Шалом или шолом как правильно пишется

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Shalom (Hebrew: שָׁלוֹם šālōm; also spelled as sholom, sholem, sholoim, shulem) is a Hebrew word meaning peace, harmony, wholeness, completeness, prosperity, welfare and tranquility and can be used idiomatically to mean both hello and goodbye.^[1][2]

As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between a person and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. The word shalom is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is salaam, sliem in Maltese, Shlama in Syriac-Assyrian and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto-Semitic root Š-L-M.

Etymology[edit]

In Hebrew, words are built on «roots», generally of three consonants. When the root consonants appear with various vowels and additional letters, a variety of words, often with some relation in meaning, can be formed from a single root. Thus from the root sh-l-m come the words shalom («peace, well-being»), hishtalem («it was worth it»), shulam («was paid for»), meshulam («paid for in advance»), mushlam («perfect»), and shalem («whole»).

In translations of the Bible, shalom may be translated as peace (English), paz (Spanish and Portuguese), paix (French), pace (Italian), or pax (Latin).^[relevant?] The concept of peace is important in Christianity.^[relevant?]

Biblically, shalom is seen in reference to the well-being of others (Genesis 43:27, Exodus 4:18), to treaties (I Kings 5:12), and in prayer for the wellbeing of cities or nations (Psalm 122:6, Jeremiah 29:7).

The meaning of completeness, central to the term shalom, can also be confirmed in related terms found in other Semitic languages. The Assyrian term salamu means to be complete, unharmed, paid/atoned. Sulmu, another Assyrian term, means welfare. A closer relation to the idea of shalom as concept and action is seen in the Arabic root salaam, meaning to be safe, secure and forgiven, among other things.

In expressions[edit]

The word «shalom» can be used for all parts of speech; as a noun, adjective, verb, adverb, and interjection. It categorizes all shaloms. The word shalom is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:

• Shalom by itself is a very common abbreviation and it is used in Modern Israeli Hebrew as a greeting, to which the common reply is, Shalom, Shalom. It is also used as a farewell. In this way it is similar to the Hawaiian aloha, the English good evening and the Indian namaste. Also in Israel, «bye» (English) and «yallah bye» (a mixture of Arabic and English) is popular.
• Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם‎; «well-being be upon you» or «may you be well»), this expression is used to greet others and is a Hebrew equivalent of «hello». The appropriate response to such a greeting is «upon you be well-being» ( עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, aleichem shalom). This is a cognate of the Arabic Assalamu alaikum. On the eve of Shabbat, Jews have a custom of singing a song which is called Shalom Alechem, before the Kiddush over wine of the Shabbat dinner is recited.
  • In the Gospels, Jesus often uses the greeting «Peace be unto you» (e.g., Matthew 10:12), a translation of shalom aleichem. See Pax (liturgy).
• Shabbat shalom (שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם‎) is a common greeting used on Shabbat. This is most prominent in areas with Mizrahi, Sephardi, or modern Israeli influence. Many Ashkenazi communities in the Jewish diaspora use Yiddish Gut shabbes in preference or interchangeably.
• Ma sh’lom’cha (מַה שְׁלוֹמְךָ‎; «what is your well-being/peace?») is a Hebrew equivalent of the English «how are you?». This is the form addressed to an individual male. The form for addressing an individual female is Ma sh’lomech? For addressing several females, Ma sh’lomchen? For a group of males or a mixed-gender group, Ma sh’lomchem?
• Alav hashalom (עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם‎; «upon him is peace») is a phrase used in some Jewish communities, especially Ashkenazi ones, after mentioning the name of a deceased respected individual.
• Oseh shalom is the part of a passage commonly found as a concluding sentence in much Jewish liturgy (including the birkat hamazon, kaddish and personal amidah prayers). The full sentence is עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם עַלֵינוּ, וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן‎ (Oseh shalom bimromav, hu ya’aseh shalom aleynu, ve’al kol Yisrael ve’imru amen), which translates to English as «He who makes peace in His heights may He make peace upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen.» It originates from Job 25:2.^[3]

Jewish religious principle[edit]

In Judaism, Shalom (peace), is one of the underlying principles of the Torah: «Her ways are pleasant ways and all her paths are shalom (peace)».^[4]» The Talmud explains, «The entire Torah is for the sake of the ways of shalom».^[5] Maimonides comments in his Mishneh Torah: «Great is peace, as the whole Torah was given in order to promote peace in the world, as it is stated, ‘Her ways are pleasant ways and all her paths are peace'».^[6]

In the book Not the Way It’s Supposed to Be: A Breviary of Sin, Christian author Cornelius Plantinga described the biblical concept of shalom:

The webbing together of God, humans, and all creation in justice, fulfillment, and delight is what the Hebrew prophets call shalom. We call it peace but it means far more than mere peace of mind or a cease-fire between enemies. In the Bible, shalom means universal flourishing, wholeness and delight – a rich state of affairs in which natural needs are satisfied and natural gifts fruitfully employed, a state of affairs that inspires joyful wonder as its Creator and Savior opens doors and welcomes the creatures in whom he delights. Shalom, in other words, is the way things ought to be.^[7]

Use as name[edit]

Name for God[edit]

The Talmud says, «the name of God is ‘Peace'», therefore, one is not permitted to greet another with the word ‘shalom’ in places such as a bathroom.^[8]

Biblical references lead some Christians to teach that «Shalom» is one of the sacred names of God.^{[9][10][11][12]}

Name for people[edit]

Shalom is also common in modern Hebrew in Israel, as a given name or a surname. It is usually used by men as a given name but there are women named Shalom as well such as the model Shalom Harlow.

