Швейцарская конфедерация как пишется

Координаты: 46°48′00″ с. ш. 8°14′00″ в. д. / 46.8° с. ш. 8.233333° в. д. (G)

Швейцарская конфедерация
нем. Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft
фр. Confédération suisse
итал. Confederazione Svizzera
ром. Confederaziun svizra

Швейцария Герб Швейцарии
Флаг Швейцарии Герб Швейцарии
Девиз: ««Unus pro omnibus omnes pro uno» лат. «Один за всех, все за одного»»
Гимн: «Швейцарский псалм»
Дата независимости Провозглашена 1 августа 1291
Признана 24 октября 1648
Федерация с 1848 (от Федеративная хартия)
Официальный язык Немецкий,
Французский,
Итальянский,
Романшский
Столица нет столицы в Швейцарии, условно Берн
Крупнейшие города Цюрих, Женева, Базель, Берн, Лозанна
Форма правления Парламентарная республика
Федеральный совет Ханс-Рудольф Мерц
(Президент Швейцарии)
Мориц Лойенбергер,
Ули Маурер,
Мишлин Кальми-Ре,
Паскаль Кушпен,
Дорис Лойтхард
(вице-президент)
,
Эвелине Видмер-Шлумпф
Территория
  • Всего
  • % водной поверхн.
136-я в мире
41 284 км²
4,2
Население
  • Всего (2008)
  • Плотность
94-е в мире
7 700 200 чел.
181,4 чел./км²
ВВП
  • Итого (сентябрь 2008)
  • На душу населения
36-й в мире
$300,186 млрд.
$40 000
Валюта Швейцарский франк (CHF, код 756)
Интернет-домен Телефонный код +41
Часовой пояс UTC +1

Швейца́рия (нем. die Schweiz, фр. la Suisse, итал. Svizzera, ром. Svizra), официальное название Швейца́рская конфедера́ция (нем. Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, фр. Confédération suisse, итал. Confederazione Svizzera, ром. Confederaziun svizra) — небольшое, не имеющее выхода к морю государство в центральной Европе, граничащее на севере с Германией, на западе с Францией, на юге с Италией, на востоке с Австрией и Лихтенштейном. Название происходит от наименования кантона Швиц, образованного от древненемецкого «жечь».

Латинское название страны — Confoederatio Helvetica, это название встречается в аббревиатуре швейцарской валюты и в названии швейцарского интернет-домена (CH). На почтовых марках используется латинское название Helvetia, иногда употребляющееся в русском языке как название страны — Гельвеция.

Содержание

  • 1 История
  • 2 Политическое устройство
  • 3 Административное деление
  • 4 Географические данные
    • 4.1 Климат
    • 4.2 Рельеф
  • 5 Экономика
    • 5.1 Финансы
      • 5.1.1 Налоги
    • 5.2 Добывающая отрасль
    • 5.3 Промышленность
    • 5.4 Энергетика
    • 5.5 Транспорт
    • 5.6 Сельское хозяйство
    • 5.7 Туризм
  • 6 Население
  • 7 Религия
  • 8 Внешняя политика Швейцарии
    • 8.1 Шенгенское пространство
    • 8.2 Международные организации
    • 8.3 Швейцария и Организация Объединенных Наций
    • 8.4 Отношения Швейцарии и ЕС
    • 8.5 Отношения Швейцарской Конфедерации и России
    • 8.6 Отношения Швейцарии и США в начале 21 века
    • 8.7 Миграционная политика Швейцарии в XX — начале XXI вв
    • 8.8 Беженцы и защита от преследования
  • 9 Достопримечательности Швейцарии
    • 9.1 Природные достопримечательности
    • 9.2 Знаменитости, связанные со Швейцарией
      • 9.2.1 Русская Швейцария
  • 10 Культура Швейцарии
    • 10.1 Спорт
    • 10.2 Праздники
    • 10.3 Национальная кухня Швейцарии
    • 10.4 Часы работы заведений
  • 11 Вооружённые силы
    • 11.1 Сухопутные войска
  • 12 Средства массовой информации Швейцарии
  • 13 Библиография
  • 14 Примечания
  • 15 Ссылки
    • 15.1 Политика
    • 15.2 Информация
    • 15.3 Туризм
    • 15.4 Разное

История

Политическое устройство

Швейцария — федеративная республика. Действующая конституция принята в 1999. В ведении федеральных властей находятся вопросы войны и мира, внешних отношений, армии, железных дорог, связи, денежной эмиссии, утверждение федерального бюджета и т. д.

Швейцария была создана из объединения 3 кантонов. Глава страны — президент, избираемый каждый год по принципу ротации из числа членов Федерального совета.

Высший орган законодательной власти — двухпалатный парламент — Союзное собрание, состоящее из Национального совета и Совета кантонов (Палаты равноправные).

Национальный совет (200 депутатов) избирается населением на 4 года по системе пропорционального представительства.

Федеративное устройство и конституция Швейцарии были закреплены в конституциях 1848, 1874 и 1999 гг.

Сейчас Швейцария — федерация из 26 кантонов (20 кантонов и 6 полукантонов). До 1848 года (кроме короткого периода Гельветической республики) Швейцария представляла собой конфедерацию. Каждый кантон имеет свою конституцию, законы, но их права ограничены федеральной конституцией. Законодательная власть принадлежит Парламенту, а исполнительная — Федеральному совету (правительству).

В Совете кантонов 46 депутатов, которые избираются населением по мажоритарной системе относительного большинства в 20 двухмандатных округах и 6 одномандатных, то есть по 2 чел. от каждого кантона и по одному от полукантона на 4 года (в некоторых кантонах — на 3 года).

Все законы, принятые парламентом, могут быть утверждены или отвергнуты на всенародном (факультативном) референдуме (прямая демократия). Для этого после принятия закона в 100-дневный срок необходимо собрать 50 тыс. подписей.

Избирательное право предоставляется всем гражданам, достигшим 18 лет.

Высшая исполнительная власть принадлежит правительству — Федеральному совету, состоящему из 7 членов, каждый из которых возглавляет один из департаментов (министерств). Члены Федсовета избираются на совместном заседании обеих палат парламента. Все члены Федерального совета поочередно занимают посты президента и вице-президента.

Основы швейцарского государства были заложены в 1291. До конца XVIII века в стране не существовало центральных государственных органов, но периодически созывались общесоюзные соборы — тагзатцунг.

В 1798 в Швейцарию были введены французские войска, принята конституция по образцу французской.

В 1803 году в рамках «Акта посредничества» Наполеон возвратил Швейцарии независимость.

В 1848 принята конституция, предусматривавшая создание двухпалатного федерального парламента.

В 1874 принята конституция, которая ввела институт референдумов.

В 1971 право голоса получили женщины.

В 1999 году была принята новая, основательно переработанная редакция этой конституции.

Состав парламента, избранного в 2003:

  • Швейцарская народная партия (ШНП) — 8 мест в Совете кантонов и 55 в Национальном совете, в 2008 фракция включает членов Гражданской партии
  • Социал-демократическая партия Швейцарии (СПШ) — 9 и 52 места
  • Радикально-демократическая партия Швейцарии (либералы) — 14 и 36 мест,
  • Христианско-демократическая народная партия — 15 и 28 мест.

Федеральный совет — Гражданская партия 2, Социал-демократическая партия 2, Радикально-демократическая партия −2, Христианско-демократическая партия 1

В октябре 2007 года прошли очередные парламентские выборы в стране. По их итогам правые националисты из Народной партии одерживают самую крупную победу на парламентских выборах страны с 1919 года.

Состав парламента по результатам выборов 2007 года:

  • Швейцарская народная партия — 7 мест в Совете кантонов и 62 в Национальном совете;
  • Социал-демократическая партия Швейцарии — 6 и 43 места;
  • Христианско-демократическая народная партия- 11 и 31 место;
  • Радикально-демократическая партия Швейцарии — 9 и 31 место;

Интересно, что наибольшее число голосов Народная партия набрала в кантоне Швиц (44,9 %), а наименьшее — в Тичино (8,7 %). При этом наибольшая активность граждан наблюдалась в кантоне Шаффгаузен (явка составила более 65 % населения), наименьшая — в Аппенцелль-Иннерроден (лишь 21 %).

