Река иртыш как пишется

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Здравствуйте, скажите, пожалуйста, склоняется ли по падежам «ханты». Например, сохранить иртышских хантов или сохранить иртышских ханты?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Оба варианта возможны. Существительное ханты может употребляться как склоняемое и как несклоняемое.

Правильно ли сказать «на реке Иртыш«, «на реке Енисей»? Склоняется слово река, а географическое название при этом не склоняется?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно. С географическим термином река наблюдается тенденция склонять названия женского рода и не склонять названия мужского рода: у реки Волги, но на реке Енисей.

на реке Нева или на реке Неве

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

С термином река склоняются простые русские, славянские и освоенные названия: на реке Неве, на реке Висле (но: на реке Иртыш – географические названия обычно не склоняются, когда род обобщающего нарицательного слова и топонима не совпадают).

Добрый день! Подскажите пожалуйста, как правильно написать фразу «на реке Иртыш или Иртыше»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: на Иртыше, но на реке Иртыш. Географические названия в сочетании с родовым словом обычно не склоняются, если род обобщающего нарицательного слова и топонима не совпадают (река женского рода, Иртыш – мужского).

Пожалуйста. разясните, какой знак (мягкий или твердый) должен быть использован в слове «Об…-Иртышский» ? Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Нужен мягкий знак.

Здравствуйте! Как следует правильно расставить знаки препинания в предложении: В частности, в Омской области свадебный фольклор украинцев преимущественного изучался в этнографическом аспекте (описание украинского свадебного обряда в Прииртышье) такими исследователями (нужна ли запятая) как (нужно ли двоеточие) О.Г. Сидорская, С.М. Кушнаренко, Т.М. Назарцева, Н.Н. Ушакова.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно: …изучался такими исследователями, как О. Г. Сидорская…

Как правильно писать: притоки р.Иртыш или притоки р.Иртыша

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: притоки р. Иртыш. Приложения – географические названия обычно не склоняются, когда род обобщающего нарицательного слова и топонима не совпадают (река – женского рода, Иртыш – мужского). Ср.: притоки р. Волги.

Подскажите, пожалуйста, каково правило склонения названий рек (озер) в случае если перед названием используется слово река (озеро) и есть ли разница в склонении названий мужского, женского и среднего рода, а также названий русского и иностранного происхождения:

на реке Волге или на реке Волга?
на реке Иртыше или на реке Иртыш?
на озере Виктории или на озере Виктория?
и, наконец, на озере Титикаке или на озере Титикака? и т.д.
Спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

С термином река склоняются простые русские, славянские и освоенные названия: на реке Волге, на реке Висле (но: на реке Иртыш – географические названия обычно не склоняются, когда род обобщающего нарицательного слова и топонима не совпадают). Не склоняются названия озер: на озере Виктория, на озере Титикака.

Irtysh
Irtysh watershed
Location
Country	Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan, Russia
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	near Mang-tai-ch’ia-ta-fan pass, Altai Mountains, Xinjiang, China
• coordinates	47°52′39″N 89°58′12″E / 47.87750°N 89.97000°E
• elevation	2,960 m (9,710 ft)
Mouth	Ob
• coordinates	61°05′24″N 68°49′15.60″E / 61.09000°N 68.8210000°ECoordinates: 61°05′24″N 68°49′15.60″E / 61.09000°N 68.8210000°E
Length	4,248 km (2,640 mi)
Basin size	1,643,000 km2 (634,000 sq mi)
Discharge
• average	2,150 m3/s (76,000 cu ft/s) (near Tobolsk)
Basin features
Progression	Ob→ Kara Sea

The Irtysh (Old Turkic: 𐰼𐱅𐰾:𐰇𐰏𐰕𐰏, romanized: Ertis ügüzüg,^[1] Mongolian: Эрчис мөрөн, Erchis mörön,^[2] «erchleh», «twirl»; Russian: Иртыш; Kazakh: Ертіс, Ertis, ه‌رتىس; Chinese: 额尔齐斯河, pinyin: É’ěrqísī hé, Xiao’erjing: عَعَرٿِسِ حْ; Uighur: إيرتيش, Әртиш, Ertish; Tatar: Иртеш, İrteş, ﻴﺋرتئش, Siberian Tatar: Эйәртеш, Eya’rtes’) is a river in Russia, China, and Kazakhstan. It is the chief tributary of the Ob and is also the second longest tributary river in the world after Paraná River.

The river’s source lies in the Mongolian Altai in Dzungaria (the northern part of Xinjiang, China) close to the border with Mongolia.

The Irtysh’s main tributaries include the Tobol, Demyanka and the Ishim. The Ob-Irtysh system forms a major drainage basin in Asia, encompassing most of Western Siberia and the Altai Mountains.

Geography[edit]

From its origins as the Kara-Irtysh (Vast Irtysh, kara means Vast in Turkic languages but also black. But in the context and geographic terms usually refers vast) in the Mongolian Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China, the Irtysh flows northwest through Lake Zaysan in Kazakhstan, meeting the Ishim and Tobol rivers before merging with the Ob near Khanty-Mansiysk in western Siberia, Russia after 4,248 kilometres (2,640 mi).

The name Black Irtysh (Kara-Irtysh in Kazakh, or Cherny Irtysh in Russian) is applied by some authors, especially in Russia and Kazakhstan, to the upper course of the river, from its source entering Lake Zaysan. The term White Irtysh, in opposition to the Black Irtysh, was occasionally used in the past to refer to the Irtysh below lake Zaysan;^[3] now this usage is largely obsolete.

Main tributaries[edit]

The largest tributaries of the Irtysh are, from source to mouth:

Economic use[edit]

In Kazakhstan and Russia, tankers, passenger and Cargo ships navigate the river during the ice-free season, between April and October. Omsk, home to the headquarters of the state-owned Irtysh River Shipping Company, functions as the largest river port in Western Siberia.

On the Kazakhstan section of the river there are presently three major hydroelectric plants, namely at Bukhtarma, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Shulbinsk. The world’s deepest lock, with a drop of 42 metres (138 ft), allows river traffic to by-pass the dam at Ust-Kamenogorsk.^[4] Plans exist for the construction of several more dams.

Three dams have been constructed on the Chinese section of the Irtysh as well:
the Keketuohai (可可托海) Dam (47°10′51″N 89°42′35″E / 47.18083°N 89.70972°E),
the Kalasuke (喀腊塑克) Dam (47°08′14″N 88°53′15″E / 47.13722°N 88.88750°E),^[5][6] and
the Project 635 Dam. There are also the Burqin Chonghu’er Dam and the Burqin Shankou Dam on the Irtysh’s right tributary, the Burqin River and the Jilebulake Dam and Haba River Shankou Dam on another right tributary, the Haba River.

The Northern river reversal proposals, widely discussed by the USSR planners and scientists in the 1960s and 1970s, would send some of the Irtysh’s (and possibly Ob’s) water to the water-deficient regions of central Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Some versions of this project would have seen the direction of flow of the Irtysh reversed in its section between the mouth of the Tobol (at Tobolsk) and the confluence of the Irtysh with the Ob at Khanty-Mansiysk, thus creating an «Anti-Irtysh».^[7]
While these gigantic interbasin transfer schemes were not implemented, a smaller Irtysh–Karaganda Canal was built between 1962 and 1974 to supply water to the dry Kazakh steppes and to one of the country’s main industrial center, Karaganda. In 2002, pipelines were constructed to supply water from the canal to the Ishim and Kazakhstan’s capital, Nur-Sultan.

