Рис басмати как пишется

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with Bagmati.

Basmati rice
Khyma and Basmati rice.jpg

Brown regular rice (left) compared to brown basmati rice
Species Oryza sativa[1]
Cultivar group Basmati
Cultivar Basmati Sal, Basmati 370, etc.[1]
Origin Indian subcontinent

White basmati rice cooked with Burmese fish mint

Basmati, pronounced [‘bɑːsmət̪iː], is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic rice which is traditionally grown in India, Pakistan, and Nepal.[2] As of 2019, India accounted for 65% of the international trade in basmati rice, while Pakistan accounted for the remaining 35%.[3][4] Many countries use domestically grown basmati rice crops;[5] however, basmati is geographically exclusive to certain districts of India and Pakistan.[6]

According to the Indian Government agency APEDA, a rice variety is eligible to be called basmati if it has a minimum average precooked milled rice length of 6.61 mm (0.260 in) and average precooked milled rice breadth of up to 2 mm (0.079 in), among other parameters.[7]

History and etymology[edit]

Etymology[edit]

According to Oxford English Dictionary, the word basmati derives from Hindi बासमती, bāsmatī, literally meaning ‘fragrant’,[8] from बास (bās, ‘fragrance’) + the word-forming suffix -मती (-matī).

History[edit]

Basmati rice is believed to have been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for centuries. Earliest mention of Basmati rice has been made in the epic Heer Ranjha composed by the Punjabi poet Varis Shah in 1766. [9][10]

Production and cultivation[edit]

India accounts for over 70% of the world’s basmati rice production.[11] A small portion of that is being grown organically. Organisations such as Kheti Virasat Mission are trying to increase the amount of organic basmati rice that is being grown in the Punjab in India.[12][13]

In India[edit]

The areas which have a geographical indication for basmati rice production in India are in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Western Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.[14][unreliable source?] India’s total basmati production for the July 2011 – June 2012 crop year was five million tonnes.[15] From April 2018 to March 2019, India exported 4.4 million metric tons of basmati rice.[16] In 2015–2016, Saudi Arabia, Iran and UAE were the three biggest destinations for India’s basmati rice exports and exports to these three countries accounted for more than half of India’s total basmati exports.[17] In 2015–2016, basmati rice worth US$3.4 billion was exported from India.[17]

In Pakistan[edit]

According to the FAO,[expand acronym] Pakistan’s original Basmatic area lies in the Kalar bowl between the Ravi and Chenab rivers. Almost all the cultivation of Basmati takes place in the Punjab province where total production was 2.47 million metric tons (2,430,000 long tons; 2,720,000 short tons) in 2010.[18][19][20][21] In fiscal year 2020, basmati exports stood at 890,207 tonnes valuing $790 million.[22] In overall basmati exports, Europe holds a 40% share while the rest are exported to Gulf countries, Australia and US.[22]

In Indonesia[edit]

Indonesia produced its own local variant of basmati in West Java and Central Kalimantan, with production capacity estimated to reach up to 8.2 tonnes per hectare.[23] Basmati seeds were first brought from Pakistan in 2007; however, the seeds were unable to be grown due to soil incompatibility. The Ministry of Agriculture then managed to produce and cultivate a hybrid between basmati and local rice in 2017.[24]

In Nepal[edit]

Basmati rice is produced mainly in the Terai region of Nepal and some parts of Kathmandu valley. Unique Nepali varieties of basmati rice were barred from export to other parts of the world although this ban might be lifted.[25]

In Sri Lanka[edit]

Small amounts of basmati rice, especially red basmati rice, are being cultivated in the tropical wet zone areas of Sri Lanka.[26][27][28]

Aroma and flavour[edit]

Basmati rice has a typical pandan-like (Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf) flavour caused by the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[29] Basmati grains contain about 0.09 ppm of this aromatic chemical compound naturally, a level that is about 12 times as much as non-basmati rice varieties, giving basmati its distinctive fragrance and flavour.[30] This natural aroma is also found in cheese, fruit and other cereals. It is a flavoring agent approved in the United States and Europe, and is used in bakery products for aroma.[31]

During cooking, the level of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline decreases. Soaking the rice for 30 minutes before cooking permits 20% shorter cooking times and preserves more of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[32]

Glycemic index[edit]

According to the Canadian Diabetes Association, basmati, brown, wild, short and long grain rice has a medium glycemic index (between 56 and 69), opposed to jasmine and instant white rice with a glycemic index of 89, thus making it more suitable for diabetics as compared to certain other grains and products made from white flour.[33]

Varieties and hybrids[edit]

Grain of brown variety, high resolution

There are several varieties of basmati rice. Traditional Indian types include basmati 370, basmati 385, and basmati Ranbirsinghpura (R.S.Pura) and Gujjar Chack area in Jammu province situated at the India-Pakistani border in Jammu and Kashmir state of India. 1121 and Muradabadi 6465 Extra Long Grain Rice. Pakistani varieties of basmati rice are PK 385, Super Kernel Basmati Rice and D-98.

Scientists at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Delhi, used conventional plant breeding to produce a hybrid semi-dwarf plant which had most of the good features of traditional basmati (grain elongation, fragrance, alkali content). This hybrid was called Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1; also called «Todal», because the flower has awns); crop yield is up to twice as high as traditional varieties. Fragrant rices that are derived from basmati stock but are not true basmati varieties include PB2 (also called sugandh-2), PB3, and RS-10.

Approved varieties[edit]

Indian varieties[edit]

Basmati, P3 Punjab, type III Uttar Pradesh, hbc-19 Safidon, 386 Haryana, Kasturi (Baran, Rajasthan), Muradabadi Basmati 6465, Basmati 198, Basmati 217, Basmati 370 Bihar, Kasturi, Mahi Suganda, Pusa 1121, Pusa 1718, Pusa 1509, Pusa 1692, Pusa 1637, Pusa 1401.

Pakistani varieties[edit]

Basmati 370 (Pak Basmati), Super Basmati (Best Aroma), Basmati Pak (Kernal), 386 or 1121 basmati rice,[34] Basmati 385, Basmati 515, Basmati 2000, Basmati 198 and Chanab Basmati.[35]

[edit]

In Indonesia, the variant of basmati called baroma (basmati aromatik; aromatic basmati) was launched in February 2019.[23] This variant could be grown in low-altitude terrain and managed to attract interest among potential middle-to-upper class consumers.[36]

In the United States, a variety of rice based on basmati called Texmati is grown in Texas. The rice is produced by RiceSelect,[37] previously owned by RiceTec (mentioned below).[38]

In Kenya, a rice variety called Pishori or Pisori is grown in the Mwea region.[39] The word Pishori is an alteration of the word Peshawari from where the basmati variety used to be exported to the countries of East Africa in the past.[40]

Basmati certification[edit]

The Basmati Mark is a DNA-fingerprinting-based certification done by the laboratory of Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF).[41]

On 15 February 2016, the Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), an autonomous organisation under the Department of Commerce in India, registered Basmati Rice as a product with Geographical Indication (GI).[42]

Adulteration[edit]

Difficulty in differentiating genuine basmati from other types of rice and the significant price difference between them has led fraudulent traders to adulterate basmati rice with crossbred basmati varieties and long-grain non-basmati varieties. In Britain, the Food Standards Agency found in 2005 that about half of all basmati rice sold was adulterated with other strains of long-grain rice, prompting rice importers to agree to a code of practice.[43] A 2010 UK test on rice supplied by wholesalers found 4 out of 15 samples had cheaper rice mixed with basmati, and one had no basmati at all.[44]

A PCR-based assay similar to DNA fingerprinting in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%.[45] Exporters of basmati rice use purity certificates based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments.[46] Based on this protocol, which was developed at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, the Indian company Labindia has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.[47]

Patent battle[edit]

In September 1997, an American company, RiceTec, was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,663,484 on «basmati rice lines and grains». The patent secures lines of basmati and basmati-like rice and ways of analyzing that rice. RiceTec, owned by Prince Hans-Adam of Liechtenstein, faced international outrage over allegations of biopiracy. It had also caused a brief diplomatic crisis between India and the United States, with India threatening to take the matter to the WTO as a violation of TRIPS, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Both voluntarily and due to review decisions by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, RiceTec lost or withdrew most of the claims of the patent, including, most importantly, the right to call their rice products basmati.[48] A more limited varietal patent was granted to RiceTec in 2001 on claims dealing with three strains of the rice developed by the company.[49][50]

See also[edit]

  • Ambemohar
  • Camargue red rice
  • Domsiah
  • Jasmine rice
  • List of rice varieties
  • Manoomin
  • Oryza sativa

