида используемой клюшки. Мяч находится по центру стойки (т.е. на одинаковом расстоянии между левой и правой стопой гольфиста) при использовании коротких клюшек. Он смещается к левой ноге (при правосторонней стойке) при использовании клюшек с большей длиной. Чем длиннее клюшка, тем левее должен лежать мяч перед ударом. Если следовать этому правилу, мяч получит оптимальный начальный угол вылета и направление полета (фото 8. вид спереди). Кроме того, игрок располагается ближе или дальше от мяча в зависимости от длины клюшки (его стойка при этом остается неизменной), а расстояние от ног до мяча определяется только собственно длиной выбранной клюшки для удара.

Прицеливание

Мяч никогда не полетит точно в цель, даже если удар был выполнен идеально, в случае неправильного прицеливания.

Еще одной особенностью игры в гольф является то, что спортсмен располагается перед ударом боком к цели (левой или правой стороной тела — в зависимости от того, под какую руку ему удобней играть). 

1. Как быстро и правильно разучить и закрепить прицеливание перед каждым ударом;
2. для начала зайдите за мяч так, чтобы и мяч и цель оказались перед Вами;
3. соедините воображаемой линией цель и мяч, определив тем самым линию прицеливания, которая станет ориентиром для последующего расположения клюшки и частей тела;
4. теперь подойдите к мячу с удобной стороны для удара и установите сначала клюшку за мячом так, чтобы ее лицевая часть смотрела точно на цель, т.е. была перпендикулярна к линии прицеливания;
5. теперь займите стойку, расположив плечевой пояс, бедра и стопы ног параллельно линии прицеливания

Назад

Правила игры в минигольф

Для тех, кто не знаком с тем, что такое мини-гольф можно создать некоторое пояснение – это искусственная площадка, которая имеет все необходимые приспособления и оборудование для качественной игры в гольф, но лишь в уменьшенном виде. Конечно, здесь не придется скакать на лошадях, как это делают англичане в одном из разновидностей гольфа и даже бить на большие расстояния. В мини гольфе лунки для мячиков расположены относительно близко. Цель игры – это попасть мячом в лунку сделав минимальное количество касаний по нему клюшкой.

Немного истории

Этот вид игры возник уже более столетия назад – в начале ХХ века. Он сразу завоевал популярность, и его возвели в ранг популярного вида спорта. С 1959 года по нему проводятся чемпионаты Европы с участием различных стран. Сегодня это абсолютно самостоятельная игра, которая имеет свои особенности, свод правил и требований. Здесь есть свои основы: количество лунок, их состав и обозначение, количество игроков, которые могут участвовать в игре одновременно. В своем большинстве все эти нормы ничем не отличаются от общепринятых в обычном гольфе. Но цель игры остается такой же неизменной, как и раньше.

Правила игры в мини гольф достаточно просты и практичны. Они делают удар на то, что качество игры во многом зависит от того, насколько подготовлен игрок. И дело тут совершенно не в спортивных навыках. У игрока должна быть соответствующая одежда: рубашка или любая другая одежда должна прилегать к телу. Свободно висящие элементы, могут мешать  игре, так как клюшка может цепляться за них своей рукояткой. Обувь в свою очередь должна быть устойчивой – на широком небольшом каблуке или платформе. Кроме того, некоторые используют специальную перчатку для более удобной игры. Но то уже личностные предпочтения.

А вот и сами правила

Правила игры в мини гольф не так уж сложны. Стандартное игровое поле состоит из 18 лунок, каждая из которых состоит из стартовой площадки «ти». В мини-гольф играют один на один или команда на команду. Побеждает тот, кто при наименьшем количестве ударов загонит мяч со стартовой точки через игровое поле в лунку. Во время соревнований играют на дорожках. За каждый удар засчитывается 1 очко. Если игрок не достигает цели за 7 ударов, он получает штрафное очко и начинает играть на следующей дорожке. Правила игры в мини гольф допускают наличие на поле ловушек, которые показывают мастерство игрока и делают саму игру более увлекательной и интересной.

Мини-гольф — миниатюрная версия гольфа, спортивная игра, в которой отдельные участники соревнуются, загоняя маленький мячик в специальные лунки ударами клюшек, пытаясь пройти отведённую дистанцию за минимальное число ударов.

Все значения слова «мини-гольф»

• Пушистые рыжие зверьки произвели неизгладимое впечатление, а игра в мини-гольф сделала вечер поистине незабываемым.

• В мини-гольфе используется клюшка «паттер», она совсем лёгкая.

• Останки корпуса «Мауи II» все больше походили на сплавной лес, а китовый ус, эти странные пластинки из пасти горбатого кита, уже всем приелись и проигрывали в привлекательности мини-гольфу, игровым автоматам в серфинг-клубе.