In China, a short canal was constructed in 1987 (water intake at 47°26′31″N 87°34′11″E / 47.44194°N 87.56972°E) to divert some of the Irtysh water to the endorrheic Lake Ulungur, whose level had been falling precipitously due to the increasing irrigation use of the lake’s main affluent, the Ulungur River.^[8] In the last years of the 20th century and the early 2000s, a much more major project, the Irtysh–Karamay–Urümqi Canal was completed. Increased water use in China has caused significant concerns among Kazakh and Russian environmentalists.^[9][10]
According to a report published by Kazakhstan fishery researchers in 2013, the total Irtysh water use in China is about 3 cubic kilometres (0.7 cu mi) per year; as a result, only about 2/3 of what would be the river’s «natural» flow (6 km³ out of 9 km³) reach the Kazakh border.^[11]

Cities[edit]

Major cities along the Irtysh, from source to mouth, include:

• in China: Fuyun, Beitun, Burqin
• in Kazakhstan: Oskemen, Semey, Aksu, Pavlodar
• in Russia: Omsk, Tara, Tobolsk, Khanty-Mansiysk

Bridges[edit]

Seven railway bridges span the Irtysh. They are located in the following cities:

• About 15 km downstream from Serebryansk (on the dead-end branch line from Oskemen to Zyryanovsk)
• Oskemen
• Semey, on the Turkestan–Siberia Railway
• Pavlodar, on the South Siberian rail line (Nur-Sultan to Barnaul)
• near Cherlak, on the Middle Siberian rail line (Среднесибирская магистраль)
• Omsk, on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Opened in 1896, this is the oldest bridge on the river.
• Tobolsk, on the Tyumen-Surgut line

As the Kuytun–Beitun Railway in China’s Xinjiang is being extended toward Altay City, a railway bridge over the Irtysh at Beitun will need to be constructed as well.

Numerous highway bridges over the Irtysh exist in China, Kazakhstan, and Russia.

The last bridge downstream on the Irtysh, a highway bridge opened in 2004, can be found at Khanty-Mansiysk, right before the river’s confluence with Ob.

History[edit]

A number of Mongol and Turkic peoples occupied the river banks for many centuries. In 657, Tang Dynasty general Su Dingfang defeated Ashina Helu, qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate, at the Battle of Irtysh River, ending the Tang campaign against the Western Turks.^[12] Helu’s defeat ended the Khaganate, strengthened Tang control of Xinjiang, and led to Tang suzerainty over the western Turks.^[13]

In the 15th and 16th centuries the lower and middle courses of the Irtysh lay within the Tatar Khanate of Sibir; its capital, Qashliq (also known as Sibir) was located on the Irtysh a few kilometres upstream from the mouth of the Tobol (where today’s Tobolsk is situated).

The Khanate of Sibir was conquered by the Russians in the 1580s. The Russians started building fortresses and towns next to the sites of former Tatar towns; one of the first Russian towns in Siberia (after Tyumen) was Tobolsk, founded in 1587 at the fall of the Tobol into the Irtysh, downstream from the former Qashliq.^[14]
Farther east, Tara was founded in 1594, roughly at the border of the taiga belt (to the north) and the steppe to the south.^[15]

In the 17th century the Dzungar Khanate, formed by the Mongol Oirat people, became Russia’s southern neighbor, and controlled the upper Irtysh.
^[16] As a result of Russia’s confrontation with the Dzungars in the Peter the Great’s era,^[17] the Russians founded the cities of Omsk in 1716, Semipalatinsk in 1718, Ust-Kamenogorsk in 1720, and Petropavlovsk in 1752.

The Chinese Qing Empire conquered Dzungaria in the 1750s. This prompted an increase in the Russian authorities’ attention to their borderland; in 1756, the Orenburg Governor Ivan Neplyuyev even proposed the annexation of the Lake Zaysan region, but this project was forestalled by Chinese successes.^[18] Concerns were raised in Russia (1759) about the (theoretical) possibility of a Chinese fleet sailing from Lake Zaysan down the Irtysh and into Western Siberia. A Russian expedition visited Lake Zaysan in 1764, and concluded that such a riverine invasion would not be likely. Nonetheless, a chain of Russian pickets was established on the Bukhtarma River, north of Lake Zaysan.^[19] Thus the border between the two empires in the Irtysh basin became roughly delineated, with a (sparse) chain of guard posts on both sides.

The situation in the borderlands in the mid-19th century is described in a report by A. Abramof (ru; 1865). Even though the Zaysan region was recognized by both parties as part of the Qing empire, it had been annually used, by fishing expeditions sent by the Siberian Cossack Host. The summer expeditions started in 1803, and in 1822–25 their range was expanded through the entire Lake Zaysan and to the mouth of the Black Irtysh. Through the mid-19th century, the Qing presence on the upper Irtysh was mostly limited to the annual visit of the Qing amban from Chuguchak to one of the Cossacks’ fishing stations (Batavski Piket).^[20]

The border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was established along the line fairly similar to China’s modern border with Russia and Kazakhstan by the Convention of Peking of 1860.^[21] The actual border line pursuant to the convention was drawn by the Protocol of Chuguchak (1864), leaving Lake Zaysan on the Russian side.^[22][23] The Qing empire’s military presence in the Irtysh basin crumbled during the 1862–77 Dungan Revolt. After the fall of the rebellion and the reconquest of Xinjiang by Zuo Zongtang, the border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was further slightly readjusted, in Russia’s favor, by the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881).

Cultural references[edit]

The Irtysh River serves as a backdrop in the epilogue of Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s 1866 novel Crime and Punishment. In Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s The GULAG Archipelago, the chapter «The White Kitten» details Georgi Tenno’s escape from a camp along this river.

Other uses[edit]

• FC Irtysh Omsk, a soccer team in Omsk, Russia.
• FC Irtysh Pavlodar, a soccer team in Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
• Irtysh (Иртыш), a Russian military hospital ship, used at the Bering Strait Swim 2013.

See also[edit]

• Geography of China
• Geography of Kazakhstan
• Geography of Russia

Citations[edit]

General literature[edit]

• Great Soviet Encyclopedia
• Abramof, A. (1865), translated by John Michell, «The lake Nor-Zaysan and its neighborhood», Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 35: 58–69, doi:10.2307/3698078, JSTOR 3698078

External links[edit]

• Media related to Irtysh River at Wikimedia Commons

Irtysh
Irtysh watershed
Location
Country	Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan, Russia
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	near Mang-tai-ch’ia-ta-fan pass, Altai Mountains, Xinjiang, China
• coordinates	47°52′39″N 89°58′12″E / 47.87750°N 89.97000°E
• elevation	2,960 m (9,710 ft)
Mouth	Ob
• coordinates	61°05′24″N 68°49′15.60″E / 61.09000°N 68.8210000°ECoordinates: 61°05′24″N 68°49′15.60″E / 61.09000°N 68.8210000°E
Length	4,248 km (2,640 mi)
Basin size	1,643,000 km2 (634,000 sq mi)
Discharge
• average	2,150 m3/s (76,000 cu ft/s) (near Tobolsk)
Basin features
Progression	Ob→ Kara Sea

The Irtysh (Old Turkic: 𐰼𐱅𐰾:𐰇𐰏𐰕𐰏, romanized: Ertis ügüzüg,^[1] Mongolian: Эрчис мөрөн, Erchis mörön,^[2] «erchleh», «twirl»; Russian: Иртыш; Kazakh: Ертіс, Ertis, ه‌رتىس; Chinese: 额尔齐斯河, pinyin: É’ěrqísī hé, Xiao’erjing: عَعَرٿِسِ حْ; Uighur: إيرتيش, Әртиш, Ertish; Tatar: Иртеш, İrteş, ﻴﺋرتئش, Siberian Tatar: Эйәртеш, Eya’rtes’) is a river in Russia, China, and Kazakhstan. It is the chief tributary of the Ob and is also the second longest tributary river in the world after Paraná River.

The river’s source lies in the Mongolian Altai in Dzungaria (the northern part of Xinjiang, China) close to the border with Mongolia.

The Irtysh’s main tributaries include the Tobol, Demyanka and the Ishim. The Ob-Irtysh system forms a major drainage basin in Asia, encompassing most of Western Siberia and the Altai Mountains.