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Kishor, DS; Seo, J; Chin, JH; Koh, HJ (2020). «Evaluation of Whole-Genome Sequence, Genetic Diversity, and Agronomic Traits of Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.)». Frontiers in Genetics. 11: 86. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00086. PMC 7046879. PMID 32153645.
  2. ^ Big money in «specialty rices» Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)
  3. ^ «India Export Statistics». APEDA. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  4. ^ «Pakistani rice: Second to all». Dawn. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  5. ^ Rice Sales From India to Reach Record as Iran Boosts Reserve Archived 2017-05-21 at the Wayback Machine Bloomberg News (13 February 2014)
  6. ^ Madhya Pradesh loses GI tag claim for Basmati; India may ask Pakistan to check farming Archived 2019-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Financial Express (19 March 2018)
  7. ^ «Eligibility of a Rice Variety to be Notified as Basmati» (PDF). APEDA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  8. ^ «basmati». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  9. ^ VP Singh (2000). Aromatic Rices. International Rice Research Institute. pp. 135–36. ISBN 978-81-204-1420-4.
  10. ^ Daniel F. Robinson (2010). Confronting Biopiracy: Challenges, Cases and International Debates. Earthscan. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84977-471-0.
  11. ^ «Basmati rice industry may revive in next harvest 2016-17: Icra». Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 3 April 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  12. ^ «De prijs van basmati: witte rijst met een donkere rand». National Geographic Nederland/België. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  13. ^ «The Price of Basmati». Journalism Grants. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  14. ^ «MP’s Basmati GI Tag Demand – Validity and Concerns». IAS Parliament. 18 July 2020.
  15. ^ «India’s to export record basmati rice in 2012/13». Reuters. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  16. ^ «India Export Statistics». agriexchange.apeda.gov.in. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  17. ^ a b «Rice Export from India». drdpat.bih.nic.in. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  18. ^ Rice export: ‘Pakistan has potential of $4b but barely touches $1b’ Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. The Express Tribune. 8 February 2012.
  19. ^ Global market: Pakistani basmati may slip down the pecking order Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. The Express Tribune. 19 July 2012.
  20. ^ Cheema, N., 2015. Inefficiencies in Basmati Trade in Pakistan. International Policy Digest, (7 Dec).[1] Archived 2019-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ U. S. Singh (2000). Aromatic Rices. IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). p. 137. ISBN 978-81-204-1420-4.
  22. ^ a b «Basmati exports plunge by 38pc in 1HFY21». Dawn. 9 February 2021.
  23. ^ a b Safitri, Kiki (16 January 2019). Winarto, Yudho (ed.). «Kemtan akan luncurkan varietas beras basmati bernama bamora». Kontan (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grahanusa Mediatama. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  24. ^ «Kementan Berhasil Merakit Beras Basmati Asli Indonesia». Gatra (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  25. ^ «Traders call for easing ban on Basmati exports». Kathmandu Post. 12 July 2016.
  26. ^ «Sri Lankan Red Rice (Red Basmati Rice), Long Grain». Kalustyan’s. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020.
  27. ^ «Sri Lankan Red Basmati Rice 16oz | Snuk Foods, the Global Grocery».
  28. ^ Ratwatte, Milroy (26 February 2002). «Who says we can’t grow Basmathi?». The Island (Opinion). Archived from the original on 25 March 2003.
  29. ^ S. Wongpornchai; T. Sriseadka; S. Choonvisase (2003). «Identification and quantitation of the rice aroma compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, in bread flowers (Vallaris glabra Ktze)». J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2): 457–462. doi:10.1021/jf025856x. PMID 12517110.
  30. ^ Big money in «speciality rices» Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)
  31. ^ Fenaroli’s Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Sixth Edition, George A. Burdock (2009), CRC Press, ISBN 978-1420090772, p. 36
  32. ^ «The Science of Cooking Rice — Article». 7 July 2010.
  33. ^ «The Glycemic Index». Canadian Diabetes Association. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  34. ^ «Basmati Rice Price — 1121 Basmati Rice Price». Latif Rice Mills. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  35. ^ «Survey on Basmati Rice» (PDF). multimedia.food.gov.uk. March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  36. ^ «Indonesia Siap Produksi Massal Beras Premium Baroma». Republika. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  37. ^ Fiaz, N; Khalid, F; Sarwar, MA (2013). «Whiff of Pearls». Rice Plus Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016.
  38. ^ «RiceTec, Inc». Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  39. ^ Sanginga, P. C. (2009). Innovation Africa: Enriching Farmers’ Livelihoods. London: Earthscan. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-1-84407-671-0.
  40. ^ Lodhi, A.Y., 2019. «Linguistic and Cultural Contributions of Gujarat in Eastern Africa.» In Knowledge and the Indian Ocean (pp. 225-243). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland.
  41. ^ «Basmati Export Development Foundation». apeda.gov.in. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  42. ^ «Basmati Export Development Foundation».
  43. ^ British Retail Consortium (July 2005). Code of practice on Basmati rice Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Rice, Tim (29 January 2010). «Probe finds fake basmati». This is Leicestershire. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  45. ^ Basmati rice collaborative trial — FA0110 Archived 2016-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. defra.gov.uk
  46. ^ Archak, Sunil et al. (2007). «High-throughput multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)» and Lakshminarayana, V. et al. (2007). «Capillary Electrophoresis Is Essential for Microsatellite Marker Based Detection and Quantification of Adulteration of Basmati Rice ( Oryza sativa)».
  47. ^ Basmati Testing — Basmati Verifiler Kit Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Labindia.
  48. ^ «Bid for patent for basmati rice hits a hurdle», The Hindu, 5 November 2006
  49. ^ «India-Pakistan battle on Basmati Rice» Archived 2021-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times
  50. ^ Rai, Saritha (2001-08-25). «India-U.S. Fight on Basmati Rice Is Mostly Settled». The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-05-03.

External links[edit]

Look up basmati in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

  • About patent dispute
  • China: India’s new basmati export destination
  • Basmati Rice Suppliers in USA
Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with Bagmati.

Basmati rice
Khyma and Basmati rice.jpg

Brown regular rice (left) compared to brown basmati rice
Species Oryza sativa[1]
Cultivar group Basmati
Cultivar Basmati Sal, Basmati 370, etc.[1]
Origin Indian subcontinent

White basmati rice cooked with Burmese fish mint

Basmati, pronounced [‘bɑːsmət̪iː], is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic rice which is traditionally grown in India, Pakistan, and Nepal.[2] As of 2019, India accounted for 65% of the international trade in basmati rice, while Pakistan accounted for the remaining 35%.[3][4] Many countries use domestically grown basmati rice crops;[5] however, basmati is geographically exclusive to certain districts of India and Pakistan.[6]

According to the Indian Government agency APEDA, a rice variety is eligible to be called basmati if it has a minimum average precooked milled rice length of 6.61 mm (0.260 in) and average precooked milled rice breadth of up to 2 mm (0.079 in), among other parameters.[7]

History and etymology[edit]

Etymology[edit]

According to Oxford English Dictionary, the word basmati derives from Hindi बासमती, bāsmatī, literally meaning ‘fragrant’,[8] from बास (bās, ‘fragrance’) + the word-forming suffix -मती (-matī).

History[edit]

Basmati rice is believed to have been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for centuries. Earliest mention of Basmati rice has been made in the epic Heer Ranjha composed by the Punjabi poet Varis Shah in 1766. [9][10]

Production and cultivation[edit]

India accounts for over 70% of the world’s basmati rice production.[11] A small portion of that is being grown organically. Organisations such as Kheti Virasat Mission are trying to increase the amount of organic basmati rice that is being grown in the Punjab in India.[12][13]

In India[edit]

The areas which have a geographical indication for basmati rice production in India are in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Western Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.[14][unreliable source?] India’s total basmati production for the July 2011 – June 2012 crop year was five million tonnes.[15] From April 2018 to March 2019, India exported 4.4 million metric tons of basmati rice.[16] In 2015–2016, Saudi Arabia, Iran and UAE were the three biggest destinations for India’s basmati rice exports and exports to these three countries accounted for more than half of India’s total basmati exports.[17] In 2015–2016, basmati rice worth US$3.4 billion was exported from India.[17]

In Pakistan[edit]

According to the FAO,[expand acronym] Pakistan’s original Basmatic area lies in the Kalar bowl between the Ravi and Chenab rivers. Almost all the cultivation of Basmati takes place in the Punjab province where total production was 2.47 million metric tons (2,430,000 long tons; 2,720,000 short tons) in 2010.[18][19][20][21] In fiscal year 2020, basmati exports stood at 890,207 tonnes valuing $790 million.[22] In overall basmati exports, Europe holds a 40% share while the rest are exported to Gulf countries, Australia and US.[22]

In Indonesia[edit]

Indonesia produced its own local variant of basmati in West Java and Central Kalimantan, with production capacity estimated to reach up to 8.2 tonnes per hectare.[23] Basmati seeds were first brought from Pakistan in 2007; however, the seeds were unable to be grown due to soil incompatibility. The Ministry of Agriculture then managed to produce and cultivate a hybrid between basmati and local rice in 2017.[24]

In Nepal[edit]

Basmati rice is produced mainly in the Terai region of Nepal and some parts of Kathmandu valley. Unique Nepali varieties of basmati rice were barred from export to other parts of the world although this ban might be lifted.[25]

In Sri Lanka[edit]

Small amounts of basmati rice, especially red basmati rice, are being cultivated in the tropical wet zone areas of Sri Lanka.[26][27][28]

Aroma and flavour[edit]

Basmati rice has a typical pandan-like (Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf) flavour caused by the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[29] Basmati grains contain about 0.09 ppm of this aromatic chemical compound naturally, a level that is about 12 times as much as non-basmati rice varieties, giving basmati its distinctive fragrance and flavour.[30] This natural aroma is also found in cheese, fruit and other cereals. It is a flavoring agent approved in the United States and Europe, and is used in bakery products for aroma.[31]

During cooking, the level of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline decreases. Soaking the rice for 30 minutes before cooking permits 20% shorter cooking times and preserves more of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[32]

Glycemic index[edit]

According to the Canadian Diabetes Association, basmati, brown, wild, short and long grain rice has a medium glycemic index (between 56 and 69), opposed to jasmine and instant white rice with a glycemic index of 89, thus making it more suitable for diabetics as compared to certain other grains and products made from white flour.[33]

Varieties and hybrids[edit]

Grain of brown variety, high resolution

There are several varieties of basmati rice. Traditional Indian types include basmati 370, basmati 385, and basmati Ranbirsinghpura (R.S.Pura) and Gujjar Chack area in Jammu province situated at the India-Pakistani border in Jammu and Kashmir state of India. 1121 and Muradabadi 6465 Extra Long Grain Rice. Pakistani varieties of basmati rice are PK 385, Super Kernel Basmati Rice and D-98.

Scientists at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Delhi, used conventional plant breeding to produce a hybrid semi-dwarf plant which had most of the good features of traditional basmati (grain elongation, fragrance, alkali content). This hybrid was called Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1; also called «Todal», because the flower has awns); crop yield is up to twice as high as traditional varieties. Fragrant rices that are derived from basmati stock but are not true basmati varieties include PB2 (also called sugandh-2), PB3, and RS-10.