• (все предложения)

• мини-футбол
• сквош
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• дартс
• (ещё синонимы…)

«минигольф» или «мини-гольф»?

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Miniature golf

Highest governing body	World Minigolf Sport Federation
First played	South Africa 1910s
Characteristics
Contact	No
Mixed-sex	No, except mixed multiples
Type	Club sport
Equipment	putter, ball, artificial course
Presence
Country or region	Europe, North America, Japan
Olympic	No
World Games	1989 (invitational)

Miniature golf, also known as minigolf, mini-putt, crazy golf, or putt-putt, is an offshoot of the sport of golf focusing solely on the putting aspect of its parent game. The aim of the game is to score the lowest number of points. It is played on courses consisting of a series of holes (usually a multiple of 9) similar to its parent, but characterized by their short length (usually within 10 yards from tee to cup).

The game uses artificial putting surfaces (such as carpet, artificial turf, or concrete), a geometric layout often requiring non-traditional putting lines such as bank shots, and artificial obstacles such as tunnels, tubes, ramps, moving obstacles such as windmills, and walls of concrete, metal, or fiberglass. When miniature golf retains many of these characteristics but without the use of any props or obstacles, it is purely a mini version of its parent game.

Nomenclature[edit]

While the international sports organization World Minigolf Sport Federation (WMF)^[1] prefers to use the name «minigolf», the general public in different countries has also many other names for the game: miniature golf, mini-golf, midget golf, goofy golf, shorties, extreme golf, crazy golf, adventure golf, mini-putt, putter golf and so on. The name Putt-Putt is the trademark of an American company^[2] that builds and franchises miniature golf courses in addition to other family-oriented entertainment, and the term «putt-putt» is sometimes used colloquially to refer to the game itself. The term «minigolf» was formerly a registered trademark of a Swedish company that built its own patented type of minigolf courses.

History[edit]

Geometrically-shaped minigolf courses made of artificial materials (carpet) began to emerge during the early 20th century. The earliest documented mention of such a course is in the 8 June 1912 edition of The Illustrated London News, which introduces a minigolf course called Gofstacle.^[3]

The first standardized minigolf courses to enter commercial mass-production were the Thistle Dhu («This’ll Do») course 1916 in Pinehurst, North Carolina,^[4][5] and the 1927 Tom Thumb patent of Garnet Carter from Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. Thomas McCullough Fairbairn, a golf fanatic, revolutionized the game in 1922 with his formulation of a suitable artificial green—a mixture of cottonseed hulls, sand, oil, and dye. With this discovery, miniature golf became accessible everywhere; by the late 1920s there were over 150 rooftop courses in New York City alone and tens of thousands across the United States.^[6] This American minigolf boom of early 20th century came to an end during the economic depression in the late 1930s. Nearly all minigolf courses in the United States were closed and demolished before the end of the 1930s.^[7] A rare surviving example from this period is the Parkside Whispering Pines Miniature Golf Course located near Rochester, New York, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.^[8]

The first miniature golf course in Canada was at the Maples Inn in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. The «Mapes» was constructed as a summer home in the 1890s but was renovated into a club in 1902, opened to the public in 1914, and had a miniature golf course in 1930. The popular nightspot burned in 1985. (See: West Island Chronicle, 29 June 2008.)

European origins[edit]

One of the first documented minigolf courses in mainland Europe was built in 1926 by Fr. Schröder in Hamburg, Germany. Mr. Schröder had been inspired by his visit to the United States, where he had seen minigolf courses spreading across the country.^[9]

In 1930 Edwin O. Norrman and Eskil Norman returned to Sweden from the United States, where they had stayed for several years and witnessed the golden days of the American minigolf boom. In 1931 they founded the company «Norman och Norrmans Miniatyrgolf» and began manufacturing standardized minigolf courses for the Swedish market. During the following years they spread this new leisure activity across Sweden, by installing minigolf courses in public parks and other suitable locations.^[9]

Swedish minigolf courses typically had a rectangular wooden frame surrounding the playing area made of tennis field sand^[10] (while the American manufacturers used newly developed and patented felt as the surface of their minigolf courses). Felt did not become popular as a surface material in Sweden until in the mid-1960s—but since then it has become practically the only surface material used in Scandinavia and Britain, due to its favorable playing qualities in wet weather. (Minigolf courses with a felt surface can be played in rainy weather, because water soaks through the felt into the ground. The other commonly used surface materials, beton and eternite, cannot be used in rainy weather, because the rainwater pools on them, stopping the ball from rolling.)

The Swedish Minigolf Federation (Svenska Bangolfförbundet)^[11] was founded in 1937, being the oldest minigolf sport organization in the world. National Swedish championships in minigolf have been played yearly since 1939.^[12] In other countries minigolf sport federations were not founded until the late 1950s, due to the post-war economical depression.

