Шираз как пишется

Shiraz (Syrah)
Grape (Vitis)
The Shiraz grape cluster, illustration from Ampélographie (Viala et Vermorel, 1902)
Color of berry skin	Black
Also called	Shiraz, Hermitage, Antourenein noir, Candive other synonyms
Notable regions	Rhône Valley, California, Texas, Columbia Valley, Grand Valley, Australia (Barossa Valley, Hunter Valley, McLaren Vale), New Zealand
Notable wines	Côte-Rôtie, Hermitage
Ideal soil	Stony granite
VIVC number	11748
Wine characteristics
General	High tannins, high acidity, blackberry, dark chocolate
Medium climate	Mint, eucalyptus, smoked meat, black pepper
Hot climate	Liquorice, cloves, espresso, mocha, dark chocolate
With age	Leather, wet leaves, earth

Syrah (), also known as Shiraz, is a dark-skinned grape variety grown throughout the world and used primarily to produce red wine. In 1999, Syrah was found to be the offspring of two obscure grapes from southeastern France, Dureza and Mondeuse Blanche.^[1] Syrah should not be confused with Petite Sirah, a cross of Syrah with Peloursin dating from 1880.

The style and flavor profile of wines made from Syrah are influenced by the climate where the grapes are grown. In moderate climates (such as the northern Rhone Valley and parts of the Walla Walla AVA in Washington State), they tend to produce medium to full-bodied wines with medium-plus to high levels of tannins and notes of blackberry, mint and black pepper.

In hot climates (such as Crete, and the Barossa Valley and McLaren Vale regions of Australia), Syrah is more consistently full-bodied with softer tannin, jammier fruit and spice notes of licorice, anise and earthy leather.

In many regions the acidity and tannin levels of Syrah allow the wines produced to have favorable aging potential.^[2]

Syrah is used as a single varietal or as a blend. Following several years of strong planting, Syrah was estimated in 2004 to be the world’s 7th most grown grape at 142,600 hectares (352,000 acres).^[3]

It can be found throughout the globe from France to New World wine regions such as: Chile, South Africa, the Hawke’s Bay and Waiheke in New Zealand, California and Washington.

It can also be found in several Australian wine regions such as the Barossa, Heathcote, Coonawarra, Hunter Valley, Margaret River, Adelaide Hills, Clare Valley and McLaren Vale.^[2]

History[edit]

Origin[edit]

Syrah has a long documented history in the Rhône region of southeastern France, but it was not known if it had originated in that region.

In a 1998 study conducted by Carole Meredith’s research group in the Department of Viticulture and Enology at University of California, Davis used DNA typing and extensive grape reference material from the viticultural research station in Montpellier, France to conclude that Syrah was the offspring of the grape varieties Dureza (father) and Mondeuse blanche (mother).

^{[1][4][5][6][7]}

Dureza, a dark-skinned grape variety from the Ardèche region in France, has all but disappeared from the vineyards, and the preservation of such varieties is a speciality of Montpellier. Mondeuse blanche is a white grape variety cultivated in the Savoy region, and is still found in small amounts in that region’s vineyards today.

Both varieties are somewhat obscure today, and have never achieved anything near Syrah’s fame or popularity, and there is no record of them ever having been cultivated at long distances from their present homes. Thus, both of Syrah’s parents come from a limited area in southeastern France, close to northern Rhône. Based on these findings, the researchers have concluded Syrah originated from northern Rhône.^[1][7]

The DNA typing leaves no room for doubt in this matter, and the numerous other hypotheses of the grape’s origin which have been forwarded during the years all completely lack support in the form of documentary evidence or ampelographic investigations, be it by methods of classical botany or DNA.

Instead, they seem to have been based primarily or solely on the name or synonyms of the variety. Varying orthography for grape names render dubious any name-based evidence of origins. Nevertheless, origins such as Syracuse or the famous Iranian city of Shiraz have been proposed while the genomic studies had yet to be done.^[7]

The parentage information, however, does not reveal how old the grape variety is, i.e., when the pollination of a Mondeuse blanche vine by Dureza took place, leading to the original Syrah seed plant. In the year AD 77, Pliny the Elder wrote in his Naturalis Historia about the wines of Vienne (which today would be called Côte-Rôtie), where the Allobroges made famous and prized wine from a dark-skinned grape variety that had not existed some 50 years earlier, in Virgil’s age.

^[8] Pliny called the vines of this wine Allobrogica, and it has been speculated that it could be today’s Syrah. However, the description of the wine would also fit, for example, Dureza,^[1] and Pliny’s observation that vines of Allobrogica were resistant to cold is not entirely consistent with Syrah.^[8]

The names Syrah and Shiraz[edit]

The grape is called Syrah in its country of origin, France, as well as in the rest of Europe, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, New Zealand and South Africa.^{[citation needed]} The name «Shiraz» became popular for this grape variety in Australia, where it has long been established as the most grown dark-skinned variety. In Australia, it was also commonly called Hermitage up to the late 1980s, but since that name became a French Protected Designation of Origin, this naming practice caused a problem in some export markets and was dropped.

The grape’s many other synonyms are used in various parts of the world, including Antourenein noir, Balsamina, Candive, Entournerein, Hignin noir, Marsanne noir, Schiras, Sirac, Syra, Syrac, Serine, and Sereine.^[9]

Legends of Syrah’s origins often connect it with the city of Shiraz in Iran.^[10] The former capital of the Persian Empire produced the well-known Shirazi wine^[11] and legends claim the original grape was later brought to the Rhône. At least two significantly different versions of the myth are reported, giving different accounts of how the variety is supposed to have travelled, differing up to 1,800 years in dating the event. In one version, the Phocaeans could have brought Syrah/Shiraz to their colony around Marseilles, then known as Massilia, which was founded around 600 BC by the Greeks. The grape would then later have spread to the northern Rhône, which was never colonized by the Phocaeans. No documentary evidence exists to back up this legend, and it also requires the variety to later vanish from the Marseilles region without leaving any trace.^[8]

The legend connecting Syrah with the city of Shiraz in Iran may, however, be of French origin. James Busby wrote in his Journal of a recent visit to the principal vineyards of Spain and France an excerpt from the 1826 book Œnologie Française; «according to the tradition of the neighbourhood, the plant [Scyras] was originally brought from Shiraz in Persia, by one of the hermits of the mountain» called Gaspare de Stérimberg.^[12]

Another legend of the grape variety’s origin, based on the name Syrah, is that it was brought from Syracuse by the legions of Roman Emperor Probus sometime after AD 280. This legend also lacks documentary evidence and is inconsistent with ampelographic findings.^[8]
Another proposed etymology links it with the Proto-Celtic word *serra, «billhook,» presumably because the billhook was used in pruning.^[13][14][15]

The name «Shiraz» has been used primarily in Australia in modern times. The name «Scyras» was used to describe the grape in the earliest Australian documents, and «Shiraz» may have come about through the «strinization» of the original word — a process of changing vowels as part of Australian slang — as speculated among others by Jancis Robinson^[9]) However, while the names «Shiraz» and «Hermitage» gradually replaced «Scyras» in Australia from the mid-19th century, the spelling «Shiraz» has also been documented in British sources back to at least the 1830s.
^[12][16][17]

Rise to fame[edit]

The wines that made Syrah famous were those from Hermitage, the hill above the town Tain-l’Hermitage in northern Rhône, where an hermitage (chapel) was built on the top, and where De Stérimberg is supposed to have settled as a hermit after his crusades. Hermitage wines have for centuries had a reputation for being powerful and excellent. While Hermitage was quite famous in the 18th and 19th centuries, and attracted interest from foreign oenophiles, such as Bordeaux enthusiast Thomas Jefferson, it lost ground and foreign attention in the first half of the 20th century.^[18]

In the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries, most Hermitage wine that left France did so as a blending component in Bordeaux wines. In an era when «clarets» were less powerful than today, and before appellation rules, red wines from warmer regions would be used for improvement (or adulteration, depending on the point of view) of Bordeaux wines. While Spanish and Algerian wines are also known to have been used for this purpose, top Bordeaux châteaux would use Hermitage to improve their wines, especially in weaker vintages.^[6][19]

Arrival in Australia[edit]

In 1831, the Scotsman James Busby, often called «the Father of Australian viticulture», made a trip back to Europe to collect cuttings from vines (primarily from France and Spain) for introduction to Australia.^[20] One of the varieties collected by him was Syrah, although Busby used the two spellings «Scyras» and «Ciras». The cuttings were planted in the Sydney Botanical Gardens, and in Hunter Region, and in 1839 brought from Sydney to South Australia.^[21] By the 1860s, Syrah was established as an important variety in Australia.

Modern history[edit]

Syrah continues to be the main grape of the northern Rhône and is associated with classic wines such as Hermitage, Cornas and Côte-Rôtie. In the southern Rhône, it is used as a blending grape in such wines as Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Gigondas and Côtes du Rhône, where Grenache usually makes up the bulk of the blend. Although its best incarnations will age for decades, less-extracted styles may be enjoyed young for their lively red and blueberry characters and smooth tannin structure. Syrah has been widely used as a blending grape in the red wines of many countries due to its fleshy fruit mid-palate, balancing the weaknesses of other varieties and resulting in a «complete» wine.