Approved varieties[edit]

Indian varieties[edit]

Basmati, P3 Punjab, type III Uttar Pradesh, hbc-19 Safidon, 386 Haryana, Kasturi (Baran, Rajasthan), Muradabadi Basmati 6465, Basmati 198, Basmati 217, Basmati 370 Bihar, Kasturi, Mahi Suganda, Pusa 1121, Pusa 1718, Pusa 1509, Pusa 1692, Pusa 1637, Pusa 1401.

Pakistani varieties[edit]

Basmati 370 (Pak Basmati), Super Basmati (Best Aroma), Basmati Pak (Kernal), 386 or 1121 basmati rice,[34] Basmati 385, Basmati 515, Basmati 2000, Basmati 198 and Chanab Basmati.[35]

[edit]

In Indonesia, the variant of basmati called baroma (basmati aromatik; aromatic basmati) was launched in February 2019.[23] This variant could be grown in low-altitude terrain and managed to attract interest among potential middle-to-upper class consumers.[36]

In the United States, a variety of rice based on basmati called Texmati is grown in Texas. The rice is produced by RiceSelect,[37] previously owned by RiceTec (mentioned below).[38]

In Kenya, a rice variety called Pishori or Pisori is grown in the Mwea region.[39] The word Pishori is an alteration of the word Peshawari from where the basmati variety used to be exported to the countries of East Africa in the past.[40]

Basmati certification[edit]

The Basmati Mark is a DNA-fingerprinting-based certification done by the laboratory of Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF).[41]

On 15 February 2016, the Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), an autonomous organisation under the Department of Commerce in India, registered Basmati Rice as a product with Geographical Indication (GI).[42]

Adulteration[edit]

Difficulty in differentiating genuine basmati from other types of rice and the significant price difference between them has led fraudulent traders to adulterate basmati rice with crossbred basmati varieties and long-grain non-basmati varieties. In Britain, the Food Standards Agency found in 2005 that about half of all basmati rice sold was adulterated with other strains of long-grain rice, prompting rice importers to agree to a code of practice.[43] A 2010 UK test on rice supplied by wholesalers found 4 out of 15 samples had cheaper rice mixed with basmati, and one had no basmati at all.[44]

A PCR-based assay similar to DNA fingerprinting in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%.[45] Exporters of basmati rice use purity certificates based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments.[46] Based on this protocol, which was developed at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, the Indian company Labindia has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.[47]

Patent battle[edit]

In September 1997, an American company, RiceTec, was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,663,484 on «basmati rice lines and grains». The patent secures lines of basmati and basmati-like rice and ways of analyzing that rice. RiceTec, owned by Prince Hans-Adam of Liechtenstein, faced international outrage over allegations of biopiracy. It had also caused a brief diplomatic crisis between India and the United States, with India threatening to take the matter to the WTO as a violation of TRIPS, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Both voluntarily and due to review decisions by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, RiceTec lost or withdrew most of the claims of the patent, including, most importantly, the right to call their rice products basmati.[48] A more limited varietal patent was granted to RiceTec in 2001 on claims dealing with three strains of the rice developed by the company.[49][50]

See also[edit]

  • Ambemohar
  • Camargue red rice
  • Domsiah
  • Jasmine rice
  • List of rice varieties
  • Manoomin
  • Oryza sativa

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Kishor, DS; Seo, J; Chin, JH; Koh, HJ (2020). «Evaluation of Whole-Genome Sequence, Genetic Diversity, and Agronomic Traits of Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.)». Frontiers in Genetics. 11: 86. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00086. PMC 7046879. PMID 32153645.
  2. ^ Big money in «specialty rices» Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)
  3. ^ «India Export Statistics». APEDA. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  4. ^ «Pakistani rice: Second to all». Dawn. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  5. ^ Rice Sales From India to Reach Record as Iran Boosts Reserve Archived 2017-05-21 at the Wayback Machine Bloomberg News (13 February 2014)
  6. ^ Madhya Pradesh loses GI tag claim for Basmati; India may ask Pakistan to check farming Archived 2019-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Financial Express (19 March 2018)
  7. ^ «Eligibility of a Rice Variety to be Notified as Basmati» (PDF). APEDA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  8. ^ «basmati». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  9. ^ VP Singh (2000). Aromatic Rices. International Rice Research Institute. pp. 135–36. ISBN 978-81-204-1420-4.
  10. ^ Daniel F. Robinson (2010). Confronting Biopiracy: Challenges, Cases and International Debates. Earthscan. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84977-471-0.
  11. ^ «Basmati rice industry may revive in next harvest 2016-17: Icra». Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 3 April 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  12. ^ «De prijs van basmati: witte rijst met een donkere rand». National Geographic Nederland/België. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  13. ^ «The Price of Basmati». Journalism Grants. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  14. ^ «MP’s Basmati GI Tag Demand – Validity and Concerns». IAS Parliament. 18 July 2020.
  15. ^ «India’s to export record basmati rice in 2012/13». Reuters. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  16. ^ «India Export Statistics». agriexchange.apeda.gov.in. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  17. ^ a b «Rice Export from India». drdpat.bih.nic.in. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  18. ^ Rice export: ‘Pakistan has potential of $4b but barely touches $1b’ Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. The Express Tribune. 8 February 2012.
  19. ^ Global market: Pakistani basmati may slip down the pecking order Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. The Express Tribune. 19 July 2012.
  20. ^ Cheema, N., 2015. Inefficiencies in Basmati Trade in Pakistan. International Policy Digest, (7 Dec).[1] Archived 2019-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ U. S. Singh (2000). Aromatic Rices. IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). p. 137. ISBN 978-81-204-1420-4.
  22. ^ a b «Basmati exports plunge by 38pc in 1HFY21». Dawn. 9 February 2021.
  23. ^ a b Safitri, Kiki (16 January 2019). Winarto, Yudho (ed.). «Kemtan akan luncurkan varietas beras basmati bernama bamora». Kontan (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grahanusa Mediatama. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  24. ^ «Kementan Berhasil Merakit Beras Basmati Asli Indonesia». Gatra (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  25. ^ «Traders call for easing ban on Basmati exports». Kathmandu Post. 12 July 2016.
  26. ^ «Sri Lankan Red Rice (Red Basmati Rice), Long Grain». Kalustyan’s. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020.
  27. ^ «Sri Lankan Red Basmati Rice 16oz | Snuk Foods, the Global Grocery».
  28. ^ Ratwatte, Milroy (26 February 2002). «Who says we can’t grow Basmathi?». The Island (Opinion). Archived from the original on 25 March 2003.
  29. ^ S. Wongpornchai; T. Sriseadka; S. Choonvisase (2003). «Identification and quantitation of the rice aroma compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, in bread flowers (Vallaris glabra Ktze)». J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2): 457–462. doi:10.1021/jf025856x. PMID 12517110.
  30. ^ Big money in «speciality rices» Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)
  31. ^ Fenaroli’s Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Sixth Edition, George A. Burdock (2009), CRC Press, ISBN 978-1420090772, p. 36
  32. ^ «The Science of Cooking Rice — Article». 7 July 2010.
  33. ^ «The Glycemic Index». Canadian Diabetes Association. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  34. ^ «Basmati Rice Price — 1121 Basmati Rice Price». Latif Rice Mills. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  35. ^ «Survey on Basmati Rice» (PDF). multimedia.food.gov.uk. March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  36. ^ «Indonesia Siap Produksi Massal Beras Premium Baroma». Republika. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  37. ^ Fiaz, N; Khalid, F; Sarwar, MA (2013). «Whiff of Pearls». Rice Plus Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016.
  38. ^ «RiceTec, Inc». Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  39. ^ Sanginga, P. C. (2009). Innovation Africa: Enriching Farmers’ Livelihoods. London: Earthscan. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-1-84407-671-0.
  40. ^ Lodhi, A.Y., 2019. «Linguistic and Cultural Contributions of Gujarat in Eastern Africa.» In Knowledge and the Indian Ocean (pp. 225-243). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland.
  41. ^ «Basmati Export Development Foundation». apeda.gov.in. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  42. ^ «Basmati Export Development Foundation».
  43. ^ British Retail Consortium (July 2005). Code of practice on Basmati rice Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Rice, Tim (29 January 2010). «Probe finds fake basmati». This is Leicestershire. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  45. ^ Basmati rice collaborative trial — FA0110 Archived 2016-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. defra.gov.uk
  46. ^ Archak, Sunil et al. (2007). «High-throughput multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)» and Lakshminarayana, V. et al. (2007). «Capillary Electrophoresis Is Essential for Microsatellite Marker Based Detection and Quantification of Adulteration of Basmati Rice ( Oryza sativa)».
  47. ^ Basmati Testing — Basmati Verifiler Kit Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Labindia.
  48. ^ «Bid for patent for basmati rice hits a hurdle», The Hindu, 5 November 2006
  49. ^ «India-Pakistan battle on Basmati Rice» Archived 2021-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times
  50. ^ Rai, Saritha (2001-08-25). «India-U.S. Fight on Basmati Rice Is Mostly Settled». The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-05-03.

External links[edit]

Look up basmati in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

  • About patent dispute
  • China: India’s new basmati export destination
  • Basmati Rice Suppliers in USA
Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with Bagmati.

Basmati rice
Khyma and Basmati rice.jpg

Brown regular rice (left) compared to brown basmati rice
Species Oryza sativa[1]
Cultivar group Basmati
Cultivar Basmati Sal, Basmati 370, etc.[1]
Origin Indian subcontinent

White basmati rice cooked with Burmese fish mint

Basmati, pronounced [‘bɑːsmət̪iː], is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic rice which is traditionally grown in India, Pakistan, and Nepal.[2] As of 2019, India accounted for 65% of the international trade in basmati rice, while Pakistan accounted for the remaining 35%.[3][4] Many countries use domestically grown basmati rice crops;[5] however, basmati is geographically exclusive to certain districts of India and Pakistan.[6]

According to the Indian Government agency APEDA, a rice variety is eligible to be called basmati if it has a minimum average precooked milled rice length of 6.61 mm (0.260 in) and average precooked milled rice breadth of up to 2 mm (0.079 in), among other parameters.[7]

History and etymology[edit]

Etymology[edit]

According to Oxford English Dictionary, the word basmati derives from Hindi बासमती, bāsmatī, literally meaning ‘fragrant’,[8] from बास (bās, ‘fragrance’) + the word-forming suffix -मती (-matī).