Председатель Совета кантонов (2006) — Рольф Бютикер (либерал). Председатель Совета Кантонов (2009) — Ален Берсе. Председатель Национального совета (2006) — Клоп Яниак (СПШ).

Председатель Верховного суда (2007) — Артур Эшлиманн.

Все кантоны имеют свои конституции; законодательная и исполнительная власть принадлежит большим советам (парламентам) и кантональным советам (правительствам), избираемым гражданами на срок от 1 до 5 лет. В округах (возглавляются префектом, назначаемым кантональным советом) и общинах избираются органы самоуправления — общие собрания граждан — «ландсгемайнде» (в немецких кантонах) и общинные советы (во французских кантонах). Исполнительными органами в общинах являются муниципалитеты или малые советы, возглавляемые мэрами или синдиками.

Швейцария имеет давние традиции политического и военного нейтралитета, однако принимает деятельное участие в международном сотрудничестве и на её территории находятся многие международные организации.

Есть несколько взглядов на время возникновения швейцарского нейтралитета. По мнению некоторых учёных, Швейцария начала придерживаться статуса нейтралитета после заключения мирного договора с Францией 29 ноября 1516 года, в котором был провозглашён «вечный мир». В дальнейшем швейцарские власти приняли ряд решений, которые продвинули страну на пути к определению своего нейтралитета. В 1713 году нейтралитет страны был признан Францией, Испанией, Нидерландами и Англией, заключившими Утрехтский мир. Однако в 1798 году Швейцария заключила с наполеоновской Францией договор, в соответствии с которым страна обязывалась предоставить свою территорию для ведения военных действий, а также выставить военный корпус. На Венском конгрессе в 1815 году был закреплён «вечный нейтралитет» Швейцарии. Окончательно нейтралитет подтверждён и конкретизирован Гарантийным актом, подписанным в Париже 20 ноября 1815 года Австрией, Великобританией, Португалией, Пруссией, Россией и Францией.

Административное деление

административное деление Швейцарии

Швейцария — федеративная республика, состоящая из 23 кантонов, 3 из которых (Унтервальден, Базель и Аппенцелль) делятся на полукантоны. Ниже — список кантонов (стоить заметить, что немало городов Швейцарии имеют разные названия, употребляемые на разных языках страны).

Кантон Крупнейший город Площадь, тыс. км²
Цюрих (Zürich) Цюрих (Zürich) 1,7
Берн (Bern) Берн (Bern) 5,9
Люцерн (Luzern) Люцерн (Luzern) 1,5
Ури (Uri) Альтдорф (Altdorf) 1,1
Швиц (Schwyz) Швиц (Schwyz) 0,9
Унтервальден (Unterwalden)
  Обвальден (Obwalden)1 Зарнен (Sarnen) 0,5
  Нидвальден (Nidwalden)1 Штанс (Stans) 0,3
Гларус (Glarus) Гларус (Glarus) 0,7
Цуг (Zug) Цуг (Zug) 0,2
Фрибур (Fribourg) Фрибур (Fribourg) 1,7
Золотурн (Solothurn) Золотурн (Solothurn) 0,8
Базель (Basel)
  Базель-Штадт (Basel-Stadt)1 Базель (Basel) 0,04
  Базель-Ланд (Basel-Land)1 Листаль (Liestal) 0,4
Шаффгаузен (Schaffhausen) Шаффхаузен (Schaffhausen) 0,3
Аппенцелль (Appenzell)
  Аппенцелль — Ауссерроден (Appenzell-Ausserrhoden)1 Херизау (Herisau) 0,2
  Аппенцелль — Иннерроден (Appenzell-Innerrhoden)1 Аппенцелль (Appenzell) 0,2
Санкт-Галлен (St. Gallen) Санкт-Галлен (St. Gallen) 2,0
Граубюнден (Graubunden) Кур (Chur) 7,1
Ааргау (Aargau) Аарау (Aarau) 1,4
Тургау (Thurgau) Фрауэнфельд (Frauenfeld) 1,0
Тичино (Ticino) Беллинцона (Bellinzona) 2,8
Во (фр. Vaud) Лозанна (фр. Lausanne) 3,2
Вале (Valais) Сьон (Sion) 5,2
Нёвшатель (фр. Neuchâtel) Нёвшатель (фр. Neuchâtel) 0,8
Женева (фр. Genève) Женева (фр. Genève) 0,3
Юра (фр. Jura Делемон (Delemont), нем. Дельсберг (Delsberg) 0,8

1 Полукантоны — в реальности полноценные кантоны.
² Образовался в 1979 году.

Флаг Швейцарии

Географические данные

Территория Швейцарии. Снимок со спутника

Швейцария — страна без выхода к морю, территория которой делится на три природных региона:

  • Горы Юра на севере,
  • Швейцарское плато в центре,
  • Горы Альпы на юге, занимающие 61 % всей территории Швейцарии.

Северная граница частично проходит по Боденскому озеру и Рейну, который начинается в центре Швейцарских Альп и образует часть восточной границы. Западная граница проходит по горам Юра, южная- по Итальянским Альпам и Женевскому озеру.

Плато лежит в низине, но большая его часть расположена выше 500 метров над уровнем моря. Состоящие из лесистых хребтов (до 1600 м) молодые складчатые горы Юра протянулись на территорию Франции и Германии. Наивысшая точка Швейцарии находится в Альпах — пик Дюфур(4634 м.), наинизшая — озеро Лаго-Маджоре — 193 м.

Самые крупные реки — Рона, Рейн, Лиммат, Ааре.

Около 25 % территории Швейцарии покрыто лесами — не только в горах, но и в долинах, и на некоторых плоскогорьях. Древесина является важным сырьём и источником топлива.

Швейцария богата озёрами. Швейцария знаменита своими озерами, наиболее привлекательные из них расположены по краям Швейцарского плато — Женевское, Фирвальдштетское, Тунское на юге, Цюрихское на востоке, Бильское и Невшательское на севере. Большинство из них имеет ледниковое происхождение: они образовались во времена, когда крупные ледники спускались с гор на Швейцарское плато. К югу от оси Альп в кантоне Тичино расположены озера Лаго-Маджоре и Лугане.

Десять крупнейших озёр Швейцарии:

  • Женевское озеро (582,4 км²)
  • Боденское озеро (539 км²)
  • Нёвшательское озеро (217,9 км²)
  • Лаго-Маджоре (212,3 км²)
  • Фирвальдштетское озеро (113,8 км²)
  • Цюрихское озеро (88,4 км²)
  • Лугано (48,8 км²)
  • Тун (48,4 км²)
  • Бильское озеро (40 км²)
  • Цугское озеро (38 км²)

Климат

В Швейцарии преобладает континентальный климат, типичный для Центральной Европы, со значительными колебаниями в зависимости от высоты над уровнем моря. На Западе страны велико влияние Атлантического океана, по мере продвижения на Восток и в горных районах климат приобретает черты континентального. Зимы холодные, на плато и в долинах температура достигает нуля, а в горных районах −10 °C и ниже. Средняя температура летом в низинах — +18-20°C, несколько ниже в горах. В Женеве средние температуры июля около 19 °C, января примерно 19 °C. За год выпадает около 850 мм осадков. Особенность-сильные северные и южные ветры. Годовой уровень осадков в Цюрихе на плато составляет 100 мм, а в Зенте — более 200 мм. Значительная часть осадков выпадает зимой в виде снега. Некоторые районы постоянно находятся под слоем льда . Особым качеством восточных Альп является то, что около 65 % количества годовых осадков выпадает в виде снега. Нередко даже в мае-июне, на высоте больше 1.500 м выпадают осадки в виде снежной крупы. Швейцарский климат необычен тем, что для каждой области Швейцарии свойственен свой пейзаж, свой климат. Именно здесь Арктика соседствует с тропиками. Здесь можно обнаружить, как в Арктике, мхи и лишайники, а так же пальмы и мимозы, — по существу как на побережье Средиземного моря.