In 1954, the minigolf course in Ascona (Switzerland) opened, the oldest course worldwide following the norms of Paul Bongni.

Competitive games[edit]

The earliest documented minigolf competitions were played in the United States. The first National Tom Thumb Open minigolf tournament was arranged in 1930, with a total cash purse $10,000 (the top prize being $2,000). Qualification play-offs were played in all of the 48 states, and the final competition on Lookout Mountain, Chattanooga, Tennessee, attracted over 200 players representing thirty states.^[13] After the Depression ten years later, minigolf died out as a competition sport in America, and has begun to recover only during the most recent decades. The American minigolf sport boom of the 1930s inspired many European countries, and the sport of minigolf lived on in Europe even after the American game fell into Depression.

Post-depression U.S.[edit]

In 1938 Joseph and Robert Taylor from Binghamton, New York, started building and operating their own miniature golf courses. These courses differed from the ones in the late 20s and early 30s; they were no longer just rolls, banks, and curves, with an occasional pipe thrown in. Their courses not only had landscaping, but also obstacles, including windmills, castles, and wishing wells.

Impressed by the quality of the courses, many customers asked if the Taylors would build a course for them. By the early 1940s, Joe and Bob formed Taylor Brothers, and were in the business of building miniature golf courses and supplying obstacles to the industry. During both the Korean and Vietnam Wars, many a G.I. played on a Taylor Brothers prefabricated course that the U.S. Military had contracted to be built and shipped overseas. In the 1950s, Don Clayton invented the Putt-Putt brand with a focus on treating minigolf seriously, emphasizing skill and player improvement. Most of the Putt Putt routes were 2-par holes involving ramps or angled blocks that could be mastered in one go through practice.^[14][15]

By the late 50s almost all supply catalogs carried Taylor Brother’s obstacles. In 1961 Bob Taylor, Don Clayton of Putt-Putt, and Frank Abramoff of Arnold Palmer Miniature Golf organized the first miniature golf association known as NAPCOMS (or the «National Association of Putting Course Operators, Manufacturers, and Suppliers»). Their first meeting was held in New York City. Though this organization only lasted a few years it was the first attempt to bring miniature golf operators together to promote miniature golf.

In 1955, Lomma Golf, Inc., founded by Al Lomma and his brother Ralph Lomma, led the revival of wacky, animated trick hazards. These hazards required both accurately aimed shots and split-second timing to avoid spinning windmill blades, revolving statuary, and other careening obstacles.^{[citation needed]}

The book Tilting At Windmills (How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love Sport) by Andy Miller tells the story of the formerly sports-hating author attempting to change by competing in miniature golf, including events in Denmark and Latvia.

In the United States, National Miniature Golf Day is held yearly on the second Saturday of May. The event had its inaugural celebration on 12 May 2007, and was officially recognized and published in 2008’s edition of Chase’s Calendar of Events.

Other countries[edit]

By the 1950s the American Putt-Putt company was exporting their minigolf courses to South Africa, Australia, Japan, Korea, India, Iran, Italy, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, and the Eastern Bloc.^[16]

Governing body[edit]

The sport of miniature golf is governed internationally by the World Minigolf Sport Federation (WMF), headquartered in Göteborg, Sweden. The WMF is a member of Global Association of International Sports Federations. It organises World Championships for youth and elite players, and Continental Championships in Europe, Asia and the United States, held in alternate years.

WMF Members[edit]

Nation	Governing body
Australia	Australian Mini Golf Association
Austria	Österreichischer Bahnengolf-Verband
Belgium	Union Belge de MiniGolf — Belgische Verbond voor MidgetGolf
China	China Minigolf Sport Federation
Croatia	Croatian Minigolf Federation
Cyprus	City Mini Golf
Czech Republic	Český minigolfový svaz
Denmark	Dansk Minigolf Union
Estonia	Estonian Minigolf Association
Finland	Suomen Ratagolfliitto
France	Fédération Française de Minigolf
Germany	Deutscher Minigolfsport Verband
Great Britain	British Mini Golf Association
Hungary	Magyar Minigolf Országos Szakszövetség
India	Minigolf Federation of India
Indonesia	Persatuan Mini Golf Indonesia
Iran	Iran Minigolf Societ
Israel	Israeli Minigolf Association (R.A.)
Italy	Federazione Italiana Golf su Pista
Japan	Japan Mini Golf Association
Kosovo	Federata e Minigolfit e Kosovës
Latvia	Latvian Minigolf Clubs Association
Liechtenstein	Liechtensteiner Minigolf-Sport-Verband
Luxembourg	Fédération Luxembourgeoise de Golf sur Pistes
Malaysia	Malaysian Minigolf Sport Association (MMGSA)
Mexico	Federacion Mexicana de Minigolf
Moldova	National Golf Federation of Moldova
Mongolia	Mongolian Amateur Minigolf Federation
Netherlands	NMB = Nederlandse Minigolf Bond
New Zealand	MiniatureGolf Association
Norway	Norges Minigolf Forbund
Philippines	Affiliation Minigolf of the Philippines
Poland	Minigolf Club Sopot
Portugal	Federacão Portuguesa de Minigolfe
Romania	Club Sportiv Minigolf Riviera
Russia	Russian Golf Association
Serbia	Serbian Minigolf Association
Singapore	Miniature Golf Association (Singapore)
Slovakia	Slovenský zväz dráhového golfu
Slovenia	Mini Golf Zveza Slovenije
South Korea	Korea Newsports Association
Sweden	Svenska Bangolfförbundet
Switzerland	Swiss Minigolf
Taipei	Minigolf Sport Association
Thailand	Minigolf Association Thailand
Turkey	Uluslararasi Minigolf & Tuna Minigolf
Ukraine	Ukrainian Golf Federation
UAE	Emirati Mini Golf
USA	United States ProMiniGolf Association (USPMGA)
Vietnam	Vietnam Minigolf Foundation