Geography[edit]

From its origins as the Kara-Irtysh (Vast Irtysh, kara means Vast in Turkic languages but also black. But in the context and geographic terms usually refers vast) in the Mongolian Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China, the Irtysh flows northwest through Lake Zaysan in Kazakhstan, meeting the Ishim and Tobol rivers before merging with the Ob near Khanty-Mansiysk in western Siberia, Russia after 4,248 kilometres (2,640 mi).

The name Black Irtysh (Kara-Irtysh in Kazakh, or Cherny Irtysh in Russian) is applied by some authors, especially in Russia and Kazakhstan, to the upper course of the river, from its source entering Lake Zaysan. The term White Irtysh, in opposition to the Black Irtysh, was occasionally used in the past to refer to the Irtysh below lake Zaysan;^[3] now this usage is largely obsolete.

Main tributaries[edit]

The largest tributaries of the Irtysh are, from source to mouth:

Economic use[edit]

In Kazakhstan and Russia, tankers, passenger and Cargo ships navigate the river during the ice-free season, between April and October. Omsk, home to the headquarters of the state-owned Irtysh River Shipping Company, functions as the largest river port in Western Siberia.

On the Kazakhstan section of the river there are presently three major hydroelectric plants, namely at Bukhtarma, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Shulbinsk. The world’s deepest lock, with a drop of 42 metres (138 ft), allows river traffic to by-pass the dam at Ust-Kamenogorsk.^[4] Plans exist for the construction of several more dams.

Three dams have been constructed on the Chinese section of the Irtysh as well:
the Keketuohai (可可托海) Dam (47°10′51″N 89°42′35″E / 47.18083°N 89.70972°E),
the Kalasuke (喀腊塑克) Dam (47°08′14″N 88°53′15″E / 47.13722°N 88.88750°E),^[5][6] and
the Project 635 Dam. There are also the Burqin Chonghu’er Dam and the Burqin Shankou Dam on the Irtysh’s right tributary, the Burqin River and the Jilebulake Dam and Haba River Shankou Dam on another right tributary, the Haba River.

The Northern river reversal proposals, widely discussed by the USSR planners and scientists in the 1960s and 1970s, would send some of the Irtysh’s (and possibly Ob’s) water to the water-deficient regions of central Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Some versions of this project would have seen the direction of flow of the Irtysh reversed in its section between the mouth of the Tobol (at Tobolsk) and the confluence of the Irtysh with the Ob at Khanty-Mansiysk, thus creating an «Anti-Irtysh».^[7]
While these gigantic interbasin transfer schemes were not implemented, a smaller Irtysh–Karaganda Canal was built between 1962 and 1974 to supply water to the dry Kazakh steppes and to one of the country’s main industrial center, Karaganda. In 2002, pipelines were constructed to supply water from the canal to the Ishim and Kazakhstan’s capital, Nur-Sultan.

In China, a short canal was constructed in 1987 (water intake at 47°26′31″N 87°34′11″E / 47.44194°N 87.56972°E) to divert some of the Irtysh water to the endorrheic Lake Ulungur, whose level had been falling precipitously due to the increasing irrigation use of the lake’s main affluent, the Ulungur River.^[8] In the last years of the 20th century and the early 2000s, a much more major project, the Irtysh–Karamay–Urümqi Canal was completed. Increased water use in China has caused significant concerns among Kazakh and Russian environmentalists.^[9][10]
According to a report published by Kazakhstan fishery researchers in 2013, the total Irtysh water use in China is about 3 cubic kilometres (0.7 cu mi) per year; as a result, only about 2/3 of what would be the river’s «natural» flow (6 km³ out of 9 km³) reach the Kazakh border.^[11]

Cities[edit]

Major cities along the Irtysh, from source to mouth, include:

• in China: Fuyun, Beitun, Burqin
• in Kazakhstan: Oskemen, Semey, Aksu, Pavlodar
• in Russia: Omsk, Tara, Tobolsk, Khanty-Mansiysk

Bridges[edit]

Seven railway bridges span the Irtysh. They are located in the following cities:

• About 15 km downstream from Serebryansk (on the dead-end branch line from Oskemen to Zyryanovsk)
• Oskemen
• Semey, on the Turkestan–Siberia Railway
• Pavlodar, on the South Siberian rail line (Nur-Sultan to Barnaul)
• near Cherlak, on the Middle Siberian rail line (Среднесибирская магистраль)
• Omsk, on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Opened in 1896, this is the oldest bridge on the river.
• Tobolsk, on the Tyumen-Surgut line

As the Kuytun–Beitun Railway in China’s Xinjiang is being extended toward Altay City, a railway bridge over the Irtysh at Beitun will need to be constructed as well.

Numerous highway bridges over the Irtysh exist in China, Kazakhstan, and Russia.

The last bridge downstream on the Irtysh, a highway bridge opened in 2004, can be found at Khanty-Mansiysk, right before the river’s confluence with Ob.

History[edit]

A number of Mongol and Turkic peoples occupied the river banks for many centuries. In 657, Tang Dynasty general Su Dingfang defeated Ashina Helu, qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate, at the Battle of Irtysh River, ending the Tang campaign against the Western Turks.^[12] Helu’s defeat ended the Khaganate, strengthened Tang control of Xinjiang, and led to Tang suzerainty over the western Turks.^[13]

In the 15th and 16th centuries the lower and middle courses of the Irtysh lay within the Tatar Khanate of Sibir; its capital, Qashliq (also known as Sibir) was located on the Irtysh a few kilometres upstream from the mouth of the Tobol (where today’s Tobolsk is situated).

The Khanate of Sibir was conquered by the Russians in the 1580s. The Russians started building fortresses and towns next to the sites of former Tatar towns; one of the first Russian towns in Siberia (after Tyumen) was Tobolsk, founded in 1587 at the fall of the Tobol into the Irtysh, downstream from the former Qashliq.^[14]
Farther east, Tara was founded in 1594, roughly at the border of the taiga belt (to the north) and the steppe to the south.^[15]

In the 17th century the Dzungar Khanate, formed by the Mongol Oirat people, became Russia’s southern neighbor, and controlled the upper Irtysh.
^[16] As a result of Russia’s confrontation with the Dzungars in the Peter the Great’s era,^[17] the Russians founded the cities of Omsk in 1716, Semipalatinsk in 1718, Ust-Kamenogorsk in 1720, and Petropavlovsk in 1752.

The Chinese Qing Empire conquered Dzungaria in the 1750s. This prompted an increase in the Russian authorities’ attention to their borderland; in 1756, the Orenburg Governor Ivan Neplyuyev even proposed the annexation of the Lake Zaysan region, but this project was forestalled by Chinese successes.^[18] Concerns were raised in Russia (1759) about the (theoretical) possibility of a Chinese fleet sailing from Lake Zaysan down the Irtysh and into Western Siberia. A Russian expedition visited Lake Zaysan in 1764, and concluded that such a riverine invasion would not be likely. Nonetheless, a chain of Russian pickets was established on the Bukhtarma River, north of Lake Zaysan.^[19] Thus the border between the two empires in the Irtysh basin became roughly delineated, with a (sparse) chain of guard posts on both sides.

The situation in the borderlands in the mid-19th century is described in a report by A. Abramof (ru; 1865). Even though the Zaysan region was recognized by both parties as part of the Qing empire, it had been annually used, by fishing expeditions sent by the Siberian Cossack Host. The summer expeditions started in 1803, and in 1822–25 their range was expanded through the entire Lake Zaysan and to the mouth of the Black Irtysh. Through the mid-19th century, the Qing presence on the upper Irtysh was mostly limited to the annual visit of the Qing amban from Chuguchak to one of the Cossacks’ fishing stations (Batavski Piket).^[20]

The border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was established along the line fairly similar to China’s modern border with Russia and Kazakhstan by the Convention of Peking of 1860.^[21] The actual border line pursuant to the convention was drawn by the Protocol of Chuguchak (1864), leaving Lake Zaysan on the Russian side.^[22][23] The Qing empire’s military presence in the Irtysh basin crumbled during the 1862–77 Dungan Revolt. After the fall of the rebellion and the reconquest of Xinjiang by Zuo Zongtang, the border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was further slightly readjusted, in Russia’s favor, by the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881).

