Шалом на еврейском как пишется

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Shalom (Hebrew: שָׁלוֹם šālōm; also spelled as sholom, sholem, sholoim, shulem) is a Hebrew word meaning peace, harmony, wholeness, completeness, prosperity, welfare and tranquility and can be used idiomatically to mean both hello and goodbye.^[1][2]

As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between a person and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. The word shalom is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is salaam, sliem in Maltese, Shlama in Syriac-Assyrian and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto-Semitic root Š-L-M.

Etymology[edit]

In Hebrew, words are built on «roots», generally of three consonants. When the root consonants appear with various vowels and additional letters, a variety of words, often with some relation in meaning, can be formed from a single root. Thus from the root sh-l-m come the words shalom («peace, well-being»), hishtalem («it was worth it»), shulam («was paid for»), meshulam («paid for in advance»), mushlam («perfect»), and shalem («whole»).

In translations of the Bible, shalom may be translated as peace (English), paz (Spanish and Portuguese), paix (French), pace (Italian), or pax (Latin).^[relevant?] The concept of peace is important in Christianity.^[relevant?]

Biblically, shalom is seen in reference to the well-being of others (Genesis 43:27, Exodus 4:18), to treaties (I Kings 5:12), and in prayer for the wellbeing of cities or nations (Psalm 122:6, Jeremiah 29:7).

The meaning of completeness, central to the term shalom, can also be confirmed in related terms found in other Semitic languages. The Assyrian term salamu means to be complete, unharmed, paid/atoned. Sulmu, another Assyrian term, means welfare. A closer relation to the idea of shalom as concept and action is seen in the Arabic root salaam, meaning to be safe, secure and forgiven, among other things.

In expressions[edit]

The word «shalom» can be used for all parts of speech; as a noun, adjective, verb, adverb, and interjection. It categorizes all shaloms. The word shalom is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:

• Shalom by itself is a very common abbreviation and it is used in Modern Israeli Hebrew as a greeting, to which the common reply is, Shalom, Shalom. It is also used as a farewell. In this way it is similar to the Hawaiian aloha, the English good evening and the Indian namaste. Also in Israel, «bye» (English) and «yallah bye» (a mixture of Arabic and English) is popular.
• Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם‎; «well-being be upon you» or «may you be well»), this expression is used to greet others and is a Hebrew equivalent of «hello». The appropriate response to such a greeting is «upon you be well-being» ( עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, aleichem shalom). This is a cognate of the Arabic Assalamu alaikum. On the eve of Shabbat, Jews have a custom of singing a song which is called Shalom Alechem, before the Kiddush over wine of the Shabbat dinner is recited.
  • In the Gospels, Jesus often uses the greeting «Peace be unto you» (e.g., Matthew 10:12), a translation of shalom aleichem. See Pax (liturgy).
• Shabbat shalom (שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם‎) is a common greeting used on Shabbat. This is most prominent in areas with Mizrahi, Sephardi, or modern Israeli influence. Many Ashkenazi communities in the Jewish diaspora use Yiddish Gut shabbes in preference or interchangeably.
• Ma sh’lom’cha (מַה שְׁלוֹמְךָ‎; «what is your well-being/peace?») is a Hebrew equivalent of the English «how are you?». This is the form addressed to an individual male. The form for addressing an individual female is Ma sh’lomech? For addressing several females, Ma sh’lomchen? For a group of males or a mixed-gender group, Ma sh’lomchem?
• Alav hashalom (עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם‎; «upon him is peace») is a phrase used in some Jewish communities, especially Ashkenazi ones, after mentioning the name of a deceased respected individual.
• Oseh shalom is the part of a passage commonly found as a concluding sentence in much Jewish liturgy (including the birkat hamazon, kaddish and personal amidah prayers). The full sentence is עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם עַלֵינוּ, וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן‎ (Oseh shalom bimromav, hu ya’aseh shalom aleynu, ve’al kol Yisrael ve’imru amen), which translates to English as «He who makes peace in His heights may He make peace upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen.» It originates from Job 25:2.^[3]

Jewish religious principle[edit]

In Judaism, Shalom (peace), is one of the underlying principles of the Torah: «Her ways are pleasant ways and all her paths are shalom (peace)».^[4]» The Talmud explains, «The entire Torah is for the sake of the ways of shalom».^[5] Maimonides comments in his Mishneh Torah: «Great is peace, as the whole Torah was given in order to promote peace in the world, as it is stated, ‘Her ways are pleasant ways and all her paths are peace'».^[6]

In the book Not the Way It’s Supposed to Be: A Breviary of Sin, Christian author Cornelius Plantinga described the biblical concept of shalom:

The webbing together of God, humans, and all creation in justice, fulfillment, and delight is what the Hebrew prophets call shalom. We call it peace but it means far more than mere peace of mind or a cease-fire between enemies. In the Bible, shalom means universal flourishing, wholeness and delight – a rich state of affairs in which natural needs are satisfied and natural gifts fruitfully employed, a state of affairs that inspires joyful wonder as its Creator and Savior opens doors and welcomes the creatures in whom he delights. Shalom, in other words, is the way things ought to be.^[7]

Use as name[edit]

Name for God[edit]

The Talmud says, «the name of God is ‘Peace'», therefore, one is not permitted to greet another with the word ‘shalom’ in places such as a bathroom.^[8]

Biblical references lead some Christians to teach that «Shalom» is one of the sacred names of God.^{[9][10][11][12]}

Name for people[edit]

Shalom is also common in modern Hebrew in Israel, as a given name or a surname. It is usually used by men as a given name but there are women named Shalom as well such as the model Shalom Harlow.

• Related male names include Shlomo (English spelling: Solomon) and Shlomi.
• Related female names include Shulamit, Shulamith, Shlomtzion or Shlomzion and Salome and Shlomith.
• Sholem Aleichem was the pseudonym of Shalom Rabinowitz, whose work Tevye and his Daughters formed the basis for Fiddler on the Roof.

Name of organizations[edit]

Shalom can be part of an organization’s name.