Рельеф

Большая часть страны расположена на территории Альп. На юге находятся Пеннинские Альпы (высота до 4634 м -пик Дюфур, высшая точка Швейцарии), Лепонтинские Альпы, Ретийские Альпы и массив Бернина. Глубокими продольными долинами Верхней Роны и Переднего Рейна Пеннинские и Лепонтинские Альпы отделены от Бернских Альп(г. Финстераархорн, высота до 4274 м) и Гларнских Альп, образующих систему хребтов, вытянутых с юго-запада на северо-восток через всю страну. Преобладают островерхие хребты, сложенные преимущественно кристаллическими породами и сильно расчленённые эрозией; многочисленны ледники и ледниковые формы рельефа. Основные перевалы (Большой Сен-Бернар, Симплон, Сен-Готард, Бернина) расположены выше 2000 м. Для ландшафта горной Швейцарии характерно большое количество ледников и ледниковых форм рельефа, общая площадь оледенения — 1950 кв.км. Всего в Швейцарии насчитывается примерно 140 крупных долинных ледников (Алечский глетчер и другие), есть также каровые и висячие ледники.

Экономика

  • Основные статьи импорта: промышленное и электронное оборудование, продукты питания, чугун и сталь, нефтепродукты.
  • Основные статьи экспорта: машины, часы, текстиль, медикаменты, электрическое оборудование, органические химикаты.

Преимущества: высококвалифицированная рабочая сила, надежная сфера услуг. Развитые отрасли машиностроения и высокоточной механики. Транснациональные концерны химпрома, фармакологии и банковского сектора. Банковская тайна привлекает иностранный капитал. Банковский сектор составляет 9 % ВВП. Инновации в массовых рынках (часы Swatch, концепция автомобилей Swatch).

Слабые стороны: сверхдорогие товары из-за картельного протекционизма. Сильно субвенционируемое сельское хозяйство.

Швейцария одна из самых развитых и богатых стран мира. Швейцария — высокоразвитая индустриальная страна с интенсивным высокопродуктивным сельским хозяйством и почти полным отсутствием каких-либо полезных ископаемых. По подсчетам западных экономистов, она входит в первую десятку стран мира по уровню конкурентоспособности экономики. Швейцарская экономика тесно связана с внешним миром, прежде всего со странами ЕС, тысячами нитей производственной кооперации и внешнеторговых сделок. Ок. 80-85 % товарооборота Швейцарии приходится на государства ЕС. Через Швейцарию транзитом проходит более 50 % всех грузов из северной части Западной Европы на юг и в обратном направлении. После заметного роста в 1998—2000 гг. экономика страны вступила в полосу спада. В 2002 г. ВВП вырос на 0,5 % и составил 417 млрд шв. фр. Инфляция была на отметке 0,6 %. Уровень безработицы достиг 3,3 %. В экономике занято ок. 4 млн человек (57 % населения), из них: в промышленности — 25,8 %, в том числе в машиностроении — 2,7 %, в химической промышленности — 1,7 %, в сельском и лесном хозяйстве — 4,1 %, в сфере услуг — 70,1 %, в том числе в торговле — 16,4 %, в банковском и страховом деле — 5,5 %, в гостинично-ресторанном бизнесе — 6,0 %. Политика нейтралитета позволила избежать разрухи двух мировых войн.

Финансы

Швейцария — богатейшая страна мира и один из важнейших банковских и финансовых центров мира (Цюрих — третий после Нью-Йорка и Лондона мировой валютный рынок). Швейцарская Конфедерация входит в список офшорных зон. В стране функционирует около 4 тыс. финансовых институтов, в том числе множество филиалов иностранных банков. На швейцарские банки приходится 35-40 % мирового управления собственностью и имуществом частных и юридических лиц. Они пользуются хорошей репутацией у клиентов благодаря стабильной внутриполитической обстановке, твердой швейцарской валюте, соблюдению принципа «банковской тайны». Швейцария, являясь крупным экспортером капитала, занимает четвёртое место в мире после США, Японии, ФРГ. Прямые инвестиции за границей составляют 29 % швейцарского ВВП (средний показатель в мире — ок. 8 %). 75 % всех швейцарских инвестиций направляется на развитые промышленности, среди развивающихся стран наиболее привлекают швейцарские капиталы Латинская Америка и ЮВА. Доля Восточной Европы в общем объёме инвестиций пока что незначительна.

1 апреля 1998 г. в Швейцарии вступил в силу федеральный закон о борьбе с «отмыванием» денег в финансовом секторе, позволивший несколько приподнять завесу банковской тайны в целях выявления «грязных» денег.

В 1815 году Венский конгресс принял гарантии нейтралитета Швейцарии. С тех пор она не участвовала ни в одной войне и её банки никогда не подвергались разграблению. Впрочем, ещё при Людовике Шестнадцатом один из швейцарских банкиров — Жак Неккер — был настолько авторитетен, что стал первым лицом финансового ведомства Франции.

Аргумент в пользу надежности швейцарских банков прост — они не могут разориться, поскольку не участвуют в рискованных финансовых операциях. Именно в Швейцарии возникли первые частные банки. Сегодня их в стране более 400. Конфиденциальность сведений швейцарские банки гарантируют согласно государственному закону о банковской тайне, принятому в 1713 году. Швейцарцы даже отказались выдать французскому правительству информацию о переводах со счета гражданина Швейцарии Йеслама Бен Ладена — единокровного брата «террориста номер один».

В 2006 году банк «Кантональ» провел ревизию невостребованных вкладов и обнаружил незакрытый счет на имя Владимира Ульянова, на котором лежит всего 13 франков — 286 рублей. Зато, по данным Министерства иностранных дел Великобритании, в швейцарских банках до сих пор хранится золото нацистов на сумму 4 миллиарда долларов.

Глава Швейцарской банковской ассоциации — Урс Ротт.

Налоги

Прибыль компаний — резидентов Швейцарии, включая полученные дивиденды, проценты, роялти, а также прибыль от реализации внеоборотных активов подлежит обложению корпоративным налогом. Уточним, компания признается налоговым резидентом Швейцарии, если она учреждена в этом государстве, имеет постоянное представительство или эффективно управляется и контролируется из Швейцарии. В целом налоговая база швейцарского корпоративного налога формируется по правилам, аналогичным российским. То есть доходы компании уменьшаются на сумму обоснованных расходов.

Ставка корпоративного налога состоит из двух частей. Федеральная часть взимается по единой ставке 8,5 процентов. Однако, в соответствии с существующими правилами, налог не исчисляется с прибыли, а извлекается из нее. Поэтому эффективная налоговая ставка составляет 7,83 процента.

Кантональные или муниципальные ставки варьируются в каждом отдельном кантоне. Самые низкие региональные ставки корпоративного налога установили кантоны Аппенцелль-Аусерроден и Обвальден — 6 процентов. Таким образом, можно говорить, что совокупная эффективная ставка корпоративного налога в Швейцарии варьируется от 12,7 (100 % : (100 % + 8,5 % + 6 %) х (8,5 % + 6 %)) до 24,2 процента в зависимости от кантона и муниципалитета нахождения налогоплательщика. Среднее значение в 2008 году составило 19,2 процента.

См. подробно А. С. Захаров «Как экономят, используя льготные налоговые режимы Швейцарии», журнал Практическое налоговое планирование, январь 2009

Добывающая отрасль

В Швейцарии мало полезных ископаемых. Промышленное значение имеют каменная соль и стройматериалы.