Cultural references[edit]

The Irtysh River serves as a backdrop in the epilogue of Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s 1866 novel Crime and Punishment. In Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s The GULAG Archipelago, the chapter «The White Kitten» details Georgi Tenno’s escape from a camp along this river.

Other uses[edit]

• FC Irtysh Omsk, a soccer team in Omsk, Russia.
• FC Irtysh Pavlodar, a soccer team in Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
• Irtysh (Иртыш), a Russian military hospital ship, used at the Bering Strait Swim 2013.

See also[edit]

• Geography of China
• Geography of Kazakhstan
• Geography of Russia

Citations[edit]

General literature[edit]

• Great Soviet Encyclopedia
• Abramof, A. (1865), translated by John Michell, «The lake Nor-Zaysan and its neighborhood», Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 35: 58–69, doi:10.2307/3698078, JSTOR 3698078

External links[edit]

• Media related to Irtysh River at Wikimedia Commons

Морфемный разбор слова:

Однокоренные слова к слову:

Иртыш

Полезное

Смотреть что такое «Иртыш» в других словарях:

ИРТЫШ — река в Казахстане и Российской Федерации (верховье в Китае), левый приток Оби. 4248 км, площадь бассейна 1643 тыс. км&sup2. До впадения в оз. Зайсан называется Черный Иртыш. В верхнем течении зарегулирована водохранилищами Бухтарминской и Усть… … Большой Энциклопедический словарь

ИРТЫШ — ИРТЫШ, река в Казахстане и России (верховье в Китае), левый приток Оби. 4248 км, пл. бассейна 1643 тыс. км2. До впадения в оз. Зайсан называется Черный Иртыш. В верхнем течении зарегулирована водохранилищами Бухтарминской и Усть Каменогорской ГЭС … Русская история

иртыш — сущ., кол во синонимов: 1 • река (2073) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 … Словарь синонимов

Иртыш — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Иртыш (значения). Иртыш Вид на Иртыш в Омске Характе … Википедия

Иртыш — река в Казахстане и России (верховье в Китае), левый приток Оби. 4248 км, площадь бассейна 1643 тыс. км2. До впадения в озеро Зайсан называется Чёрный Иртыш. В верхнем течении зарегулирована водохранилищем Бухтарминской и Усть Каменогорской ГЭС.… … Энциклопедический словарь

Иртыш — Река Иртыш у города Тобольск. Иртыш, река, левый приток Оби, в Казахстане и России. Длина 4248 км, площадь бассейна 1643 тыс. км2. Берёт начало в горах Монгольского Алтая на территории Китая (под названием Чёрный Иртыш). В верховьях горная река.… … Словарь «География России»

Иртыш — река в Казахской ССР (Восточно Казахстанская, Семипалатинская и Павлодарская области) и РСФСР (Омская и Тюменская области), левый приток р. Обь. Длина 4248 км, площадь бассейна 1643 тыс. км2. Берёт начало в Китае, в горах Монгольского… … Большая советская энциклопедия

Иртыш — род. п. а – приток Оби (в Зап. Сибири). Из др. тюрк. (Орхонск. надписи) Ärtiš (письменное сообщение Рясянена), монг. Εrčis, калм. Ertss̨ (Рамстедт, KWb. 127). Хантыйск. название Таŋàt, Lǝŋal, манси Jäni Аs большой Иртыш ; см. Каннисто, Festschr … Этимологический словарь русского языка Макса Фасмера

Иртыш — … Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона

Источник

Поиск ответа

Здравствуйте, скажите, пожалуйста, склоняется ли по падежам «ханты». Например, сохранить иртыш ских хантов или сохранить иртыш ских ханты?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Оба варианта возможны. Существительное ханты может употребляться как склоняемое и как несклоняемое.

Правильно ли сказать «на реке Иртыш «, «на реке Енисей»? Склоняется слово река, а географическое название при этом не склоняется?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

на реке Нева или на реке Неве

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

С термином река склоняются простые русские, славянские и освоенные названия: на реке Неве, на реке Висле (но: на реке Иртыш – географические названия обычно не склоняются, когда род обобщающего нарицательного слова и топонима не совпадают).

Добрый день! Подскажите пожалуйста, как правильно написать фразу «на реке Иртыш или Иртыш е»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Здравствуйте! Как следует правильно расставить знаки препинания в предложении: В частности, в Омской области свадебный фольклор украинцев преимущественного изучался в этнографическом аспекте (описание украинского свадебного обряда в При иртыш ье) такими исследователями (нужна ли запятая) как (нужно ли двоеточие) О.Г. Сидорская, С.М. Кушнаренко, Т.М. Назарцева, Н.Н. Ушакова.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Как правильно писать: притоки р. Иртыш или притоки р. Иртыш а

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Подскажите, пожалуйста, каково правило склонения названий рек (озер) в случае если перед названием используется слово река (озеро) и есть ли разница в склонении названий мужского, женского и среднего рода, а также названий русского и иностранного происхождения:

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Источник

Иртыш

Содержание

География

Истоки Иртыша находятся на границе Монголии и Китая, на восточных склонах хребта Монгольский Алтай. Из Китая под названием Чёрный Иртыш он попадает в Казахстан, проходит через Зайсанскую котловину, впадает в проточное озеро Зайсан. В устье Чёрного Иртыша находится большая дельта. В Зайсан впадает множество рек с Рудного Алтая, хребтов Тарбагатай и Саур. Многократно усиленный этими водами Иртыш вытекает из озера Зайсан на северо-запад через Бухтарминскую ГЭС и следом за ней расположенную Усть-Каменогорскую ГЭС. Ниже по течению находятся Шульбинская ГЭС и город Семипалатинск. Чуть выше Павлодара иртышскую воду забирает канал Иртыш — Караганда, текущий на запад. В районе Ханты-Мансийска Иртыш впадает в Обь.

Гидрология

Питание Иртыша смешанное: в верховьях снеговое, ледниковое и меньше дождевое; в нижнем течении снеговое, дождевое и грунтовое. Характер водного режима также существенно изменяется. В верхнем течении половодье начинается в апреле, максимум в апреле — июне, спад длится до октября; сток реки зарегулирован. В низовьях половодье с конца мая до сентября, максимум в июне. 50 % годового стока проходит весной, в верховьях доля стока летом и осенью по 20 %, зимой 10 %, у Тобольска соответственно 27 %, 19 % и 7 %. Средний расход у Усть-Каменогорска 628 м³/с, Семипалатинска около 960 м³/с, Омска 917 м³/с, Тобольска 2150 м³/с, в устье около 3000 м³/с, годовой сток около 95 км³. Размах колебаний уровня выше озера Зайсан 4,4 м, у Омска 7 м, Усть-Ишима 12,7 м, к устью уменьшается.

Ледоставу на Иртыше предшествует ледоход продолжительностью около 20 дней в верховьях и 6—10 дней в низовьях. Замерзает в верховьях в конце ноября, в низовьях в начале ноября, вскрывается в апреле.

Состав воды

Растительный и животный мир

Притоки

Населённые пункты

Хозяйственное использование

Воды Иртыша используются для питания канала Иртыш — Караганда (забор воды из Иртыша в канал в среднем 75 м³/с), для водоснабжения и орошения.

Регулярное судоходство на 3 784 км от нижнего бьефа Усть-Каменогорской ГЭС до устья. Навигация с апреля по ноябрь.