For example, the names of the following organizations and places refer to «peace» between Israel and its Arab neighbors:

• Brit Tzedek v’Shalom
• Brit Shalom
• Gush Shalom
• Hevel Shalom
• Neve Shalom
• Shalom Achshav
• Shalom Sesame

Name of synagogues or structures[edit]

Shalom is used as part of other names, such as for synagogues, as in:

• Beth Shalom (in various places, whose names begin with «Beth Shalom»)
• Neve Shalom Synagogue in Istanbul, Turkey
• Shalom Park in Charlotte, North Carolina and Denver, Colorado
• Shalom Meir Tower in Tel Aviv, Israel
• Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, California

Name of events[edit]

• The 1982 Lebanon War is known in Hebrew as Milchemet Shlom Hagalil (Hebrew: מלחמת שלום הגליל‎), which means in English, «The War for the Shalom (or Well-Being) of the Galilee».

Other[edit]

• SS Shalom, an ocean liner operated by Zim Lines, Israel 1964–1967.
• Shalom (newspaper), a Jewish newspaper established in Tehran, Iran in 1915
• Şalom is a Jewish weekly newspaper published in Istanbul, Turkey in Turkish and one page in Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish). (The Turkish letter ş is pronounced /ʃ/, like English sh or Hebrew ש.)
• «Shalom» is a song by Voltaire, on the CD The Devil’s Bris.
• «Shalom» is a song by THePETEBOX.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Eirene, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
• Eirene, shalóm, and shalám, Nueva Concordancia Strong Exhaustiva (Miami, FL: Editorial Caribe, 2002).
• Eirene, shalom, and shalam, The New Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990).
• Paz, Diccionario de la Lengua Española (Madrid, Spain: Real Academia Española, 2001).
• Paz, Nuevo Diccionario Bíblico (Downers Grove, IL: Ediciones Certeza, 1991).
• Shalom, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2003)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Shalom (Hebrew: שָׁלוֹם šālōm; also spelled as sholom, sholem, sholoim, shulem) is a Hebrew word meaning peace, harmony, wholeness, completeness, prosperity, welfare and tranquility and can be used idiomatically to mean both hello and goodbye.^[1][2]

As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between a person and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. The word shalom is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is salaam, sliem in Maltese, Shlama in Syriac-Assyrian and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto-Semitic root Š-L-M.

Etymology[edit]

In Hebrew, words are built on «roots», generally of three consonants. When the root consonants appear with various vowels and additional letters, a variety of words, often with some relation in meaning, can be formed from a single root. Thus from the root sh-l-m come the words shalom («peace, well-being»), hishtalem («it was worth it»), shulam («was paid for»), meshulam («paid for in advance»), mushlam («perfect»), and shalem («whole»).

In translations of the Bible, shalom may be translated as peace (English), paz (Spanish and Portuguese), paix (French), pace (Italian), or pax (Latin).^[relevant?] The concept of peace is important in Christianity.^[relevant?]

Biblically, shalom is seen in reference to the well-being of others (Genesis 43:27, Exodus 4:18), to treaties (I Kings 5:12), and in prayer for the wellbeing of cities or nations (Psalm 122:6, Jeremiah 29:7).

The meaning of completeness, central to the term shalom, can also be confirmed in related terms found in other Semitic languages. The Assyrian term salamu means to be complete, unharmed, paid/atoned. Sulmu, another Assyrian term, means welfare. A closer relation to the idea of shalom as concept and action is seen in the Arabic root salaam, meaning to be safe, secure and forgiven, among other things.

In expressions[edit]

The word «shalom» can be used for all parts of speech; as a noun, adjective, verb, adverb, and interjection. It categorizes all shaloms. The word shalom is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:

• Shalom by itself is a very common abbreviation and it is used in Modern Israeli Hebrew as a greeting, to which the common reply is, Shalom, Shalom. It is also used as a farewell. In this way it is similar to the Hawaiian aloha, the English good evening and the Indian namaste. Also in Israel, «bye» (English) and «yallah bye» (a mixture of Arabic and English) is popular.
• Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם‎; «well-being be upon you» or «may you be well»), this expression is used to greet others and is a Hebrew equivalent of «hello». The appropriate response to such a greeting is «upon you be well-being» ( עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, aleichem shalom). This is a cognate of the Arabic Assalamu alaikum. On the eve of Shabbat, Jews have a custom of singing a song which is called Shalom Alechem, before the Kiddush over wine of the Shabbat dinner is recited.
  • In the Gospels, Jesus often uses the greeting «Peace be unto you» (e.g., Matthew 10:12), a translation of shalom aleichem. See Pax (liturgy).
• Shabbat shalom (שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם‎) is a common greeting used on Shabbat. This is most prominent in areas with Mizrahi, Sephardi, or modern Israeli influence. Many Ashkenazi communities in the Jewish diaspora use Yiddish Gut shabbes in preference or interchangeably.
• Ma sh’lom’cha (מַה שְׁלוֹמְךָ‎; «what is your well-being/peace?») is a Hebrew equivalent of the English «how are you?». This is the form addressed to an individual male. The form for addressing an individual female is Ma sh’lomech? For addressing several females, Ma sh’lomchen? For a group of males or a mixed-gender group, Ma sh’lomchem?
• Alav hashalom (עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם‎; «upon him is peace») is a phrase used in some Jewish communities, especially Ashkenazi ones, after mentioning the name of a deceased respected individual.
• Oseh shalom is the part of a passage commonly found as a concluding sentence in much Jewish liturgy (including the birkat hamazon, kaddish and personal amidah prayers). The full sentence is עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם עַלֵינוּ, וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן‎ (Oseh shalom bimromav, hu ya’aseh shalom aleynu, ve’al kol Yisrael ve’imru amen), which translates to English as «He who makes peace in His heights may He make peace upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen.» It originates from Job 25:2.^[3]

Jewish religious principle[edit]

In Judaism, Shalom (peace), is one of the underlying principles of the Torah: «Her ways are pleasant ways and all her paths are shalom (peace)».^[4]» The Talmud explains, «The entire Torah is for the sake of the ways of shalom».^[5] Maimonides comments in his Mishneh Torah: «Great is peace, as the whole Torah was given in order to promote peace in the world, as it is stated, ‘Her ways are pleasant ways and all her paths are peace'».^[6]

In the book Not the Way It’s Supposed to Be: A Breviary of Sin, Christian author Cornelius Plantinga described the biblical concept of shalom:

The webbing together of God, humans, and all creation in justice, fulfillment, and delight is what the Hebrew prophets call shalom. We call it peace but it means far more than mere peace of mind or a cease-fire between enemies. In the Bible, shalom means universal flourishing, wholeness and delight – a rich state of affairs in which natural needs are satisfied and natural gifts fruitfully employed, a state of affairs that inspires joyful wonder as its Creator and Savior opens doors and welcomes the creatures in whom he delights. Shalom, in other words, is the way things ought to be.^[7]

Use as name[edit]

Name for God[edit]

The Talmud says, «the name of God is ‘Peace'», therefore, one is not permitted to greet another with the word ‘shalom’ in places such as a bathroom.^[8]

Biblical references lead some Christians to teach that «Shalom» is one of the sacred names of God.^{[9][10][11][12]}

Name for people[edit]

Shalom is also common in modern Hebrew in Israel, as a given name or a surname. It is usually used by men as a given name but there are women named Shalom as well such as the model Shalom Harlow.