Промышленность

В промышленности доминируют крупные объединения транснационального характера, как правило, успешно выдерживающие конкуренцию на мировом рынке и занимающие на нём ведущие позиции: концерны «Нестле» (пищевые продукты, фармацевтические и косметические изделия, детское питание), «АББ — «Асеа Браун Бовери» (электротехника и турбиностроение). Швейцарию часто ассоциируют с часовой фабрикой мира. В опоре на старые традиции и высокую техническую культуру здесь производят часы самых престижных марок.

Энергетика

Около 42 % электроэнергии в Швейцарии вырабатывается на АЭС, 50 % на ГЭС, а остальные 8 % на ТЭС из импортируемой нефти. Большинство ГЭС находится в Альпах, где создано более 40 искусственных озёр — водохранилищ. По инициативе «зеленых» строительство новых АЭС временно прекращено, однако в перспективе Швейцария не собирается пока сворачивать программу атомной энергетики.

Транспорт

Швейцарская транспортная система «отлажена, как часы». Из 5031 км железнодорожных путей электрифицировано более половины. В горах проложено более 600 туннелей, включая Симплонский (19,8 км.). В горных регионах работают фуникулёры и канатные дороги. Протяжённость дорог — около 71 тыс. км. Важную роль играют дороги, проходящие через горные перевалы Сен-Готард, Сен-Бернар и другие.

27 октября 2008 в Швейцарии было официально открыто первое метро — 5,9 км, 14 станций.

Основные международные аэропорты — Женева, Цюрих, Базель.

Сельское хозяйство

Сельское хозяйство имеет ярко выраженную животноводческую направленность (с упором на производство мясомолочной продукции), отличается высокой урожайностью и производительностью труда. Характерно преобладание мелких хозяйств. Швейцарский сыр уже не одно столетие хорошо известен во многих странах мира. В целом сельское хозяйство обеспечивает потребности страны в продуктах питания на 56-57 %. Швейцария поддерживает внешнеторговые связи практически со всеми странами мира. Экономика страны в значительной степени зависит от внешней торговли — как в импорте сырья и полуфабрикатов, так и в экспорте изделий промышленности (на экспорт идет более 50 % продукции текстильной, около 70 % машиностроительной, свыше 90 % химической и фармацевтической, 98 % часовой промышленности). На развитые индустриальные страны приходится 80 % оборота внешней торговли Швейцарии. Основными её партнерами являются страны ЕС — св.3/4 экспорта и импорта. Среди крупнейших внешнеторговых партнеров — ФРГ, Франция, США, Италия, Великобритания, страны Бенилюкса.

Туризм

Иностранный туризм. Являясь традиционной страной туризма, Швейцария удерживает в этой сфере прочные позиции в Европе. Наличие развитой туристической инфраструктуры, сети железных и автомобильных дорог в сочетании с живописной природой и выгодным географическим положением обеспечивает приток в страну значительного количества туристов, прежде всего немцев, американцев, японцев, а в последние годы также русских, индийцев, китайцев.

15 % национального дохода поступает за счёт туризма. MOII Пожалуй, самыми известными курортами в Швейцарии являются Давос, Сент-Моритц, Церматт, и Интерлакен остаются очень популярными местами из тех, где наши соотечественники отдыхают и развлекаются зимой.

Население

Динамика численности населения Швейцарии с 1970 по 2005 г.г. Число жителей в тыс. чел.

Общая численность населения по оценкам 2008 года составляет 7 580 000 чел. Возрастная структура населения: 0-14 лет: 15,8 % 15-64 года: 68,2 % старше 65 лет: 16 %

Средний возраст населения: средний: 40,7 мужчины: 39,6 женщины: 41,7

Этнический состав: немцы (65 %), французы (18 %), итальянцы (10 %), другие национальности (7 %). Уровень грамотности населения-99 %.

Уровень жизни в Швейцарии очень высок, однако социальное законодательство совершенствуется медленно. Так, лишь в 1983 г. в стране введен трехнедельный оплачиваемый отпуск. Разница в оплате труда мужчин и женщин все ещё достигает 30 %. Средний уровень заработной платы в Швейцарии — 5400 шв. фр. в месяц, средний доход на семью из трех человек — ок. 100 тыс. шв. фр. в год. Следует учитывать при этом, что средний уровень цен в Швейцарии, как правило, на 30-50 % выше, чем в странах ЕС.

Религия

В эпоху Реформации Швейцария пережила церковный раскол. Религиозные разногласия будоражили страну вплоть до середины XIX в., сказавшись на формировании единого государства. Кантоны в зависимости от вероисповедания создавали альянсы и союзы, вели между собой войны. Мир воцарился окончательно в 1848 г. В настоящее время протестанты составляют около 48 % населения, католики — примерно 50 %. Конфессиональные различия в Швейцарии не всегда совпадают с лингвистическими границами. Среди протестантов можно обнаружить и франкоязычных кальвинистов, и немецкоязычных последователей Цвингли. Центры немецкоязычного протестантизма — Цюрих, Берн и Аппенцелль. Большинство франкоязычных протестантов проживает в кантоне Женева и соседних кантонах Во и Невшатель. Католики преобладают в центральной Швейцарии вокруг города Люцерн, на большей части территории франкоязычных кантонов Фрибур и Вале и в италоязычном кантоне Тичино. Небольшие еврейские общины имеются в Цюрихе, Базеле и Женеве.

Внешняя политика Швейцарии

Внешняя политика Швейцарии согласно конституции этой страны строится с учетом международно-правового статуса постоянного нейтралитета. Начало швейцарской политики нейтралитета трудно связать с какой-либо определенной датой. Швейцарский историк Эдгар Бонжур по этому поводу сказал: «Понятие швейцарского нейтралитета возникло одновременно с понятием швейцарской нации». Небезынтересно отметить, что еще в 14 веке в договорах отдельных кантонов, составивших впоследствии Швейцарскую конфедерацию, с их соседями употребляется немецкий термин «stillsitzen» (буквально «сидеть смирно»), что примерно соответствует позднейшему понятию нейтралитета. Постоянный нейтралитет Швейцарии возник в результате подписания четырех международно-правовых актов: Акта Венского Конгресса от 8(20) марта 1815 года, Приложения к Акту Венского Конгресса № 90 от 8(20) марта 1815 г., Декларации держав о делах Гельветического Союза и Акта относительно признания и гарантии постоянного нейтралитета Швейцарии и неприкосновенности ее территории. В отличие от других стран, избравших подобный путь исключительно под воздействием внешних факторов (например, как результат поражения в войне), нейтралитет Швейцарии сформировался и по внутриполитическим причинам: нейтралитет, став объединяющей нацию идеей, способствовал эволюции её государственности от аморфной конфедерации к централизованному федеративному устройству. За годы политики постоянного вооруженного нейтралитета альпийской республике удалось избежать участия в двух опустошительных мировых войнах и укрепить свой международный авторитет, в том числе путем осуществления многочисленных посреднических усилий. Принцип поддержания связей «между странами, а не между правительствами» позволял вести диалог со всеми, вне зависимости от политических или идеологических соображений. Швейцария представляет третьи государства там, где у них прерваны дипломатические отношения (к примеру, интересы СССР в Ираке в 1955 году, Великобритании в Аргентине во время англо-аргентинского конфликта 1982 года; в настоящее время Швейцария представляет интересы США на Кубе и в Иране, интересы Кубы в США, интересы Российской Федерации в Грузии после разрыва дипломатических отношений между этими странами в 2008 г.). Швейцария оказывает «добрые услуги», предоставляя свою территорию для прямых переговоров между участниками конфликтов (нагорно-карабахская, абхазская и южноосетинские проблемы, кипрское урегулирование и т. д.). Из всех существующих в современном мире видов нейтралитета швейцарский — наиболее длительный и последовательный. Сегодня Швейцарская Конфедерация не входит ни в один военный альянс, ни в ЕС. В последние годы, в связи с переменами в Европе и мире, в правительстве и общественном мнении набирает силу настрой в пользу усиления интеграции с ЕС и более гибкой трактовки принципа нейтралитета. В мае 2004 г. подписан «второй пакет» секторальных договоров ЕС-Швейцария, который, вместе с «первым пакетом» (вступил в силу 1 июня 2002 г.), является своего рода альтернативой вступлению Швейцарии в ЕС. В рамках общенациональных референдумов, прошедших в 2005 году, народом Швейцарии положительно решен вопрос о присоединении Швейцарии к Шенгенскому и Дублинскому договорам (соглашение об этом с ЕС входит во «второй пакет»), а также о распространении положений Договора о свободе перемещений между Швейцарией и ЕС (входит в «первый пакет» секторальных договоров) на новых членов ЕС, вступивших в Союз в 2004 году. Вместе с тем, принято решение считать вопрос о вступлении Швейцарии в Евросоюз не «стратегической целью», как раньше, а только «политической опцией», то есть возможностью. В 1959 году Швейцария стала одной из стран-учредительниц ЕАСТ, в 1972 г. вошла в Европейское экономическое пространство, в 2002 г. — в ООН. Швейцария активно оказывает гуманитарную помощь жертвам конфликтов, содействует экономическому развитию стран третьего мира для преодоления нищеты. Швейцария поддерживает дипломатические отношения с Российской Федерацией. Дипломатические отношения между Швейцарией и РСФСР существовали с мая — по ноябрь 1918 г., затем были прерваны и восстановлены уже с СССР лишь 18 марта 1946 г.