Ниже озера Зайсан на Иртыше построен Иртышский каскад ГЭС включающий в себя Бухтарминскую, Усть-Каменогорскую и Шульбинскую ГЭС.

В 2010 году разработан проект строительства низконапорной плотины севернее Омска — Красногорский гидроузел. Проект осуществляется по целевой программе Омской области «Строительство Красногорского водоподъемного гидроузла на реке Иртыш». [5] [6]

Достопримечательности

Вдоль Иртыша и в его окрестностях находится большое количество памятников природы, памятников истории и памятников архитектуры, объекты экологического и геологического туризма. [7] В Павлодарской области на берегу Иртыша находится уникальный палеонтологический памятник «Гусиный перелет».

Примечания

Ссылки

Полезное

Смотреть что такое «Иртыш» в других словарях:

ИРТЫШ — река в Казахстане и Российской Федерации (верховье в Китае), левый приток Оби. 4248 км, площадь бассейна 1643 тыс. км&sup2. До впадения в оз. Зайсан называется Черный Иртыш. В верхнем течении зарегулирована водохранилищами Бухтарминской и Усть… … Большой Энциклопедический словарь

ИРТЫШ — ИРТЫШ, река в Казахстане и России (верховье в Китае), левый приток Оби. 4248 км, пл. бассейна 1643 тыс. км2. До впадения в оз. Зайсан называется Черный Иртыш. В верхнем течении зарегулирована водохранилищами Бухтарминской и Усть Каменогорской ГЭС … Русская история

иртыш — сущ., кол во синонимов: 1 • река (2073) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 … Словарь синонимов

Иртыш — река в Казахстане и России (верховье в Китае), левый приток Оби. 4248 км, площадь бассейна 1643 тыс. км2. До впадения в озеро Зайсан называется Чёрный Иртыш. В верхнем течении зарегулирована водохранилищем Бухтарминской и Усть Каменогорской ГЭС.… … Энциклопедический словарь

Иртыш — Река Иртыш у города Тобольск. Иртыш, река, левый приток Оби, в Казахстане и России. Длина 4248 км, площадь бассейна 1643 тыс. км2. Берёт начало в горах Монгольского Алтая на территории Китая (под названием Чёрный Иртыш). В верховьях горная река.… … Словарь «География России»

Иртыш — река в Казахской ССР (Восточно Казахстанская, Семипалатинская и Павлодарская области) и РСФСР (Омская и Тюменская области), левый приток р. Обь. Длина 4248 км, площадь бассейна 1643 тыс. км2. Берёт начало в Китае, в горах Монгольского… … Большая советская энциклопедия

Иртыш — род. п. а – приток Оби (в Зап. Сибири). Из др. тюрк. (Орхонск. надписи) Ärtiš (письменное сообщение Рясянена), монг. Εrčis, калм. Ertss̨ (Рамстедт, KWb. 127). Хантыйск. название Таŋàt, Lǝŋal, манси Jäni Аs большой Иртыш ; см. Каннисто, Festschr … Этимологический словарь русского языка Макса Фасмера

Иртыш — … Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона

Источник

Иртыш (река)

Иртыш (река)

Иртыш
бассейн Оби и Иртыша
Протекает по территории	Китая, Казахстана и России
Исток	горы Монгольского Алтая
Устье	река Обь
Длина	4248 км
Площадь бассейна	1643 тыс. км²

Длина 4248 км. Протекает по территории Китая (525 км), Казахстана (1835 км) и России (2010 км). Площадь бассейна 1643 тыс. км², Средний расход ниже Тобольска 2,150 м³/с.

Истоки Иртыша находятся на границе Монголии и Китая, на восточных склонах хребта Монгольский Алтай. Из Китая под названием Чёрный Иртыш он попадает в Казахстан в Зайсанскую котловину, где впадает в проточное озеро Зайсан. В устье Чёрного Иртыша находится большая дельта. В Зайсан впадает множество рек с Рудного Алтая, хребтов Тарбагатай и Саур. Многократно усиленный этими водами Иртыш вытекает из озера Зайсан на северо-запад через Бухтарминскую ГЭС и следом за ней расположенную Усть-Каменогорскую ГЭС. Здесь расположен крупный промышленный центр — город Усть-Каменогорск. Ниже по течению находятся Шульбинская ГЭС и город Семипалатинск. Чуть выше Павлодара иртышскую воду забирает канал Иртыш — Караганда, текущий на запад. В районе Ханты-Мансийска Иртыш впадает в Обь.

Навигация с апреля по ноябрь.

Иртыш — вторая по длине река-приток в мире (река, впадающая в другую реку, а не в Мировой Океан) после Миссури.

Вдоль Иртыша и в его окрестностях находится огромное количество памятников природы, памятников истории и памятников архитектуры, проложены интересные туристические маршруты. См.Достопримечательности реки Иртыш.

Ссылки

Полезное

Смотреть что такое «Иртыш (река)» в других словарях:

ИРТЫШ — ИРТЫШ, река в Казахстане и России (верховье в Китае), левый приток Оби. 4248 км, пл. бассейна 1643 тыс. км2. До впадения в оз. Зайсан называется Черный Иртыш. В верхнем течении зарегулирована водохранилищами Бухтарминской и Усть Каменогорской ГЭС … Русская история

ИРТЫШ — река в Казахстане и Российской Федерации (верховье в Китае), левый приток Оби. 4248 км, площадь бассейна 1643 тыс. км&sup2. До впадения в оз. Зайсан называется Черный Иртыш. В верхнем течении зарегулирована водохранилищами Бухтарминской и Усть… … Большой Энциклопедический словарь

Иртыш (значения) — Иртыш многозначное понятие: Содержание 1 Реки 2 Населённые пункты 3 … Википедия

Река Иртыш — Иртыш бассейн Оби и Иртыша Протекает по территории Китая, Казахстана и России Исток горы Монгольского Алтая Устье … Википедия

Иртыш — Река Иртыш у города Тобольск. Иртыш, река, левый приток Оби, в Казахстане и России. Длина 4248 км, площадь бассейна 1643 тыс. км2. Берёт начало в горах Монгольского Алтая на территории Китая (под названием Чёрный Иртыш). В верховьях горная река.… … Словарь «География России»

Иртыш — река в Казахской ССР (Восточно Казахстанская, Семипалатинская и Павлодарская области) и РСФСР (Омская и Тюменская области), левый приток р. Обь. Длина 4248 км, площадь бассейна 1643 тыс. км2. Берёт начало в Китае, в горах Монгольского… … Большая советская энциклопедия

река — водный поток сравнительно больших размеров, как правило, постоянный (в ряде районов на отдельных участках временно пересыхающий или перемерзающий), текущий в выработанном им русле, питающийся за счёт стока с его водосбора. К гл. характеристикам… … Географическая энциклопедия

река — реченька, речка, речонка, речушка, (водная, голубая) (артерия, дорога, магистраль, трасса), голубой нил, устье, приток, поток, протока Словарь русских синонимов. река поток / образно: голубая дорога Словарь синонимов русского языка. Практический… … Словарь синонимов

Источник

Иртыш

Питание И. смешанное: в верховьях снеговое, ледниковое и меньше дождевое; в нижнем течении снеговое, дождевое и грунтовое. Характер водного режима также существенно изменяется. В верхнем течении половодье начинается в апреле, максимум в апреле — июне, спад длится до октября; сток реки зарегулирован. В низовьях половодье с конца мая до сентября, максимум в июне. 50% годового стока проходит весной, в верховьях доля стока летом и осенью по 20%, зимой 10%, у Тобольска соответственно 27%, 19% и 7%. Средний расход у Усть-Каменогорска 628 м 3 /сек, Семипалатинска около 960 м 3 /сек, Омска 917 м 3 /сек, Тобольска 2150 м 3 /сек, годовой сток в устье около 95 км 3 . Размах колебаний уровня выше озера Зайсан 4,4 м, у Омска 7 м, Усть-Ишима 12,7 м, к устью уменьшается. Ледоставу на И. предшествует ледоход продолжительностью около 20 дней в верховьях и 6—10 дней в низовьях. Замерзает в верховьях в конце ноября, в низовьях в начале ноября, вскрывается в апреле. И. богат рыбой (нельма, щука, окунь, осётр, стерлядь, налим, язь, чебак). Воды И. используются для питания канала И. — Караганда (забор воды из И. в канал в среднем 75 м 3 /сек), для водоснабжения и орошения. Регулярное судоходство от нижнего бьефа Усть-Каменогорской ГЭС до устья. Главные пристани: Усть-Каменогорск, Семипалатинск, Павлодар, Омск, Тара, Тобольск, Ханты-Мансийск (см. также ст. Обско-Иртышского бассейна порты речные (См. Обско-Иртышского бассейна речные порты)).