History[edit]

Basmati rice is believed to have been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for centuries. Earliest mention of Basmati rice has been made in the epic Heer Ranjha composed by the Punjabi poet Varis Shah in 1766. [9][10]

Production and cultivation[edit]

India accounts for over 70% of the world’s basmati rice production.[11] A small portion of that is being grown organically. Organisations such as Kheti Virasat Mission are trying to increase the amount of organic basmati rice that is being grown in the Punjab in India.[12][13]

In India[edit]

The areas which have a geographical indication for basmati rice production in India are in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Western Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.[14][unreliable source?] India’s total basmati production for the July 2011 – June 2012 crop year was five million tonnes.[15] From April 2018 to March 2019, India exported 4.4 million metric tons of basmati rice.[16] In 2015–2016, Saudi Arabia, Iran and UAE were the three biggest destinations for India’s basmati rice exports and exports to these three countries accounted for more than half of India’s total basmati exports.[17] In 2015–2016, basmati rice worth US$3.4 billion was exported from India.[17]

In Pakistan[edit]

According to the FAO,[expand acronym] Pakistan’s original Basmatic area lies in the Kalar bowl between the Ravi and Chenab rivers. Almost all the cultivation of Basmati takes place in the Punjab province where total production was 2.47 million metric tons (2,430,000 long tons; 2,720,000 short tons) in 2010.[18][19][20][21] In fiscal year 2020, basmati exports stood at 890,207 tonnes valuing $790 million.[22] In overall basmati exports, Europe holds a 40% share while the rest are exported to Gulf countries, Australia and US.[22]

In Indonesia[edit]

Indonesia produced its own local variant of basmati in West Java and Central Kalimantan, with production capacity estimated to reach up to 8.2 tonnes per hectare.[23] Basmati seeds were first brought from Pakistan in 2007; however, the seeds were unable to be grown due to soil incompatibility. The Ministry of Agriculture then managed to produce and cultivate a hybrid between basmati and local rice in 2017.[24]

In Nepal[edit]

Basmati rice is produced mainly in the Terai region of Nepal and some parts of Kathmandu valley. Unique Nepali varieties of basmati rice were barred from export to other parts of the world although this ban might be lifted.[25]

In Sri Lanka[edit]

Small amounts of basmati rice, especially red basmati rice, are being cultivated in the tropical wet zone areas of Sri Lanka.[26][27][28]

Aroma and flavour[edit]

Basmati rice has a typical pandan-like (Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf) flavour caused by the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[29] Basmati grains contain about 0.09 ppm of this aromatic chemical compound naturally, a level that is about 12 times as much as non-basmati rice varieties, giving basmati its distinctive fragrance and flavour.[30] This natural aroma is also found in cheese, fruit and other cereals. It is a flavoring agent approved in the United States and Europe, and is used in bakery products for aroma.[31]

During cooking, the level of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline decreases. Soaking the rice for 30 minutes before cooking permits 20% shorter cooking times and preserves more of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[32]

Glycemic index[edit]

According to the Canadian Diabetes Association, basmati, brown, wild, short and long grain rice has a medium glycemic index (between 56 and 69), opposed to jasmine and instant white rice with a glycemic index of 89, thus making it more suitable for diabetics as compared to certain other grains and products made from white flour.[33]

Varieties and hybrids[edit]

Grain of brown variety, high resolution

There are several varieties of basmati rice. Traditional Indian types include basmati 370, basmati 385, and basmati Ranbirsinghpura (R.S.Pura) and Gujjar Chack area in Jammu province situated at the India-Pakistani border in Jammu and Kashmir state of India. 1121 and Muradabadi 6465 Extra Long Grain Rice. Pakistani varieties of basmati rice are PK 385, Super Kernel Basmati Rice and D-98.

Scientists at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Delhi, used conventional plant breeding to produce a hybrid semi-dwarf plant which had most of the good features of traditional basmati (grain elongation, fragrance, alkali content). This hybrid was called Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1; also called «Todal», because the flower has awns); crop yield is up to twice as high as traditional varieties. Fragrant rices that are derived from basmati stock but are not true basmati varieties include PB2 (also called sugandh-2), PB3, and RS-10.

Approved varieties[edit]

Indian varieties[edit]

Basmati, P3 Punjab, type III Uttar Pradesh, hbc-19 Safidon, 386 Haryana, Kasturi (Baran, Rajasthan), Muradabadi Basmati 6465, Basmati 198, Basmati 217, Basmati 370 Bihar, Kasturi, Mahi Suganda, Pusa 1121, Pusa 1718, Pusa 1509, Pusa 1692, Pusa 1637, Pusa 1401.

Pakistani varieties[edit]

Basmati 370 (Pak Basmati), Super Basmati (Best Aroma), Basmati Pak (Kernal), 386 or 1121 basmati rice,[34] Basmati 385, Basmati 515, Basmati 2000, Basmati 198 and Chanab Basmati.[35]

[edit]

In Indonesia, the variant of basmati called baroma (basmati aromatik; aromatic basmati) was launched in February 2019.[23] This variant could be grown in low-altitude terrain and managed to attract interest among potential middle-to-upper class consumers.[36]

In the United States, a variety of rice based on basmati called Texmati is grown in Texas. The rice is produced by RiceSelect,[37] previously owned by RiceTec (mentioned below).[38]

In Kenya, a rice variety called Pishori or Pisori is grown in the Mwea region.[39] The word Pishori is an alteration of the word Peshawari from where the basmati variety used to be exported to the countries of East Africa in the past.[40]

Basmati certification[edit]

The Basmati Mark is a DNA-fingerprinting-based certification done by the laboratory of Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF).[41]

On 15 February 2016, the Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), an autonomous organisation under the Department of Commerce in India, registered Basmati Rice as a product with Geographical Indication (GI).[42]

Adulteration[edit]

Difficulty in differentiating genuine basmati from other types of rice and the significant price difference between them has led fraudulent traders to adulterate basmati rice with crossbred basmati varieties and long-grain non-basmati varieties. In Britain, the Food Standards Agency found in 2005 that about half of all basmati rice sold was adulterated with other strains of long-grain rice, prompting rice importers to agree to a code of practice.[43] A 2010 UK test on rice supplied by wholesalers found 4 out of 15 samples had cheaper rice mixed with basmati, and one had no basmati at all.[44]

A PCR-based assay similar to DNA fingerprinting in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%.[45] Exporters of basmati rice use purity certificates based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments.[46] Based on this protocol, which was developed at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, the Indian company Labindia has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.[47]

Patent battle[edit]

In September 1997, an American company, RiceTec, was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,663,484 on «basmati rice lines and grains». The patent secures lines of basmati and basmati-like rice and ways of analyzing that rice. RiceTec, owned by Prince Hans-Adam of Liechtenstein, faced international outrage over allegations of biopiracy. It had also caused a brief diplomatic crisis between India and the United States, with India threatening to take the matter to the WTO as a violation of TRIPS, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Both voluntarily and due to review decisions by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, RiceTec lost or withdrew most of the claims of the patent, including, most importantly, the right to call their rice products basmati.[48] A more limited varietal patent was granted to RiceTec in 2001 on claims dealing with three strains of the rice developed by the company.[49][50]

See also[edit]

  • Ambemohar
  • Camargue red rice
  • Domsiah
  • Jasmine rice
  • List of rice varieties
  • Manoomin
  • Oryza sativa