From the 1970s and even more from the 1990s, Syrah has enjoyed increased popularity, and plantings of the variety have expanded significantly in both old and new locations.^[7] In the early 2000s, it broke into the top 10 of varieties planted worldwide for the first time.^[3]

Shiraz wines[edit]

For the no-longer-produced historical wine, see Shiraz wine.

The name «Shiraz», from Shiraz in Iran, was historically applied to a wine unrelated to contemporary Shiraz wines and was made from a grape or grapes entirely different from the Syrah that has been proven to originate in southeastern France.^[22]

Smaller amounts of Syrah are also used in the production of other wine styles, such as rosé wine, fortified wine in Port wine style, and sparkling red wine.^[23] While Australian sparkling Shiraz traditionally have had some sweetness, a number of Australian winemakers also make a full-bodied sparkling dry Shiraz, which contains the complexity and sometimes earthy notes that are normally found in still wine.^[24]

Due to their concentrated flavours and high tannin content, many premium Syrah wines are at their best after some considerable bottle aging. In exceptional cases, this may be 15 years or longer.

Syrah has one of the highest recommended wine serving temperatures at 18 °C (65 °F).^[25]

Taste and flavours[edit]

Wines made from Syrah are often powerfully flavoured and full-bodied. The variety produces wines with a wide range of flavor notes, depending on the climate and soils where it is grown, as well as other viticultural practices chosen. Aroma characters can range from violets to berries (usually dark as opposed to red), chocolate, and black pepper. No one aroma can be called typical though blackberry, coffee and pepper are often noticed. With time in the bottle these primary notes are moderated and then supplemented with earthy or savory tertiary notes such as leather and truffle. Secondary flavor and aroma notes are those associated with several things, generally winemakers’ practices (such as oak barrel and yeast treatment).

C13-Norisoprenoids such as 7,8-dihydroionone derivatives, such as megastigmane-3,9-diol and 3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionol, are found in Shiraz leaves.^[26]

Syrah or Shiraz on labels[edit]

The Syrah-dominated appellations (AOCs) of northern Rhône have, like most other French appellations and regions, no tradition of varietal labeling of their wines. Indeed, such practices are generally disallowed under AOC rules, and only the AOC name (such as Cote-Rotie, Crozes-Hermitage or Hermitage) appears on the label. Varietal labeling of Syrah/Shiraz wines is therefore a practice that has emerged in the New World, primarily in Australia.

To confuse matters, in northern Rhône, different clones of genuine Syrah are referred to as Petite Syrah (small Syrah) or Gros Syrah (large Syrah) depending on the size of their berries, with Petite Syrah being considered the superior version, giving wines higher in phenolics.^[7]

As a general rule, most Australian and South African wines are labeled «Shiraz», and most European wines (from such regions where varietal labeling is practiced) are labeled «Syrah». In other countries, practices vary and winemakers (or wine marketers) sometimes choose either «Syrah» or «Shiraz» to signify a stylistic difference in the wine they have made. «Syrah»-labelled wines are sometimes thought to be more similar to classic Northern Rhône reds; presumably more elegant, tannic, smoke-flavoured and restrained with respect to their fruit component. «Shiraz»-labelled wines, on the other hand, would then be more similar to archetypical Australian or other New World examples, presumably made from riper berries, more fruit-driven, higher in alcohol, less obviously tannic, peppery rather than smokey, usually more easily approached when young, and possibly slightly sweetish in impression. It must, however, be realized that this rule of thumb is unevenly applied.^[27]

Syrah in different countries[edit]

Syrah is a variety that during the last few decades has been imported for cultivation in several countries. It is primarily grown in warmer regions. Worldwide plantations of Syrah have increased considerably in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and both «Syrah»-labelled and «Shiraz»-labelled wines are on the increase.^[7]

It is grown in many wine producing regions around the world, with concentrations in Australia, The Rhone Valley in France, and the US. It is often used as a blending grape in Spain and Italy as well. It is also planted in Portugal, which favor making varietal Syrah wine, and not only blending with other types.

Italy[edit]

In Italy, Syrah is grown in Tuscany (i.e. Cortona DOC), Lazio (Pontine Agro), and Apulia (Syrah Tarantino IGT). Also a DOC Sirah Piedmont exists. The region though which has made one of the best uses of Syrah, by blending it with Nero d’Avola grapes, is Sicily.

France[edit]

Syrah, as it is known in France, is grown throughout the Rhône valley. The wines that are made from it vary greatly, even over small changes in the location of the vines. The differences in the soil quality as well as the changes in the slope of the terrain tend to produce different styles of wine. Ranging from the mineral and tannic nature of Hermitage, to fruity and perfumed in the case of Côte-Rôtie.^[27]

Syrah is also a key component to many blends. It may be used to add structure and color to Grenache in southern Rhône blends, including Côtes-du-Rhône and Châteauneuf-du-Pape.^[28] Syrah is also the only red grape used in the wines of the northern Rhône.^[29]

In 1968, there existed only 2,700 hectares (6,700 acres) of Syrah vineyards in France, primarily in the traditional appellations of northern Rhône, which at that time had not received much attention in the wine world for several decades, and the vineyards of which were not planted to full capacity. After the wines of northern Rhône were «rediscovered» by wine writers in the 1970s, plantings expanded considerably. This trend received an extra boost in the 1980s and 1990s, when influential wine writer Robert M. Parker Jr. awarded high scores, up to the «perfect» score of 100 points, to wines of some Rhône producers. The popularity of Australian Shiraz on the export market may also have played a role. In 1988, total French plantings stood at 27,000 hectares (67,000 acres), and the 1999 viticultural survey found 50,700 hectares (125,000 acres) of Syrah vineyards. France thus has the world’s largest plantations of Syrah.^[7]

While previously unused parts of the northern Rhône vineyards have been planted with Syrah as part of the expansion, the major part of the new French Syrah plantations are located in southern Rhône (which covers a much larger vineyard area than the northern part) and Languedoc-Roussillon.^[7] While southern Rhône produces relatively few wines where Syrah is in the majority, the proportion of Syrah in the blended wines of this region has been on the rise. Languedoc-Roussillon uses Syrah to produce both Southern Rhône-like blends with Grenache, Australian-style blends with Cabernet Sauvignon, and varietal Syrah.

Syrah vines in France often suffer from a form of dieback characterised by the leaves turning red in late summer, deep cracks developing in the stem above the graft, and the premature death of the vine. The syndrome was first observed in 1990s in the Gard and Hérault departments of Southern of France, but is now widespread. It is believed to be caused by mismatch between the rootstock and scion rather than an infection by a fungus or a virus.^[30][31]

Spain[edit]

In Spain there was an increase in the area cultivated in Syrah grapes from 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) in 1990 to 19,045 hectares (47,060 acres) in 2009.^[32] It is grown primarily in Castilla-La Mancha, with lesser amounts in Aragon and Catalonia. As of 2015 it was the seventh most grown red grape in Spain, with 20,155 hectares (49,800 acres) accounting for 4% of the red grape total.

Switzerland[edit]

The Syrah grape was introduced into Switzerland in 1926 and in 2009 was the 6th most common red wine grape in Switzerland (181 hectares).^[33] Mostly grown in Valais, along the upper Rhône valley above Lake Geneva, it produces «unexpectedly concentrated wine from mature vines».^[33]

Argentina[edit]

Syrah plantations in Argentina increased from less than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) in 1990 to 9,500 hectares (23,000 acres) in 2002.^[7] Syrah has occasionally been used as a blending component with Argentina’s signature dark-skinned grape Malbec to provide an «Argentinian take» on the Australian Cabernet-Shiraz blend.

Australia[edit]

The Syrah grape was introduced into Australia in 1832 by James Busby, an immigrant who brought vine clippings from Europe with him, and it is almost invariably called «Shiraz».^[6] Today it is Australia’s most popular red grape, but has not always been in such favour; in the 1970s, white wine was so popular that growers were ripping out unprofitable Shiraz and Grenache vineyards, even those with old vines. In the Barossa Valley, the world’s oldest continually producing commercial vineyard is believed to be the Shiraz vines at Turkey Flat in Tanunda that were originally planted in 1847.^[34]

Many factors, including the success of brands like Lindemans (part of Treasury Wine Estates) and Jacob’s Creek in the UK, as well as Rosemount in the US and UK, were responsible for a dramatic expansion of plantings during the 1980s and 1990s; a similar trajectory occurred in California. However, the biggest factor in this expansion during the 1990s was a steady increase in exports due to the historically low value of the Australian dollar.^[35]

In the 2005–2006 growing season, total Shiraz plantations in Australia stood at 41,115 hectares (101,600 acres), of which 39,087 hectares (96,590 acres) were old enough to be productive. These vines yielded a total of 422,430 tonnes of Shiraz grapes for wine production. This made Shiraz the most planted variety in Australia^[36] and Australia the world’s second largest Syrah/Shiraz grower, after France.^[7]

Victorian regions include Heathcote, roughly 1.5 hours north of Melbourne. Cooler climate regions such as Western Australia’s Margaret River produce Shiraz with marginally less alcohol content and often in a more traditional French style.