Course types[edit]

All competitions approved by World Minigolfsport Federation are played on standardized courses, whose design has been checked to be suitable for competitive play. The WMF currently approves four different course types:

• Beton^[17] (abbreviated B, sometimes called «Bongni» and named after Paul Bongni of Geneva, Switzerland, «Minigolf» or «Abteilung 1»)
• Eternite^[18] (abbreviated E (in Sweden EB), sometimes called «Europabana», «Miniaturgolf» or «Abteilung 2»)
• Felt^[19] (abbreviated F or SFR, sometimes called «Swedish felt runs»), and
• Minigolf Open Standard^[20] (abbreviated «MOS»). The latter non-standardized playing system, MOS, covers all minigolf courses that the three standardized systems (B, E, F) do not cover.

The world record on one round of minigolf is 18 strokes on 18 holes. More than a thousand players have officially achieved this score on eternite. On other playing systems a perfect round of 18 holes-in-one is extremely rare, and has never been scored in an official national or international tournament. Unofficial 18-rounds on concrete and felt courses have been reported in Sweden.^[21]

The 18th and final holes of many miniature golf courses are designed to literally capture the ball, effectively preventing the player from playing additional rounds without purchasing another game. This may be accomplished with a «drain» or trap-door hole setup that channels the ball to a lockbox. One popular method of theming the 18th hole in the United States is to use a gated, ramped target area depicting the face of a clown; if the ball lands «in» the clown’s nose, a bell might sound and the player would win a discount ticket for another game. Another method for capturing the ball incorporated by various adventure golf courses involves a tube that sucks and propels the ball with pressurised air to a collection area or another area of the course typically on a higher elevation.^{[citation needed]}

Competitions[edit]

Nearly all European countries have an official national federation for promoting minigolf as a competition sport. The bi-annual European Championships attract competitors from more than twenty European countries. As of 2012, Chris Beattie has been the holder of the European Championship title.^[22] Outside Europe only a small number of countries have participated in international minigolf competitions. These countries include the United States, Japan, China, India and Taiwan. A national minigolf federation exists also in Moldova, Mexico, Australia and New Zealand, but none of these countries has ever participated in international competitions, and probably are not arranging many domestic competitions either.^[23]

World Minigolfsport Federation represents some 40,000 registered competition players from 37 countries.^[24] The national minigolf federation of Germany has 11,000 members with a competing license,^[25] and the Swedish federation has 8,000 registered competition players.^[21] Other strong minigolf countries include Austria and Switzerland, each having a few thousand licensed competition players. Also Italy, Czech Republic and Netherlands have traditionally been able to send a strong team to international championships, even if they cannot count their licensed players in thousands.

The sceptre of competitive minigolf rests quite firmly in mainland Europe: no player from other countries (such as UK, the United States, Japan et cetera) has ever reached even the top 50 in World Championships (in men’s category).^[22] Nearly all national federations outside Europe were founded only quite recently (within the last ten years), and it will take time before the players of these countries learn all secrets of the game. The United States has a longer history of minigolf competitions, but the standardized European competition courses are practically unknown in the United States, and therefore the American players have been unable to learn the secrets of European minigolf. On the traditional American courses the best American players are able to challenge the European top players into a tough and exciting competition.^[26]

The British Minigolf Association (BMGA) has an additional problem on their way to greater success in competitive minigolf. While the minigolf federations in mainland Europe receive annual funding from the government, in England the national sports organisation Sport England has refused to accept BMGA as its member – which means that BMGA is left without the public funding that other forms of sports enjoy. The rules of Sport England declare that only one variant of each sport can be accepted as member – and minigolf is interpreted as a variant of golf.^[24]

The most prize money is paid in the United States, where the winner of a major competition may earn up to $5,000. In mainland Europe the prize money generally quite low, and in many cases honor is the only thing at stake in the competition. International championships usually award no prize money at all.