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Kishor, DS; Seo, J; Chin, JH; Koh, HJ (2020). «Evaluation of Whole-Genome Sequence, Genetic Diversity, and Agronomic Traits of Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.)». Frontiers in Genetics. 11: 86. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00086. PMC 7046879. PMID 32153645.
  2. ^ Big money in «specialty rices» Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)
  3. ^ «India Export Statistics». APEDA. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  4. ^ «Pakistani rice: Second to all». Dawn. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  5. ^ Rice Sales From India to Reach Record as Iran Boosts Reserve Archived 2017-05-21 at the Wayback Machine Bloomberg News (13 February 2014)
  6. ^ Madhya Pradesh loses GI tag claim for Basmati; India may ask Pakistan to check farming Archived 2019-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Financial Express (19 March 2018)
  7. ^ «Eligibility of a Rice Variety to be Notified as Basmati» (PDF). APEDA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  8. ^ «basmati». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  9. ^ VP Singh (2000). Aromatic Rices. International Rice Research Institute. pp. 135–36. ISBN 978-81-204-1420-4.
  10. ^ Daniel F. Robinson (2010). Confronting Biopiracy: Challenges, Cases and International Debates. Earthscan. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84977-471-0.
  11. ^ «Basmati rice industry may revive in next harvest 2016-17: Icra». Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 3 April 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  12. ^ «De prijs van basmati: witte rijst met een donkere rand». National Geographic Nederland/België. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  13. ^ «The Price of Basmati». Journalism Grants. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  14. ^ «MP’s Basmati GI Tag Demand – Validity and Concerns». IAS Parliament. 18 July 2020.
  15. ^ «India’s to export record basmati rice in 2012/13». Reuters. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  16. ^ «India Export Statistics». agriexchange.apeda.gov.in. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  17. ^ a b «Rice Export from India». drdpat.bih.nic.in. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  18. ^ Rice export: ‘Pakistan has potential of $4b but barely touches $1b’ Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. The Express Tribune. 8 February 2012.
  19. ^ Global market: Pakistani basmati may slip down the pecking order Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. The Express Tribune. 19 July 2012.
  20. ^ Cheema, N., 2015. Inefficiencies in Basmati Trade in Pakistan. International Policy Digest, (7 Dec).[1] Archived 2019-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ U. S. Singh (2000). Aromatic Rices. IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). p. 137. ISBN 978-81-204-1420-4.
  22. ^ a b «Basmati exports plunge by 38pc in 1HFY21». Dawn. 9 February 2021.
  23. ^ a b Safitri, Kiki (16 January 2019). Winarto, Yudho (ed.). «Kemtan akan luncurkan varietas beras basmati bernama bamora». Kontan (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grahanusa Mediatama. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  24. ^ «Kementan Berhasil Merakit Beras Basmati Asli Indonesia». Gatra (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  25. ^ «Traders call for easing ban on Basmati exports». Kathmandu Post. 12 July 2016.
  26. ^ «Sri Lankan Red Rice (Red Basmati Rice), Long Grain». Kalustyan’s. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020.
  27. ^ «Sri Lankan Red Basmati Rice 16oz | Snuk Foods, the Global Grocery».
  28. ^ Ratwatte, Milroy (26 February 2002). «Who says we can’t grow Basmathi?». The Island (Opinion). Archived from the original on 25 March 2003.
  29. ^ S. Wongpornchai; T. Sriseadka; S. Choonvisase (2003). «Identification and quantitation of the rice aroma compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, in bread flowers (Vallaris glabra Ktze)». J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2): 457–462. doi:10.1021/jf025856x. PMID 12517110.
  30. ^ Big money in «speciality rices» Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)
  31. ^ Fenaroli’s Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Sixth Edition, George A. Burdock (2009), CRC Press, ISBN 978-1420090772, p. 36
  32. ^ «The Science of Cooking Rice — Article». 7 July 2010.
  33. ^ «The Glycemic Index». Canadian Diabetes Association. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  34. ^ «Basmati Rice Price — 1121 Basmati Rice Price». Latif Rice Mills. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  35. ^ «Survey on Basmati Rice» (PDF). multimedia.food.gov.uk. March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  36. ^ «Indonesia Siap Produksi Massal Beras Premium Baroma». Republika. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  37. ^ Fiaz, N; Khalid, F; Sarwar, MA (2013). «Whiff of Pearls». Rice Plus Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016.
  38. ^ «RiceTec, Inc». Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  39. ^ Sanginga, P. C. (2009). Innovation Africa: Enriching Farmers’ Livelihoods. London: Earthscan. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-1-84407-671-0.
  40. ^ Lodhi, A.Y., 2019. «Linguistic and Cultural Contributions of Gujarat in Eastern Africa.» In Knowledge and the Indian Ocean (pp. 225-243). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland.
  41. ^ «Basmati Export Development Foundation». apeda.gov.in. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  42. ^ «Basmati Export Development Foundation».
  43. ^ British Retail Consortium (July 2005). Code of practice on Basmati rice Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Rice, Tim (29 January 2010). «Probe finds fake basmati». This is Leicestershire. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  45. ^ Basmati rice collaborative trial — FA0110 Archived 2016-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. defra.gov.uk
  46. ^ Archak, Sunil et al. (2007). «High-throughput multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)» and Lakshminarayana, V. et al. (2007). «Capillary Electrophoresis Is Essential for Microsatellite Marker Based Detection and Quantification of Adulteration of Basmati Rice ( Oryza sativa)».
  47. ^ Basmati Testing — Basmati Verifiler Kit Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Labindia.
  48. ^ «Bid for patent for basmati rice hits a hurdle», The Hindu, 5 November 2006
  49. ^ «India-Pakistan battle on Basmati Rice» Archived 2021-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times
  50. ^ Rai, Saritha (2001-08-25). «India-U.S. Fight on Basmati Rice Is Mostly Settled». The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-05-03.

External links[edit]

Look up basmati in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

  • About patent dispute
  • China: India’s new basmati export destination
  • Basmati Rice Suppliers in USA
Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with Bagmati.

Basmati rice
Khyma and Basmati rice.jpg

Brown regular rice (left) compared to brown basmati rice
Species Oryza sativa[1]
Cultivar group Basmati
Cultivar Basmati Sal, Basmati 370, etc.[1]
Origin Indian subcontinent

White basmati rice cooked with Burmese fish mint

Basmati, pronounced [‘bɑːsmət̪iː], is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic rice which is traditionally grown in India, Pakistan, and Nepal.[2] As of 2019, India accounted for 65% of the international trade in basmati rice, while Pakistan accounted for the remaining 35%.[3][4] Many countries use domestically grown basmati rice crops;[5] however, basmati is geographically exclusive to certain districts of India and Pakistan.[6]

According to the Indian Government agency APEDA, a rice variety is eligible to be called basmati if it has a minimum average precooked milled rice length of 6.61 mm (0.260 in) and average precooked milled rice breadth of up to 2 mm (0.079 in), among other parameters.[7]

History and etymology[edit]

Etymology[edit]

According to Oxford English Dictionary, the word basmati derives from Hindi बासमती, bāsmatī, literally meaning ‘fragrant’,[8] from बास (bās, ‘fragrance’) + the word-forming suffix -मती (-matī).

History[edit]

Basmati rice is believed to have been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for centuries. Earliest mention of Basmati rice has been made in the epic Heer Ranjha composed by the Punjabi poet Varis Shah in 1766. [9][10]

Production and cultivation[edit]

India accounts for over 70% of the world’s basmati rice production.[11] A small portion of that is being grown organically. Organisations such as Kheti Virasat Mission are trying to increase the amount of organic basmati rice that is being grown in the Punjab in India.[12][13]

In India[edit]

The areas which have a geographical indication for basmati rice production in India are in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Western Uttar Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.[14][unreliable source?] India’s total basmati production for the July 2011 – June 2012 crop year was five million tonnes.[15] From April 2018 to March 2019, India exported 4.4 million metric tons of basmati rice.[16] In 2015–2016, Saudi Arabia, Iran and UAE were the three biggest destinations for India’s basmati rice exports and exports to these three countries accounted for more than half of India’s total basmati exports.[17] In 2015–2016, basmati rice worth US$3.4 billion was exported from India.[17]

In Pakistan[edit]

According to the FAO,[expand acronym] Pakistan’s original Basmatic area lies in the Kalar bowl between the Ravi and Chenab rivers. Almost all the cultivation of Basmati takes place in the Punjab province where total production was 2.47 million metric tons (2,430,000 long tons; 2,720,000 short tons) in 2010.[18][19][20][21] In fiscal year 2020, basmati exports stood at 890,207 tonnes valuing $790 million.[22] In overall basmati exports, Europe holds a 40% share while the rest are exported to Gulf countries, Australia and US.[22]

In Indonesia[edit]

Indonesia produced its own local variant of basmati in West Java and Central Kalimantan, with production capacity estimated to reach up to 8.2 tonnes per hectare.[23] Basmati seeds were first brought from Pakistan in 2007; however, the seeds were unable to be grown due to soil incompatibility. The Ministry of Agriculture then managed to produce and cultivate a hybrid between basmati and local rice in 2017.[24]

In Nepal[edit]

Basmati rice is produced mainly in the Terai region of Nepal and some parts of Kathmandu valley. Unique Nepali varieties of basmati rice were barred from export to other parts of the world although this ban might be lifted.[25]

In Sri Lanka[edit]

Small amounts of basmati rice, especially red basmati rice, are being cultivated in the tropical wet zone areas of Sri Lanka.[26][27][28]

Aroma and flavour[edit]

Basmati rice has a typical pandan-like (Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf) flavour caused by the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[29] Basmati grains contain about 0.09 ppm of this aromatic chemical compound naturally, a level that is about 12 times as much as non-basmati rice varieties, giving basmati its distinctive fragrance and flavour.[30] This natural aroma is also found in cheese, fruit and other cereals. It is a flavoring agent approved in the United States and Europe, and is used in bakery products for aroma.[31]

During cooking, the level of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline decreases. Soaking the rice for 30 minutes before cooking permits 20% shorter cooking times and preserves more of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[32]

Glycemic index[edit]

According to the Canadian Diabetes Association, basmati, brown, wild, short and long grain rice has a medium glycemic index (between 56 and 69), opposed to jasmine and instant white rice with a glycemic index of 89, thus making it more suitable for diabetics as compared to certain other grains and products made from white flour.[33]

Varieties and hybrids[edit]

Grain of brown variety, high resolution

There are several varieties of basmati rice. Traditional Indian types include basmati 370, basmati 385, and basmati Ranbirsinghpura (R.S.Pura) and Gujjar Chack area in Jammu province situated at the India-Pakistani border in Jammu and Kashmir state of India. 1121 and Muradabadi 6465 Extra Long Grain Rice. Pakistani varieties of basmati rice are PK 385, Super Kernel Basmati Rice and D-98.

Scientists at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Delhi, used conventional plant breeding to produce a hybrid semi-dwarf plant which had most of the good features of traditional basmati (grain elongation, fragrance, alkali content). This hybrid was called Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1; also called «Todal», because the flower has awns); crop yield is up to twice as high as traditional varieties. Fragrant rices that are derived from basmati stock but are not true basmati varieties include PB2 (also called sugandh-2), PB3, and RS-10.

Approved varieties[edit]

Indian varieties[edit]

Basmati, P3 Punjab, type III Uttar Pradesh, hbc-19 Safidon, 386 Haryana, Kasturi (Baran, Rajasthan), Muradabadi Basmati 6465, Basmati 198, Basmati 217, Basmati 370 Bihar, Kasturi, Mahi Suganda, Pusa 1121, Pusa 1718, Pusa 1509, Pusa 1692, Pusa 1637, Pusa 1401.