A well-known example of the Shiraz grape in Australian viticulture is the Penfolds «Grange». This wine was created by winemaker Max Schubert in 1951 and has a reputation for aging well. The Penfolds Grange is predominantly Shiraz but often includes a small quantity of Cabernet Sauvignon. It is usually a multi-regional blend of quality South Australian Shiraz, with the Barossa Valley playing an important role, and matured in new American Oak. Other well-known Australian Shiraz wines include the Henschke «Hill of Grace» and the Penfolds «RWT».

Recently, Australian Shiraz producers have started to add up to 4% Viognier to their Shiraz to add apricot tones to the wine’s nose and palate. With such a small percentage added, the producer wasn’t obliged to declare the blend on the label. In the past 5 years, however, it’s becoming increasingly fashionable to label the wine «Shiraz Viognier» as Viognier gains consumer acceptance in the marketplace. The practise of blending Viognier with Syrah has actually been common for years in the Northern Rhône Valley region of Cote-Rotie.^[37]

«Shiraz» is also the S in «GSM» (Grenache-Shiraz-Mourvèdre), which is common Australian designation for a Châteneuf-du-Pape-like blend.

South Africa[edit]

South African plantations have expanded significantly, from 1% of the vineyard area in 1995 to 9.7% in 2007^[38] making up a total area under cultivation of 9,856 hectares (24,350 acres). In South Africa, the variety is predominately known as «Shiraz», but the designation «Syrah» is used for «Rhône-style» wines.^[10] Some see this variety as the «great hope» for South African wines.^[39]

United States[edit]

In the United States, wine produced from the grape is normally called by its French name, «Syrah». However, in cases where winemakers choose to follow a New World style, similar to Penfolds Grange, they may choose to label their wines as «Shiraz».^[27] Under American wine laws, either name may appear on the label. Syrah first appeared as a wine grape in California in the 1970s, where it was planted by a group of viticulturists who called themselves «Rhône rangers».^[28] Although most plantings of the grape are in California, there are increasing amounts of it being grown in Washington state. Syrah makes up a significant percentage of wine produced in several Washington AVAs such as the Naches Heights AVA and the Walla Walla AVA. Syrah is increasingly being grown and produced in Oregon. Syrah is also found in small regions in Ohio.

California Syrahs, much like those in France, vary a great deal based on the climate and terroir that they inhabit. In exceptionally warm regions, such as parts of Napa, the wine is often blended with other Rhône varieties. Other appellations, primarily mountainous ones, tend to produce varietal-based wines that can stand on their own.^[40] Syrah was introduced into Washington state in 1986 by Red Willow Vineyard through their partnership with Woodinville, Washington-based Columbia Winery and Master of Wine David Lake.^[41] Expanding at a significant rate, it is used to produce single-varietial wines as well as being blended with grapes such as Grenache, Mourvèdre, Cinsault and Viognier.^[42]

Chile[edit]

Around 2005, there were 2,500 hectares (6,200 acres) of Syrah in Chile.^[7]

Durif[edit]

Durif, or Petite Sirah, is a descendant of Syrah and Peloursin. It was propagated by and named after Dr. Francois Durif. Durif is a cross breed between the lesser known Peloursin and Syrah. Regions such as Rutherglen have achieved international regard for their Durif. This varietal is similar to Shiraz but is even more full-bodied and tannic because of the smaller, thicker-skinned grapes used. Petite Sirah is widely planted in California, where it is popular as a varietal (for example, by Bogle Vineyards), and especially blended with Zinfandel, which results in a rich, bold and fruity wine.

Synonyms[edit]

Synonyms for Syrah include Antourenein noir, Candive, Entournerein, Hermitage, Hignin noir, Marsanne noir, Shiraz, Sira, Sirac, Sirah, Syra, and Syrac.^[33]

See also[edit]

• International variety

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Syrah Wine Grape History, Character and Growing Areas (USA)
• The origins of shiraz – revealed! — By Jeni Port, Winestate Magazine

Shiraz (Syrah)
Grape (Vitis)
The Shiraz grape cluster, illustration from Ampélographie (Viala et Vermorel, 1902)
Color of berry skin	Black
Also called	Shiraz, Hermitage, Antourenein noir, Candive other synonyms
Notable regions	Rhône Valley, California, Texas, Columbia Valley, Grand Valley, Australia (Barossa Valley, Hunter Valley, McLaren Vale), New Zealand
Notable wines	Côte-Rôtie, Hermitage
Ideal soil	Stony granite
VIVC number	11748
Wine characteristics
General	High tannins, high acidity, blackberry, dark chocolate
Medium climate	Mint, eucalyptus, smoked meat, black pepper
Hot climate	Liquorice, cloves, espresso, mocha, dark chocolate
With age	Leather, wet leaves, earth

Syrah (), also known as Shiraz, is a dark-skinned grape variety grown throughout the world and used primarily to produce red wine. In 1999, Syrah was found to be the offspring of two obscure grapes from southeastern France, Dureza and Mondeuse Blanche.^[1] Syrah should not be confused with Petite Sirah, a cross of Syrah with Peloursin dating from 1880.

The style and flavor profile of wines made from Syrah are influenced by the climate where the grapes are grown. In moderate climates (such as the northern Rhone Valley and parts of the Walla Walla AVA in Washington State), they tend to produce medium to full-bodied wines with medium-plus to high levels of tannins and notes of blackberry, mint and black pepper.

In hot climates (such as Crete, and the Barossa Valley and McLaren Vale regions of Australia), Syrah is more consistently full-bodied with softer tannin, jammier fruit and spice notes of licorice, anise and earthy leather.

In many regions the acidity and tannin levels of Syrah allow the wines produced to have favorable aging potential.^[2]

Syrah is used as a single varietal or as a blend. Following several years of strong planting, Syrah was estimated in 2004 to be the world’s 7th most grown grape at 142,600 hectares (352,000 acres).^[3]

It can be found throughout the globe from France to New World wine regions such as: Chile, South Africa, the Hawke’s Bay and Waiheke in New Zealand, California and Washington.

It can also be found in several Australian wine regions such as the Barossa, Heathcote, Coonawarra, Hunter Valley, Margaret River, Adelaide Hills, Clare Valley and McLaren Vale.^[2]

History[edit]

Origin[edit]

Syrah has a long documented history in the Rhône region of southeastern France, but it was not known if it had originated in that region.

In a 1998 study conducted by Carole Meredith’s research group in the Department of Viticulture and Enology at University of California, Davis used DNA typing and extensive grape reference material from the viticultural research station in Montpellier, France to conclude that Syrah was the offspring of the grape varieties Dureza (father) and Mondeuse blanche (mother).

^{[1][4][5][6][7]}

Dureza, a dark-skinned grape variety from the Ardèche region in France, has all but disappeared from the vineyards, and the preservation of such varieties is a speciality of Montpellier. Mondeuse blanche is a white grape variety cultivated in the Savoy region, and is still found in small amounts in that region’s vineyards today.

Both varieties are somewhat obscure today, and have never achieved anything near Syrah’s fame or popularity, and there is no record of them ever having been cultivated at long distances from their present homes. Thus, both of Syrah’s parents come from a limited area in southeastern France, close to northern Rhône. Based on these findings, the researchers have concluded Syrah originated from northern Rhône.^[1][7]

The DNA typing leaves no room for doubt in this matter, and the numerous other hypotheses of the grape’s origin which have been forwarded during the years all completely lack support in the form of documentary evidence or ampelographic investigations, be it by methods of classical botany or DNA.

Instead, they seem to have been based primarily or solely on the name or synonyms of the variety. Varying orthography for grape names render dubious any name-based evidence of origins. Nevertheless, origins such as Syracuse or the famous Iranian city of Shiraz have been proposed while the genomic studies had yet to be done.^[7]

The parentage information, however, does not reveal how old the grape variety is, i.e., when the pollination of a Mondeuse blanche vine by Dureza took place, leading to the original Syrah seed plant. In the year AD 77, Pliny the Elder wrote in his Naturalis Historia about the wines of Vienne (which today would be called Côte-Rôtie), where the Allobroges made famous and prized wine from a dark-skinned grape variety that had not existed some 50 years earlier, in Virgil’s age.

^[8] Pliny called the vines of this wine Allobrogica, and it has been speculated that it could be today’s Syrah. However, the description of the wine would also fit, for example, Dureza,^[1] and Pliny’s observation that vines of Allobrogica were resistant to cold is not entirely consistent with Syrah.^[8]

The names Syrah and Shiraz[edit]

The grape is called Syrah in its country of origin, France, as well as in the rest of Europe, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, New Zealand and South Africa.^{[citation needed]} The name «Shiraz» became popular for this grape variety in Australia, where it has long been established as the most grown dark-skinned variety. In Australia, it was also commonly called Hermitage up to the late 1980s, but since that name became a French Protected Designation of Origin, this naming practice caused a problem in some export markets and was dropped.