• Related male names include Shlomo (English spelling: Solomon) and Shlomi.
• Related female names include Shulamit, Shulamith, Shlomtzion or Shlomzion and Salome and Shlomith.
• Sholem Aleichem was the pseudonym of Shalom Rabinowitz, whose work Tevye and his Daughters formed the basis for Fiddler on the Roof.

Name of organizations[edit]

Shalom can be part of an organization’s name.

For example, the names of the following organizations and places refer to «peace» between Israel and its Arab neighbors:

• Brit Tzedek v’Shalom
• Brit Shalom
• Gush Shalom
• Hevel Shalom
• Neve Shalom
• Shalom Achshav
• Shalom Sesame

Name of synagogues or structures[edit]

Shalom is used as part of other names, such as for synagogues, as in:

• Beth Shalom (in various places, whose names begin with «Beth Shalom»)
• Neve Shalom Synagogue in Istanbul, Turkey
• Shalom Park in Charlotte, North Carolina and Denver, Colorado
• Shalom Meir Tower in Tel Aviv, Israel
• Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, California

Name of events[edit]

• The 1982 Lebanon War is known in Hebrew as Milchemet Shlom Hagalil (Hebrew: מלחמת שלום הגליל‎), which means in English, «The War for the Shalom (or Well-Being) of the Galilee».

Other[edit]

• SS Shalom, an ocean liner operated by Zim Lines, Israel 1964–1967.
• Shalom (newspaper), a Jewish newspaper established in Tehran, Iran in 1915
• Şalom is a Jewish weekly newspaper published in Istanbul, Turkey in Turkish and one page in Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish). (The Turkish letter ş is pronounced /ʃ/, like English sh or Hebrew ש.)
• «Shalom» is a song by Voltaire, on the CD The Devil’s Bris.
• «Shalom» is a song by THePETEBOX.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Eirene, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and other Early Christian Literature (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
• Eirene, shalóm, and shalám, Nueva Concordancia Strong Exhaustiva (Miami, FL: Editorial Caribe, 2002).
• Eirene, shalom, and shalam, The New Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990).
• Paz, Diccionario de la Lengua Española (Madrid, Spain: Real Academia Española, 2001).
• Paz, Nuevo Diccionario Bíblico (Downers Grove, IL: Ediciones Certeza, 1991).
• Shalom, The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 2003)

Слово и приветствие на иврите Шалом на иврите

Шалом (Иврит : שָׁלוֹם шалом; также пишется как шолом, шолом, шолоим, шулем) — это еврейское слово, означающее мир, гармонию, целостность, полноту, процветание, благополучие и спокойствие, и может использоваться идиоматически для обозначения как «привет», так и «до свидания». 104>

Как и в английском языке, оно может относиться либо к миру между двумя сущностями (особенно между человеком и Богом или между двумя странами), либо к благополучию, благополучие или безопасность отдельного человека или группы лиц. Слово шалом также встречается во многих других выражениях и именах. Его эквивалент родственное слово в арабском — salaam, sliem на мальтийском, шлама в Сирийско-ассирийский и салам в эфиопских семитских языках из протосемитского корня Š-LM.

Содержание

• 1 Этимология
• 2 В выражениях
• 3 Еврейский религиозный принцип
• 4 Использование в качестве имени
  • 4.1 Имя для Бога
  • 4.2 Имя для людей
  • 4.3 Название организаций
  • 4.4 Название синагог или сооружений
  • 4.5 Название событий
  • 4.6 Другое
• 5 См. Также
• 6 Ссылки
• 7 Источники

Этимология

В иврите слова построены на «корнях», обычно трех согласные. Когда корневые согласные появляются с различными гласными и дополнительными буквами, из одного корня можно образовать множество слов, часто с определенным соотношением значений. Таким образом, от корня ш-лм происходят слова шалом («мир, благополучие»), хишталем («оно того стоило»), шулам («за что заплатили»), мешулам («оплачено заранее»), мушлам («совершенный») и шалем («целое»).

В переводах Библии шалом может переводиться как мир (английский), paz (испанский и португальский), paix (французский), pace (итальянский) или pax (латинский). Концепция мира важна в христианстве.

В Библии шалом рассматривается в отношении благополучия других (Бытие 43:27, Исход 4:18), договоров (3-я Царств 5:12) и молитв о благополучии городов. или народы (Псалом 122: 6, Иеремия 29: 7).

Значение полноты, центральное для термина шалом, также может быть подтверждено в родственных терминах, встречающихся в других семитских языках. Ассирийский термин саламу означает быть полным, невредимым, оплаченным / искупленным. Сулму, еще один ассирийский термин, означает благосостояние. Более тесная связь с идеей шалома как концепции и действия видна в арабском корне салам, означающем, помимо прочего, безопасность, безопасность и прощение.

В выражениях

слово «шалом» может использоваться для всех частей речи; как существительное, прилагательное, глагол, наречие и междометие. Он классифицирует все шаломы. Слово шалом используется в различных выражениях и контекстах в еврейской речи и письме:

• Шалом само по себе является очень распространенным сокращением и используется в современном израильском иврите как приветствие, На что обычно отвечают: Шалом, Шалом. Это также используется как прощание. В этом смысле оно похоже на гавайское алоха, английское добрый вечер и индийское намасте. Также в Израиле популярны «пока» (английский) и «yallah bye» (смесь арабского и английского).
• Shalom alechem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם; «благополучие на тебе» или «будь здоров»), это выражение используется для приветствия других и является еврейским эквивалентом слова «привет». Соответствующий ответ на такое приветствие — «Да будет тебе благополучие» (עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, алейхем шалом). Это родственник арабского Ассаламу алейкум. Накануне Шаббата у евреев есть обычай петь песню, которая называется Шалом Алехем, перед Киддуш за вином Шаббатского обеда. читается.
• В Евангелиях, Иисус часто использует приветствие «Мир вам» (например, Матф. 10:12), перевод шалом алейхема. См. Пакс (литургия).
• Шаббат шалом (שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם) — распространенное приветствие, используемое в Шаббат. Это наиболее заметно в областях с Мизрахи, сефардом или современным израильским влиянием. Многие ашкенази общины еврейской диаспоры используют идиш Gut shabbes в предпочтительном или взаимозаменяемом порядке.
• Ma sh’lom’cha (מַה שְׁלוֹמְךָ; «что ваше благополучие / мир? ») — это еврейский эквивалент английского« как дела? ». Это форма, адресованная отдельному мужчине. Форма обращения к индивидуальной женщине — Ma sh’lomech? За обращение к нескольким женщинам, Ма ш’ломчен? Для группы мужчин или смешанной группы, Ma sh’lomchem?
• Алав хашалом (עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם; «ему мир») — фраза, используемая в некоторых еврейских общинах, особенно Ашкеназские, после упоминания имени умершего уважаемого человека.
• Осех шалом — это часть отрывка, обычно встречающегося в качестве заключительного предложения во многих еврейских литургиях (включая биркат хамазон, кадиш и личные амида молитвы). Полное предложение выглядит следующим образом: עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם עַלֵינוּ, וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן (Осех шалом бимромав, ху яасех шалом алейну, ве’аль алямменру <ве’ал>ве’ал колимол Исраэль), что переводится на английский язык как «Тот, кто делает мир на высотах Своих, да заключит мир с нами и всем Израилем; и скажи: аминь». Это происходит из Иова 25: 2.

еврейского религиозного принципа

В иудаизме Шалом (мир) является одним из основных принципов Торы : «Ее пути приятны, и все ее пути — шалом (мир)». Талмуд объясняет: «Вся Тора предназначена для путей шалома». Маймонид комментирует в своем Мишне Тора : «Велик мир, ибо вся Тора была дана для того, чтобы способствовать миру во всем мире, как сказано:« Ее пути — приятные пути, и все ее пути — мирные »».

В книге «Не так, как должно быть: Кревиарий греха», автор Корнелиус Плантинга описал ветхозаветную концепцию шалома:

Плетение воедино Бога, людей и всего остального. Творение в справедливости, исполнении и восторге — вот то, что еврейские пророки называют шалом. Мы называем это миром, но это означает гораздо больше, чем просто душевный покой или прекращение огня между врагами. В Библии шалом означает всеобщее процветание, целостность и радость — богатое состояние дел, при котором удовлетворяются естественные потребности и плодотворно используются природные дары, положение дел, которое вызывает радостное изумление, когда Создатель и Спаситель открывает двери и приветствует создания, которыми он восхищается. Другими словами, Шалом — это то, как все должно быть.

Использовать как имя

Имя Бога

В Талмуде говорится: «Имя Бога есть «Мир», поэтому нельзя приветствовать другого словом шалом в таких местах, как ванная.

Библейские ссылки заставляют многих христиан учить, что «Шалом» — одно из священных имен Бог.

Имя для людей

Шалом также распространено в современном иврите в Израиле, как имя или фамилия. Обычно это имя используется мужчинами как имя, но есть и женщины по имени Шалом, например, модель Шалом Харлоу.

• Имя Шломо (от Соломон, שלמה).
• Связанные мужские имена включают Шломи.
• Связанные женские имена включают Шуламит, Суламифь, Шломцион или Шломцион и Саломея и.
• Шолом-Алейхем был псевдонимом Шалома Рабиновица, чьи работы Тевье и его дочери легли в основу Скрипач на крыше.

Название организации

Шалом может быть частью названия организации.

Например, названия следующих организаций и мест относятся к «миру» между Израилем и его арабскими соседями:

• Брит Цедек фон Шалом
• Брит Шалом
• Гуш Шалом
• Хевел Шалом
• Неве Шалом
• Шалом Ахшав
• Шалом Сезам

Название синагоги или строений

Шалом используется как часть других имен, например, для синагоги, например:

• Бет Шалом (в разных местах, чьи имена начинаются с «Бет Шалом»)
• Синагога Неве Шалом в Стамбуле, Турция
• Шалом Парк в Шарлотте, Северная Каролина и Денвер, Колорадо
• Башня Шалом Меир в Тель-Авив, Израиль
• Долина Бейт-Шалом в Энсино, Калифорния

Название событий

• Ливанская война 1982 года известна на иврите как Милхемет Шлом Хагалил (Иврит : מלחמת שלום הגליל), что на английском языке означает «Война за Шалом (или благополучие) Галилеи».

Другое

• SS Shalom, an Ocean Lin Управляется Zim Lines, Израиль 1964–1967.
• Şalom — это еврейская еженедельная газета, издаваемая в Стамбул, Турция на турецком и одна страница на ладино (иудейско-испанском ). (Турецкая буква ş произносится / ʃ /, как английское sh или иврит ש.)
• «Shalom» — песня Вольтера на компакт-диске The Devil’s Bris.
• «Shalom» — это песня THePETEBOX.

См. Также

Ссылки

Источники

• Эйрен, греко-английский лексикон Нового Завета и другой раннехристианской литературы (Чикаго, Иллинойс: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
• Эйрен, шалом и шалам, Нуэва Конкордансия Стронг Экхаустива ( Майами, Флорида: Эдиториал Карибе, 2002).
• Эйрен, шалом и шалам, Исчерпывающее соответствие Библии Нового Стронга (Нэшвилл, Теннесси: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1990).
• Paz, Diccionario de la Lengua Española (Мадрид, Испания: Real Academia Española, 2001).
• Paz, Nuevo Diccionario Bíblico (Даунерс Гроув, Иллинойс: Ediciones Certeza, 1991).
• Шалом, Лексика иврита и английского языка Браун-Драйвер-Бриггс (Пибоди, Массачусетс, издательство Hendrickson, 2003)

Shalom (שָׁלוֹם) (Sephardic Hebrew/Israeli Hebrew: Shalom; Ashkenazi Hebrew/Yiddish: Sholem or Shulem) is a Hebrew word meaning peace, completeness, and welfare and can be used idiomatically to mean both hello and goodbye.^[1][2][3] As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between man and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. The word is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is salaam, sliem in Maltese, Shlomo (ܫܠܡܐ) in Syriac-Assyrian and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto-Semitic root S-L-M.