Шенгенское пространство

19 мая 2004 года Швейцария подписала договор «О присоединении Швейцарии к Шенгенскому и Дублинскому соглашениям». С декабря 2008 года Швейцария является частью Шенгенского пространства, признает шенгенские визы и выдает такие визы сама. Став членом Шенгенского пространства, Швейцария получает доступ к «SIS» — «шенгенскому» электронному банку данных ЕС. Отменяется систематический контроль на внутренних границах стран Шенгенского соглашения, в том числе на границах Швейцарии с Германией, Италией, Францией, Австрией. У Швейцарии, однако, остаётся право осуществлять мобильный выборочный контроль во внутренних областях страны. В настоящее время Швейцария фактически находится в «шенгенском режиме», поскольку проконтролировать 700 тыс. переходов границы, совершающихся каждый день, физически невозможно. Что касается грузов, то Швейцария, не являясь членом Европейского таможенного союза, имеет право проводить их пограничный досмотр.

Международные организации

На территории Швейцарии более века действуют многочисленные международные организации. (около 250)

К настоящему времени, 22 международных организаций имеют штаб-квартиры в Женеве, 2 в Берне и 1 в Базеле. Кроме того, с 6 квази-межправительственными организациями заключены фискальные соглашения, и более чем 200 неправительственных организаций-советников ООН базируются в Швейцарии. [1] (англ.)

В Женеве:

  • Европейское Отделение ООН,
  • Европейская экономическая комиссия ООН,
  • Экономический и социальный совет ООН,
  • Конференция ООН по торговле и развитию,
  • Всемирная организация здравоохранения,
  • Международная организация труда,
  • Международный союз электросвязи,
  • Всемирная метеорологическая организация,
  • Межпарламентский союз,
  • Международный Комитет Красного Креста,
  • Всемирный совет церквей,
  • Всемирная торговая организация,
  • Всемирная организация интеллектуальной собственности,
  • Всемирная организация скаутского движения,

в Берне:

  • Всемирный почтовый союз,
  • Бюро международной организации пассажирских и грузовых железнодорожных перевозок,
  • Европейская организация по контролю качества,

в Базеле:

  • Банк международных расчетов,
  • Международное общество по внутренней медицине,

в Лозанне:

  • Международный олимпийский комитет,
  • Международный комитет исторических наук.

Швейцария и Организация Объединенных Наций

ООН — одна из самых влиятельных организаций в мире. С ней у Швейцарии на протяжении более 50 лет складывались непростые, во многом противоречивые отношения. Новые веяния нового века внесли коррективы в характер этих взаимоотношений. Следует отметить, что поначалу Швейцария считалась государством-попутчиком гитлеровской Германии, поэтому ее вступление в ООН было невозможным. В марте 1945 года французское правительство выдвинуло идею относительно того, чтобы сделать ООН «открытой для всех миролюбивых государств», при этом заметив, что «обязанности, которые налагает на государство членство в ООН, не совместимы с принципами нейтралитета». Да и сама Швейцария долгое время особо не стремилась вступить в Организацию Объединенных Наций. Однако постепенно стала более серьезно осмысливаться необходимость преодоления внешнеполитической изоляции страны. По этой причине были предприняты попытки вступить в ряды ООН при сохранении нейтрального статуса в рамках организации, которые однако не принесли ожидаемого результата. Председатель ГА ООН, бельгийский министр иностранных дел П. А. Шпаак, попросил швейцарцев «не затрагивать более темы нейтралитета», так как это «создало бы опасный прецедент, который дал бы возможность и другим странам требовать себе исключений в плане взятия на себя обязательств, вытекающих из Устава ООН».

Проводя активную закулисную дипломатическую деятельность, Федеральные совет не решился развернуть обширную дискуссию по проблеме присоединения к ООН. Швейцарский историк Тобиас Кестли считает, что «Федеральный совет боялся общественной дискуссии». И.Петров, развивая его мысль, приходит к выводу, что причина этого страха крылась в нежелании разрушать сложившуюся в годы войны «атмосферу общественного единства» . Это было еще более нежелательно в условиях разгара «холодной войны». Правительство Швейцарии интенсифицировало усилия по созданию необходимых условий для вступления в ООН лишь тогда, когда в 1989 году на Европейском континенте и в мире в целом начали происходить известные политические перемены. Особенной активности эти усилия достигли именно в конце 90-х годов — начале XXI века, когда были составлены «Доклад об отношениях Швейцарии и Организации Объединенных Наций» 1998 года, «Внешнеполитический доклад за 2000 год», «Послание о народной инициативе к вхождению Швейцарии в Организацию Объединенных Наций» 2000 года. Выступая на церемонии вступления Швейцарии в ООН, К.Филлигер (в то время швейцарский президент) обозначил основные приоритеты, которыми Швейцария намерена руководствоваться в рамках ООН, подчеркнув, что «цели Устава Организации Объединенных Наций практически полностью совпадают с основными приоритетами внешней политики Швейцарии, поэтому полноправное членство в ООН внесет существенный вклад в достижение швейцарских целей на международной арене как в двустороннем, так и многостороннем формате». Среди приоритетов были названы такие проблемные области, как укрепление мира и безопасности, разоружение, международное право, права человека, помощь развивающимся странам, экологическое досье.

Напомним, что 3 марта 2002 года на референдуме народ Швейцарии проголосовал за вхождение в ООН. 11 марта 2002 года Швейцария стала полноправным членом Организации Объединенных Наций. 57-я Генассамблея ООН была первой, в которой участвовала Швейцария в качестве полноправного члена ООН. Среди швейцарских приоритетов здесь важную роль играл вопрос совершенствования механизма «прицельных санкций». Признавая необходимость такого инструмента международного воздействия, как санкции, Швейцария призывала однако к только таким санкциям и такому порядку их применения, при котором они, по возможности, затрагивали бы исключительно тех, кто реально ответственен за возникновение приведшего к введению санкций кризиса, не принося при этом вреда гражданскому населению или третьим странам. Среди возможных санкций подобного рода Швейцария выделяет замораживание счетов, введение эмбарго на поставки определенных видов товаров (оружие, нефть, алмазы, другие природные ресурсы), ограничения в области виз и перемещений частных и официальных лиц. По мнению самой Швейцарии, вхождение ее в ООН придало ее усилиям в области оптимизации порядка применения санкций дополнительный вес и убедительность.