• Related male names include Shlomo (English spelling: Solomon) and Shlomi.
• Related female names include Shulamit, Shulamith, Shlomtzion or Shlomzion and Salome and Shlomith.
• Sholem Aleichem was the pseudonym of Shalom Rabinowitz, whose work Tevye and his Daughters formed the basis for Fiddler on the Roof.

Name of organizations[edit]

Shalom can be part of an organization’s name.

For example, the names of the following organizations and places refer to «peace» between Israel and its Arab neighbors:

• Brit Tzedek v’Shalom
• Brit Shalom
• Gush Shalom
• Hevel Shalom
• Neve Shalom
• Shalom Achshav
• Shalom Sesame

Name of synagogues or structures[edit]

Shalom is used as part of other names, such as for synagogues, as in:

• Beth Shalom (in various places, whose names begin with «Beth Shalom»)
• Neve Shalom Synagogue in Istanbul, Turkey
• Shalom Park in Charlotte, North Carolina and Denver, Colorado
• Shalom Meir Tower in Tel Aviv, Israel
• Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, California

Name of events[edit]

• The 1982 Lebanon War is known in Hebrew as Milchemet Shlom Hagalil (Hebrew: מלחמת שלום הגליל‎), which means in English, «The War for the Shalom (or Well-Being) of the Galilee».

Other[edit]

• SS Shalom, an ocean liner operated by Zim Lines, Israel 1964–1967.
• Shalom (newspaper), a Jewish newspaper established in Tehran, Iran in 1915
• Şalom is a Jewish weekly newspaper published in Istanbul, Turkey in Turkish and one page in Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish). (The Turkish letter ş is pronounced /ʃ/, like English sh or Hebrew ש.)
• «Shalom» is a song by Voltaire, on the CD The Devil’s Bris.
• «Shalom» is a song by THePETEBOX.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Eirene, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
• Eirene, shalóm, and shalám, Nueva Concordancia Strong Exhaustiva (Miami, FL: Editorial Caribe, 2002).
• Eirene, shalom, and shalam, The New Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990).
• Paz, Diccionario de la Lengua Española (Madrid, Spain: Real Academia Española, 2001).
• Paz, Nuevo Diccionario Bíblico (Downers Grove, IL: Ediciones Certeza, 1991).
• Shalom, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2003)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Shalom (Hebrew: שָׁלוֹם šālōm; also spelled as sholom, sholem, sholoim, shulem) is a Hebrew word meaning peace, harmony, wholeness, completeness, prosperity, welfare and tranquility and can be used idiomatically to mean both hello and goodbye.^[1][2]

As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between a person and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. The word shalom is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is salaam, sliem in Maltese, Shlama in Syriac-Assyrian and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto-Semitic root Š-L-M.

Etymology[edit]

In Hebrew, words are built on «roots», generally of three consonants. When the root consonants appear with various vowels and additional letters, a variety of words, often with some relation in meaning, can be formed from a single root. Thus from the root sh-l-m come the words shalom («peace, well-being»), hishtalem («it was worth it»), shulam («was paid for»), meshulam («paid for in advance»), mushlam («perfect»), and shalem («whole»).

In translations of the Bible, shalom may be translated as peace (English), paz (Spanish and Portuguese), paix (French), pace (Italian), or pax (Latin).^[relevant?] The concept of peace is important in Christianity.^[relevant?]

Biblically, shalom is seen in reference to the well-being of others (Genesis 43:27, Exodus 4:18), to treaties (I Kings 5:12), and in prayer for the wellbeing of cities or nations (Psalm 122:6, Jeremiah 29:7).

The meaning of completeness, central to the term shalom, can also be confirmed in related terms found in other Semitic languages. The Assyrian term salamu means to be complete, unharmed, paid/atoned. Sulmu, another Assyrian term, means welfare. A closer relation to the idea of shalom as concept and action is seen in the Arabic root salaam, meaning to be safe, secure and forgiven, among other things.

In expressions[edit]

The word «shalom» can be used for all parts of speech; as a noun, adjective, verb, adverb, and interjection. It categorizes all shaloms. The word shalom is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:

• Shalom by itself is a very common abbreviation and it is used in Modern Israeli Hebrew as a greeting, to which the common reply is, Shalom, Shalom. It is also used as a farewell. In this way it is similar to the Hawaiian aloha, the English good evening and the Indian namaste. Also in Israel, «bye» (English) and «yallah bye» (a mixture of Arabic and English) is popular.
• Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם‎; «well-being be upon you» or «may you be well»), this expression is used to greet others and is a Hebrew equivalent of «hello». The appropriate response to such a greeting is «upon you be well-being» ( עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, aleichem shalom). This is a cognate of the Arabic Assalamu alaikum. On the eve of Shabbat, Jews have a custom of singing a song which is called Shalom Alechem, before the Kiddush over wine of the Shabbat dinner is recited.
  • In the Gospels, Jesus often uses the greeting «Peace be unto you» (e.g., Matthew 10:12), a translation of shalom aleichem. See Pax (liturgy).
• Shabbat shalom (שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם‎) is a common greeting used on Shabbat. This is most prominent in areas with Mizrahi, Sephardi, or modern Israeli influence. Many Ashkenazi communities in the Jewish diaspora use Yiddish Gut shabbes in preference or interchangeably.
• Ma sh’lom’cha (מַה שְׁלוֹמְךָ‎; «what is your well-being/peace?») is a Hebrew equivalent of the English «how are you?». This is the form addressed to an individual male. The form for addressing an individual female is Ma sh’lomech? For addressing several females, Ma sh’lomchen? For a group of males or a mixed-gender group, Ma sh’lomchem?
• Alav hashalom (עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם‎; «upon him is peace») is a phrase used in some Jewish communities, especially Ashkenazi ones, after mentioning the name of a deceased respected individual.
• Oseh shalom is the part of a passage commonly found as a concluding sentence in much Jewish liturgy (including the birkat hamazon, kaddish and personal amidah prayers). The full sentence is עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם עַלֵינוּ, וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן‎ (Oseh shalom bimromav, hu ya’aseh shalom aleynu, ve’al kol Yisrael ve’imru amen), which translates to English as «He who makes peace in His heights may He make peace upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen.» It originates from Job 25:2.^[3]