The grape’s many other synonyms are used in various parts of the world, including Antourenein noir, Balsamina, Candive, Entournerein, Hignin noir, Marsanne noir, Schiras, Sirac, Syra, Syrac, Serine, and Sereine.^[9]

Legends of Syrah’s origins often connect it with the city of Shiraz in Iran.^[10] The former capital of the Persian Empire produced the well-known Shirazi wine^[11] and legends claim the original grape was later brought to the Rhône. At least two significantly different versions of the myth are reported, giving different accounts of how the variety is supposed to have travelled, differing up to 1,800 years in dating the event. In one version, the Phocaeans could have brought Syrah/Shiraz to their colony around Marseilles, then known as Massilia, which was founded around 600 BC by the Greeks. The grape would then later have spread to the northern Rhône, which was never colonized by the Phocaeans. No documentary evidence exists to back up this legend, and it also requires the variety to later vanish from the Marseilles region without leaving any trace.^[8]

The legend connecting Syrah with the city of Shiraz in Iran may, however, be of French origin. James Busby wrote in his Journal of a recent visit to the principal vineyards of Spain and France an excerpt from the 1826 book Œnologie Française; «according to the tradition of the neighbourhood, the plant [Scyras] was originally brought from Shiraz in Persia, by one of the hermits of the mountain» called Gaspare de Stérimberg.^[12]

Another legend of the grape variety’s origin, based on the name Syrah, is that it was brought from Syracuse by the legions of Roman Emperor Probus sometime after AD 280. This legend also lacks documentary evidence and is inconsistent with ampelographic findings.^[8]
Another proposed etymology links it with the Proto-Celtic word *serra, «billhook,» presumably because the billhook was used in pruning.^[13][14][15]

The name «Shiraz» has been used primarily in Australia in modern times. The name «Scyras» was used to describe the grape in the earliest Australian documents, and «Shiraz» may have come about through the «strinization» of the original word — a process of changing vowels as part of Australian slang — as speculated among others by Jancis Robinson^[9]) However, while the names «Shiraz» and «Hermitage» gradually replaced «Scyras» in Australia from the mid-19th century, the spelling «Shiraz» has also been documented in British sources back to at least the 1830s.
^[12][16][17]

Rise to fame[edit]

The wines that made Syrah famous were those from Hermitage, the hill above the town Tain-l’Hermitage in northern Rhône, where an hermitage (chapel) was built on the top, and where De Stérimberg is supposed to have settled as a hermit after his crusades. Hermitage wines have for centuries had a reputation for being powerful and excellent. While Hermitage was quite famous in the 18th and 19th centuries, and attracted interest from foreign oenophiles, such as Bordeaux enthusiast Thomas Jefferson, it lost ground and foreign attention in the first half of the 20th century.^[18]

In the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries, most Hermitage wine that left France did so as a blending component in Bordeaux wines. In an era when «clarets» were less powerful than today, and before appellation rules, red wines from warmer regions would be used for improvement (or adulteration, depending on the point of view) of Bordeaux wines. While Spanish and Algerian wines are also known to have been used for this purpose, top Bordeaux châteaux would use Hermitage to improve their wines, especially in weaker vintages.^[6][19]

Arrival in Australia[edit]

In 1831, the Scotsman James Busby, often called «the Father of Australian viticulture», made a trip back to Europe to collect cuttings from vines (primarily from France and Spain) for introduction to Australia.^[20] One of the varieties collected by him was Syrah, although Busby used the two spellings «Scyras» and «Ciras». The cuttings were planted in the Sydney Botanical Gardens, and in Hunter Region, and in 1839 brought from Sydney to South Australia.^[21] By the 1860s, Syrah was established as an important variety in Australia.

Modern history[edit]

Syrah continues to be the main grape of the northern Rhône and is associated with classic wines such as Hermitage, Cornas and Côte-Rôtie. In the southern Rhône, it is used as a blending grape in such wines as Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Gigondas and Côtes du Rhône, where Grenache usually makes up the bulk of the blend. Although its best incarnations will age for decades, less-extracted styles may be enjoyed young for their lively red and blueberry characters and smooth tannin structure. Syrah has been widely used as a blending grape in the red wines of many countries due to its fleshy fruit mid-palate, balancing the weaknesses of other varieties and resulting in a «complete» wine.

From the 1970s and even more from the 1990s, Syrah has enjoyed increased popularity, and plantings of the variety have expanded significantly in both old and new locations.^[7] In the early 2000s, it broke into the top 10 of varieties planted worldwide for the first time.^[3]

Shiraz wines[edit]

For the no-longer-produced historical wine, see Shiraz wine.

The name «Shiraz», from Shiraz in Iran, was historically applied to a wine unrelated to contemporary Shiraz wines and was made from a grape or grapes entirely different from the Syrah that has been proven to originate in southeastern France.^[22]

Smaller amounts of Syrah are also used in the production of other wine styles, such as rosé wine, fortified wine in Port wine style, and sparkling red wine.^[23] While Australian sparkling Shiraz traditionally have had some sweetness, a number of Australian winemakers also make a full-bodied sparkling dry Shiraz, which contains the complexity and sometimes earthy notes that are normally found in still wine.^[24]

Due to their concentrated flavours and high tannin content, many premium Syrah wines are at their best after some considerable bottle aging. In exceptional cases, this may be 15 years or longer.

Syrah has one of the highest recommended wine serving temperatures at 18 °C (65 °F).^[25]

Taste and flavours[edit]

Wines made from Syrah are often powerfully flavoured and full-bodied. The variety produces wines with a wide range of flavor notes, depending on the climate and soils where it is grown, as well as other viticultural practices chosen. Aroma characters can range from violets to berries (usually dark as opposed to red), chocolate, and black pepper. No one aroma can be called typical though blackberry, coffee and pepper are often noticed. With time in the bottle these primary notes are moderated and then supplemented with earthy or savory tertiary notes such as leather and truffle. Secondary flavor and aroma notes are those associated with several things, generally winemakers’ practices (such as oak barrel and yeast treatment).

C13-Norisoprenoids such as 7,8-dihydroionone derivatives, such as megastigmane-3,9-diol and 3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionol, are found in Shiraz leaves.^[26]

Syrah or Shiraz on labels[edit]

The Syrah-dominated appellations (AOCs) of northern Rhône have, like most other French appellations and regions, no tradition of varietal labeling of their wines. Indeed, such practices are generally disallowed under AOC rules, and only the AOC name (such as Cote-Rotie, Crozes-Hermitage or Hermitage) appears on the label. Varietal labeling of Syrah/Shiraz wines is therefore a practice that has emerged in the New World, primarily in Australia.

To confuse matters, in northern Rhône, different clones of genuine Syrah are referred to as Petite Syrah (small Syrah) or Gros Syrah (large Syrah) depending on the size of their berries, with Petite Syrah being considered the superior version, giving wines higher in phenolics.^[7]

As a general rule, most Australian and South African wines are labeled «Shiraz», and most European wines (from such regions where varietal labeling is practiced) are labeled «Syrah». In other countries, practices vary and winemakers (or wine marketers) sometimes choose either «Syrah» or «Shiraz» to signify a stylistic difference in the wine they have made. «Syrah»-labelled wines are sometimes thought to be more similar to classic Northern Rhône reds; presumably more elegant, tannic, smoke-flavoured and restrained with respect to their fruit component. «Shiraz»-labelled wines, on the other hand, would then be more similar to archetypical Australian or other New World examples, presumably made from riper berries, more fruit-driven, higher in alcohol, less obviously tannic, peppery rather than smokey, usually more easily approached when young, and possibly slightly sweetish in impression. It must, however, be realized that this rule of thumb is unevenly applied.^[27]

Syrah in different countries[edit]

Syrah is a variety that during the last few decades has been imported for cultivation in several countries. It is primarily grown in warmer regions. Worldwide plantations of Syrah have increased considerably in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and both «Syrah»-labelled and «Shiraz»-labelled wines are on the increase.^[7]

It is grown in many wine producing regions around the world, with concentrations in Australia, The Rhone Valley in France, and the US. It is often used as a blending grape in Spain and Italy as well. It is also planted in Portugal, which favor making varietal Syrah wine, and not only blending with other types.

Italy[edit]

In Italy, Syrah is grown in Tuscany (i.e. Cortona DOC), Lazio (Pontine Agro), and Apulia (Syrah Tarantino IGT). Also a DOC Sirah Piedmont exists. The region though which has made one of the best uses of Syrah, by blending it with Nero d’Avola grapes, is Sicily.