Pakistani varieties[edit]

Basmati 370 (Pak Basmati), Super Basmati (Best Aroma), Basmati Pak (Kernal), 386 or 1121 basmati rice,[34] Basmati 385, Basmati 515, Basmati 2000, Basmati 198 and Chanab Basmati.[35]

[edit]

In Indonesia, the variant of basmati called baroma (basmati aromatik; aromatic basmati) was launched in February 2019.[23] This variant could be grown in low-altitude terrain and managed to attract interest among potential middle-to-upper class consumers.[36]

In the United States, a variety of rice based on basmati called Texmati is grown in Texas. The rice is produced by RiceSelect,[37] previously owned by RiceTec (mentioned below).[38]

In Kenya, a rice variety called Pishori or Pisori is grown in the Mwea region.[39] The word Pishori is an alteration of the word Peshawari from where the basmati variety used to be exported to the countries of East Africa in the past.[40]

Basmati certification[edit]

The Basmati Mark is a DNA-fingerprinting-based certification done by the laboratory of Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF).[41]

On 15 February 2016, the Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), an autonomous organisation under the Department of Commerce in India, registered Basmati Rice as a product with Geographical Indication (GI).[42]

Adulteration[edit]

Difficulty in differentiating genuine basmati from other types of rice and the significant price difference between them has led fraudulent traders to adulterate basmati rice with crossbred basmati varieties and long-grain non-basmati varieties. In Britain, the Food Standards Agency found in 2005 that about half of all basmati rice sold was adulterated with other strains of long-grain rice, prompting rice importers to agree to a code of practice.[43] A 2010 UK test on rice supplied by wholesalers found 4 out of 15 samples had cheaper rice mixed with basmati, and one had no basmati at all.[44]

A PCR-based assay similar to DNA fingerprinting in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%.[45] Exporters of basmati rice use purity certificates based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments.[46] Based on this protocol, which was developed at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, the Indian company Labindia has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.[47]

Patent battle[edit]

In September 1997, an American company, RiceTec, was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,663,484 on «basmati rice lines and grains». The patent secures lines of basmati and basmati-like rice and ways of analyzing that rice. RiceTec, owned by Prince Hans-Adam of Liechtenstein, faced international outrage over allegations of biopiracy. It had also caused a brief diplomatic crisis between India and the United States, with India threatening to take the matter to the WTO as a violation of TRIPS, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Both voluntarily and due to review decisions by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, RiceTec lost or withdrew most of the claims of the patent, including, most importantly, the right to call their rice products basmati.[48] A more limited varietal patent was granted to RiceTec in 2001 on claims dealing with three strains of the rice developed by the company.[49][50]

See also[edit]

  • Ambemohar
  • Camargue red rice
  • Domsiah
  • Jasmine rice
  • List of rice varieties
  • Manoomin
  • Oryza sativa

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Kishor, DS; Seo, J; Chin, JH; Koh, HJ (2020). «Evaluation of Whole-Genome Sequence, Genetic Diversity, and Agronomic Traits of Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.)». Frontiers in Genetics. 11: 86. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.00086. PMC 7046879. PMID 32153645.
  2. ^ Big money in «specialty rices» Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)
  3. ^ «India Export Statistics». APEDA. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  4. ^ «Pakistani rice: Second to all». Dawn. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  5. ^ Rice Sales From India to Reach Record as Iran Boosts Reserve Archived 2017-05-21 at the Wayback Machine Bloomberg News (13 February 2014)
  6. ^ Madhya Pradesh loses GI tag claim for Basmati; India may ask Pakistan to check farming Archived 2019-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Financial Express (19 March 2018)
  7. ^ «Eligibility of a Rice Variety to be Notified as Basmati» (PDF). APEDA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  8. ^ «basmati». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  9. ^ VP Singh (2000). Aromatic Rices. International Rice Research Institute. pp. 135–36. ISBN 978-81-204-1420-4.
  10. ^ Daniel F. Robinson (2010). Confronting Biopiracy: Challenges, Cases and International Debates. Earthscan. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84977-471-0.
  11. ^ «Basmati rice industry may revive in next harvest 2016-17: Icra». Business Standard. Press Trust of India. 3 April 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  12. ^ «De prijs van basmati: witte rijst met een donkere rand». National Geographic Nederland/België. Archived from the original on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  13. ^ «The Price of Basmati». Journalism Grants. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  14. ^ «MP’s Basmati GI Tag Demand – Validity and Concerns». IAS Parliament. 18 July 2020.
  15. ^ «India’s to export record basmati rice in 2012/13». Reuters. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  16. ^ «India Export Statistics». agriexchange.apeda.gov.in. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  17. ^ a b «Rice Export from India». drdpat.bih.nic.in. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  18. ^ Rice export: ‘Pakistan has potential of $4b but barely touches $1b’ Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. The Express Tribune. 8 February 2012.
  19. ^ Global market: Pakistani basmati may slip down the pecking order Archived 2019-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. The Express Tribune. 19 July 2012.
  20. ^ Cheema, N., 2015. Inefficiencies in Basmati Trade in Pakistan. International Policy Digest, (7 Dec).[1] Archived 2019-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ U. S. Singh (2000). Aromatic Rices. IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). p. 137. ISBN 978-81-204-1420-4.
  22. ^ a b «Basmati exports plunge by 38pc in 1HFY21». Dawn. 9 February 2021.
  23. ^ a b Safitri, Kiki (16 January 2019). Winarto, Yudho (ed.). «Kemtan akan luncurkan varietas beras basmati bernama bamora». Kontan (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Grahanusa Mediatama. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  24. ^ «Kementan Berhasil Merakit Beras Basmati Asli Indonesia». Gatra (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  25. ^ «Traders call for easing ban on Basmati exports». Kathmandu Post. 12 July 2016.
  26. ^ «Sri Lankan Red Rice (Red Basmati Rice), Long Grain». Kalustyan’s. Archived from the original on 9 July 2020.
  27. ^ «Sri Lankan Red Basmati Rice 16oz | Snuk Foods, the Global Grocery».
  28. ^ Ratwatte, Milroy (26 February 2002). «Who says we can’t grow Basmathi?». The Island (Opinion). Archived from the original on 25 March 2003.
  29. ^ S. Wongpornchai; T. Sriseadka; S. Choonvisase (2003). «Identification and quantitation of the rice aroma compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, in bread flowers (Vallaris glabra Ktze)». J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2): 457–462. doi:10.1021/jf025856x. PMID 12517110.
  30. ^ Big money in «speciality rices» Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)
  31. ^ Fenaroli’s Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Sixth Edition, George A. Burdock (2009), CRC Press, ISBN 978-1420090772, p. 36
  32. ^ «The Science of Cooking Rice — Article». 7 July 2010.
  33. ^ «The Glycemic Index». Canadian Diabetes Association. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  34. ^ «Basmati Rice Price — 1121 Basmati Rice Price». Latif Rice Mills. Archived from the original on 29 May 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  35. ^ «Survey on Basmati Rice» (PDF). multimedia.food.gov.uk. March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  36. ^ «Indonesia Siap Produksi Massal Beras Premium Baroma». Republika. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  37. ^ Fiaz, N; Khalid, F; Sarwar, MA (2013). «Whiff of Pearls». Rice Plus Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016.
  38. ^ «RiceTec, Inc». Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  39. ^ Sanginga, P. C. (2009). Innovation Africa: Enriching Farmers’ Livelihoods. London: Earthscan. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-1-84407-671-0.
  40. ^ Lodhi, A.Y., 2019. «Linguistic and Cultural Contributions of Gujarat in Eastern Africa.» In Knowledge and the Indian Ocean (pp. 225-243). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland.
  41. ^ «Basmati Export Development Foundation». apeda.gov.in. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  42. ^ «Basmati Export Development Foundation».
  43. ^ British Retail Consortium (July 2005). Code of practice on Basmati rice Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ^ Rice, Tim (29 January 2010). «Probe finds fake basmati». This is Leicestershire. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  45. ^ Basmati rice collaborative trial — FA0110 Archived 2016-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. defra.gov.uk
  46. ^ Archak, Sunil et al. (2007). «High-throughput multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)» and Lakshminarayana, V. et al. (2007). «Capillary Electrophoresis Is Essential for Microsatellite Marker Based Detection and Quantification of Adulteration of Basmati Rice ( Oryza sativa)».
  47. ^ Basmati Testing — Basmati Verifiler Kit Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Labindia.
  48. ^ «Bid for patent for basmati rice hits a hurdle», The Hindu, 5 November 2006
  49. ^ «India-Pakistan battle on Basmati Rice» Archived 2021-08-01 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times
  50. ^ Rai, Saritha (2001-08-25). «India-U.S. Fight on Basmati Rice Is Mostly Settled». The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-05-03.

External links[edit]

Look up basmati in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

  • About patent dispute
  • China: India’s new basmati export destination
  • Basmati Rice Suppliers in USA
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Ударение в слове: басмати

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5 (1)

басма́ти

В данном слове ударение падает на слог с последней буквой А — басмАти.

разновидность ароматного риса с мелкими длинными зёрнами

Примеры предложений со словом басмати

  • — Салман Рушди, Дети полуночи
  • Рис из Патны, Басма́ти, Кашмира ежедневно свозится в метрополию, а наш собственный местный рис наложил свой отпечаток на всех нас, так что не напрасно был он собран и обмолочен.

С таким же концом:амати

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Источник

басмати

басмати
басмати

     Сорт риса из Азии. Зерна длинные, желтоватые. Бывает нешлифованный, полированный и суприм. После варки остается рассыпчатым

* * *

(Источник: «Объединенный словарь кулинарных терминов»)

Басмати

Басмати — ароматный длинозерный рис, широко используемый в Индии. Его уже много тысяч лет выращивают в пределах Индии.

Словарь кулинарных терминов.
2012.

.