Jewish religious principle[edit]

In Judaism, Shalom (peace), is one of the underlying principles of the Torah: «Her ways are pleasant ways and all her paths are shalom (peace)».^[4]» The Talmud explains, «The entire Torah is for the sake of the ways of shalom».^[5] Maimonides comments in his Mishneh Torah: «Great is peace, as the whole Torah was given in order to promote peace in the world, as it is stated, ‘Her ways are pleasant ways and all her paths are peace'».^[6]

In the book Not the Way It’s Supposed to Be: A Breviary of Sin, Christian author Cornelius Plantinga described the biblical concept of shalom:

The webbing together of God, humans, and all creation in justice, fulfillment, and delight is what the Hebrew prophets call shalom. We call it peace but it means far more than mere peace of mind or a cease-fire between enemies. In the Bible, shalom means universal flourishing, wholeness and delight – a rich state of affairs in which natural needs are satisfied and natural gifts fruitfully employed, a state of affairs that inspires joyful wonder as its Creator and Savior opens doors and welcomes the creatures in whom he delights. Shalom, in other words, is the way things ought to be.^[7]

Use as name[edit]

Name for God[edit]

The Talmud says, «the name of God is ‘Peace'», therefore, one is not permitted to greet another with the word ‘shalom’ in places such as a bathroom.^[8]

Biblical references lead some Christians to teach that «Shalom» is one of the sacred names of God.^{[9][10][11][12]}

Name for people[edit]

Shalom is also common in modern Hebrew in Israel, as a given name or a surname. It is usually used by men as a given name but there are women named Shalom as well such as the model Shalom Harlow.

• Related male names include Shlomo (English spelling: Solomon) and Shlomi.
• Related female names include Shulamit, Shulamith, Shlomtzion or Shlomzion and Salome and Shlomith.
• Sholem Aleichem was the pseudonym of Shalom Rabinowitz, whose work Tevye and his Daughters formed the basis for Fiddler on the Roof.

Name of organizations[edit]

Shalom can be part of an organization’s name.

For example, the names of the following organizations and places refer to «peace» between Israel and its Arab neighbors:

• Brit Tzedek v’Shalom
• Brit Shalom
• Gush Shalom
• Hevel Shalom
• Neve Shalom
• Shalom Achshav
• Shalom Sesame

Name of synagogues or structures[edit]

Shalom is used as part of other names, such as for synagogues, as in:

• Beth Shalom (in various places, whose names begin with «Beth Shalom»)
• Neve Shalom Synagogue in Istanbul, Turkey
• Shalom Park in Charlotte, North Carolina and Denver, Colorado
• Shalom Meir Tower in Tel Aviv, Israel
• Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, California

Name of events[edit]

• The 1982 Lebanon War is known in Hebrew as Milchemet Shlom Hagalil (Hebrew: מלחמת שלום הגליל‎), which means in English, «The War for the Shalom (or Well-Being) of the Galilee».

Other[edit]

• SS Shalom, an ocean liner operated by Zim Lines, Israel 1964–1967.
• Shalom (newspaper), a Jewish newspaper established in Tehran, Iran in 1915
• Şalom is a Jewish weekly newspaper published in Istanbul, Turkey in Turkish and one page in Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish). (The Turkish letter ş is pronounced /ʃ/, like English sh or Hebrew ש.)
• «Shalom» is a song by Voltaire, on the CD The Devil’s Bris.
• «Shalom» is a song by THePETEBOX.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Eirene, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
• Eirene, shalóm, and shalám, Nueva Concordancia Strong Exhaustiva (Miami, FL: Editorial Caribe, 2002).
• Eirene, shalom, and shalam, The New Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990).
• Paz, Diccionario de la Lengua Española (Madrid, Spain: Real Academia Española, 2001).
• Paz, Nuevo Diccionario Bíblico (Downers Grove, IL: Ediciones Certeza, 1991).
• Shalom, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2003)

Shalom (שָׁלוֹם) (Sephardic Hebrew/Israeli Hebrew: Shalom; Ashkenazi Hebrew/Yiddish: Sholem or Shulem) is a Hebrew word meaning peace, completeness, and welfare and can be used idiomatically to mean both hello and goodbye.^[1][2][3] As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between man and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. The word is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is salaam, sliem in Maltese, Shlomo (ܫܠܡܐ) in Syriac-Assyrian and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto-Semitic root S-L-M.

Etymology

In Hebrew, the root of the word (usually in a three or occasionally four letter format), and depending on the vowels that are used, has several meanings (that are relevant to the general meaning of the word Shalom); as for example: One meaning is «Whole», another could be the actual verb «Pay» usually in command form. The conjugated verb has other spins that are worth noting, such as: «Hishtalem» meaning «it was worth it» or «Shulam» as «it was paid for» or «Meshulam» as in «paid in advance.» Hence one can jokingly say that, «when it’s paid-for then there is peace,» as in PEACE HAS A PRICE.