France[edit]

Syrah, as it is known in France, is grown throughout the Rhône valley. The wines that are made from it vary greatly, even over small changes in the location of the vines. The differences in the soil quality as well as the changes in the slope of the terrain tend to produce different styles of wine. Ranging from the mineral and tannic nature of Hermitage, to fruity and perfumed in the case of Côte-Rôtie.^[27]

Syrah is also a key component to many blends. It may be used to add structure and color to Grenache in southern Rhône blends, including Côtes-du-Rhône and Châteauneuf-du-Pape.^[28] Syrah is also the only red grape used in the wines of the northern Rhône.^[29]

In 1968, there existed only 2,700 hectares (6,700 acres) of Syrah vineyards in France, primarily in the traditional appellations of northern Rhône, which at that time had not received much attention in the wine world for several decades, and the vineyards of which were not planted to full capacity. After the wines of northern Rhône were «rediscovered» by wine writers in the 1970s, plantings expanded considerably. This trend received an extra boost in the 1980s and 1990s, when influential wine writer Robert M. Parker Jr. awarded high scores, up to the «perfect» score of 100 points, to wines of some Rhône producers. The popularity of Australian Shiraz on the export market may also have played a role. In 1988, total French plantings stood at 27,000 hectares (67,000 acres), and the 1999 viticultural survey found 50,700 hectares (125,000 acres) of Syrah vineyards. France thus has the world’s largest plantations of Syrah.^[7]

While previously unused parts of the northern Rhône vineyards have been planted with Syrah as part of the expansion, the major part of the new French Syrah plantations are located in southern Rhône (which covers a much larger vineyard area than the northern part) and Languedoc-Roussillon.^[7] While southern Rhône produces relatively few wines where Syrah is in the majority, the proportion of Syrah in the blended wines of this region has been on the rise. Languedoc-Roussillon uses Syrah to produce both Southern Rhône-like blends with Grenache, Australian-style blends with Cabernet Sauvignon, and varietal Syrah.

Syrah vines in France often suffer from a form of dieback characterised by the leaves turning red in late summer, deep cracks developing in the stem above the graft, and the premature death of the vine. The syndrome was first observed in 1990s in the Gard and Hérault departments of Southern of France, but is now widespread. It is believed to be caused by mismatch between the rootstock and scion rather than an infection by a fungus or a virus.^[30][31]

Spain[edit]

In Spain there was an increase in the area cultivated in Syrah grapes from 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) in 1990 to 19,045 hectares (47,060 acres) in 2009.^[32] It is grown primarily in Castilla-La Mancha, with lesser amounts in Aragon and Catalonia. As of 2015 it was the seventh most grown red grape in Spain, with 20,155 hectares (49,800 acres) accounting for 4% of the red grape total.

Switzerland[edit]

The Syrah grape was introduced into Switzerland in 1926 and in 2009 was the 6th most common red wine grape in Switzerland (181 hectares).^[33] Mostly grown in Valais, along the upper Rhône valley above Lake Geneva, it produces «unexpectedly concentrated wine from mature vines».^[33]

Argentina[edit]

Syrah plantations in Argentina increased from less than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) in 1990 to 9,500 hectares (23,000 acres) in 2002.^[7] Syrah has occasionally been used as a blending component with Argentina’s signature dark-skinned grape Malbec to provide an «Argentinian take» on the Australian Cabernet-Shiraz blend.

Australia[edit]

The Syrah grape was introduced into Australia in 1832 by James Busby, an immigrant who brought vine clippings from Europe with him, and it is almost invariably called «Shiraz».^[6] Today it is Australia’s most popular red grape, but has not always been in such favour; in the 1970s, white wine was so popular that growers were ripping out unprofitable Shiraz and Grenache vineyards, even those with old vines. In the Barossa Valley, the world’s oldest continually producing commercial vineyard is believed to be the Shiraz vines at Turkey Flat in Tanunda that were originally planted in 1847.^[34]

Many factors, including the success of brands like Lindemans (part of Treasury Wine Estates) and Jacob’s Creek in the UK, as well as Rosemount in the US and UK, were responsible for a dramatic expansion of plantings during the 1980s and 1990s; a similar trajectory occurred in California. However, the biggest factor in this expansion during the 1990s was a steady increase in exports due to the historically low value of the Australian dollar.^[35]

In the 2005–2006 growing season, total Shiraz plantations in Australia stood at 41,115 hectares (101,600 acres), of which 39,087 hectares (96,590 acres) were old enough to be productive. These vines yielded a total of 422,430 tonnes of Shiraz grapes for wine production. This made Shiraz the most planted variety in Australia^[36] and Australia the world’s second largest Syrah/Shiraz grower, after France.^[7]

Victorian regions include Heathcote, roughly 1.5 hours north of Melbourne. Cooler climate regions such as Western Australia’s Margaret River produce Shiraz with marginally less alcohol content and often in a more traditional French style.

A well-known example of the Shiraz grape in Australian viticulture is the Penfolds «Grange». This wine was created by winemaker Max Schubert in 1951 and has a reputation for aging well. The Penfolds Grange is predominantly Shiraz but often includes a small quantity of Cabernet Sauvignon. It is usually a multi-regional blend of quality South Australian Shiraz, with the Barossa Valley playing an important role, and matured in new American Oak. Other well-known Australian Shiraz wines include the Henschke «Hill of Grace» and the Penfolds «RWT».

Recently, Australian Shiraz producers have started to add up to 4% Viognier to their Shiraz to add apricot tones to the wine’s nose and palate. With such a small percentage added, the producer wasn’t obliged to declare the blend on the label. In the past 5 years, however, it’s becoming increasingly fashionable to label the wine «Shiraz Viognier» as Viognier gains consumer acceptance in the marketplace. The practise of blending Viognier with Syrah has actually been common for years in the Northern Rhône Valley region of Cote-Rotie.^[37]

«Shiraz» is also the S in «GSM» (Grenache-Shiraz-Mourvèdre), which is common Australian designation for a Châteneuf-du-Pape-like blend.

South Africa[edit]

South African plantations have expanded significantly, from 1% of the vineyard area in 1995 to 9.7% in 2007^[38] making up a total area under cultivation of 9,856 hectares (24,350 acres). In South Africa, the variety is predominately known as «Shiraz», but the designation «Syrah» is used for «Rhône-style» wines.^[10] Some see this variety as the «great hope» for South African wines.^[39]

United States[edit]

In the United States, wine produced from the grape is normally called by its French name, «Syrah». However, in cases where winemakers choose to follow a New World style, similar to Penfolds Grange, they may choose to label their wines as «Shiraz».^[27] Under American wine laws, either name may appear on the label. Syrah first appeared as a wine grape in California in the 1970s, where it was planted by a group of viticulturists who called themselves «Rhône rangers».^[28] Although most plantings of the grape are in California, there are increasing amounts of it being grown in Washington state. Syrah makes up a significant percentage of wine produced in several Washington AVAs such as the Naches Heights AVA and the Walla Walla AVA. Syrah is increasingly being grown and produced in Oregon. Syrah is also found in small regions in Ohio.

California Syrahs, much like those in France, vary a great deal based on the climate and terroir that they inhabit. In exceptionally warm regions, such as parts of Napa, the wine is often blended with other Rhône varieties. Other appellations, primarily mountainous ones, tend to produce varietal-based wines that can stand on their own.^[40] Syrah was introduced into Washington state in 1986 by Red Willow Vineyard through their partnership with Woodinville, Washington-based Columbia Winery and Master of Wine David Lake.^[41] Expanding at a significant rate, it is used to produce single-varietial wines as well as being blended with grapes such as Grenache, Mourvèdre, Cinsault and Viognier.^[42]

Chile[edit]

Around 2005, there were 2,500 hectares (6,200 acres) of Syrah in Chile.^[7]

Durif[edit]

Durif, or Petite Sirah, is a descendant of Syrah and Peloursin. It was propagated by and named after Dr. Francois Durif. Durif is a cross breed between the lesser known Peloursin and Syrah. Regions such as Rutherglen have achieved international regard for their Durif. This varietal is similar to Shiraz but is even more full-bodied and tannic because of the smaller, thicker-skinned grapes used. Petite Sirah is widely planted in California, where it is popular as a varietal (for example, by Bogle Vineyards), and especially blended with Zinfandel, which results in a rich, bold and fruity wine.

Synonyms[edit]

Synonyms for Syrah include Antourenein noir, Candive, Entournerein, Hermitage, Hignin noir, Marsanne noir, Shiraz, Sira, Sirac, Sirah, Syra, and Syrac.^[33]

See also[edit]

• International variety

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Syrah Wine Grape History, Character and Growing Areas (USA)
• The origins of shiraz – revealed! — By Jeni Port, Winestate Magazine

Сира или Шираз – это популярный сорт винограда, который используют для изготовления красных и розовых вин с насыщенным ароматом и терпким вкусом.

Шираз культивируется на всех континентах. Встретить его можно в США, Африке, Швейцарии, Франции, Австралии и в других странах.

При этом не стоит путать данный сорт с Пти Сира, хоть они и имеют схожее название. Petite Sirah появился после скрещивания Сиры с ягодами Peloursin.

История происхождения

Первое упоминание Шираза было зафиксировано в 1781 году во Франции. Тогда его называли проще – Сира. Об истории происхождения ничего не было известно, поэтому возникли сразу три легенды:

1. Виноград появился в персидском городе Шираз. Сейчас это территория Ирана. Говорят, что благодаря крестоносцам, этот сорт попал в Долину Рона и прижился там.
2. Лозу выращивали на землях, которые в данное время занимают Армения и Грузия. Существует мнение, что родственником Сиры старейший является грузинский сорт винограда Саперави. Якобы его предшественник остался на родине, а Шираз перекочевал на территорию персов.
3. Родиной сорта считают Сиракузы. Во Францию эти виноградные лозы привезли еще в конце III века по просьбе императора Проба. Он разрешил выращивать виноград за пределами Италии.