In the US there are two organizations offering national tournaments: the Professional Putters Association and the US Pro Mini-Golf Association (USPMGA). The USPMGA represents the United States in the World Minigolfsport Federation, having been an active member since 1995. USPMGA President Robert Detwiler is also the WMF representative for North and South America.

The New Israeli Minigolf Association was established in February 2010 in Israel. Setting up, for the first time, league play according to the rules of WMF and USPMGA. Now, a series of lush and inviting minigolf parks in prime locations are being built around Israel.

International[edit]

World Minigolfsport Federation (WMF), a member of AGFIS, organises World Championships biennially (on odd-numbered years), while the continental championships in Europe and Asia are organized on even-numbered years. Many of these competitions are arranged for three age groups: juniors (under 20 years), adults (no age limit), and seniors (over 45 years).^[27] Men and women compete separately in their own categories, except in some team competitions and pair competitions. The difference in the playing skills of men and women is very small at the top level. Sometimes the best player in a major international tournament is female. Typically the winner in women’s category would be very close to medals also in men’s category.^[28]

World and European Championships have so far never been arranged on MOS courses (which are popular in the United States and UK, and were approved by WMF for competition use only a few years ago). International competitions are typically arranged on two courses of 18 holes, of which one course is eternite, and the other course is usually concrete, less commonly felt. In the future, the WMF is expected to use also MOS courses in international championships – which will give American and British players a chance to show their skills on their own traditional course types.

The most prestigious MOS minigolf competitions in the world are the US Masters, US Open, British Open, World Crazy Golf Championships and the World Adventure Golf Masters.^{[citation needed]}

See also[edit]

• Clock golf
• Défi mini-putt, a 1990s RDS televised minigolf series from Quebec
• European Minigolf Sport Federation
• M.C. Mini Masters, a unique annual amateur miniature golf tournament
• Pitch and putt
• Professional Putters Association
• Sholf
• Variations of golf
• World Crazy Golf Championships

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• World records in minigolf
• WMF — World Minigolfsport Federation (WMF)
• History of miniature golf
• British Minigolf Association — British Minigolf Association

Miniature golf

Highest governing body	World Minigolf Sport Federation
First played	South Africa 1910s
Characteristics
Contact	No
Mixed-sex	No, except mixed multiples
Type	Club sport
Equipment	putter, ball, artificial course
Presence
Country or region	Europe, North America, Japan
Olympic	No
World Games	1989 (invitational)

Miniature golf, also known as minigolf, mini-putt, crazy golf, or putt-putt, is an offshoot of the sport of golf focusing solely on the putting aspect of its parent game. The aim of the game is to score the lowest number of points. It is played on courses consisting of a series of holes (usually a multiple of 9) similar to its parent, but characterized by their short length (usually within 10 yards from tee to cup).

The game uses artificial putting surfaces (such as carpet, artificial turf, or concrete), a geometric layout often requiring non-traditional putting lines such as bank shots, and artificial obstacles such as tunnels, tubes, ramps, moving obstacles such as windmills, and walls of concrete, metal, or fiberglass. When miniature golf retains many of these characteristics but without the use of any props or obstacles, it is purely a mini version of its parent game.

Nomenclature[edit]

While the international sports organization World Minigolf Sport Federation (WMF)^[1] prefers to use the name «minigolf», the general public in different countries has also many other names for the game: miniature golf, mini-golf, midget golf, goofy golf, shorties, extreme golf, crazy golf, adventure golf, mini-putt, putter golf and so on. The name Putt-Putt is the trademark of an American company^[2] that builds and franchises miniature golf courses in addition to other family-oriented entertainment, and the term «putt-putt» is sometimes used colloquially to refer to the game itself. The term «minigolf» was formerly a registered trademark of a Swedish company that built its own patented type of minigolf courses.