The Hebrew term shalom is roughly translated to Romance languages as peace [En.] (i.e. paz [Sp. and Pr.], paix [Fr.], pace [It.]), from the Latin pax. Pax, in Latin, means peace, but it was also used to mean truce or treaty. So, deriving from the definition and use in Latin, most Romance terms simply use the word peace to mean such, and also provides a relational application (be it personal, social or political) – a state of mind and affairs. Peace is an important word in the Christian sacred scriptures and liturgy. Eirene, the Greek term translated to peace, also means quietness and rest. Yet, the importance and transcendence of peace in Christian doctrine and theology might be better understood from the meaning and use of shalom.

Shalom, in the liturgy and in the transcendent message of the Christian scriptures, means more than a state of mind, of being or of affairs. Derived from the Hebrew root shalam – meaning to be safe or complete, and by implication, to be friendly or to reciprocate. Shalom, as term and message, seems to encapsulate a reality and hope of wholeness for the individual, within societal relations, and for the whole world. To say joy and peace, meaning a state of affairs where there is no dispute or war, does not begin to describe the sense of the term. Completeness seems to be at the center of shalom as we will see in the meaning of the term itself, in some derivatives from its root, shalam, in some examples of its uses in Jewish and Christian Scriptures, and in some homophone terms from other Semitic languages.

The noun shalom means safe, for example, well and happy. On a more abstract application, its use points to welfare, for example, health, prosperity, and, peace. It the verb form shalam, though, that provides a deeper understanding of this term in theology, doctrine, and liturgy. Literally translated, shalam signals to a state of safety, but figuratively it points to completeness. In its use in Scripture, shalom describes the actions that lead to a state of soundness, or better yet wholeness. So to say, shalom seems not to merely speak of a state of affairs, but describes a process, an activity, a movement towards fullness. Using the King James Version as reference, James Strong lists the rendering of shalom and shalam, among others, as:
• To make amends
• To make good
• To be (or to make) peace
• To restore
• Peace
• Prosperity
• Wellness
• Wholeness

The use of shalom in the Scriptures always points towards that transcendent action of wholeness. Shalom is seen in reference to the wellbeing of others (Genesis 43.27, Exodus 4.18), to treaties (I Kings 5.12), and in prayer for the wellbeing of cities or nations (Psalm 122.6, Jeremiah 29.7). Coincidentally, the root shalem, found in Jerusalem, means peaceful (yara to mean to lay or found). Yet, its transcendence lies in its relationship to truth and justice (Psalm 85.10, Isaiah 48.18, 22, 57.19-21). The wholeness of shalom, through justice and truth, inspires the words of hope for the work expected by the messiah, and to refer to its revelation as the time of peace (Haggai 2.7-9, Isaiah 2.2-4, 11.1-9), and to even grant this anointed one the title Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9.6, Micah 5.4-5a).

In the Christian Scriptures, the term eirene is employed to mean peace, but in its application, seeking for it the transcendence of its Hebrew counterpart, peace is better understood in relation to terms like grace (Romans 1.7), righteousness (Romans 14.17), and life (Romans 8.6). It is also employed in benedictions, like that in I Thessalonians 5.23 and Hebrews 13.20-21, perhaps making echo to prayers of peace common throughout the Hebrew Scriptures and Jewish benedictions (Numbers 6.22-27).

This sense of completeness, central to the term shalom could also be confirmed in homophonic terms found in other Semitic languages. The term shelam, of Chaldean origin, seems to mean both peace and restoration. Aramaic derivations of the terms shalom and shalam are said to mean peace, safety, completeness and welfare. The Assyrian term salamu means to be complete, unharmed, paid/atoned. Sulmu, another Assyrian term, means welfare. A closer relation to the idea of shalom as concept and action is seen in the Arabic root salaam. Meaning to be safe, secure, and forgiven, among other things. It also proposes a personal commitment to the concept, action, and transcendence of peace – Salaam is also the root for the terms Muslim and Islam, literally translated, he/she who submits to God and submission to God, respectively.

In expressions

The Word «shalom» can be used for all parts of speech; as a noun, adjective, verb, and as an adverb. It categorizes all shaloms. The word shalom is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:

• Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם; «well-being be upon you» or «may you be well»), this expression is used to greet others and is a Hebrew equivalent of «hello». Also, for example; «shabat shalom!» The appropriate response to such a greeting is «upon you be well-being» ( עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, aleichem shalom). This is a cognate of the Arabic Assalamu alaikum. On Erev Shabbat (Sabbath eve), Jewish people have a custom of singing a song which is called Shalom aleichem, before the Kiddush over wine of the Shabbat dinner is recited.
• In the Gospels, Jesus often uses the greeting «Peace be unto you,» a translation of shalom aleichem.
• Shalom by itself is a very common abbreviation and it is used in Modern Israeli Hebrew as a greeting, to which the common reply is, Shalom, Shalom. It is also used as a farewell. In this way it is similar to the Hawaiian aloha, the (rather old-fashioned) English good evening and the Indian namaste. Also in Israel, especially among secular people, «bye» (English) and «yallah bye» (a mixture of Arabic and English) is popular. Shalom is also used by Jewish people around the world, and even by many non-Jewish people.
• Shabbat shalom (שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם) is a common greeting used on Shabbat. This is most prominent in areas with Mizrahi, Sephardi, or modern Israeli influence. Many Ashkenazi communities in the Jewish diaspora use Yiddish Gut shabbes in preference or interchangeably.
• Ma sh’lom’cha (מַה שְׁלוֹמְךָ; «what is your well-being/peace?») is a Hebrew equivalent of the English «how are you?». This is the form addressed to a single male. The form for addressing a single female is Ma sh’lomech? For addressing several females, Ma sh’lomchen? For a group of males or a mixed-gender group, Ma sh’lomchem?
• Alav hashalom (עַלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם; «upon him is peace») is a phrase used in some Jewish communities, especially Ashkenazi ones, after mentioning the name of a deceased respected individual.
• Oseh shalom is the part of a passage commonly found as a concluding sentence in much Jewish liturgy (including the birkat hamazon, kaddish and personal amidah prayers). The full sentence is עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם עָלֵינוּ, וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן (Oseh shalom bimromav, hu ya’aseh shalom aleynu, ve’al kol Yisrael ve’imru amen), which translates to English as «He who makes peace in His heights may He make peace upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen.»
• The word Shalom is widely used in popular Israeli songs such as «In Our Garden,» «Ratziti Sheteda,» and «Shalom Chaverim.»
• U.S. President Bill Clinton ended his eulogy for Yitzhak Rabin with the words Shalom, chaver (Goodbye, friend).
• The word ‘Lom (and occasionally Sh’lom) have been used (especially by Jewish teenagers) as the contracted forms of Shalom in street slang.