Позднее ни одна из этих легенд не подтвердилась. На деле все оказалось гораздо проще. В 1998 году учеными было доказано, что сорт Шираз изобрели при скрещивании исчезающей виноградной лозы белого Mondeuse Blanche и старых плодов Dureza, который был родом из Северной Роны.

Сира и Шираз – это одно и тоже?

Про название винограда давно ведутся споры, так как его называют также Сира. Изначально лозы считались разными, но позже знатоки винного дела пришли к выводу, что речь идет об одном и том же сорте. Разница в названии обусловлена лишь региональными и климатическими особенностями. В более прохладных регионах лозу называют Сирой, а в жарких странах – Шираз.

Поэтому у винограда есть два официальных названия:

1. Шираз. Оно прижилось в регионах Нового Света, где занимались виноделием, – Австралии, Канаде, Южной Африке. Ранее сорт называли Эрмитаж.
2. Сира. Его чаще используют в Старом Свете – странах Европы, в частности во Франции и Италии. Встречается в Уругвае, ЮАР, Новой Зеландии.

В США, Чили и Аргентине прижились оба названия.

Решение о том, как упоминать сорт винограда на этикетке, принимает производитель. Он может разлить вино “Сира” тем самым показав, что напиток изготовлен во французском стиле, или же наделить “Шираз” всеми австралийскими качествами – глубиной, насыщенностью и яркостью вкуса.

Обратите внимание! Кроме “Сира” и “Шираз” есть и другие названия этого сорта. Можно встретить такие наименования как Hignin noir, Balsamina, Sereine и многие другие.

География

Виноград Шираз или Сира выращивают во всем мире и площадь виноградников составляет более 190 000 га. Среди существующих красных сортов он находится на четвертом месте по популярности после Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon и Tempranillo.

Чаще всего Шираз можно встретить:

• Во Франции. Виноградники находятся в Долине Рона. Это единственный сорт красного винограда, который разрешили использовать для создания вин в престижных регионах страны.
• В Австралии. На острове он появился в 1832 году благодаря британцу Джеймсу Басби. Мужчину считали основоположником местного виноделия. В современности Шираз выращивают во всех областях страны, кроме Тасмании.
• В Новой Зеландии. Ранее считалось, что холодный климат не подходит для этого сорта винограда. Однако, после первого урожая, собранного в регионе Хокс-Бэй, критики изменили свое мнение. Виноград, выращенный в этой стране, отличается элегантной текстурой и пряностью.
• В Аргентине. Сейчас Сиру выращивают на площади 12 000 гектаров. Спрос на этот сорт обуславливается идеальным сочетанием с виноградом Мальбек.
• В Чили. Впервые виноград здесь посадили в 1995 году. Ягоды придают напиткам высокую кислотность, полнотелость и фруктовый вкус.
• В Испании. Для выращивания Шираза выделили регион Ла-Манш. Вина получаются крепкими и полнотелыми.
• В США. Виноградники Сиры находятся в Калифорнии. Ягоды имеют характерные нотки ежевики, маслин, кожи и черного перца.
• В Южной Африке. Климатические условия этого региона очень похожи на австралийские, а потому вкус и аромат виноградных гроздьев ничем не отличается.

Также Сиру выращивают в России, Португалии, Испании. Сорт встречается и в других средиземноморских странах – Греции и Турции.

Биологические особенности

Сира или Шираз отличается умеренной силой роста. Для этого сорта характерны листья среднего размера и слегка округлой формы со слабовыраженными рассечениями. Во время весеннего и летнего периодов они окрашиваются в насыщенный зеленый цвет, а осенью меняют оттенок на желтый и красный.

Лучше всего выращивать лозу в регионах, где постоянно светит солнце и держатся высокие температуры. Только вот засуху сорт переносит плохо, поэтому его нужно часто поливать и подпушивать. Устойчивости к грибковым заболеваниями нет. Также сорт чувствителен к изменениям погоды.

Виноград плодоносит в течение 50-100 лет. Гроздья имеют средние размеры и поспевают очень рано. Снимать плоды и получать удовольствие от неповторимого вкуса ягод можно уже в начале августа.

Обратите внимание! Желательно не допускать, чтобы урожай перезрел, так как в этом случае вкусовые качества вина будут безвозвратно испорчены.

Ягоды темно-синего цвета имеют округло-овальную форму. Они хорошо переносят транспортировку, поэтому без ущерба для качества хранить их можно в течение 4-5 месяцев.

Калорийность винограда колеблется от 70 до 150 ккал на 100 граммов и зависит от региона произрастания. Чем больше сахаристость ягод, тем выше будет его энергетическая ценность.

Польза и вред

Плоды винограда Шираз очень полезны для мужчин и женщин. Ягоды богаты минералами, антиоксидантами и микроэлементами, среди которых цинк, биотин, магний, калий, никотиновая кислота и витамины групп B, A, E, C.

Среди основных полезных свойств выделяют:

• эффект омоложения, благодаря которому продукты переработки используют для изготовления косметики;
• нормализацию работы ЖКТ и других внутренних органов;
• снижение стресса;
• улучшение иммунитета;
• ускорение обмена веществ;
• борьбу с приступами мигрени;
• регулирование уровня гемоглобина в крови.

При регулярном употреблении винограда у женщин снижается вероятность появления опухолей, а у мужчин повышается либидо и быстрей происходит восстановление после физических нагрузок.

Помните, что виноград является аллергеном и употреблять его нужно в ограниченном количестве. Кроме того, яркий цвет плодов может окрасить эмаль и придать ее темный оттенок – это можно отнести к недостаткам винограда.

Вкусовой и ароматический букеты

Вкус вина, сделанного из Шираз, зависит от климата. В основном из него изготавливают средне- и полнотелые напитки со сбалансированной кислотность и освежающими эвкалиптовыми нотками.

Обратите внимание! Показатели кислотности варьируются от 6% до 9%, а сахаристость находится в пределах 15-21%. Эти показатели зависят от региона.

В ароматическом букете улавливаются:

• пряность: чаще всего прослеживаются тона черного перца, а в винограде, выращенном в условиях жаркого климата, присутствуют ароматы корицы, ванили, бадьяна, мускатного ореха;
• ягодность: можно найти нотки черники, ежевики, темной вишни, черной смородины;
• анималистические тона: особенно часто встречаются в Сире Старого Света, среди основных животных мотивов – ароматы шерсти, мяса, пороха, копченостей, кожи и крови.

Напитки получаются концентрированными, они бывают насыщенного красного или нежного розового цвета.

Идеальные гастрономические сочетания

Ароматный напиток из винограда Шираз подают к столу при 18°C. Его разливают по классическим бокалам “Бордо”. Детально о правилах выбора фужеров и том, как их держать в руке, можно прочитать здесь.

К напиткам из винограда Шираз подойдут практически любые блюда с насыщенным вкусом, которые смогут подчеркнуть выразительные фруктово-ягодными ноты. Лучшими гастрономическими сочетаниями считают:

• блюда из гуся, свинины, утки;
• нарезки из колбас, курицы, сосисок, вяленого мяса;
• паштеты из гусиной печени;
• рагу из дичи;
• пироги из слоеного или сдобного теста с начинкой из разных фруктов и ягод (малины, персика, клубники, груши);
• шоколад (только темный, с большим содержанием какао);
• овощи, приготовленные на гриле или сковороде;
• сыры твердых и полутвердых выдержанных сортов (чеддер, олтермани, пармезан, маасдам, пекорино, грюйер).

Также гастрономические сочетания отличаются в зависимости от континента. В Австралии принято подавать вина из винограда Шираз с грибами и баклажанами в тонком тесте или телятиной в специях. В Европе дегустацию начинают под телячьи грилованные ребра и говядину Wellington. Американцы уверяют, что с вином прекрасно сочетаются перуанский фаршированный перец и чечевичный суп с копченым окороком. А в Азии идеальным блюдом считают шашлычок Якитори из куриных пупков и сердец.

Лучшие вина из винограда Шираз

Из винограда Шираз создают насыщенные красные и розовые вина. Все они отличаются неповторимым вкусом и ароматом. Существуют напитки и только из этого винограда, и миксы с другими плодами.