History[edit]

Geometrically-shaped minigolf courses made of artificial materials (carpet) began to emerge during the early 20th century. The earliest documented mention of such a course is in the 8 June 1912 edition of The Illustrated London News, which introduces a minigolf course called Gofstacle.^[3]

The first standardized minigolf courses to enter commercial mass-production were the Thistle Dhu («This’ll Do») course 1916 in Pinehurst, North Carolina,^[4][5] and the 1927 Tom Thumb patent of Garnet Carter from Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. Thomas McCullough Fairbairn, a golf fanatic, revolutionized the game in 1922 with his formulation of a suitable artificial green—a mixture of cottonseed hulls, sand, oil, and dye. With this discovery, miniature golf became accessible everywhere; by the late 1920s there were over 150 rooftop courses in New York City alone and tens of thousands across the United States.^[6] This American minigolf boom of early 20th century came to an end during the economic depression in the late 1930s. Nearly all minigolf courses in the United States were closed and demolished before the end of the 1930s.^[7] A rare surviving example from this period is the Parkside Whispering Pines Miniature Golf Course located near Rochester, New York, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.^[8]

The first miniature golf course in Canada was at the Maples Inn in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. The «Mapes» was constructed as a summer home in the 1890s but was renovated into a club in 1902, opened to the public in 1914, and had a miniature golf course in 1930. The popular nightspot burned in 1985. (See: West Island Chronicle, 29 June 2008.)

European origins[edit]

One of the first documented minigolf courses in mainland Europe was built in 1926 by Fr. Schröder in Hamburg, Germany. Mr. Schröder had been inspired by his visit to the United States, where he had seen minigolf courses spreading across the country.^[9]

In 1930 Edwin O. Norrman and Eskil Norman returned to Sweden from the United States, where they had stayed for several years and witnessed the golden days of the American minigolf boom. In 1931 they founded the company «Norman och Norrmans Miniatyrgolf» and began manufacturing standardized minigolf courses for the Swedish market. During the following years they spread this new leisure activity across Sweden, by installing minigolf courses in public parks and other suitable locations.^[9]

Swedish minigolf courses typically had a rectangular wooden frame surrounding the playing area made of tennis field sand^[10] (while the American manufacturers used newly developed and patented felt as the surface of their minigolf courses). Felt did not become popular as a surface material in Sweden until in the mid-1960s—but since then it has become practically the only surface material used in Scandinavia and Britain, due to its favorable playing qualities in wet weather. (Minigolf courses with a felt surface can be played in rainy weather, because water soaks through the felt into the ground. The other commonly used surface materials, beton and eternite, cannot be used in rainy weather, because the rainwater pools on them, stopping the ball from rolling.)

The Swedish Minigolf Federation (Svenska Bangolfförbundet)^[11] was founded in 1937, being the oldest minigolf sport organization in the world. National Swedish championships in minigolf have been played yearly since 1939.^[12] In other countries minigolf sport federations were not founded until the late 1950s, due to the post-war economical depression.

In 1954, the minigolf course in Ascona (Switzerland) opened, the oldest course worldwide following the norms of Paul Bongni.

Competitive games[edit]

The earliest documented minigolf competitions were played in the United States. The first National Tom Thumb Open minigolf tournament was arranged in 1930, with a total cash purse $10,000 (the top prize being $2,000). Qualification play-offs were played in all of the 48 states, and the final competition on Lookout Mountain, Chattanooga, Tennessee, attracted over 200 players representing thirty states.^[13] After the Depression ten years later, minigolf died out as a competition sport in America, and has begun to recover only during the most recent decades. The American minigolf sport boom of the 1930s inspired many European countries, and the sport of minigolf lived on in Europe even after the American game fell into Depression.

Post-depression U.S.[edit]

In 1938 Joseph and Robert Taylor from Binghamton, New York, started building and operating their own miniature golf courses. These courses differed from the ones in the late 20s and early 30s; they were no longer just rolls, banks, and curves, with an occasional pipe thrown in. Their courses not only had landscaping, but also obstacles, including windmills, castles, and wishing wells.

Impressed by the quality of the courses, many customers asked if the Taylors would build a course for them. By the early 1940s, Joe and Bob formed Taylor Brothers, and were in the business of building miniature golf courses and supplying obstacles to the industry. During both the Korean and Vietnam Wars, many a G.I. played on a Taylor Brothers prefabricated course that the U.S. Military had contracted to be built and shipped overseas. In the 1950s, Don Clayton invented the Putt-Putt brand with a focus on treating minigolf seriously, emphasizing skill and player improvement. Most of the Putt Putt routes were 2-par holes involving ramps or angled blocks that could be mastered in one go through practice.^[14][15]

By the late 50s almost all supply catalogs carried Taylor Brother’s obstacles. In 1961 Bob Taylor, Don Clayton of Putt-Putt, and Frank Abramoff of Arnold Palmer Miniature Golf organized the first miniature golf association known as NAPCOMS (or the «National Association of Putting Course Operators, Manufacturers, and Suppliers»). Their first meeting was held in New York City. Though this organization only lasted a few years it was the first attempt to bring miniature golf operators together to promote miniature golf.