Related words in Modern Hebrew include l’shalem (לְשַׁלֵּם), «to pay» and shalem (שָׁלֵם), «complete».

Use as a name

Shalom as a name for God

The Talmud says «the name of God is ‘Peace'» (Pereq ha-Shalom, Shab. 10b), (Judges 6:24); therefor, one is not permitted to greet another with the word shalom in unholy places such as a bathroom (Talmud, Shabbat, 10b).

Shalom as a name for people

Shalom is also common in modern Hebrew in Israel, as a given name or a surname. It is usually used by men as a given name but there are women named Shalom as well.

The name Shlomo, «His peace» (from shalom, Solomon, שלומו), refers to the God of Peace.

Related male names include Shlomi (Hebrew name) («my well-being») and Solomon (Hebrew Shlomo).

Related female names include Shulamit, Shulamith, Shlomtzion or Shlomzion and Salome and Shlomith.

As a name for organizations

Shalom can be part of an organization‘s name.

The name of the following organizations and places refer to «peace» between Israel and its Arab neighbors:

• Brit Tzedek v’Shalom
• Brit Shalom
• Gush Shalom
• Hevel Shalom
• Neve Shalom
• Shalom Achshav
• Shalom Sesame

As name for synagogues or structures

Shalom is used as part of other names, such as for synagogues, as in:

• Beth Sholom Synagogue in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania designed by famed architect, Frank Lloyd Wright
• Neve Shalom Synagogue in İstanbul, Turkey
• Shalom BC, Jewish Information and Referrals in Vancouver, Canada
• Shalom Park in Charlotte, North Carolina and Denver, Colorado
• Shalom Meir Tower in Tel Aviv, Israel
• Shalom Christian Academy in Marion, Pennsylvania
• Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, California

As the name for events

• The 1982 Lebanon War is known in Hebrew as Milhemeth Shlom Hagalil (Hebrew: מלחמת שלום הגליל), which means in English, «The War for the Shalom (or Well-Being) of the Galilee».

Other

• SS Shalom, an ocean liner operated by Zim Lines, Israel 1964-1967.
• Şalom is a Jewish weekly newspaper published in İstanbul, Turkey in Turkish and one page in Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish).
• Shalom is a song by Voltaire, on the CD The Devil’s Bris.

Notes

Shalom (שָׁלוֹם) (Sephardic Hebrew/Israeli Hebrew: Shalom; Ashkenazi Hebrew/Yiddish: Sholem or Shulem) is a Hebrew word meaning peace, completeness, and welfare and can be used idiomatically to mean both hello and goodbye.^[1][2][3] As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between man and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. The word is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is salaam, sliem in Maltese, Shlomo (ܫܠܡܐ) in Syriac-Assyrian and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto-Semitic root S-L-M.

Etymology

In Hebrew, the root of the word (usually in a three or occasionally four letter format), and depending on the vowels that are used, has several meanings (that are relevant to the general meaning of the word Shalom); as for example: One meaning is «Whole», another could be the actual verb «Pay» usually in command form. The conjugated verb has other spins that are worth noting, such as: «Hishtalem» meaning «it was worth it» or «Shulam» as «it was paid for» or «Meshulam» as in «paid in advance.» Hence one can jokingly say that, «when it’s paid-for then there is peace,» as in PEACE HAS A PRICE.

The Hebrew term shalom is roughly translated to Romance languages as peace [En.] (i.e. paz [Sp. and Pr.], paix [Fr.], pace [It.]), from the Latin pax. Pax, in Latin, means peace, but it was also used to mean truce or treaty. So, deriving from the definition and use in Latin, most Romance terms simply use the word peace to mean such, and also provides a relational application (be it personal, social or political) – a state of mind and affairs. Peace is an important word in the Christian sacred scriptures and liturgy. Eirene, the Greek term translated to peace, also means quietness and rest. Yet, the importance and transcendence of peace in Christian doctrine and theology might be better understood from the meaning and use of shalom.

Shalom, in the liturgy and in the transcendent message of the Christian scriptures, means more than a state of mind, of being or of affairs. Derived from the Hebrew root shalam – meaning to be safe or complete, and by implication, to be friendly or to reciprocate. Shalom, as term and message, seems to encapsulate a reality and hope of wholeness for the individual, within societal relations, and for the whole world. To say joy and peace, meaning a state of affairs where there is no dispute or war, does not begin to describe the sense of the term. Completeness seems to be at the center of shalom as we will see in the meaning of the term itself, in some derivatives from its root, shalam, in some examples of its uses in Jewish and Christian Scriptures, and in some homophone terms from other Semitic languages.