В качестве полноправного члена ООН Швейцария активно работала в «Первом комитете» ГА ООН, занимающимся вопросами режима нераспространения и контроля за вооружениями. Швейцария решительно выступила за полную реализацию «тринадцати практических мер», принятых в 2000 году на Конференции по имплементации положений «Договора о нераспространении ядерного оружия». Швейцария призвала страны, которые еще не являются членами «Договора о запрещении ядерных испытаний», присоединиться к этому документу, а также присоединиться к переговорам по «Договору о запрещении производства расщепляющихся материалов военного назначения».

Еще одно приоритетное направление швейцарской политики в рамках ООН — контроль за торговлей оружием. Швейцария придает большое значение расширению сферы действия Соглашения 1980 г. о некоторых видах обычных вооружений («CWW»). Страна поддержала соответствующую резолюцию ООН относительно обычных вооружений и подчеркнула важность работы спецуполномоченного генерального секретаря ООН О.Оттуну по проблеме участия детей в вооруженных конфликтах. Швейцария выступила за универсализацию Оттавского договора по противопехотным минам . Со своей стороны Швейцария финансирует работу Международного гуманитарного противоминного центра в Женеве, который является важнейшим партнером ООН в сфере реализации противоминной программы («UNMAS»). Швейцария активно поддерживает создание и работу исследовательских программ и институтов в сфере безопасности. Так, в сотрудничестве с секретариатом ООН Швейцария выступила создателем «Гарвардской программы гуманитарной политики и конфликтных исследований». Швейцария активно сотрудничает и с другими академическими партнерами, например, с нью-йоркской «Международной Академией мира». Борьба с бедностью — еще один важный вектор в сфере деятельности Швейцарии в рамках ООН. Так, в ходе обсуждения результатов прошедшей в марте 2002 года в г. Монтеррей (Мексика) Международной конференции по вопросам финансирования политики в области развития, Швейцария призвала к более тесному и систематическому сотрудничеству всех заинтересованных стран и структур (в первую очередь имелись в виду ООН, Всемирный банк, Международный валютный фонд, ВТО, частные фирмы и неправительственные организации) в области развития стран «третьего мира» и борьбы с глобальной бедностью, выступив с инициативой по интенсификации диалога между Всемирным экономическим форумом в Давосе и ООН. Швейцария придает весомое значение проблематике развития горных регионов планеты. В декабре 2001 года Швейцария выступила в Нью-Йорке с инициативой проведения в 2002 году международного года гор (который и был проведен). В рамках 57-й сессии ГА ООН Швейцария активно выступала, с использованием потенциала «Группы по горной проблематике», в пользу обеспечения устойчивого развития горных районов Земли. В результате была принята соответствующая резолюция, которая была с удовлетворением воспринята швейцарцами «как документ, обеспечивающий политическую зримость проблемы развития горных регионов». На основании этой резолюции был учрежден Международный день гор — 11 декабря. Борьба за права человека — традиционная составная часть швейцарской внешней политики. На основании таких позиций Швейцария строит свою работу и в структурах ООН.

На 57-й сессии ГА ООН Швейцария активно выступала в рамках дебатов по проблематике, связанной с борьбой против наркомании и неконтролируемого распространения наркотических и приравненных к ним средств. Швейцария является участником «Единой конвенции ООН по наркосодержащим средствам» 1961 года, «Психотропной конвенции ООН» 1971 года и «Дополнительного протокола к Психотропной конвенции» 1972 года. Швейцарии является одним из главных спонсоров «Программы ООН по международному наркоконтролю». В 1998—2002 гг. Швейцария состояла членом «Комиссии ООН по наркосодержащим средствам». Швейцария особое внимание уделяет роли частного сектора экономики в обеспечении устойчивого поступательного развития мирового хозяйства и достижении всеобщего благосостояния. В частности, участвуя в дебатах на 57-й сессии ГА ООН, Швейцария подчеркивала важность тезиса о «социальной ответственности предпринимателей как на национальном, так и на международной уровне».

Швейцария использует возможности, открывшиеся перед ней как перед полноправным членом ООН, для дальнейшего продвижения своей экологической политики. Рассматривая Экологическую программу ООН в качестве важнейшей «опоры мировой экологической архитектуры», Швейцария последовательно выступает за усиление роли этой структуры, которая является «эффективным инструментом реализации принимаемых в экологической сфере решений». Еще с 57-й сессии ГА ООН Швейцария настойчиво следует тезису о том, что «между целями защиты окружающей среды и выгодами международной торговли нет и не может быть иерархических отношений, они одинаково важны, должны дополнять друг друга и быть соблюдены в равной степени». Здесь ее позиция соответствует, в частности, позиции Норвегии, оппонируя подходам США и некоторых развивающихся стран, оценивающие экологические цели как факторы, играющие подчиненную роль по отношению к резонам международной торговли.