In 1955, Lomma Golf, Inc., founded by Al Lomma and his brother Ralph Lomma, led the revival of wacky, animated trick hazards. These hazards required both accurately aimed shots and split-second timing to avoid spinning windmill blades, revolving statuary, and other careening obstacles.^{[citation needed]}

The book Tilting At Windmills (How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love Sport) by Andy Miller tells the story of the formerly sports-hating author attempting to change by competing in miniature golf, including events in Denmark and Latvia.

In the United States, National Miniature Golf Day is held yearly on the second Saturday of May. The event had its inaugural celebration on 12 May 2007, and was officially recognized and published in 2008’s edition of Chase’s Calendar of Events.

Other countries[edit]

By the 1950s the American Putt-Putt company was exporting their minigolf courses to South Africa, Australia, Japan, Korea, India, Iran, Italy, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, and the Eastern Bloc.^[16]

Governing body[edit]

The sport of miniature golf is governed internationally by the World Minigolf Sport Federation (WMF), headquartered in Göteborg, Sweden. The WMF is a member of Global Association of International Sports Federations. It organises World Championships for youth and elite players, and Continental Championships in Europe, Asia and the United States, held in alternate years.

WMF Members[edit]

Nation	Governing body
Australia	Australian Mini Golf Association
Austria	Österreichischer Bahnengolf-Verband
Belgium	Union Belge de MiniGolf — Belgische Verbond voor MidgetGolf
China	China Minigolf Sport Federation
Croatia	Croatian Minigolf Federation
Cyprus	City Mini Golf
Czech Republic	Český minigolfový svaz
Denmark	Dansk Minigolf Union
Estonia	Estonian Minigolf Association
Finland	Suomen Ratagolfliitto
France	Fédération Française de Minigolf
Germany	Deutscher Minigolfsport Verband
Great Britain	British Mini Golf Association
Hungary	Magyar Minigolf Országos Szakszövetség
India	Minigolf Federation of India
Indonesia	Persatuan Mini Golf Indonesia
Iran	Iran Minigolf Societ
Israel	Israeli Minigolf Association (R.A.)
Italy	Federazione Italiana Golf su Pista
Japan	Japan Mini Golf Association
Kosovo	Federata e Minigolfit e Kosovës
Latvia	Latvian Minigolf Clubs Association
Liechtenstein	Liechtensteiner Minigolf-Sport-Verband
Luxembourg	Fédération Luxembourgeoise de Golf sur Pistes
Malaysia	Malaysian Minigolf Sport Association (MMGSA)
Mexico	Federacion Mexicana de Minigolf
Moldova	National Golf Federation of Moldova
Mongolia	Mongolian Amateur Minigolf Federation
Netherlands	NMB = Nederlandse Minigolf Bond
New Zealand	MiniatureGolf Association
Norway	Norges Minigolf Forbund
Philippines	Affiliation Minigolf of the Philippines
Poland	Minigolf Club Sopot
Portugal	Federacão Portuguesa de Minigolfe
Romania	Club Sportiv Minigolf Riviera
Russia	Russian Golf Association
Serbia	Serbian Minigolf Association
Singapore	Miniature Golf Association (Singapore)
Slovakia	Slovenský zväz dráhového golfu
Slovenia	Mini Golf Zveza Slovenije
South Korea	Korea Newsports Association
Sweden	Svenska Bangolfförbundet
Switzerland	Swiss Minigolf
Taipei	Minigolf Sport Association
Thailand	Minigolf Association Thailand
Turkey	Uluslararasi Minigolf & Tuna Minigolf
Ukraine	Ukrainian Golf Federation
UAE	Emirati Mini Golf
USA	United States ProMiniGolf Association (USPMGA)
Vietnam	Vietnam Minigolf Foundation

Course types[edit]

All competitions approved by World Minigolfsport Federation are played on standardized courses, whose design has been checked to be suitable for competitive play. The WMF currently approves four different course types:

• Beton^[17] (abbreviated B, sometimes called «Bongni» and named after Paul Bongni of Geneva, Switzerland, «Minigolf» or «Abteilung 1»)
• Eternite^[18] (abbreviated E (in Sweden EB), sometimes called «Europabana», «Miniaturgolf» or «Abteilung 2»)
• Felt^[19] (abbreviated F or SFR, sometimes called «Swedish felt runs»), and
• Minigolf Open Standard^[20] (abbreviated «MOS»). The latter non-standardized playing system, MOS, covers all minigolf courses that the three standardized systems (B, E, F) do not cover.