Etymology

In Hebrew, the root of the word (usually in a three or occasionally four letter format), and depending on the vowels that are used, has several meanings (that are relevant to the general meaning of the word Shalom); as for example: One meaning is «Whole», another could be the actual verb «Pay» usually in command form. The conjugated verb has other spins that are worth noting, such as: «Hishtalem» meaning «it was worth it» or «Shulam» as «it was paid for» or «Meshulam» as in «paid in advance.» Hence one can jokingly say that, «when it’s paid-for then there is peace,» as in PEACE HAS A PRICE.

The Hebrew term shalom is roughly translated to Romance languages as peace [En.] (i.e. paz [Sp. and Pr.], paix [Fr.], pace [It.]), from the Latin pax. Pax, in Latin, means peace, but it was also used to mean truce or treaty. So, deriving from the definition and use in Latin, most Romance terms simply use the word peace to mean such, and also provides a relational application (be it personal, social or political) – a state of mind and affairs. Peace is an important word in the Christian sacred scriptures and liturgy. Eirene, the Greek term translated to peace, also means quietness and rest. Yet, the importance and transcendence of peace in Christian doctrine and theology might be better understood from the meaning and use of shalom.

Shalom, in the liturgy and in the transcendent message of the Christian scriptures, means more than a state of mind, of being or of affairs. Derived from the Hebrew root shalam – meaning to be safe or complete, and by implication, to be friendly or to reciprocate. Shalom, as term and message, seems to encapsulate a reality and hope of wholeness for the individual, within societal relations, and for the whole world. To say joy and peace, meaning a state of affairs where there is no dispute or war, does not begin to describe the sense of the term. Completeness seems to be at the center of shalom as we will see in the meaning of the term itself, in some derivatives from its root, shalam, in some examples of its uses in Jewish and Christian Scriptures, and in some homophone terms from other Semitic languages.

The noun shalom means safe, for example, well and happy. On a more abstract application, its use points to welfare, for example, health, prosperity, and, peace. It the verb form shalam, though, that provides a deeper understanding of this term in theology, doctrine, and liturgy. Literally translated, shalam signals to a state of safety, but figuratively it points to completeness. In its use in Scripture, shalom describes the actions that lead to a state of soundness, or better yet wholeness. So to say, shalom seems not to merely speak of a state of affairs, but describes a process, an activity, a movement towards fullness. Using the King James Version as reference, James Strong lists the rendering of shalom and shalam, among others, as:
• To make amends
• To make good
• To be (or to make) peace
• To restore
• Peace
• Prosperity
• Wellness
• Wholeness

The use of shalom in the Scriptures always points towards that transcendent action of wholeness. Shalom is seen in reference to the wellbeing of others (Genesis 43.27, Exodus 4.18), to treaties (I Kings 5.12), and in prayer for the wellbeing of cities or nations (Psalm 122.6, Jeremiah 29.7). Coincidentally, the root shalem, found in Jerusalem, means peaceful (yara to mean to lay or found). Yet, its transcendence lies in its relationship to truth and justice (Psalm 85.10, Isaiah 48.18, 22, 57.19-21). The wholeness of shalom, through justice and truth, inspires the words of hope for the work expected by the messiah, and to refer to its revelation as the time of peace (Haggai 2.7-9, Isaiah 2.2-4, 11.1-9), and to even grant this anointed one the title Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9.6, Micah 5.4-5a).

In the Christian Scriptures, the term eirene is employed to mean peace, but in its application, seeking for it the transcendence of its Hebrew counterpart, peace is better understood in relation to terms like grace (Romans 1.7), righteousness (Romans 14.17), and life (Romans 8.6). It is also employed in benedictions, like that in I Thessalonians 5.23 and Hebrews 13.20-21, perhaps making echo to prayers of peace common throughout the Hebrew Scriptures and Jewish benedictions (Numbers 6.22-27).

This sense of completeness, central to the term shalom could also be confirmed in homophonic terms found in other Semitic languages. The term shelam, of Chaldean origin, seems to mean both peace and restoration. Aramaic derivations of the terms shalom and shalam are said to mean peace, safety, completeness and welfare. The Assyrian term salamu means to be complete, unharmed, paid/atoned. Sulmu, another Assyrian term, means welfare. A closer relation to the idea of shalom as concept and action is seen in the Arabic root salaam. Meaning to be safe, secure, and forgiven, among other things. It also proposes a personal commitment to the concept, action, and transcendence of peace – Salaam is also the root for the terms Muslim and Islam, literally translated, he/she who submits to God and submission to God, respectively.

In expressions

The Word «shalom» can be used for all parts of speech; as a noun, adjective, verb, and as an adverb. It categorizes all shaloms. The word shalom is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:

• Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם; «well-being be upon you» or «may you be well»), this expression is used to greet others and is a Hebrew equivalent of «hello». Also, for example; «shabat shalom!» The appropriate response to such a greeting is «upon you be well-being» ( עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, aleichem shalom). This is a cognate of the Arabic Assalamu alaikum. On Erev Shabbat (Sabbath eve), Jewish people have a custom of singing a song which is called Shalom aleichem, before the Kiddush over wine of the Shabbat dinner is recited.
• In the Gospels, Jesus often uses the greeting «Peace be unto you,» a translation of shalom aleichem.
• Shalom by itself is a very common abbreviation and it is used in Modern Israeli Hebrew as a greeting, to which the common reply is, Shalom, Shalom. It is also used as a farewell. In this way it is similar to the Hawaiian aloha, the (rather old-fashioned) English good evening and the Indian namaste. Also in Israel, especially among secular people, «bye» (English) and «yallah bye» (a mixture of Arabic and English) is popular. Shalom is also used by Jewish people around the world, and even by many non-Jewish people.
• Shabbat shalom (שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם) is a common greeting used on Shabbat. This is most prominent in areas with Mizrahi, Sephardi, or modern Israeli influence. Many Ashkenazi communities in the Jewish diaspora use Yiddish Gut shabbes in preference or interchangeably.
• Ma sh’lom’cha (מַה שְׁלוֹמְךָ; «what is your well-being/peace?») is a Hebrew equivalent of the English «how are you?». This is the form addressed to a single male. The form for addressing a single female is Ma sh’lomech? For addressing several females, Ma sh’lomchen? For a group of males or a mixed-gender group, Ma sh’lomchem?
• Alav hashalom (עַלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם; «upon him is peace») is a phrase used in some Jewish communities, especially Ashkenazi ones, after mentioning the name of a deceased respected individual.
• Oseh shalom is the part of a passage commonly found as a concluding sentence in much Jewish liturgy (including the birkat hamazon, kaddish and personal amidah prayers). The full sentence is עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם עָלֵינוּ, וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן (Oseh shalom bimromav, hu ya’aseh shalom aleynu, ve’al kol Yisrael ve’imru amen), which translates to English as «He who makes peace in His heights may He make peace upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen.»
• The word Shalom is widely used in popular Israeli songs such as «In Our Garden,» «Ratziti Sheteda,» and «Shalom Chaverim.»
• U.S. President Bill Clinton ended his eulogy for Yitzhak Rabin with the words Shalom, chaver (Goodbye, friend).
• The word ‘Lom (and occasionally Sh’lom) have been used (especially by Jewish teenagers) as the contracted forms of Shalom in street slang.