The noun shalom means safe, for example, well and happy. On a more abstract application, its use points to welfare, for example, health, prosperity, and, peace. It the verb form shalam, though, that provides a deeper understanding of this term in theology, doctrine, and liturgy. Literally translated, shalam signals to a state of safety, but figuratively it points to completeness. In its use in Scripture, shalom describes the actions that lead to a state of soundness, or better yet wholeness. So to say, shalom seems not to merely speak of a state of affairs, but describes a process, an activity, a movement towards fullness. Using the King James Version as reference, James Strong lists the rendering of shalom and shalam, among others, as:
• To make amends
• To make good
• To be (or to make) peace
• To restore
• Peace
• Prosperity
• Wellness
• Wholeness

The use of shalom in the Scriptures always points towards that transcendent action of wholeness. Shalom is seen in reference to the wellbeing of others (Genesis 43.27, Exodus 4.18), to treaties (I Kings 5.12), and in prayer for the wellbeing of cities or nations (Psalm 122.6, Jeremiah 29.7). Coincidentally, the root shalem, found in Jerusalem, means peaceful (yara to mean to lay or found). Yet, its transcendence lies in its relationship to truth and justice (Psalm 85.10, Isaiah 48.18, 22, 57.19-21). The wholeness of shalom, through justice and truth, inspires the words of hope for the work expected by the messiah, and to refer to its revelation as the time of peace (Haggai 2.7-9, Isaiah 2.2-4, 11.1-9), and to even grant this anointed one the title Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9.6, Micah 5.4-5a).

In the Christian Scriptures, the term eirene is employed to mean peace, but in its application, seeking for it the transcendence of its Hebrew counterpart, peace is better understood in relation to terms like grace (Romans 1.7), righteousness (Romans 14.17), and life (Romans 8.6). It is also employed in benedictions, like that in I Thessalonians 5.23 and Hebrews 13.20-21, perhaps making echo to prayers of peace common throughout the Hebrew Scriptures and Jewish benedictions (Numbers 6.22-27).

This sense of completeness, central to the term shalom could also be confirmed in homophonic terms found in other Semitic languages. The term shelam, of Chaldean origin, seems to mean both peace and restoration. Aramaic derivations of the terms shalom and shalam are said to mean peace, safety, completeness and welfare. The Assyrian term salamu means to be complete, unharmed, paid/atoned. Sulmu, another Assyrian term, means welfare. A closer relation to the idea of shalom as concept and action is seen in the Arabic root salaam. Meaning to be safe, secure, and forgiven, among other things. It also proposes a personal commitment to the concept, action, and transcendence of peace – Salaam is also the root for the terms Muslim and Islam, literally translated, he/she who submits to God and submission to God, respectively.

In expressions

The Word «shalom» can be used for all parts of speech; as a noun, adjective, verb, and as an adverb. It categorizes all shaloms. The word shalom is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:

• Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם; «well-being be upon you» or «may you be well»), this expression is used to greet others and is a Hebrew equivalent of «hello». Also, for example; «shabat shalom!» The appropriate response to such a greeting is «upon you be well-being» ( עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, aleichem shalom). This is a cognate of the Arabic Assalamu alaikum. On Erev Shabbat (Sabbath eve), Jewish people have a custom of singing a song which is called Shalom aleichem, before the Kiddush over wine of the Shabbat dinner is recited.
• In the Gospels, Jesus often uses the greeting «Peace be unto you,» a translation of shalom aleichem.
• Shalom by itself is a very common abbreviation and it is used in Modern Israeli Hebrew as a greeting, to which the common reply is, Shalom, Shalom. It is also used as a farewell. In this way it is similar to the Hawaiian aloha, the (rather old-fashioned) English good evening and the Indian namaste. Also in Israel, especially among secular people, «bye» (English) and «yallah bye» (a mixture of Arabic and English) is popular. Shalom is also used by Jewish people around the world, and even by many non-Jewish people.
• Shabbat shalom (שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם) is a common greeting used on Shabbat. This is most prominent in areas with Mizrahi, Sephardi, or modern Israeli influence. Many Ashkenazi communities in the Jewish diaspora use Yiddish Gut shabbes in preference or interchangeably.
• Ma sh’lom’cha (מַה שְׁלוֹמְךָ; «what is your well-being/peace?») is a Hebrew equivalent of the English «how are you?». This is the form addressed to a single male. The form for addressing a single female is Ma sh’lomech? For addressing several females, Ma sh’lomchen? For a group of males or a mixed-gender group, Ma sh’lomchem?
• Alav hashalom (עַלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם; «upon him is peace») is a phrase used in some Jewish communities, especially Ashkenazi ones, after mentioning the name of a deceased respected individual.
• Oseh shalom is the part of a passage commonly found as a concluding sentence in much Jewish liturgy (including the birkat hamazon, kaddish and personal amidah prayers). The full sentence is עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם עָלֵינוּ, וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן (Oseh shalom bimromav, hu ya’aseh shalom aleynu, ve’al kol Yisrael ve’imru amen), which translates to English as «He who makes peace in His heights may He make peace upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen.»
• The word Shalom is widely used in popular Israeli songs such as «In Our Garden,» «Ratziti Sheteda,» and «Shalom Chaverim.»
• U.S. President Bill Clinton ended his eulogy for Yitzhak Rabin with the words Shalom, chaver (Goodbye, friend).
• The word ‘Lom (and occasionally Sh’lom) have been used (especially by Jewish teenagers) as the contracted forms of Shalom in street slang.

Related words in Modern Hebrew include l’shalem (לְשַׁלֵּם), «to pay» and shalem (שָׁלֵם), «complete».