Отношения Швейцарии и ЕС

Швейцарская конфедерация до середины XIX в. считалась одной из беднейших европейских стран. Ее население состояло из многих народов различного этнического, культурного, религиозного и языкового происхождения. Страна не располагала какими- либо существенными природными ресурсами и не имела даже прямого выхода к морским торговым путям. Конфедерацию сотрясали частые религиозные войны и борьба за власть. Но в начале XXI в. Швейцария уже была отнесена Всемирным банком к группе самых богатых государств мира (ее ВВП на душу населения составил 36.2 тыс. долл.) . В специально подготовленном исследовании Швейцарского восточного института такая метаморфоза объясняется в основном внедрением высокоэффективной общественно-политической системы управления. Она основана на соблюдении демократических правил политического противоборства, уважении прав человека и защиты национальных меньшинств. Однако в эти же годы особое значение приобрела проблема отношений Швейцарии и Европейского Союза. Начался сложный процесс обсуждения условий присоединения этой страны к европейской интеграции, который продолжается уже не одно десятилетие. Но как отмечал известный швейцарский общественный деятель Ш. Куке: «Современная Швейцария — достаточно богатая страна и может позволить себе длительное время придерживаться принципов „выборочной интеграции“, которая позволяет минимизировать давление Евросоюза и обеспечивает сохранение своей специфики, то есть прибыльности определенных секторов национальной экономики» В Швейцарии царит совершенно особый подход к самой сути ЕС. Швейцарские аналитики считают, что жесткая федеративная структура по образцу США не может быть моделью для дальнейшего развития политической системы ЕС. Вместо «европейского федерализма» в Швейцарии часто употребляется понятие «европейского космополитического образования». В Швейцарии исходят из того, что строительство ЕС является бесконечным процессом, у которого нет и не может быть «окончательной цели». Ни сам Евросоюз, ни отдельные входящие в него государства не должны образовывать «монопольного центра власти». Им отводится роль узлов сложно структурированной общественно-политической системы безопасности. На рубеже 20 — 21 столетий в Швейцарии возросло понимание того, что продолжительная стагнация, характерная для страны на рубеже веков, а также причины отставания от других государств Западной Европы кроются, в известной мере, и в приверженности Конфедерации так называемому «особому пути», предполагающему существование рядом с ЕС, но без непосредственного участия в нем при частичном вовлечении в процесс европейской интеграции. Это понимание подталкивало руководство Конфедерации к интенсификации диалога с Евросоюзом. Такой диалог особенно важен для Швейцарии с учетом того, что основным фактором роста ее экономики остается внешний спрос на швейцарскую продукцию (экспортная квота составляет 45 %), а львиная доля торговли приходится на страны Евросоюза (60 % экспорта и 82 % импорта). Первые соглашения между Швейцарией и Европейским союзом были подписаны еще в 1972 г. в рамках договора о вхождении в Европейское экономическое пространство ряда стран, находившихся в составе ЕАСТ. Таким образом, была создана основа для реализации четырех основных принципов: свободы движения товаров, капиталов, услуг и рабочей силы. Затем последовала целая серия референдумов, определивших характер дальнейших отношений с ЕС. В декабре 1992 г. был проведен всенародный плебисцит относительно целесообразности начала переговоров об условиях вступления страны в Евросоюз. Против проголосовало 50,4 % населения, перевес составил лишь 23.3 тыс. голосов, но за этим незначительным перевесом стоит тот факт, что против включения страны в европейскую интеграцию высказались 16 из 26 кантонов. В результате неодобрения начала переговорного процесса страна оказалась в наименее благоприятных торгово-экономических условиях по сравнению с другими европейскими странами. В этих условиях правительство приняло решение об изменении переговорной стратегии. В мае 2000 г. был проведен референдум относительно целесообразности заключения двустороннего соглашения с Евросоюзом по семи конкретным торгово-экономическим проблемам. Большинство населения (67.2 %) одобрило этот шаг. Против выступили только два кантона (в Тичино опасались возможного усиления притока иммигрантов из Италии, а в Швице вообще всегда против любого расширения связей с соседними странами). По мнению швейцарского правительства, подписанные соглашения обеспечивают стране почти три четверти всех преимуществ, которыми располагают государства — члены ЕС, но не вынуждают к соответствующим уступкам. При этом не наносится какой-либо ущерб государственному суверенитету. Все четыре политические партии, входящие в правительство (Федеральный совет), а также основные финансово-промышленные и профсоюзные объединения поддержали соглашения. 19 мая 2004 года были подписаны следующие соглашения: «Об освобождении от таможенного налогообложения экспорта в ЕС швейцарских переработанных сельхозпродуктов», «О вхождении Швейцарии в Европейское экологическое агентство», «О присоединении Швейцарии к системе европейского статистического учёта („Евростат“)», «О присоединении Швейцарии к Европейской программе развития в области масс-медиа», «О присоединении Швейцарии к европейской образовательной программе», «Об освобождении живущих в Швейцарии вышедших на пенсию чиновников ЕС о двойного налогообложения», «О присоединении Швейцарии к Шенгенскому и Дублинскому соглашениям», «О налогообложении процентов с размещённых в швейцарских банках европейских капиталов», «О присоединении Швейцарии к соглашению о борьбе с уклонением от непрямых налогов (НДС, акцизы и пр.)». .)». Конфедерации удалось всё-таки сохранить за собой право не оказывать правовую помощь странам-членам ЕС по делам, связанным с уклонением от прямых налогов, в рамках присоединения к Шенгену/Дублину. В 5 июня 2005 года на референдуме граждане Швейцарии высказались за вступление в Шенгенское пространство. С 12 декабря 2008 года Швейцария официально вступила в Шенгенское безвизовое пространство. На границах страны на всех наземных пропускных пунктах отменен паспортный контроль. В аэропортах Швейцарии паспортный контроль сохранился только до 29 марта 2009 года. За это время страна подготовила свои авиационные терминалы для обслуживания внутришенгенских авиарейсов, где паспортный контроль не требуется, и отделила эти рейсы от остальных международных терминалов. Что касается вопроса о распространении свободы перемещения на 10 новых государств-членов ЕС, то было принято решение вынести его на референдум, который состоялся 25 сентября 2005 года. Принцип свободы передвижения с новыми членами ЕС поддержали 55,95 % швейцарцев, сообщило Швейцарское телеграфное агентство. 8 февраля 2009 года граждане Швейцарии одобрили на референдуме продление соглашения с Евросоюзом о свободном движении рабочей силы, дав зеленый свет и на то, чтобы это право распространилось на граждан Румынии и Болгарии. В преддверии голосования ультраправые, выступавшие против, пугали сограждан тем, что приток в страну румын и болгар чреват ростом безработицы и преступности. Однако потеря привилегий в торговле с ЕС и ухудшение отношений, которыми грозил Брюссель, показались швейцарцам страшнее. Проведение референдума по вопросу о том, стоит ли гражданам Швейцарии по-прежнему принимать рабочих из стран Евросоюза и, в свою очередь, иметь право на работу в ЕС, понадобилось в связи со скорым истечением соглашения Берна и Брюсселя о свободном движении рабочей силы, а также вступлением в 2007 году Болгарии и Румынии в состав ЕС. Если к гражданам 25 стран ЕС швейцарцы уже более или менее привыкли, то к перспективе наплыва в страну румын и болгар многие отнеслись неоднозначно. В преддверии воскресного референдума на этих настроениях попыталась сыграть ультраправая Народная партия, из-за отказа которой расширить действие договора на Софию и Бухарест путем голосования в парламенте этот вопрос собственно и пришлось выносить на общенациональный плебисцит. Готовясь к нему, партия, давно известная своей жесткой антииммиграционной платформой, распространила по всей стране постеры, изображающие трех черных воронов, клюющих маленькую Швейцарию. Агитируя голосовать против, ультраправые пугали граждан тем, что приток дешевой рабочей силы из Румынии и Болгарии (по их определению — «стран третьей Европы») оставит без рабочих мест коренных швейцарцев, а также приведет к увеличению налогов и росту преступлений. Сторонники продления соглашений с ЕС, в свою очередь, обращали внимание на то, что негативный исход голосования поставит под угрозу весь комплекс отношений Швейцарии с Евросоюзом. Тем более что Брюссель не раз давал понять, что дискриминация двух новых членов ЕС недопустима и что швейцарское «нет» автоматически сведет на нет шесть других соглашений, касающихся взаимного снятия торговых барьеров. Некоторые еврочиновники даже говорили, что в качестве ответной меры на швейцарское «нет» ЕС может приостановить действие Шенгенского соглашения с этой страной. Ввиду того что около трети рабочих мест в Швейцарии напрямую связаны с ЕС, объем торговли с которым достигает €150 млрд ежегодно, отмена режима свободного трудоустройства создала бы огромные сложности и увеличила бы издержки швейцарских экспортеров. Однако если впервые решение впустить в страну рабочих из ЕС принималось на фоне экономического бума и потому в 2000 году его поддержали 67 % граждан, то сейчас Швейцария, как и большинство стран мира, переживает финансовый кризис. И хотя уровень безработицы в стране составляет всего 3 %, число безработных по сравнению с докризисными временами все же выросло. Поэтому всего за пару дней до референдума число сторонников продления соглашения с ЕС и двумя его новыми членами составляло только 50 %. Против выступали 43 %, тогда как оставшиеся по-прежнему не могли определиться. Тем не менее, около 60 % избирателей все-таки ответили на вопросы референдума утвердительно. И тем самым продемонстрировали, что угроза испортить отношения с Евросоюзом для них страшнее, чем возможный наплыв иммигрантов из Болгарии и Румынии. Одним из проблемных аспектов отношений Швейцарии с Евросоюзом является вопрос тайны банковских вкладов швейцарских банков. В современном мире вряд ли найдется какая-либо другая страна, кроме Швейцарии, в которой банки оказывали бы столь существенное воздействие не только на экономические, но и на общественно-политические процессы. Эта страна стала символом элитарной банковской системы и заслуженно пользуется репутацией самого надежного финансового сейфа в мире. Помимо высокой надежности многих привлекает гарантированная швейцарским законом тайна банковских счетов и имен их владельцев. Правда, в самой Швейцарии считают, что многое, связанное с этой проблемой, можно характеризовать как «популярный миф». В действительности в банковской системе страны не существует анонимных счетов (blind eyer), их владельцы хорошо известны руководству банков. Действует также строжайшая система постоянной проверки владельцев номерных счетов. И все же в последнее время давление мирового сообщества и, особенно, Евросоюза на Швейцарию возрастает. Несмотря на мощное давление Евросоюза, окончательно отказываться от принципа банковской тайны Швейцария не намерена. Данный принцип, по мнению главы Швейцарского национального банка X. Майера, является легитимным методом функционирования любого финансового объединения. Швейцария намерена в дальнейшем тщательно анализировать все возможные последствия реализации двусторонних соглашений с ЕС и его членами. В первую тройку актуальных проблем, по которым альпийская республика не готова идти на какие-либо радикальные уступки, входят вопросы сохранения банковской тайны, независимости швейцарского франка и незыблемости принципа нейтралитета во внешней политике. В целом, Швейцария не готова вести дела в банковской сфере по «правилам Евросоюза». Считается, что страна была вынуждена уже пойти на значительные уступки, что существенно девальвирует привлекательность ее национальных банков. Такое развитие событий особенно не устраивает небольшие приватные (семейные) банки, составляющие основу финансовой системы страны. В новое столетие Швейцария вступает в состояние активного поиска иного имиджа и места в современном мире. Оказавшись в географическом центре расширяющегося Евросоюза, Швейцария вынуждена вырабатывать новые принципы международного сотрудничества. Европа остается для Швейцарии важнейшим партнером экономическим, политическим, культурным. В целом, это направление внешней политики Швейцарии в новом веке стало более прагматичным. Швейцария не является членом Евросоюза и, очевидно, долго еще им не станет. При этом у нее есть ряд неоспоримых преимуществ перед ЕС, как-то: дипломатическая компетенция Швейцарии, ее надежность и репутация, завоеванная в сфере защиты прав человека. И Швейцария достаточно успешно научилась их использовать в новых реалиях.