Related words in Modern Hebrew include l’shalem (לְשַׁלֵּם), «to pay» and shalem (שָׁלֵם), «complete».

Use as a name

Shalom as a name for God

The Talmud says «the name of God is ‘Peace'» (Pereq ha-Shalom, Shab. 10b), (Judges 6:24); therefor, one is not permitted to greet another with the word shalom in unholy places such as a bathroom (Talmud, Shabbat, 10b).

Shalom as a name for people

Shalom is also common in modern Hebrew in Israel, as a given name or a surname. It is usually used by men as a given name but there are women named Shalom as well.

The name Shlomo, «His peace» (from shalom, Solomon, שלומו), refers to the God of Peace.

Related male names include Shlomi (Hebrew name) («my well-being») and Solomon (Hebrew Shlomo).

Related female names include Shulamit, Shulamith, Shlomtzion or Shlomzion and Salome and Shlomith.

As a name for organizations

Shalom can be part of an organization‘s name.

The name of the following organizations and places refer to «peace» between Israel and its Arab neighbors:

• Brit Tzedek v’Shalom
• Brit Shalom
• Gush Shalom
• Hevel Shalom
• Neve Shalom
• Shalom Achshav
• Shalom Sesame

As name for synagogues or structures

Shalom is used as part of other names, such as for synagogues, as in:

• Beth Sholom Synagogue in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania designed by famed architect, Frank Lloyd Wright
• Neve Shalom Synagogue in İstanbul, Turkey
• Shalom BC, Jewish Information and Referrals in Vancouver, Canada
• Shalom Park in Charlotte, North Carolina and Denver, Colorado
• Shalom Meir Tower in Tel Aviv, Israel
• Shalom Christian Academy in Marion, Pennsylvania
• Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, California

As the name for events

• The 1982 Lebanon War is known in Hebrew as Milhemeth Shlom Hagalil (Hebrew: מלחמת שלום הגליל), which means in English, «The War for the Shalom (or Well-Being) of the Galilee».

Other

• SS Shalom, an ocean liner operated by Zim Lines, Israel 1964-1967.
• Şalom is a Jewish weekly newspaper published in İstanbul, Turkey in Turkish and one page in Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish).
• Shalom is a song by Voltaire, on the CD The Devil’s Bris.

Notes

Shalom (שָׁלוֹם) (Sephardic Hebrew/Israeli Hebrew: Shalom; Ashkenazi Hebrew/Yiddish: Sholem or Shulem) is a Hebrew word meaning peace, completeness, and welfare and can be used idiomatically to mean both hello and goodbye.^[1][2][3] As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between man and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. The word is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is salaam, sliem in Maltese, Shlomo (ܫܠܡܐ) in Syriac-Assyrian and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto-Semitic root S-L-M.

Etymology

In Hebrew, the root of the word (usually in a three or occasionally four letter format), and depending on the vowels that are used, has several meanings (that are relevant to the general meaning of the word Shalom); as for example: One meaning is «Whole», another could be the actual verb «Pay» usually in command form. The conjugated verb has other spins that are worth noting, such as: «Hishtalem» meaning «it was worth it» or «Shulam» as «it was paid for» or «Meshulam» as in «paid in advance.» Hence one can jokingly say that, «when it’s paid-for then there is peace,» as in PEACE HAS A PRICE.

The Hebrew term shalom is roughly translated to Romance languages as peace [En.] (i.e. paz [Sp. and Pr.], paix [Fr.], pace [It.]), from the Latin pax. Pax, in Latin, means peace, but it was also used to mean truce or treaty. So, deriving from the definition and use in Latin, most Romance terms simply use the word peace to mean such, and also provides a relational application (be it personal, social or political) – a state of mind and affairs. Peace is an important word in the Christian sacred scriptures and liturgy. Eirene, the Greek term translated to peace, also means quietness and rest. Yet, the importance and transcendence of peace in Christian doctrine and theology might be better understood from the meaning and use of shalom.

Shalom, in the liturgy and in the transcendent message of the Christian scriptures, means more than a state of mind, of being or of affairs. Derived from the Hebrew root shalam – meaning to be safe or complete, and by implication, to be friendly or to reciprocate. Shalom, as term and message, seems to encapsulate a reality and hope of wholeness for the individual, within societal relations, and for the whole world. To say joy and peace, meaning a state of affairs where there is no dispute or war, does not begin to describe the sense of the term. Completeness seems to be at the center of shalom as we will see in the meaning of the term itself, in some derivatives from its root, shalam, in some examples of its uses in Jewish and Christian Scriptures, and in some homophone terms from other Semitic languages.

The noun shalom means safe, for example, well and happy. On a more abstract application, its use points to welfare, for example, health, prosperity, and, peace. It the verb form shalam, though, that provides a deeper understanding of this term in theology, doctrine, and liturgy. Literally translated, shalam signals to a state of safety, but figuratively it points to completeness. In its use in Scripture, shalom describes the actions that lead to a state of soundness, or better yet wholeness. So to say, shalom seems not to merely speak of a state of affairs, but describes a process, an activity, a movement towards fullness. Using the King James Version as reference, James Strong lists the rendering of shalom and shalam, among others, as:
• To make amends
• To make good
• To be (or to make) peace
• To restore
• Peace
• Prosperity
• Wellness
• Wholeness

The use of shalom in the Scriptures always points towards that transcendent action of wholeness. Shalom is seen in reference to the wellbeing of others (Genesis 43.27, Exodus 4.18), to treaties (I Kings 5.12), and in prayer for the wellbeing of cities or nations (Psalm 122.6, Jeremiah 29.7). Coincidentally, the root shalem, found in Jerusalem, means peaceful (yara to mean to lay or found). Yet, its transcendence lies in its relationship to truth and justice (Psalm 85.10, Isaiah 48.18, 22, 57.19-21). The wholeness of shalom, through justice and truth, inspires the words of hope for the work expected by the messiah, and to refer to its revelation as the time of peace (Haggai 2.7-9, Isaiah 2.2-4, 11.1-9), and to even grant this anointed one the title Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9.6, Micah 5.4-5a).