Use as a name

Shalom as a name for God

The Talmud says «the name of God is ‘Peace'» (Pereq ha-Shalom, Shab. 10b), (Judges 6:24); therefor, one is not permitted to greet another with the word shalom in unholy places such as a bathroom (Talmud, Shabbat, 10b).

Shalom as a name for people

Shalom is also common in modern Hebrew in Israel, as a given name or a surname. It is usually used by men as a given name but there are women named Shalom as well.

The name Shlomo, «His peace» (from shalom, Solomon, שלומו), refers to the God of Peace.

Related male names include Shlomi (Hebrew name) («my well-being») and Solomon (Hebrew Shlomo).

Related female names include Shulamit, Shulamith, Shlomtzion or Shlomzion and Salome and Shlomith.

As a name for organizations

Shalom can be part of an organization‘s name.

The name of the following organizations and places refer to «peace» between Israel and its Arab neighbors:

• Brit Tzedek v’Shalom
• Brit Shalom
• Gush Shalom
• Hevel Shalom
• Neve Shalom
• Shalom Achshav
• Shalom Sesame

As name for synagogues or structures

Shalom is used as part of other names, such as for synagogues, as in:

• Beth Sholom Synagogue in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania designed by famed architect, Frank Lloyd Wright
• Neve Shalom Synagogue in İstanbul, Turkey
• Shalom BC, Jewish Information and Referrals in Vancouver, Canada
• Shalom Park in Charlotte, North Carolina and Denver, Colorado
• Shalom Meir Tower in Tel Aviv, Israel
• Shalom Christian Academy in Marion, Pennsylvania
• Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, California

As the name for events

• The 1982 Lebanon War is known in Hebrew as Milhemeth Shlom Hagalil (Hebrew: מלחמת שלום הגליל), which means in English, «The War for the Shalom (or Well-Being) of the Galilee».

Other

• SS Shalom, an ocean liner operated by Zim Lines, Israel 1964-1967.
• Şalom is a Jewish weekly newspaper published in İstanbul, Turkey in Turkish and one page in Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish).
• Shalom is a song by Voltaire, on the CD The Devil’s Bris.

Notes

Шалом (иврит: שָׁלוֹם‎ шалом; также пишется как шолом, Шолом, шолоим, шулем) это иврит значение слова мир, гармония, целостность, полнота, процветание, благосостояние и спокойствие и может использоваться идиоматически для обозначения обоих Привет и до свидания.^[1][2]

Как это происходит в английский, он может относиться к мир между двумя организациями (особенно между человеком и Богом или между двумя странами) или для благополучия, благополучия или безопасности отдельного человека или группы людей. Слово шалом также встречается во многих других выражениях и именах. Его эквивалент родственный в арабский является салам, Sliem в Мальтийский, Шлама в Сирийско-ассирийский и Sälam в Эфиопские семитские языки из прото-семитских корень Š-L-M.

Этимология

В иврите слова построены на «корнях», как правило, из трех согласных. Когда корневые согласные появляются с различными гласными и дополнительными буквами, из одного корня можно образовать множество слов, часто с определенным соотношением значений. Таким образом из корня ш-л-м пришли слова шалом («мир, благополучие»), Хишталем («это стоило того»), сулам («было оплачено»), мешулам («оплачено заранее»), мушлам («идеально») и шалем («весь»).

В переводах Библии шалом можно перевести как мир (Английский), paz (Испанский и португальский), Paix (Французский), шаг (Итальянский), или человек (Латинский). Концепция мира важна в христианстве.

Библейски, шалом рассматривается в отношении благополучия других (Бытие 43:27, Исход 4:18), договоров (3 Царств 5:12) и молитв о благополучии городов или народов (Псалом 122: 6, Иеремия) 29: 7).

Значение полноты, центральное в термине шалом, также могут быть подтверждены родственными терминами, встречающимися в других семитских языках. Ассирийский термин саламу означает быть полным, невредимым, оплаченным / искупленным. Сулму, другой ассирийский термин, означает благосостояние. Более близкое отношение к идее шалом как понятие и действие видно в арабском корне салам, что означает, среди прочего, быть в безопасности и прощении.

В выражениях

Слово «шалом» может использоваться для всех частей речи; как существительное, прилагательное, глагол, наречие и междометие. Он классифицирует все шаломы. Слово шалом используется во множестве выражений и контекстов в еврейской речи и письме:

• Шалом само по себе это очень распространенная аббревиатура, которая используется в современном израильском иврите как приветствие, на что общий ответ: Шалом, Шалом. Это также используется как прощание. В этом он похож на гавайский алоха, английский Добрый вечер и индийский намасте. Также в Израиль, «пока» (английский) и «yallah bye» (смесь арабский и английский) популярен.
• Шалом алехем (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם; «благополучие на тебе» или «пусть тебе будет хорошо»), это выражение используется для приветствия других и является еврейским эквивалентом слова «привет». Подходящим ответом на такое приветствие будет: «Да будет тебе благополучие» (עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, Алейхем Шалом). Это родственник арабского Ассаламу алейкум. Накануне Шаббат, У евреев есть обычай петь песню, которая называется Шалом Алехем, перед Кидуш за вином Шаббат ужин читается.
• в Евангелия, Иисус часто используется приветствие «Мир вам» (например, Матф. 10:12), перевод шалом алейхем. Видеть Пакс (литургия).
• Шаббат шалом (שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם) — обычное приветствие, используемое в Шаббат. Это наиболее заметно в областях с Мизрахи, Сефарды, или современный Израильский влияние. Много Ашкенази общины в еврейской диаспоре используют идиш Шаббе кишки предпочтительнее или взаимозаменяемо.
• Ма шлом’ча (מַה שְׁלוֹמְךָ; «Каково ваше благополучие / мир?») — это еврейский эквивалент английского «как дела?». Это форма, адресованная отдельному мужчине. Форма для обращения к индивидуальной женщине: Ма ш’ломеч? Для обращения к нескольким женщинам, Ma sh’lomchen? Для группы мужчин или смешанной группы: Ma sh’lomchem?
• Алав Хашалом (עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם; «ему мир») — фраза, используемая в некоторых еврейских общинах, особенно ашкеназских, после упоминания имени умершего уважаемого человека.
• Осех шалом это часть отрывка, обычно встречающаяся в качестве заключительного предложения во многих Еврейская литургия (в том числе Биркат Хамазон, каддиш и личные амида молитвы). Полное предложение עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם עַלֵינוּ, וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן‎ (Осех шалом бимромав, ху яасех шалом алейну, ве’ал кол Исраэль ве’имру аминь ), что переводится на английский как «Тот, кто делает мир на высотах Своих, да заключит мир с нами и со всем Израилем; и скажи: аминь». Это происходит из Иов 25: 2.^[3]