Смотреть что такое «басмати» в других словарях:

  • басмати — сущ., кол во синонимов: 1 • рис (12) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 …   Словарь синонимов

  • рис басмати —      Продолговатый рис с ореховым вкусом * * * (Источник: «Объединенный словарь кулинарных терминов») …   Кулинарный словарь

  • Биопиратство — Биопиратство  практика патентования и использования в коммерческих целях различных медицинских, сельскохозяйственных и прочих ноу хау, являющихся достоянием аборигенных культур, без разрешения представителей данных культур и без выплаты им… …   Википедия

  • Бирьяни — Хайдарабадское бирьяни с другими блюдами индийской кухни Бирьяни или бирияни (урду …   Википедия

  • ПАКИСТАН — Исламская Республика Пакистан, государство в Южной Азии, относящееся к числу десяти самых населенных стран мира. Образовалось в 1947, когда произошел раздел Индии. Пакистан в современных границах существует с 1971. Пакистан. Столица Исламабад.… …   Энциклопедия Кольера

  • Пакистан — Исламская Республика Пакистан, гос во в Юж. Азии. Гос во Пакистан образовано в 1947 г., но его название было предложено еще в 1931 г. По замыслу автора оно имеет двоякую расшифровку. При чтении по буквам: П Пенджаб, А Афгания (Северо Западная… …   Географическая энциклопедия

  • Рис (раст. сем. злаков) — ? Рис Рис посевной Научная классификация Царство: Растения Отдел: Покрытосеменные Класс …   Википедия

  • Сарацинское пшено — ? Рис Рис посевной Научная классификация Царство: Растения Отдел: Покрытосеменные Класс …   Википедия

  • Рис посевной — Общий вид растения …   Википедия

  • рис — (белое, жемчужное) зерно, сарацинское пшено, цицания, чалтык, тускарора, шала, падди Словарь русских синонимов. рис белое зерно, сарацинское пшено (устар.) Словарь синонимов русского языка. Практический справочник. М.: Русский язык. З. Е.… …   Словарь синонимов

Источник
Рис басмати
Хима и рис басмати.jpg

Коричневый обычный рис (слева) по сравнению с коричневым рисом басмати
Род Ориза
Источник Индийский субконтинент

Приготовленный белый рис басмати.

Басмати (произносится как IPA:  [baːsmət̪i] ) — разновидность длиннозернистого ароматного риса, традиционно выращиваемого в Индии , Непале и Пакистане . [1] По состоянию на 2019 год на Индию приходилось 65% международной торговли рисом басмати, а на Пакистан — остальные 35%. [2] [3] Многие страны используют выращиваемый внутри страны рис басмати; [4] однако, басмати географически исключительно в некоторых районах Индии и Пакистана. [5]

По данным индийского правительственного агентства APEDA, сорт риса может называться басмати, если он имеет минимальную среднюю длину предварительно приготовленного измельченного риса 6,61 мм (0,260 дюйма) и среднюю ширину предварительно приготовленного измельченного риса до 2 мм (0,079 дюйма). среди прочих параметров. [6]

История и этимология

этимология

Корни слова басмати — санскритские вас (аромат) и майуп (укоренившийся). В сочетании майуп превращается в мати , давая васмати . [7] [8] [9] [10]

Согласно Оксфордскому словарю английского языка , слово «басмати» происходит от хинди बासमती , bāsmatī , что буквально означает «ароматный». [11]

Басмати иногда пишется по-разному и пишется как bans-matti, bansumutti, bansmatti, bansumutte, basmatte . [9]

История

Считается, что рис басмати выращивали на Индийском субконтиненте на протяжении веков. [9] [12]

Производство и выращивание

На Индию приходится более 70% мирового производства риса басмати. [13] Небольшая часть этого выращивается органически . Такие организации, как Kheti Virasat Mission , пытаются увеличить количество органического риса басмати, выращиваемого в Пенджабе в Индии. [14] [15]

В Индии

Области, которые имеют тег GI для производства риса басмати в Индии, находятся в штатах Пенджаб , Харьяна , Химачал-Прадеш , Дели , Уттаракханд , Западный Уттар-Прадеш и Джамму и Кашмир . [16] Общий объем производства басмати в Индии за урожай с июля 2011 г. по июнь 2012 г. составил пять миллионов тонн. [17] С апреля 2018 года по март 2019 года Индия экспортировала 4,4 миллиона метрических тонн риса басмати. [18]В 2015–2016 годах Саудовская Аравия, Иран и ОАЭ были тремя крупнейшими направлениями экспорта индийского риса басмати, и на экспорт в эти три страны приходилось более половины всего экспорта басмати Индии. [19] В 2015–2016 годах из Индии был экспортирован рис басмати на сумму 3,4 миллиарда долларов США. [19]

В Пакистане

По данным ФАО, первоначальный басматический район Пакистана находится в чаше Калар между реками Рави и Ченаб. Почти все выращивание басмати происходит в провинции Пенджаб , где общий объем производства в 2010 году составил 2,47 миллиона тонн. [20] [21] [22] [23] В 2020 финансовом году экспорт басмати составил 890 207 тонн на сумму 790 миллионов долларов. [24] В общем объеме экспорта басмати доля Европы составляет 40%, а остальные экспортируются в страны Персидского залива, Австралию и США. [24] Басмати пакистанского происхождения также пользуется преимуществом на европейских рынках, поскольку уровень пестицидов ниже в соответствии со стандартом Европейского Союза по сравнению с более высокими уровнями, обнаруженными в других странах-экспортерах. [24]

В Индонезии

Индонезия производила свой собственный местный вариант басмати на Западной Яве и в Центральном Калимантане с производственной мощностью до 8,2 тонны на гектар. [25] Семена басмати были впервые привезены из Пакистана в 2007 году, однако семена не удалось вырастить из-за несовместимости почвы. В 2017 году Министерству сельского хозяйства удалось произвести и вырастить гибрид басмати и местного риса [26] .

В Непале

Рис басмати производится в основном в районе Тераи в Непале и в некоторых частях долины Катманду . Экспорт уникальных непальских сортов риса басмати в другие части мира был запрещен, хотя этот запрет мог быть снят. [27]

На Шри-Ланке

Небольшие количества риса басмати, особенно красного риса басмати, выращивают в районах тропической влажной зоны Шри-Ланки . [28] [29] [30]

Аромат и вкус

Рис басмати имеет типичный вкус пандана ( листьев Pandanus amaryllifolius ), вызванный ароматическим соединением 2-ацетил-1-пирролином . [31] Зерна басмати содержат около 0,09 частей на миллион этого ароматического химического соединения, что примерно в 12 раз больше, чем в сортах риса, не содержащих басмати, что придает басмати характерный аромат и вкус. [32] Этот естественный аромат также содержится в сыре, фруктах и ​​других злаках. Это ароматизатор, одобренный в США и Европе, и используется в хлебобулочных изделиях для придания аромата. [33]

Во время приготовления снижается уровень 2-ацетил-1-пирролина. Замачивание риса на 30 минут перед приготовлением позволяет сократить время приготовления на 20% и сохранить больше 2-ацетил-1-пирролина. [34]

Гликемический индекс

По данным Канадской диабетической ассоциации , басмати, коричневый, дикий, короткозерный и длиннозерный рис имеет «средний» гликемический индекс (от 56 до 69), в отличие от жасмина и белого риса быстрого приготовления с гликемическим индексом 89, что делает его больше подходит для диабетиков по сравнению с некоторыми другими крупами и продуктами из белой муки. [35]

Сорта и гибриды

Изображение с высоким разрешением зерна коричневого риса басмати.

Существует несколько разновидностей риса басмати. Традиционные индийские типы включают басмати 370, басмати 385 и басмати Ранбирсингхпура (RSPura) и район Гуджар Чак в провинции Джамму, расположенный на индийско-пакистанской границе в штате Джамму и Кашмир в Индии. 1121 и Мурадабади 6465 Сверхдлиннозернистый рис. Пакистанские сорта риса басмати: PK 385, рис басмати Super Kernel и D-98.

Ученые из Индийского института сельскохозяйственных исследований в Дели использовали обычную селекцию растений для получения гибридного полукарликового растения, которое обладало большинством хороших характеристик традиционного басмати (удлинение зерна, аромат, содержание щелочи). Этот гибрид получил название Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1; также называется «Тодал», потому что у цветка есть ости ); урожайность в два раза выше, чем у традиционных сортов. Ароматный рис, полученный из сырья басмати, но не являющийся настоящими сортами басмати, включает PB2 (также называемый sugandh-2), PB3 и RS-10.

Разрешенные сорта

Басмати, P3 Пенджаб , тип III Уттар-Прадеш , hbc-19 Сафидон , 386 Харьяна , Кастури (Баран, Раджастхан), Мурадабади Басмати 6465, Басмати 198, Басмати 217, Басмати 370 Бихар, Кастури, Махи Суганда, Пуса 1121 .

Индийские сорта

Басмати, P3 Пенджаб , тип III Уттар-Прадеш , hbc-19 Сафидон , 386 Харьяна , Кастури (Баран, Раджастхан), Мурадабади Басмати 6465, Басмати 198, Басмати 217, Басмати 370 Бихар, Кастури, Махи Суганда, Пуса 1121 .