In the Christian Scriptures, the term eirene is employed to mean peace, but in its application, seeking for it the transcendence of its Hebrew counterpart, peace is better understood in relation to terms like grace (Romans 1.7), righteousness (Romans 14.17), and life (Romans 8.6). It is also employed in benedictions, like that in I Thessalonians 5.23 and Hebrews 13.20-21, perhaps making echo to prayers of peace common throughout the Hebrew Scriptures and Jewish benedictions (Numbers 6.22-27).

This sense of completeness, central to the term shalom could also be confirmed in homophonic terms found in other Semitic languages. The term shelam, of Chaldean origin, seems to mean both peace and restoration. Aramaic derivations of the terms shalom and shalam are said to mean peace, safety, completeness and welfare. The Assyrian term salamu means to be complete, unharmed, paid/atoned. Sulmu, another Assyrian term, means welfare. A closer relation to the idea of shalom as concept and action is seen in the Arabic root salaam. Meaning to be safe, secure, and forgiven, among other things. It also proposes a personal commitment to the concept, action, and transcendence of peace – Salaam is also the root for the terms Muslim and Islam, literally translated, he/she who submits to God and submission to God, respectively.

In expressions

The Word «shalom» can be used for all parts of speech; as a noun, adjective, verb, and as an adverb. It categorizes all shaloms. The word shalom is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:

• Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם; «well-being be upon you» or «may you be well»), this expression is used to greet others and is a Hebrew equivalent of «hello». Also, for example; «shabat shalom!» The appropriate response to such a greeting is «upon you be well-being» ( עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, aleichem shalom). This is a cognate of the Arabic Assalamu alaikum. On Erev Shabbat (Sabbath eve), Jewish people have a custom of singing a song which is called Shalom aleichem, before the Kiddush over wine of the Shabbat dinner is recited.
• In the Gospels, Jesus often uses the greeting «Peace be unto you,» a translation of shalom aleichem.
• Shalom by itself is a very common abbreviation and it is used in Modern Israeli Hebrew as a greeting, to which the common reply is, Shalom, Shalom. It is also used as a farewell. In this way it is similar to the Hawaiian aloha, the (rather old-fashioned) English good evening and the Indian namaste. Also in Israel, especially among secular people, «bye» (English) and «yallah bye» (a mixture of Arabic and English) is popular. Shalom is also used by Jewish people around the world, and even by many non-Jewish people.
• Shabbat shalom (שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם) is a common greeting used on Shabbat. This is most prominent in areas with Mizrahi, Sephardi, or modern Israeli influence. Many Ashkenazi communities in the Jewish diaspora use Yiddish Gut shabbes in preference or interchangeably.
• Ma sh’lom’cha (מַה שְׁלוֹמְךָ; «what is your well-being/peace?») is a Hebrew equivalent of the English «how are you?». This is the form addressed to a single male. The form for addressing a single female is Ma sh’lomech? For addressing several females, Ma sh’lomchen? For a group of males or a mixed-gender group, Ma sh’lomchem?
• Alav hashalom (עַלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם; «upon him is peace») is a phrase used in some Jewish communities, especially Ashkenazi ones, after mentioning the name of a deceased respected individual.
• Oseh shalom is the part of a passage commonly found as a concluding sentence in much Jewish liturgy (including the birkat hamazon, kaddish and personal amidah prayers). The full sentence is עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם עָלֵינוּ, וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן (Oseh shalom bimromav, hu ya’aseh shalom aleynu, ve’al kol Yisrael ve’imru amen), which translates to English as «He who makes peace in His heights may He make peace upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen.»
• The word Shalom is widely used in popular Israeli songs such as «In Our Garden,» «Ratziti Sheteda,» and «Shalom Chaverim.»
• U.S. President Bill Clinton ended his eulogy for Yitzhak Rabin with the words Shalom, chaver (Goodbye, friend).
• The word ‘Lom (and occasionally Sh’lom) have been used (especially by Jewish teenagers) as the contracted forms of Shalom in street slang.

Related words in Modern Hebrew include l’shalem (לְשַׁלֵּם), «to pay» and shalem (שָׁלֵם), «complete».

Use as a name

Shalom as a name for God

The Talmud says «the name of God is ‘Peace'» (Pereq ha-Shalom, Shab. 10b), (Judges 6:24); therefor, one is not permitted to greet another with the word shalom in unholy places such as a bathroom (Talmud, Shabbat, 10b).

Shalom as a name for people

Shalom is also common in modern Hebrew in Israel, as a given name or a surname. It is usually used by men as a given name but there are women named Shalom as well.

The name Shlomo, «His peace» (from shalom, Solomon, שלומו), refers to the God of Peace.

Related male names include Shlomi (Hebrew name) («my well-being») and Solomon (Hebrew Shlomo).

Related female names include Shulamit, Shulamith, Shlomtzion or Shlomzion and Salome and Shlomith.

As a name for organizations

Shalom can be part of an organization‘s name.

The name of the following organizations and places refer to «peace» between Israel and its Arab neighbors:

• Brit Tzedek v’Shalom
• Brit Shalom
• Gush Shalom
• Hevel Shalom
• Neve Shalom
• Shalom Achshav
• Shalom Sesame

As name for synagogues or structures

Shalom is used as part of other names, such as for synagogues, as in:

• Beth Sholom Synagogue in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania designed by famed architect, Frank Lloyd Wright
• Neve Shalom Synagogue in İstanbul, Turkey
• Shalom BC, Jewish Information and Referrals in Vancouver, Canada
• Shalom Park in Charlotte, North Carolina and Denver, Colorado
• Shalom Meir Tower in Tel Aviv, Israel
• Shalom Christian Academy in Marion, Pennsylvania
• Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, California

As the name for events

• The 1982 Lebanon War is known in Hebrew as Milhemeth Shlom Hagalil (Hebrew: מלחמת שלום הגליל), which means in English, «The War for the Shalom (or Well-Being) of the Galilee».