Источник

Теперь вы знаете какие однокоренные слова подходят к слову Как пишется река иртыш, а так же какой у него корень, приставка, суффикс и окончание. Вы можете дополнить список однокоренных слов к слову «Как пишется река иртыш», предложив свой вариант в комментариях ниже, а также выразить свое несогласие проведенным с морфемным разбором.

Irtysh
Irtysh watershed
Location
Country	Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan, Russia
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	near Mang-tai-ch’ia-ta-fan pass, Altai Mountains, Xinjiang, China
• coordinates	47°52′39″N 89°58′12″E / 47.87750°N 89.97000°E
• elevation	2,960 m (9,710 ft)
Mouth	Ob
• coordinates	61°05′24″N 68°49′15.60″E / 61.09000°N 68.8210000°ECoordinates: 61°05′24″N 68°49′15.60″E / 61.09000°N 68.8210000°E
Length	4,248 km (2,640 mi)
Basin size	1,643,000 km2 (634,000 sq mi)
Discharge
• average	2,150 m3/s (76,000 cu ft/s) (near Tobolsk)
Basin features
Progression	Ob→ Kara Sea

The Irtysh (Old Turkic: 𐰼𐱅𐰾:𐰇𐰏𐰕𐰏, romanized: Ertis ügüzüg,^[1] Mongolian: Эрчис мөрөн, Erchis mörön,^[2] «erchleh», «twirl»; Russian: Иртыш; Kazakh: Ертіс, Ertis, ه‌رتىس; Chinese: 额尔齐斯河, pinyin: É’ěrqísī hé, Xiao’erjing: عَعَرٿِسِ حْ; Uighur: إيرتيش, Әртиш, Ertish; Tatar: Иртеш, İrteş, ﻴﺋرتئش, Siberian Tatar: Эйәртеш, Eya’rtes’) is a river in Russia, China, and Kazakhstan. It is the chief tributary of the Ob and is also the second longest tributary river in the world after Paraná River.

The river’s source lies in the Mongolian Altai in Dzungaria (the northern part of Xinjiang, China) close to the border with Mongolia.

The Irtysh’s main tributaries include the Tobol, Demyanka and the Ishim. The Ob-Irtysh system forms a major drainage basin in Asia, encompassing most of Western Siberia and the Altai Mountains.

Geography[edit]

From its origins as the Kara-Irtysh (Vast Irtysh, kara means Vast in Turkic languages but also black. But in the context and geographic terms usually refers vast) in the Mongolian Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China, the Irtysh flows northwest through Lake Zaysan in Kazakhstan, meeting the Ishim and Tobol rivers before merging with the Ob near Khanty-Mansiysk in western Siberia, Russia after 4,248 kilometres (2,640 mi).

The name Black Irtysh (Kara-Irtysh in Kazakh, or Cherny Irtysh in Russian) is applied by some authors, especially in Russia and Kazakhstan, to the upper course of the river, from its source entering Lake Zaysan. The term White Irtysh, in opposition to the Black Irtysh, was occasionally used in the past to refer to the Irtysh below lake Zaysan;^[3] now this usage is largely obsolete.

Main tributaries[edit]

The largest tributaries of the Irtysh are, from source to mouth:

Economic use[edit]

In Kazakhstan and Russia, tankers, passenger and Cargo ships navigate the river during the ice-free season, between April and October. Omsk, home to the headquarters of the state-owned Irtysh River Shipping Company, functions as the largest river port in Western Siberia.

On the Kazakhstan section of the river there are presently three major hydroelectric plants, namely at Bukhtarma, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Shulbinsk. The world’s deepest lock, with a drop of 42 metres (138 ft), allows river traffic to by-pass the dam at Ust-Kamenogorsk.^[4] Plans exist for the construction of several more dams.

Three dams have been constructed on the Chinese section of the Irtysh as well:
the Keketuohai (可可托海) Dam (47°10′51″N 89°42′35″E / 47.18083°N 89.70972°E),
the Kalasuke (喀腊塑克) Dam (47°08′14″N 88°53′15″E / 47.13722°N 88.88750°E),^[5][6] and
the Project 635 Dam. There are also the Burqin Chonghu’er Dam and the Burqin Shankou Dam on the Irtysh’s right tributary, the Burqin River and the Jilebulake Dam and Haba River Shankou Dam on another right tributary, the Haba River.

The Northern river reversal proposals, widely discussed by the USSR planners and scientists in the 1960s and 1970s, would send some of the Irtysh’s (and possibly Ob’s) water to the water-deficient regions of central Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Some versions of this project would have seen the direction of flow of the Irtysh reversed in its section between the mouth of the Tobol (at Tobolsk) and the confluence of the Irtysh with the Ob at Khanty-Mansiysk, thus creating an «Anti-Irtysh».^[7]
While these gigantic interbasin transfer schemes were not implemented, a smaller Irtysh–Karaganda Canal was built between 1962 and 1974 to supply water to the dry Kazakh steppes and to one of the country’s main industrial center, Karaganda. In 2002, pipelines were constructed to supply water from the canal to the Ishim and Kazakhstan’s capital, Nur-Sultan.

In China, a short canal was constructed in 1987 (water intake at 47°26′31″N 87°34′11″E / 47.44194°N 87.56972°E) to divert some of the Irtysh water to the endorrheic Lake Ulungur, whose level had been falling precipitously due to the increasing irrigation use of the lake’s main affluent, the Ulungur River.^[8] In the last years of the 20th century and the early 2000s, a much more major project, the Irtysh–Karamay–Urümqi Canal was completed. Increased water use in China has caused significant concerns among Kazakh and Russian environmentalists.^[9][10]
According to a report published by Kazakhstan fishery researchers in 2013, the total Irtysh water use in China is about 3 cubic kilometres (0.7 cu mi) per year; as a result, only about 2/3 of what would be the river’s «natural» flow (6 km³ out of 9 km³) reach the Kazakh border.^[11]

Cities[edit]

Major cities along the Irtysh, from source to mouth, include:

• in China: Fuyun, Beitun, Burqin
• in Kazakhstan: Oskemen, Semey, Aksu, Pavlodar
• in Russia: Omsk, Tara, Tobolsk, Khanty-Mansiysk

Bridges[edit]

Seven railway bridges span the Irtysh. They are located in the following cities:

• About 15 km downstream from Serebryansk (on the dead-end branch line from Oskemen to Zyryanovsk)
• Oskemen
• Semey, on the Turkestan–Siberia Railway
• Pavlodar, on the South Siberian rail line (Nur-Sultan to Barnaul)
• near Cherlak, on the Middle Siberian rail line (Среднесибирская магистраль)
• Omsk, on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Opened in 1896, this is the oldest bridge on the river.
• Tobolsk, on the Tyumen-Surgut line

As the Kuytun–Beitun Railway in China’s Xinjiang is being extended toward Altay City, a railway bridge over the Irtysh at Beitun will need to be constructed as well.