В рейтинг лучших вошли:

1. Two Hands Angels’ Share Shiraz. Основная цель австралийского хозяйства Two Hands состоит в изготовлении лучшего вина на основе винограда Шираз. В напитке “Доля Ангелов” идеально все – анималистический аромат, звонкая кислотность, насыщенность, небольшая танинность.
2. Cusumano Syrah. Нотки карамели, копченостей и легкой кислинки сплетаются воедино и создают уникальный красный сухой напиток. В аромате четко прослеживаются вкрапления малинового варенья и перца.
3. Carmel Kayoumi Vineyard Shiraz. Полнотелое вино прямо из Израиля! В нем отлично сочетаются нотки свежеобжаренных кофейных зерен, красных ягод и черного молотого перца.
4. Penfolds Koonunga Hill Shiraz. Базовое вино, которое должен попробовать каждый. Напиток сбалансированный и деликатный, небольшое количество танинов и мягкая кислотность обеспечивают ему приятный вкус. Аромат обладает оттенками клюквы, кожи, мяты, табака и черники.
5. Palmer Historical XIXth Century Wine. Идеальное сочетание виноградов Сира, Мерло и Каберне совиньон. В ароматическом букете прослеживаются нотки спелой черешни, земли, черной смородины, пряностей и трав.
6. The Stump Jump Shiraz. Несмотря на большое количество оборотов, вино получается нежным и приятным. Сладковатый вкус красных сушеных ягод сочетается с нотками перца, какао, табачного листа и других специй.
7. Tournon Mathilda Shiraz. Привлекает округлым вкусом и ароматическим букетом сладких красных и черных ягод, сливы, перца.
8. Errazuriz la Cumbre. Изысканное чилийское вино обладает чистым и свежим ягодным ароматом с нотками ментола.
9. Олег Репин Листва Сира. Крымский напиток отличается деликатным послевкусием. В аромате можно уловить джемовые нотки смородины, черешни и черники. А послевкусие обволакивает приятной терпкостью.
10. Yves Cuilleron Cavanos Saint Joseph. У этого вина нет большого потенциала к выдержке, но оставлять его в тени невозможно из-за аромата, пряности и яркости напитка. Шелковистые нотки фруктов удачно сочетаются с табаком, кориандром и гвоздикой, создавая уникальный союз.

Пробуйте лучшие вина вместе с нами и открывайте новые оригинальные гастрономические сочетания, следуя своим предпочтениям!

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Шираз (значения).

Шира́з (перс. شیراز‎ — Širâz) — город на юге Ирана, административный центр провинции Фарс, шестой по численности населения: в 2006 году в городе проживало 1 204 882^[1] человека.

Шираз расположен в долине небольшой реки Хошк в горах Загрос на высоте более 1500 метров над уровнем моря. Западнее города лежит гора Дерак, на севере — горы Баму, Сабзпушан, Чехель Магам и Бабакухи́. Город и его окрестности административно разделены на 9 районов на общей площади 1286 км².

Первое упоминание о городе (Тиразис) относится к началу 2 тысячелетия до н. э. В 60 км от Шираза находятся развалины древней столицы первой Персидской империи Ахеменидов — Пересеполя. Столица Ирана в 1750—1794 годах (при Саффаридах, Буидах и Зендах).

Шираз известен как город поэтов, цветов и вина. Это родина плеяды выдающихся деятелей культуры средневекового Ирана: Хафиза, Саади и других. До Революции 1979 года — крупнейший центр виноделия. В настоящее время — центр нефтяной и электронной промышленности, а также туризма. Шираз славится своим относительно мягким климатом и обилием зелени на улицах. Также город знаменит своими оазисами, устроенными в соответствии с приведёнными в Коране описаниями загробных садов блаженств.

Происхождение названия

Первое упоминание о городе было найдено в 1970 году на глиняных табличках, датируемых около 2000 годом до н. э. В этих табличках, написанных на эламском языке, Шираз упоминается под названием Тиразис^[2]. С течением времени эламский «Тиразис» превратился в древнеперсидский «Шираджиш», а затем в современный Шираз. Интересно, что слово «Шираз» было также обнаружено в табличках, относящихся ко второму веку н. э. и обнаруженных в руинах сасанидских построек восточнее города. По утверждению некоторых местных исследователей, слово «Шираз» происходит от имени Тахмураса, известного по эпосу Фирдоуси Шахнаме как 3 царь Земли^[3].

История

География

Шираз расположен у подножия Загросских гор на высоте около 1500 м. По сравнению с соседними провинциями Йезд и Хузестан, климат Шираза мягче.

Город раскинулся на огромной зелёной равнине у подножия гор Танг Аллах-Акбар^[4].

Юго-восточнее города расположено солёное озеро Maharlou.

Климат

Лето в Ширазе жаркое, зима умеренно холодная.

Климат Шираза
Показатель	Янв.	Фев.	Март	Апр.	Май	Июнь	Июль	Авг.	Сен.	Окт.	Нояб.	Дек.	Год
Средний максимум, °C	11	13	17	24	30	35	37	36	32	27	18	13	24
Средняя температура, °C	6	8	11	18	23	28	30	30	25	20	12	8	18
Средний минимум, °C	1	3	6	11	16	20	23	22	17	12	6	3	12
Источник: [1]

Население

В 2006 году население шахрестана Шираз составляло 1 227 331^[5]. Большая часть населения — персы. Кроме того в Ширазе проживает еврейское меньшинство (в конце XX века из шеститысячной общины многие эмигрировали в США и Израиль).

Экономика

Промышленность

Министерство нефти Ирана запланировало строительство в Ширазе нефтеперерабатывающего завода «Парс»^[6].

Шираз знаменит местными коврами.

Сельское хозяйство

Сельское хозяйство играет большую роль в жизни Шираза и региона. Сады Шираза знамениты по всей стране, они хорошо обеспечены водой. Город — центр фруктовых садов, там выращивают виноград, цитрусовые, хлопок и рис.

Туризм

Город активно посещают туристы. В 60 км от Шираза расположены такие памятники истории, как Персеполь и Накше-Рустам, а в 130 км — Пасаргады.

Транспорт

Шираз связан автобаном с Исфаханом и Тегераном. Строится (2007) железная дорога Исфахан — Шираз.

Cтроится Ширазский метрополитен; планируется построить 3 линии.

Аэропорт

Международный аэропорт Шираз — самый большой на юге страны, он связан с Дубаем, Стамбулом и Катаром, а также со многими городами Ирана. После реконструкции в 2005 г. считается вторым наиболее надежным аэропортом страны (после аэропорта Имам Хомейни в Тегеране) с точки зрения безопасности полетов, с современным электронным и навигационным оборудованием.

Образование

В городе расположен Ширазский университет, имеющий репутацию сильнейшего вуза Ирана. С 1970-х гг., когда в реформе вуза принимал участие Пенсильванский университет, преподавание многих предметов ведётся на английском языке, а учебный процесс построен на принципах американской системы высшего образования. Университет был закрыт на 3 года после исламской революции, однако позднее возобновил свою деятельность под нынешним названием (до революции он назывался Университет Пехлеви).

Культура и искусство

Музеи

• музей Парс — коллекция древних произведений искусства и ремесел.
• музей Иранского агентства печати — огромная экспозиция реликвий династии Занд.
• музей Нареджестан-Гавам — археологические находки.
• музей Пара — реликвии династии Занд.
• Военный музей Сад Афиф-Абад (Afif-Abad Garden или Golshan Garden)
• музей Анатомии
• музей Истории природы в Университете Шираза
• музей Хафт-Танан — история династии Занд.

Спорт

стадион «Хафезье» (вместимость 35 000) стадион «Годс» (вместимость 75 000)

Достопримечательности

Основные достопримечательности города:

• Мавзолей сейида Мир Мохаммада
• Мавзолей Хафиза
• Мавзолей Саади
• Мавзолей Хаджу Кермани
• Мавзолей Шах-Черах
• Мечеть Атиг Джами IX века
• Мечеть Насир-ол Молк
• Мавзолей Шаха Шоя
• Базар Вакиль
• Мечеть Вакиль
• Ворота Коран
• Сад Афиф Абад и музей оружия
• Сад Эрам
• Мавзолей Баба-Кухи
• Мавзолей Карим-хана и музей провинции Фарс

В окрестностях Шираза находятся руины древних городов и исторические места:

• Персеполь
• Бишапур
• Пасаргады
• Фирузабад
• Накше-Рустам
• Накше-Раджаб
• Истахр

В Ширазе осталось немало иранских евреев, хотя в конце XX века и особенно после исламской революции многие из них уехали в США и Израиль. В Ширазе действуют несколько синагог.

Знаменитые люди

• Саади, поэт и писатель
• Хафиз Ширази, поэт
• Молла Садра, философ
• Аббас Доуран, герой ирано-иракской войны
• Макарем Ширази, великий аятолла, исламский ученый современности
• Туджи, представитель Норвегии на Евровидении 2012

Города-побратимы

Примечания

Ссылки

	Shiraz на Викискладе?

• www.ShirazCity.org — официальный сайт
• Обзор достопримечательностей Шираза
• Welcome to Shiraz
• Tombs of Hafiz and Sa’adi
• Shiraz photos, attractions, hotels
• Shiraz Chamber of Commerce
• More pictures of Shiraz
• Shapour Shahbazi, Alireza Shiraz. Part 1: History to 1940 (англ.) // Encyclopædia Iranica. — 4 сентября 2004.
• Шираз: в городе поэтов, памятников и садов

Города Ирана
	Абадан • Ардебиль • Ахваз • Бирдженд • Бендер-Аббас • Боджнурд • Бушир • Горган • Захедан • Зенджан • Илам • Исфахан • Йезд • Казвин • Калат • Керман • Керманшах • Кум • Мешхед • Решт • Сари • Семнан • Сенендедж • Тебриз • Тегеран • Урмия • Хамадан • Хорремабад • Шехре-Корд • Шираз • Эрак • Ясудж

Вина из Сиры и Шираза производятся из одного и того же сорта винограда, но история различия в названиях уходит своими корнями к двум хедлайнерам мирового рынка — французской долине реки Роны и Австралии.