Other

• SS Shalom, an ocean liner operated by Zim Lines, Israel 1964-1967.
• Şalom is a Jewish weekly newspaper published in İstanbul, Turkey in Turkish and one page in Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish).
• Shalom is a song by Voltaire, on the CD The Devil’s Bris.

Notes

Шалом — это и приветствие, и напутствие, и одно из Имён Вс-вышнего. С иврита слово «шалом» переводят как «мир», но оно также означает полноту и цельность.

Настоящий шалом ^[↑]

Шалом — это мир: мир как между двумя странами, супругами, друзьями, так и состояние внутреннего душевного мира и покоя, цельности, баланса.

Корень слова шалом — это шин-ламед-мем, ש.ל.ם, и значение этого корня: полнота, наполненность, совершенство. Также оно связано и с понятиями безопасности и здоровья.

Шалом — это очень глубокое духовное понятие и является одним из имён Всевышнего. Книга Йецира построена на системе взаимоотношений трех кардинальных понятий: «шалом — ѓод — нешама» (совершенство — величие — душа). Ими определяется вся организация вселенной и человека, а единство всей этой организации — Творец.

Эти три понятия являются различными проявлениями одной сущности, а именно — власти Вс-вышнего над сотворенным миром. Проявление этой власти в категории «шалом» сравнивается с Царём на троне (в категории «ѓод» — с Царём в государстве и в категории «нешама» — с Царём на войне).

В каждом человеке присутствует духовная составляющая, материальная составляющая и то, что их объединяет. Говорится в Талмуде, что цель существования человека — мир (шалом), совершенство (шлемут) мироздания, а основная сущность человека проявляется в соединении высших и низших миров.

Рамбам приводит следующую фразу: «Велик мир, ибо вся Тора дана ради того, чтобы привести мир в этот мир, как сказано: “Пути ее — пути добра, и все тропы ее — мир”». Об этом стихе Рамбам говорит следующее: если перед нами стоит выбор из двух заповедей, одна из которых приводит к миру, а вторая такого достоинства не имеет, мы должны выбрать ту, которая приносит мир.

Шалом между людьми — этой теме в еврейской Традиции уделяется огромное значение. Существует понятие даркей шалом (пути мира). Важная заповедь — поддерживать хорошие отношения со всеми окружающими: с соседями, сотрудниками по работе и т. д. Это — часть проявления имени Всевышнего Шалом.

В еврейском понимании семьи, у супругов должны быть общие цели и ориентиры, что приведет к появлению между ними эмоциональной связи. Эту мысль подтверждает и использование мудрецами термина шлом-баит, которым они описывают счастливые семьи. Шалом в отношениях между мужем и женой является необходимым базисом, который будет способствовать достижению супругами общих жизненных целей.

Когда говорят «шалом» ^[↑]

Мудрецы постановили приветствовать друг друга словом «Шалом» (мир). Несмотря на то, что это слово считается одним из Имен Творца, приветствовать в такой форме не запрещено. Встречаясь с мудрым человеком, это приветствие повторяют дважды: «Шалом-шалом».

Часто используют слово «шалом» и прощаясь с кем-то, напутствуя его. Также и попрощавшись навсегда, об умершем праведном человеке говорят: «мир с ним» (алав а-шалом). Этим мы подразумеваем, что покойный находится на высокой ступени духовного совершенства и покоится в мире, будучи навечно связан со Вс-вышним.

Мы просим «шалом» в своих ежедневных молитвах — например, в молитве «Амида». Кстати, в Гемаре мы находим: Почему установили благословение «Сим шалом» (Дай мир) после благословения коэнов в молитве Шмоне Эсре? Написано: «И расположат Мое Имя на сынах Израиля, и Я их благословлю». А благословление Всевышнего — мир, как сказано: «Г-сподь благословит Свой народ миром».

Мир, являющийся орудием и возможностью существования благословения, конечной целью ее сущности, и сам является благословением.

Также мира мы просим и отправляясь в дорогу — в «Дорожной молитве»: «Да будет Твоя воля, Ашем, наш Б-г и Б-г наших отцов, вести нас мирным путем, направить наши шаги мирной стезей, проложить нам благополучную дорогу и привести нас к цели нашего путешествия для жизни, радости и мира (и, если собираемся в тот же день вернуться назад, добавляем: и возвратить нас с миром)».

Раз в неделю, собравшись за субботним столом, еврейские семьи поют гимн «Шалом Алейхем», символически приветствуя двух ангелов служения — доброго и злого, — которые сопровождают каждого еврея на пути из синагоги домой.

Когда не говорят «шалом» ^[↑]

В туалете, бане и других подобных помещениях запрещается не только говорить, но и думать о чем бы то ни было, связанном со святостью. Все это относится также ко всем грязным местам вне дома — например, к переулкам, где можно наткнуться на нечистоты. И также нельзя во всех этих местах говорить товарищу «Шалом» («мир»), поскольку «Шалом» — это имя Вс-вышнего: «И назвал Его: Б-г Шалом (то есть “Б-г мира”)».

Обратиться в бане по имени к человеку, которого зовут Шалом, некоторые запрещают, а некоторые разрешают, поскольку обращающийся не имеет в виду значения слова, а только имя человека; и есть обычай разрешать это, но боящийся Б-га воздержится.

Нельзя приветствовать словом «шалом» людей, которые находятся в трауре. В некоторых общинах это правило действует даже в шабат, когда обычаи траура не соблюдают прилюдно.

До утренней молитвы не приветствуют друг друга словом «шалом». Недопустимо приветствовать других Именем Творца, не обратившись прежде к Нему со словами молитвы. Но разрешается сказать: «Доброе утро!»

Также не приветствуют друг друга словом «шалом» Девятого Ава, поскольку это день скорби для всего еврейского народа. Но разрешается ответить на приветствие человека, который не знаком с этим законом.

К скорбящему не обращаются со словом «Шалом!», ведь оно указывает на совершенство, и поэтому неуместно использовать это приветствие, когда человек страдает и переживает расставание с близкими. Сам скорбящий тоже не говорит другим «шалом» во время траурной недели.

* * *

Недаром именно словом «шалом» евреи приветствуют друг друга еще с талмудических времен. В этом слове заключается не только пожелание мира, здоровья, процветания, гармонии и полноты жизни. Шалом — это основа мира и основа человеческого существования, в котором раскрывается Единство Творца.