Пакистанские сорта

Басмати 370 (Пак Басмати), Супер Басмати (Лучший Аромат), Басмати Пак (Кернал), 386 или 1121 рис басмати, [36] Басмати 385, Басмати 515, Басмати 2000, Басмати 198 и Чанаб Басмати. [37]

В Индонезии вариант басмати под названием барома ( басмати ароматик ; ароматный басмати) был запущен в феврале 2019 года. [25] Этот вариант можно было выращивать в низкогорной местности, и ему удалось привлечь интерес потенциальных потребителей среднего и высшего класса. [38]

В США в Техасе выращивают сорт риса на основе басмати под названием Тексмати . [39]

В Кении в регионе Мвеа выращивают сорт риса под названием Писори или Писори . [40] Слово «Пишори» является искажением слова «Пешавари», откуда в прошлом разновидность басмати импортировалась в страны Восточной Африки. [41]

Сертификация басмати

«Знак басмати» — это сертификация на основе ДНК-отпечатков пальцев, проводимая лабораторией Фонда развития экспорта басмати (BEDF). [42]

15 февраля 2016 года Управление по развитию экспорта сельскохозяйственных и переработанных пищевых продуктов (APEDA), автономная организация при Министерстве торговли Индии, зарегистрировало рис басмати в качестве продукта с географическим указанием (GI). [43]

Фальсификация

Трудность отличить настоящий рис басмати от других видов риса и значительная разница в цене между ними привели к тому, что мошенники подделывают рис басмати гибридными сортами басмати и длиннозерными сортами, не относящимися к басмати. В Великобритании Агентство по пищевым стандартам обнаружило в 2005 году, что около половины всего продаваемого риса басмати было фальсифицировано другими сортами длиннозерного риса, что побудило импортеров риса согласиться с кодексом практики. [44] Проведенный в Великобритании в 2010 году анализ риса, поставляемого оптовиками, показал, что в 4 из 15 образцов был более дешевый рис, смешанный с басмати, а в одном басмати не было вовсе. [45]

Анализ на основе ПЦР , аналогичный дактилоскопии ДНК у людей, позволяет обнаруживать фальсифицированные и не басмати штаммы с пределом обнаружения от 1% фальсификации и выше с частотой ошибок ± 1,5%. [46] Экспортеры риса басмати используют «сертификаты чистоты», основанные на тестах ДНК для своих партий риса басмати. [47] На основе этого протокола, разработанного в Центре ДНК-дактилоскопии и диагностики , индийская компания Labindia выпустила наборы для обнаружения фальсификации басмати. [48]

Патентная битва

В сентябре 1997 года американская компания RiceTec получила патент США № 5 663 484 на «линии и зерна риса басмати». Патент защищает линии риса басмати и риса, подобного басмати, и способы анализа этого риса. Компания RiceTec, принадлежащая принцу Лихтенштейна Хансу — Адаму , столкнулась с международным возмущением в связи с обвинениями в биопиратстве . Это также вызвало кратковременный дипломатический кризис между Индией и Соединенными Штатами, когда Индия пригрозила передать этот вопрос в ВТО как нарушение ТРИПС . Как добровольно, так и в связи с рассмотрением решений Ведомства по патентам и товарным знакам США ., RiceTec потеряла или отозвала большинство притязаний на патент, включая, что наиболее важно, право называть свои рисовые продукты «басмати». [49] Более ограниченный сортовой патент был выдан RiceTec в 2001 году на претензии, касающиеся трех сортов риса, разработанных компанией. [50]

Смотрите также

  • Амбемохар
  • Камарг красный рис
  • Домсия
  • жасминовый рис
  • Список сортов риса
  • Манумин
  • Ориза сатива

Ссылки

  1. ↑ Большие деньги на «специальном рисе» Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация Объединенных Наций (2002 г.)
  2. ^ «Статистика экспорта Индии» . АПЕДА . Проверено 11 июля 2019 г. .
  3. ^ «Пакистанский рис: второй после всех» . Рассвет . 8 апреля 2019 г. . Проверено 11 июля 2019 г. .
  4. ↑ Продажи риса из Индии достигнут рекорда, поскольку Иран увеличивает резервы Bloomberg (13 февраля 2014 г.)
  5. ↑ Мадхья-Прадеш теряет претензию на тег GI для басмати; Индия может попросить Пакистан проверить сельское хозяйство Financial Express (19 марта 2018 г.)
  6. ^ «Право на то, чтобы сорт риса был зарегистрирован как басмати» (PDF) . АПЕДА. Архивировано (PDF) из оригинала 20 декабря 2019 г .. Проверено 2 февраля 2020 г. .
  7. ^ Сингх, Виджайпал; Сингх, Ашок Кумар; Мохапатра, Трилочан; С., Гопала Кришнан; Эллур, Ранджит Кумар (9 апреля 2018 г.). «Пуса Басмати 1121 — сорт риса с исключительным удлинением ядра и увеличением объема после варки» . Рис . 11 (1): 19. doi : 10.1186/s12284-018-0213-6 . ISSN 1939-8433 . ПМС 5890003 . PMID 29629488 .   
  8. ^ Сиддик, EA; Вемиредди, LR; Нагараджу, Дж. (1 марта 2012 г.). «Рис басмати: генетика, селекция и торговля» . Сельскохозяйственные исследования . 1 (1): 25–36. doi : 10.1007/s40003-011-0011-5 . ISSN 2249-7218 . 
  9. ^ a b c В. П. Сингх (2000). Ароматный рис . Международный научно-исследовательский институт риса . стр. 135–36. ISBN 978-81-204-1420-4.
  10. ^ Кишор, Д.С.; Со, Чонхван; Чин, Джун Хён; Ко, Хи-Чжон (2020). «Оценка последовательности всего генома, генетического разнообразия и агрономических признаков риса басмати (Oryza sativa L.)» . Границы генетики . 11 : 86. doi : 10.3389/fgene.2020.00086 . ISSN 1664-8021 . ПВК 7046879 . PMID 32153645 .   
  11. Викискладе есть медиафайлы по теме басмати . Оксфордский словарь английского языка (онлайн-изд.). Издательство Оксфордского университета . (Требуется подписка или членство в участвующей организации .)
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  16. ↑ Парламент (18 июля 2020 г.). «Требование члена парламента к тегу Basmati GI — достоверность и опасения» . Иас парламент .
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  19. ^ a b «Экспорт риса из Индии» . drdpat.bih.nic.in . Проверено 2 февраля 2020 г. .
  20. ↑ Экспорт риса: «Пакистан имеет потенциал в 4 миллиарда долларов, но едва достигает 1 миллиарда долларов» . Экспресс-трибуна. 8 февраля 2012 г.
  21. ^ Мировой рынок: пакистанский басмати может ускользнуть из иерархии . Экспресс-трибуна. 19 июля 2012 г.
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  23. ^ США Сингх (2000). Ароматный рис . Междунар. Райс Рез. Инст. п. 137. ISBN 978-81-204-1420-4.
  24. ^ a b c «Экспорт басмати упал на 38% в 1HF21» . 9 февраля 2021 г.
  25. ^ a b Mediatama, Grahanusa (16 января 2019 г.). «Кемтан акан лункуркан вариетас берас басмати бернама бамора» . kontan.co.id (на индонезийском языке) . Проверено 31 января 2019 г. .
  26. ^ ГАТРАком. «Gatracom — Кементан Берхасил Меракит Берас Басмати Асли Индонезия» . www.gatra.com (на индонезийском языке) . Проверено 31 января 2019 г. .
  27. ^ «Торговцы призывают к смягчению запрета на экспорт басмати» . Почта Катманду . 12 июля 2016 г.
  28. ^ https://foodsofnations.com/product/raw-red-rice-srilankan/
  29. ^ «Шри-ланкийский красный рис басмати, 16 унций | Snuk Foods, глобальная бакалея» .
  30. ^ http://www.island.lk/2002/02/26/opinio03.html
  31. ^ С. Вонгпорнчай; Т. Шрисеадка; С. Чунвисасе (2003). «Идентификация и количественный анализ ароматического соединения риса, 2-ацетил-1-пирролина, в цветках хлеба ( Vallaris glabra Ktze )». Дж. Агрик. Пищевая хим . 51 (2): 457–462. дои : 10.1021/jf025856x . PMID 12517110 . 
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  33. ↑ Справочник Fenaroli по ароматизирующим ингредиентам, шестое издание, Джордж А. Бердок (2009), CRC Press, ISBN 978-1420090772 , с. 36 
  34. ^ «Наука приготовления риса — статья» . 7 июля 2010 г.
  35. ^ «Гликемический индекс» . Канадская диабетическая ассоциация . Проверено 30 августа 2018 г.
  36. ^ «Цена на рис басмати — 1121 цена на рис басмати» . Latifricemills.com. Архивировано из оригинала 29 мая 2017 года . Проверено 9 июля 2018 г.
  37. ^ «Обзор риса басмати» (PDF) . media.food.gov.uk . Март 2004 г. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 31 мая 2014 г .. Проверено 11 сентября 2013 г.
  38. ^ «Индонезия Siap Produksi Massal Beras Premium Baroma» . Республика Онлайн . 23 января 2019 г. . Проверено 31 января 2019 г. .
  39. ^ Фиаз, Н.; Халид, Ф; Сарвар, Массачусетс (2013). «Веяние жемчуга» . Журнал «Рис плюс» , ojs.irp.edu.pk. Архивировано из оригинала 2 октября 2016 года.
  40. ^ Сангинга, ПК (2009). Инновации в Африке: улучшение средств к существованию фермеров . Лондон: Earthscan. стр. 301–302. ISBN 978-1-84407-671-0.
  41. ↑ Lodhi, AY, 2019. «Лингвистический и культурный вклад Гуджарата в Восточную Африку». В книге «Знания и Индийский океан » (стр. 225–243). Палгрейв Макмиллан, Cham.
  42. ^ «Фонд развития экспорта басмати» . apeda.gov.in . Проверено 21 марта 2018 г.
  43. ^ «Фонд развития экспорта басмати» .
  44. ↑ Британский консорциум розничной торговли (июль 2005 г.). Свод правил по рису басмати . Архивировано 4 марта 2016 г. в Wayback Machine .
  45. ↑ Райс, Тим (29 января 2010 г.). «Зонд обнаружил поддельный басмати» . Это Лестершир. Архивировано из оригинала 5 мая 2013 года . Проверено 11 сентября 2013 г.
  46. ^ Совместное испытание риса басмати — FA0110 . defra.gov.uk
  47. ^ Арчак, Сунил и др. (2007). «Высокопроизводительный мультиплексный анализ микросателлитных маркеров для обнаружения и количественного определения фальсификации риса басмати (Oryza sativa)» и Lakshminarayana, V. et al. (2007). «Капиллярный электрофорез необходим для обнаружения на основе микросателлитных маркеров и количественной оценки фальсификации риса басмати ( Oryza sativa )» .
  48. ↑ Basmati Testing — Basmati Verifiler Kit . Архивировано 4 апреля 2008 г. в Wayback Machine . Лабиндия.
  49. ^ «Заявка на патент на рис басмати сталкивается с препятствием» , The Hindu , 5 ноября 2006 г.
  50. ^ «Индийско-пакистанская битва за рис басмати» , The New York Times

Внешние ссылки

  • О патентном споре
  • Китай: новое направление экспорта басмати в Индию
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