Ключевые моменты:

• Сира и Шираз — два названия одного и того же сорта винограда. Так иногда случается в винном мире. Например, Пино Гри и Пино Гриджио — тоже разные названия одного и того же сорта, но принципиально разный «стиль» и, соответственно, ожидания.
• Традиционный австралийский Шираз обычно бывает более полнотелым, спелым и концентрированным во вкусе. Часто полусухой и не такой кислотный. В то время как старосветская Сира из Северной Роны будет сочетать в себе насыщенные ягоды с цветочной ароматикой и более сдержанным характером.

В чем же отличия?

Разница между ними в самой большой степени обусловлена климатом и региональными особенностями. Виноделы, работающие в прохладных регионах (и в Новом и в Старом Свете) обычно называют свои вина Сира (Syrah). Наиболее известные и знаменитые вина из Сиры производят в Северной Роне (Кот Роти, Эрмитаж и др.).

Принимает решение винодел. Он может разлить «Шираз» по бутылкам, чтобы показать, что сделал богатое, пышное, насыщенное, фруктовое вино в «австралийском стиле». Или он может вместо этого назвать свое вино «Сира», чтобы показать, что сделал вино во «французском стиле»: изящно и с ягодками. К сожалению, не все и не всегда следуют этому принципу, «обзывая» свои вина.

Шираз (Shiraz) обычно делают в регионах с более теплым климатом (Южная Австралия). Стилистически это намного более мощные и фруктово-насыщенные вина.

Ширазов (с точки зрения именно нейминга) нельзя найти, разве что, в регионе «Северная Рона» да и вообще во Франции. Есть какие-то отдельные вина из Лангедока с наименованием Shiraz, но в целом, во Франции можно встретить в основном Сиру.

Сира же встречается и в Чили, и в ЮАР, Греции и даже в России. В Австралии, разумеется, Сиры нет — только Шираз. Однако, идейно, некоторые вина (сегодня такое будет в примерах) могли бы смело записаться во «французский вариант».

Ширазы и Сира для «попробовать»

Two Hands Angels’ Share Shiraz (17)

Two Hands — молодое, но уже признанное австралийское хозяйство, где в члены команды (на сайте) записано даже семейство шотландских Хайлендов (порода коров), которые сопровождают гостей во время экскурсии по виноградникам.

Стартовали просто. В 1999 году Майкл Твелфтри и Ричард Минц на одной из дружеских вечеринок просто решили, что хотят делать лучшее австралийское вино и продавать его по всему миру. Основная цель была и есть — создавать лучшие вина на основе Шираза.

Доля Ангелов (название, очевидно, дано вину в честь фильма). Превосходный Шираз, заставляющий тебя думать, что он «Сира»: со звонкой кислотностью и легкой анималистикой в аромате. Алкоголь хоть и высоковат (что уже выдает в нём с потрохами австралийца) так, что с первого бокала щеки розовеют ощутимо, спрятан классно. Почти идеальное вино для любителей насыщенных и не сильно танинных кислотных вин.

? Оценка: 4.2

• Где: винотеки Симпл
• Сколько: 3640 руб. (розничная цена)

В Ленте видели это вино, и стоит там оно порядка 2000 руб.

Penfolds Koonunga Hill Shiraz (17)

Шираз от культовой семейной австралийской винодельни Пенфолдс.

Макс Шуберт и Гранж, создавшие моду на Шираз в мире — просто погуглите это имя и вино, и все встанет на свои места.

Да, вино от них самое базовое, но доступное. Цены на топовые позиции сравнимы с элитными бордосскими замками.

Легкая копченость, мята, кожа и табак, черничный конфитюр и клюква со специями. Деликатный и мягкий танин спрятался за кислотностью и специями. Очень сбалансированный Шираз без острых углов и нареканий.

• Где: винотеки Симпл
• Сколько: 2190 руб. (розничная цена)

? Оценка: 4.0-4.2

Tournon Mathilda Shiraz (17)

Еще один австралиец с французской душой. Проект знаменитого ронского короля Мишеля Шапутье.

Элегантное и строгое как костюм «тройка». Слива, черный перец, черные ягоды. Легкая сластинка переходит в длительное сухое послевкусие. Еще не Сира, но уже и не Шираз.

Как и в случае со знаменитым анекдотом (чтобы русские ни делали, всегда получается Калашников) — даже в Австралии Шапутье делает Шираз, а выходит отличная Сира.

• Где: винотеки Монополь
• Сколько: 2254 руб. (розничная цена)

? Оценка: 4.4

d`Arenberg The Footbolt Shiraz (16)

Честер д’Аренберг Осборн — главный винодел и продолжатель семейного предприятия, а Футболт — имя скакуна семейства Осборнов.

Вино с большим потенциалом и конской мощью. Его конечно можно и сейчас пробовать, но танин и кислотность звенят так, что уши закладывает, а вино словно кисель можно есть ложкой. Ткемали, специи, смородиновое варенье, шоколад — это все тоже там.

Если нетерпеливы, то хотя бы за пол часа откройте и дайте воздуха ему. Побольше!

• Где: винотеки Форт
• Сколько: 2300 руб. (розничная цена)

? Оценка: 4.2

d’Arenberg The Stump Jump Shiraz (17)

«Нижняя» линейка от того же производителя с функциональной этикеткой для проверки зрения. Прочел нижнюю строчку — еще бокальчик можно.

? Черные и красные сушеные ягоды, перец.

? Табачный лист, какао, легкая копченость, красные фрукты.

Во вкусе клюква, средний танин, среднее тело, средняя и ниже кислотность. Сладковатым ощущается. Для Шираза не самое мускулистое. Комфортно пьется даже при 14% алкоголя.

• Где: винотеки Форт
• Сколько: 1435 руб. (розничная цена)

В Метро дешевле раза в полтора точно

? Оценка: 3.7-3.8

Cusumano Syrah (18)

Сицилийская семейная винодельня под управлением братьев Кузумано. И эта Сира уже куда более «французская».

Красные ягоды, какао, карамель, малиновое варенье с перцем. Насыщенное, ягодно-сочное, с легкой копченостью и кислыми ягодами во вкусе, ветчинкой в аромате, кислотностью выше среднего и хорошим, гастрономичным, мягким танином. Под еду и без.

• Где: МЕТРО
• Сколько: 700-800 руб.

? Оценка: 4.0

Кроме этого, рекомендуем вино под похожей этикеткой от этой же компании, Benuara — купаж все той же Сиры и местного хедлайнера — сорта Неро д’Авола.

Подробные описания вин, другие Ширазы и Сиру ищите в нашем Вивино.

Еще раз?

Традиционный Шираз из Южной Австралии обычно считается ярче, с более спелыми и концентрированными фруктами во вкусе, возможно, с землистыми тонами и нотами шоколада, ощущением пряности, обусловленной использованием новых дубовых бочек, эвкалиптовыми и ментоловыми штрихами. Также, учитывая жаркий климат, многие австралийские Ширазы имеют более высокий уровень алкоголя.

Сира (если брать «эталон» из Северной Роны) также может обладать мощной структурой с насыщенным вкусом чёрных фруктов, но, традиционно, обладает более сдержанным, аскетичным характером, при этом с более выдающимися цветочными ароматами и нотами чёрного и белого перца.

Нет никаких четких правил, чтобы регламентировать эти различия и не так-то просто провести черту между этими грубыми разграничениями.

Интересные факты

• На сайте Decanter.com в 2002 была статья о том, что известная сеть британских супермаркетов Sainsbury’s потеряла часть продаж после того, как им пришлось заменить на ценниках название Шираз на Сира.
• Родителями сорта являются малоизвестная Дюреза — сорт французского региона Рона-Альпы, и Мондёз Бланш. Оба обитают недалеко от северной Роны, а значит, именно этот регион можно смело считать исторической родиной, а не Иран (как некоторые считали до проведения генетических исследований).
• Одно из основных исследований, проведённых в 2006 году, показало, что Шираз — дальний родственник Пино Нуара, что стало сюрпризом для специалистов, его проводивших.
• Сорт Сира появился в Австралии в 19 веке (был привезен Джеймсом Басби из Франции) и в итоге трансформировался в Шираз, став флагманом винной индустрии региона. Почему у сорта сменилось имя? Точных данных на этот счет нет, но вероятнее всего, это или неверная транскрипция или же намеренное искажение название для придания исторической важности (Шираз — город в Иране, история виноделия которого насчитывает почти 7 тыс. лет).
• Rhone Rangers — некоммерческая организация. Так себя называют американские виноделы, пропагандирующие и продвигающие производство в США вин во французском стиле долины Роны (сорта Сира, Гренаш, Мурведр и т.д.).