Numerous highway bridges over the Irtysh exist in China, Kazakhstan, and Russia.

The last bridge downstream on the Irtysh, a highway bridge opened in 2004, can be found at Khanty-Mansiysk, right before the river’s confluence with Ob.

History[edit]

A number of Mongol and Turkic peoples occupied the river banks for many centuries. In 657, Tang Dynasty general Su Dingfang defeated Ashina Helu, qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate, at the Battle of Irtysh River, ending the Tang campaign against the Western Turks.^[12] Helu’s defeat ended the Khaganate, strengthened Tang control of Xinjiang, and led to Tang suzerainty over the western Turks.^[13]

In the 15th and 16th centuries the lower and middle courses of the Irtysh lay within the Tatar Khanate of Sibir; its capital, Qashliq (also known as Sibir) was located on the Irtysh a few kilometres upstream from the mouth of the Tobol (where today’s Tobolsk is situated).

The Khanate of Sibir was conquered by the Russians in the 1580s. The Russians started building fortresses and towns next to the sites of former Tatar towns; one of the first Russian towns in Siberia (after Tyumen) was Tobolsk, founded in 1587 at the fall of the Tobol into the Irtysh, downstream from the former Qashliq.^[14]
Farther east, Tara was founded in 1594, roughly at the border of the taiga belt (to the north) and the steppe to the south.^[15]

In the 17th century the Dzungar Khanate, formed by the Mongol Oirat people, became Russia’s southern neighbor, and controlled the upper Irtysh.
^[16] As a result of Russia’s confrontation with the Dzungars in the Peter the Great’s era,^[17] the Russians founded the cities of Omsk in 1716, Semipalatinsk in 1718, Ust-Kamenogorsk in 1720, and Petropavlovsk in 1752.

The Chinese Qing Empire conquered Dzungaria in the 1750s. This prompted an increase in the Russian authorities’ attention to their borderland; in 1756, the Orenburg Governor Ivan Neplyuyev even proposed the annexation of the Lake Zaysan region, but this project was forestalled by Chinese successes.^[18] Concerns were raised in Russia (1759) about the (theoretical) possibility of a Chinese fleet sailing from Lake Zaysan down the Irtysh and into Western Siberia. A Russian expedition visited Lake Zaysan in 1764, and concluded that such a riverine invasion would not be likely. Nonetheless, a chain of Russian pickets was established on the Bukhtarma River, north of Lake Zaysan.^[19] Thus the border between the two empires in the Irtysh basin became roughly delineated, with a (sparse) chain of guard posts on both sides.

The situation in the borderlands in the mid-19th century is described in a report by A. Abramof (ru; 1865). Even though the Zaysan region was recognized by both parties as part of the Qing empire, it had been annually used, by fishing expeditions sent by the Siberian Cossack Host. The summer expeditions started in 1803, and in 1822–25 their range was expanded through the entire Lake Zaysan and to the mouth of the Black Irtysh. Through the mid-19th century, the Qing presence on the upper Irtysh was mostly limited to the annual visit of the Qing amban from Chuguchak to one of the Cossacks’ fishing stations (Batavski Piket).^[20]

The border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was established along the line fairly similar to China’s modern border with Russia and Kazakhstan by the Convention of Peking of 1860.^[21] The actual border line pursuant to the convention was drawn by the Protocol of Chuguchak (1864), leaving Lake Zaysan on the Russian side.^[22][23] The Qing empire’s military presence in the Irtysh basin crumbled during the 1862–77 Dungan Revolt. After the fall of the rebellion and the reconquest of Xinjiang by Zuo Zongtang, the border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was further slightly readjusted, in Russia’s favor, by the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881).

Cultural references[edit]

The Irtysh River serves as a backdrop in the epilogue of Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s 1866 novel Crime and Punishment. In Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s The GULAG Archipelago, the chapter «The White Kitten» details Georgi Tenno’s escape from a camp along this river.

Other uses[edit]

• FC Irtysh Omsk, a soccer team in Omsk, Russia.
• FC Irtysh Pavlodar, a soccer team in Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
• Irtysh (Иртыш), a Russian military hospital ship, used at the Bering Strait Swim 2013.

See also[edit]

• Geography of China
• Geography of Kazakhstan
• Geography of Russia

Citations[edit]

General literature[edit]

• Great Soviet Encyclopedia
• Abramof, A. (1865), translated by John Michell, «The lake Nor-Zaysan and its neighborhood», Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 35: 58–69, doi:10.2307/3698078, JSTOR 3698078

External links[edit]

• Media related to Irtysh River at Wikimedia Commons

Irtysh
Irtysh watershed
Location
Country	Mongolia, China, Kazakhstan, Russia
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	near Mang-tai-ch’ia-ta-fan pass, Altai Mountains, Xinjiang, China
• coordinates	47°52′39″N 89°58′12″E / 47.87750°N 89.97000°E
• elevation	2,960 m (9,710 ft)
Mouth	Ob
• coordinates	61°05′24″N 68°49′15.60″E / 61.09000°N 68.8210000°ECoordinates: 61°05′24″N 68°49′15.60″E / 61.09000°N 68.8210000°E
Length	4,248 km (2,640 mi)
Basin size	1,643,000 km2 (634,000 sq mi)
Discharge
• average	2,150 m3/s (76,000 cu ft/s) (near Tobolsk)
Basin features
Progression	Ob→ Kara Sea

The Irtysh (Old Turkic: 𐰼𐱅𐰾:𐰇𐰏𐰕𐰏, romanized: Ertis ügüzüg,^[1] Mongolian: Эрчис мөрөн, Erchis mörön,^[2] «erchleh», «twirl»; Russian: Иртыш; Kazakh: Ертіс, Ertis, ه‌رتىس; Chinese: 额尔齐斯河, pinyin: É’ěrqísī hé, Xiao’erjing: عَعَرٿِسِ حْ; Uighur: إيرتيش, Әртиш, Ertish; Tatar: Иртеш, İrteş, ﻴﺋرتئش, Siberian Tatar: Эйәртеш, Eya’rtes’) is a river in Russia, China, and Kazakhstan. It is the chief tributary of the Ob and is also the second longest tributary river in the world after Paraná River.

The river’s source lies in the Mongolian Altai in Dzungaria (the northern part of Xinjiang, China) close to the border with Mongolia.

The Irtysh’s main tributaries include the Tobol, Demyanka and the Ishim. The Ob-Irtysh system forms a major drainage basin in Asia, encompassing most of Western Siberia and the Altai Mountains.

Geography[edit]

From its origins as the Kara-Irtysh (Vast Irtysh, kara means Vast in Turkic languages but also black. But in the context and geographic terms usually refers vast) in the Mongolian Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China, the Irtysh flows northwest through Lake Zaysan in Kazakhstan, meeting the Ishim and Tobol rivers before merging with the Ob near Khanty-Mansiysk in western Siberia, Russia after 4,248 kilometres (2,640 mi).

The name Black Irtysh (Kara-Irtysh in Kazakh, or Cherny Irtysh in Russian) is applied by some authors, especially in Russia and Kazakhstan, to the upper course of the river, from its source entering Lake Zaysan. The term White Irtysh, in opposition to the Black Irtysh, was occasionally used in the past to refer to the Irtysh below lake Zaysan;^[3] now this usage is largely obsolete.

Main tributaries[edit]

The largest tributaries of the Irtysh are, from source to mouth:

Economic use[edit]

In Kazakhstan and Russia, tankers, passenger and Cargo ships navigate the river during the ice-free season, between April and October. Omsk, home to the headquarters of the state-owned Irtysh River Shipping Company, functions as the largest river port in Western Siberia.

On the Kazakhstan section of the river there are presently three major hydroelectric plants, namely at Bukhtarma, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Shulbinsk. The world’s deepest lock, with a drop of 42 metres (138 ft), allows river traffic to by-pass the dam at Ust-Kamenogorsk.^[4] Plans exist for the construction of several more dams.