Еврейский религиозный принцип

В Иудаизм, Шалом (мир) — один из основополагающих принципов Тора: «Ее пути приятны, и все ее пути — шалом (мир)».^[4]Талмуд объясняет: «Вся Тора предназначена для путей шалома».^[5] Маймонид комментарии в его Мишне Тора: «Велик мир, потому что вся Тора была дана для того, чтобы способствовать миру в мире, как сказано:« Ее пути — приятные пути, и все ее пути — мирные »».^[6]

В книге Не так, как должно быть: Бревиарий греха, автор Корнелиус Плантинга описал ветхозаветную концепцию шалома:

Связывание воедино Бога, людей и всего творения в справедливости, исполнении и восторге — это то, что еврейские пророки называют шалом. Мы называем это миром, но это означает гораздо больше, чем просто душевное спокойствие или прекращение огня между врагами. В Библии шалом означает вселенское процветание, целостность и радость — богатое состояние дел, при котором естественные потребности удовлетворяются и природные дары плодотворно используются, состояние дел, которое вызывает радостное изумление, поскольку его Создатель и Спаситель открывает двери и приветствует существ в кого он восхищает. Другими словами, Шалом — это то, как все должно быть.^[7]

Использовать как имя

Имя для Бога

В Талмуд говорит: «Имя Бога -« Мир »», поэтому одному не разрешается приветствовать другого словом шалом в таких местах, как ванная.^[8]

Библейские ссылки заставляют многих христиан учить, что «Шалом» — одно из священных имен Бога.^{[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]}

Имя для людей

Шалом также распространен в современном иврите в Израиль, как собственное имя или фамилия. Обычно это имя используется мужчинами как имя, но есть и женщины по имени Шалом, такие как модель. Шалом Харлоу.

• Название Шломо, (из Соломон, שלמה).
• Родственные мужские имена включают Шломи.
• Связанные женские имена включают Шуламит, Суламифь, Шломтцион или же Шломцион и Саломея и Шломиф.
• Шолом-Алейхем был псевдонимом Шалома Рабиновица, чьи работы Тевье и его дочери легли в основу скрипач на крыше.

Название организаций

Шалом может быть частью организация имя.

Например, названия следующих организаций и мест относятся к «миру» между Израилем и его Араб соседи:

• Брит Цедек фон Шалом
• Брит Шалом
• Гуш Шалом
• Хевел Шалом
• Неве Шалом
• Шалом Ахшав
• Шалом Сезам

Название синагоги или строения

Шалом используется как часть других имен, например для синагоги, как в:

• Бет Шалом (в разных местах, чьи имена начинаются с «Бет Шалом»)
• Синагога Неве Шалом в Стамбул, индюк
• Шалом Парк в Шарлотта, Северная Каролина и Денвер, Колорадо
• Башня Шалом Меир в Тель-Авив, Израиль
• Долина Бет Шалом в Энсино, Калифорния

Название событий

• В 1982 Ливанская война на иврите известен как Милхемет Шлом Хагалил (иврит: מלחמת שלום הגליל), Что на английском языке означает «Война за шалом (или благополучие) Галилеи».

Другой

• SS Шалом, океанский лайнер, управляемый Зим Лайнс, Израиль 1964–1967.
• Чалом это Еврейский еженедельная газета опубликовано в Стамбул, индюк в турецкий и одна страница в Ладино (Иудео-испанский ). (Турецкое письмо ş произносится / ʃ /, как английский ш или иврит ש.)
• «Шалом» — песня Вольтер, на компакт-диске Дьявольский Брис.
• «Шалом» — песня THePETEBOX.

Смотрите также

Рекомендации

Источники

• Eirene, Греко-английский лексикон Нового Завета и другой раннехристианской литературы (Чикаго, Иллинойс: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
• Эйрен, шалом и шалам, Nueva Concordancia Strong Exhaustiva (Майами, Флорида: Эдиториал Карибе, 2002).
• Эйрен, шалом и шалам, Исчерпывающее соответствие Библии Нового Сильного (Нэшвилл, Теннесси: Издательство Томаса Нельсона, 1990).
• Paz, Diccionario de la Lengua Española (Мадрид, Испания: Real Academia Española, 2001).
• Paz, Nuevo Diccionario Bíblico (Даунерс-Гроув, Иллинойс: Ediciones Certeza, 1991).
• Shalom, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2003).

Толковый словарь русского языка. Поиск по слову, типу, синониму, антониму и описанию. Словарь ударений.

шалом

шаломатов

шаломок

шаломут

шаломытов