The world record on one round of minigolf is 18 strokes on 18 holes. More than a thousand players have officially achieved this score on eternite. On other playing systems a perfect round of 18 holes-in-one is extremely rare, and has never been scored in an official national or international tournament. Unofficial 18-rounds on concrete and felt courses have been reported in Sweden.^[21]

The 18th and final holes of many miniature golf courses are designed to literally capture the ball, effectively preventing the player from playing additional rounds without purchasing another game. This may be accomplished with a «drain» or trap-door hole setup that channels the ball to a lockbox. One popular method of theming the 18th hole in the United States is to use a gated, ramped target area depicting the face of a clown; if the ball lands «in» the clown’s nose, a bell might sound and the player would win a discount ticket for another game. Another method for capturing the ball incorporated by various adventure golf courses involves a tube that sucks and propels the ball with pressurised air to a collection area or another area of the course typically on a higher elevation.^{[citation needed]}

Competitions[edit]

Nearly all European countries have an official national federation for promoting minigolf as a competition sport. The bi-annual European Championships attract competitors from more than twenty European countries. As of 2012, Chris Beattie has been the holder of the European Championship title.^[22] Outside Europe only a small number of countries have participated in international minigolf competitions. These countries include the United States, Japan, China, India and Taiwan. A national minigolf federation exists also in Moldova, Mexico, Australia and New Zealand, but none of these countries has ever participated in international competitions, and probably are not arranging many domestic competitions either.^[23]

World Minigolfsport Federation represents some 40,000 registered competition players from 37 countries.^[24] The national minigolf federation of Germany has 11,000 members with a competing license,^[25] and the Swedish federation has 8,000 registered competition players.^[21] Other strong minigolf countries include Austria and Switzerland, each having a few thousand licensed competition players. Also Italy, Czech Republic and Netherlands have traditionally been able to send a strong team to international championships, even if they cannot count their licensed players in thousands.

The sceptre of competitive minigolf rests quite firmly in mainland Europe: no player from other countries (such as UK, the United States, Japan et cetera) has ever reached even the top 50 in World Championships (in men’s category).^[22] Nearly all national federations outside Europe were founded only quite recently (within the last ten years), and it will take time before the players of these countries learn all secrets of the game. The United States has a longer history of minigolf competitions, but the standardized European competition courses are practically unknown in the United States, and therefore the American players have been unable to learn the secrets of European minigolf. On the traditional American courses the best American players are able to challenge the European top players into a tough and exciting competition.^[26]

The British Minigolf Association (BMGA) has an additional problem on their way to greater success in competitive minigolf. While the minigolf federations in mainland Europe receive annual funding from the government, in England the national sports organisation Sport England has refused to accept BMGA as its member – which means that BMGA is left without the public funding that other forms of sports enjoy. The rules of Sport England declare that only one variant of each sport can be accepted as member – and minigolf is interpreted as a variant of golf.^[24]

The most prize money is paid in the United States, where the winner of a major competition may earn up to $5,000. In mainland Europe the prize money generally quite low, and in many cases honor is the only thing at stake in the competition. International championships usually award no prize money at all.

In the US there are two organizations offering national tournaments: the Professional Putters Association and the US Pro Mini-Golf Association (USPMGA). The USPMGA represents the United States in the World Minigolfsport Federation, having been an active member since 1995. USPMGA President Robert Detwiler is also the WMF representative for North and South America.

The New Israeli Minigolf Association was established in February 2010 in Israel. Setting up, for the first time, league play according to the rules of WMF and USPMGA. Now, a series of lush and inviting minigolf parks in prime locations are being built around Israel.

International[edit]

World Minigolfsport Federation (WMF), a member of AGFIS, organises World Championships biennially (on odd-numbered years), while the continental championships in Europe and Asia are organized on even-numbered years. Many of these competitions are arranged for three age groups: juniors (under 20 years), adults (no age limit), and seniors (over 45 years).^[27] Men and women compete separately in their own categories, except in some team competitions and pair competitions. The difference in the playing skills of men and women is very small at the top level. Sometimes the best player in a major international tournament is female. Typically the winner in women’s category would be very close to medals also in men’s category.^[28]

World and European Championships have so far never been arranged on MOS courses (which are popular in the United States and UK, and were approved by WMF for competition use only a few years ago). International competitions are typically arranged on two courses of 18 holes, of which one course is eternite, and the other course is usually concrete, less commonly felt. In the future, the WMF is expected to use also MOS courses in international championships – which will give American and British players a chance to show their skills on their own traditional course types.

The most prestigious MOS minigolf competitions in the world are the US Masters, US Open, British Open, World Crazy Golf Championships and the World Adventure Golf Masters.^{[citation needed]}

See also[edit]

• Clock golf
• Défi mini-putt, a 1990s RDS televised minigolf series from Quebec
• European Minigolf Sport Federation
• M.C. Mini Masters, a unique annual amateur miniature golf tournament
• Pitch and putt
• Professional Putters Association
• Sholf
• Variations of golf
• World Crazy Golf Championships

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• World records in minigolf
• WMF — World Minigolfsport Federation (WMF)
• History of miniature golf
• British Minigolf Association — British Minigolf Association