Three dams have been constructed on the Chinese section of the Irtysh as well:
the Keketuohai (可可托海) Dam (47°10′51″N 89°42′35″E / 47.18083°N 89.70972°E),
the Kalasuke (喀腊塑克) Dam (47°08′14″N 88°53′15″E / 47.13722°N 88.88750°E),^[5][6] and
the Project 635 Dam. There are also the Burqin Chonghu’er Dam and the Burqin Shankou Dam on the Irtysh’s right tributary, the Burqin River and the Jilebulake Dam and Haba River Shankou Dam on another right tributary, the Haba River.

The Northern river reversal proposals, widely discussed by the USSR planners and scientists in the 1960s and 1970s, would send some of the Irtysh’s (and possibly Ob’s) water to the water-deficient regions of central Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Some versions of this project would have seen the direction of flow of the Irtysh reversed in its section between the mouth of the Tobol (at Tobolsk) and the confluence of the Irtysh with the Ob at Khanty-Mansiysk, thus creating an «Anti-Irtysh».^[7]
While these gigantic interbasin transfer schemes were not implemented, a smaller Irtysh–Karaganda Canal was built between 1962 and 1974 to supply water to the dry Kazakh steppes and to one of the country’s main industrial center, Karaganda. In 2002, pipelines were constructed to supply water from the canal to the Ishim and Kazakhstan’s capital, Nur-Sultan.

In China, a short canal was constructed in 1987 (water intake at 47°26′31″N 87°34′11″E / 47.44194°N 87.56972°E) to divert some of the Irtysh water to the endorrheic Lake Ulungur, whose level had been falling precipitously due to the increasing irrigation use of the lake’s main affluent, the Ulungur River.^[8] In the last years of the 20th century and the early 2000s, a much more major project, the Irtysh–Karamay–Urümqi Canal was completed. Increased water use in China has caused significant concerns among Kazakh and Russian environmentalists.^[9][10]
According to a report published by Kazakhstan fishery researchers in 2013, the total Irtysh water use in China is about 3 cubic kilometres (0.7 cu mi) per year; as a result, only about 2/3 of what would be the river’s «natural» flow (6 km³ out of 9 km³) reach the Kazakh border.^[11]

Cities[edit]

Major cities along the Irtysh, from source to mouth, include:

• in China: Fuyun, Beitun, Burqin
• in Kazakhstan: Oskemen, Semey, Aksu, Pavlodar
• in Russia: Omsk, Tara, Tobolsk, Khanty-Mansiysk

Bridges[edit]

Seven railway bridges span the Irtysh. They are located in the following cities:

• About 15 km downstream from Serebryansk (on the dead-end branch line from Oskemen to Zyryanovsk)
• Oskemen
• Semey, on the Turkestan–Siberia Railway
• Pavlodar, on the South Siberian rail line (Nur-Sultan to Barnaul)
• near Cherlak, on the Middle Siberian rail line (Среднесибирская магистраль)
• Omsk, on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Opened in 1896, this is the oldest bridge on the river.
• Tobolsk, on the Tyumen-Surgut line

As the Kuytun–Beitun Railway in China’s Xinjiang is being extended toward Altay City, a railway bridge over the Irtysh at Beitun will need to be constructed as well.

Numerous highway bridges over the Irtysh exist in China, Kazakhstan, and Russia.

The last bridge downstream on the Irtysh, a highway bridge opened in 2004, can be found at Khanty-Mansiysk, right before the river’s confluence with Ob.

History[edit]

A number of Mongol and Turkic peoples occupied the river banks for many centuries. In 657, Tang Dynasty general Su Dingfang defeated Ashina Helu, qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate, at the Battle of Irtysh River, ending the Tang campaign against the Western Turks.^[12] Helu’s defeat ended the Khaganate, strengthened Tang control of Xinjiang, and led to Tang suzerainty over the western Turks.^[13]

In the 15th and 16th centuries the lower and middle courses of the Irtysh lay within the Tatar Khanate of Sibir; its capital, Qashliq (also known as Sibir) was located on the Irtysh a few kilometres upstream from the mouth of the Tobol (where today’s Tobolsk is situated).

The Khanate of Sibir was conquered by the Russians in the 1580s. The Russians started building fortresses and towns next to the sites of former Tatar towns; one of the first Russian towns in Siberia (after Tyumen) was Tobolsk, founded in 1587 at the fall of the Tobol into the Irtysh, downstream from the former Qashliq.^[14]
Farther east, Tara was founded in 1594, roughly at the border of the taiga belt (to the north) and the steppe to the south.^[15]

In the 17th century the Dzungar Khanate, formed by the Mongol Oirat people, became Russia’s southern neighbor, and controlled the upper Irtysh.
^[16] As a result of Russia’s confrontation with the Dzungars in the Peter the Great’s era,^[17] the Russians founded the cities of Omsk in 1716, Semipalatinsk in 1718, Ust-Kamenogorsk in 1720, and Petropavlovsk in 1752.

The Chinese Qing Empire conquered Dzungaria in the 1750s. This prompted an increase in the Russian authorities’ attention to their borderland; in 1756, the Orenburg Governor Ivan Neplyuyev even proposed the annexation of the Lake Zaysan region, but this project was forestalled by Chinese successes.^[18] Concerns were raised in Russia (1759) about the (theoretical) possibility of a Chinese fleet sailing from Lake Zaysan down the Irtysh and into Western Siberia. A Russian expedition visited Lake Zaysan in 1764, and concluded that such a riverine invasion would not be likely. Nonetheless, a chain of Russian pickets was established on the Bukhtarma River, north of Lake Zaysan.^[19] Thus the border between the two empires in the Irtysh basin became roughly delineated, with a (sparse) chain of guard posts on both sides.

The situation in the borderlands in the mid-19th century is described in a report by A. Abramof (ru; 1865). Even though the Zaysan region was recognized by both parties as part of the Qing empire, it had been annually used, by fishing expeditions sent by the Siberian Cossack Host. The summer expeditions started in 1803, and in 1822–25 their range was expanded through the entire Lake Zaysan and to the mouth of the Black Irtysh. Through the mid-19th century, the Qing presence on the upper Irtysh was mostly limited to the annual visit of the Qing amban from Chuguchak to one of the Cossacks’ fishing stations (Batavski Piket).^[20]

The border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was established along the line fairly similar to China’s modern border with Russia and Kazakhstan by the Convention of Peking of 1860.^[21] The actual border line pursuant to the convention was drawn by the Protocol of Chuguchak (1864), leaving Lake Zaysan on the Russian side.^[22][23] The Qing empire’s military presence in the Irtysh basin crumbled during the 1862–77 Dungan Revolt. After the fall of the rebellion and the reconquest of Xinjiang by Zuo Zongtang, the border between the Russian and the Qing empires in the Irtysh basin was further slightly readjusted, in Russia’s favor, by the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881).

Cultural references[edit]

The Irtysh River serves as a backdrop in the epilogue of Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s 1866 novel Crime and Punishment. In Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s The GULAG Archipelago, the chapter «The White Kitten» details Georgi Tenno’s escape from a camp along this river.

Other uses[edit]

• FC Irtysh Omsk, a soccer team in Omsk, Russia.
• FC Irtysh Pavlodar, a soccer team in Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
• Irtysh (Иртыш), a Russian military hospital ship, used at the Bering Strait Swim 2013.

See also[edit]

• Geography of China
• Geography of Kazakhstan
• Geography of Russia

Citations[edit]

General literature[edit]

• Great Soviet Encyclopedia
• Abramof, A. (1865), translated by John Michell, «The lake Nor-Zaysan and its neighborhood», Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, 35: 58–69, doi:10.2307/3698078, JSTOR 3698078

External links[edit]

• Media related to Irtysh River at Wikimedia Commons