Отношения Швейцарской Конфедерации и России

Отношения между Швейцарией и Россией отличаются стабильностью и демонстрируют с начала века устойчивую тенденцию к расширению. Новый этап в этих отношениях начался с официального визита в Россию президента Швейцарии Флавио Коти в декабре 1998 года. Именно тогда были заложены основы политического сотрудничества обеих стран в сфере борьбы с международной преступностью, отмыванием «грязных» денег, торговлей наркотиками и нелегальной иммиграцией. Однако экономический кризис 1998 года в России не позволил тогда реализовать все имеющиеся для увеличения инвестиций Швейцарии в российскую экономику. В последующие годы эти намерения неоднократно подтверждались на самом высоком уровне, а министр иностранных дел Швейцарии Йозеф Дайс еще раз заверил в 1999 году российское руководство, что его страна готова к дальнейшему углублению взаимных отношений и ждет от России соответствующего отклика на свои предложения. Пока руководство РФ раздумывало над перспективами российско-швейцарских отношений, произошла страшная катастрофа, последствия которой ощущались долгие годы. 1 июля 2002 г. над Боденским озером по вине швейцарской авиадиспетчерской компании «Скайгайд» был сбит пассажирский самолет «Башкирских авиалиний», на борту которого находилось большое количество детей. «Эта трагедия, — заявил президент Швейцарии Паскаль Кушпен во время визита в Москву в июле 2003 г., — тяжелой тучей нависла над нами, омрачая отношения между Россией и Швейцарией». Президенты обеих стран подтвердили приверженность принципам многополярного мира, осудили все проявления международного терроризма и с удовлетворением констатировали заметные успехи в совместной борьбе с отмыванием денег. В первые годы нового столетия Швейцария вышла на 4-е место как по объему инвестиций в российскую экономику (1,3 млрд долларов), так и по количеству работающих на территории России предприятий (более 450). Деловые круги Швейцарии действительно проявляют огромный интерес к необъятному потребительскому рынку РФ. Однако несовершенство законодательной базы и отсутствие привычных для швейцарцев гарантий и условий предпринимательства тормозят этот процесс. В 2004 году был проведен международный семинар, посвященный России, организатором которого выступило швейцарское неправительственное объединение «Совет по сотрудничеству Швейцария-Россия». Спецпредставитель президента РФ по международному энергетическому сотрудничеству Игорь Юсуфов, принявший участие в этом семинаре, заявил, что «Швейцария, обладающая большими финансовыми ресурсами, может мобилизовать новейшие технологии для использования их в российском энергетическом секторе, потенциал вложений в который достигает $200 миллиардов… Такой семинар, этот формат, рамка этого формата очень важна для того, чтобы имидж России здесь позитивно продвигать и привлекать инвесторов». Участники семинара обсудили современный образ России в Швейцарии, согласившись при этом, что швейцарские средства массовой информации пытаются отойти от стереотипов и представить более или менее объективный образ России. «Этот форум происходит в очень важное время, когда вся Европа с тревогой смотрит на Россию, и стереотипы старых времен опять выходят наружу», — отметил известный немецкий политолог Александр Рар. По словам Рара, по сравнению с другими странами Европы «именно швейцарцы относятся к России менее эмоционально и менее стереотипно». Представитель федерального департамента иностранных дел Швейцарии Жан-Жак Дедардель также подчеркнул, выступая на семинаре, что Конфедерация заинтересована в улучшении имиджа России для развития всестороннего сотрудничества между странами. «Отношение к России окрашено эмоциями, иногда отрицательными, иногда позитивными, но эти представления базируются на клише, стереотипах», — отметил он. Всего в семинаре приняли участие около 150 человек — предприниматели, политологи, представители различных партий и федеральных ведомств Швейцарии, журналисты. По приглашению организаторов в Берн также приехал председатель Конституционного суда России Валерий Зорькин. Таким образом, несмотря на упомянутые выше проблемы, сотрудничество Россия-Швейцария продвинулось еще на шаг вперед. На заседании Федерального совета по вопросам внешней политики в 2005 году отмечалось, что более тесными должны стать отношения Швейцарии с Россией, Китаем, Японией, Бразилией, Индией, балканскими странами, ЮАР. В 2007 году был сделан еще один значительный шаг к сближению Швейцарии и России, когда Государственный Секретариат Швейцарии по науке и технологиям включил Россию в список приоритетных стран для развития отношений. Как сообщил в Берне «Интерфаксу» представитель отдела двустороннего сотрудничества этого ведомства Маркус Гюблер, «Россия наравне с Индией, Китаем и ЮАР числится в списке стран, стратегическое сотрудничество с которыми на период 2008—2011 гг. планирует развивать Государственный секретариат Швейцарии по науке и технологиям». Он также добавил, что «за четыре года объем ресурсов, направляемых на финансирование программ двустороннего сотрудничества с упомянутыми странами, достигнет суммы в 53 млн швейцарских франков (почти 32 млн евро). Из них на российское направление будет выделено 8-10 млн швейцарских франков (4,82-6 млн евро)». М.Гюблер отметил, что «российско-швейцарское сотрудничество в научно-технологической сфере главным образом основано на индивидуальных контактах ученых и исследователей из двух стран и, в основном, затрагивает сферы естественных наук, экологии и нанотехнологий, а также социологии и экономики». В скором времени, добавил он, «ожидается открытие Швейцарского дома в России, который послужит платформой для дальнейшего развития отношений между представителями научного сообщества из двух стран… Двустороннее сотрудничество между Швейцарией и Россией основано на принципах взаимной выгоды, устойчивом развитии, рассчитанном на длительный срок, и на финансировании проектов в равных долях». После того, как Россия и Грузия разорвали дипломатические отношения в период конфликта вокруг Южной Осетии в августе 2008 года, возник естественный вопрос о том, какая страна сможет представлять интересы России в Грузии. 13 декабря 2008 года в Москве Сергей Лавров и его швейцарская коллега Мишлин Кальми-Ре подписали ноту о том, что интересы России в Грузии будет представлять именно Швейцария. Было объявлено об открытии в ближайшее время при посольстве Швейцарии в Тбилиси так называемой «секции интересов России». Сергей Лавров в связи с этим заявил: «Мы признательны нашим швейцарским коллегам за такую договоренность. Она, безусловно, будет отвечать интересам нормализации обстановки и, в конечном счете, интересам поддержания контактов между российским и грузинским народами». Очевидно, что такой шаг укрепил взаимодоверительные отношения Швейцарии и России. Следует также отметить, что швейцарские газеты нередко упоминают о необходимости поддержания хороших отношений с Россией. В частности, «Swissinfo» в статье, посвященной проведению первой полноформатной встречи глав внешнеполитических ведомств России и США Сергея Лаврова и Хиллари Клинтон по вопросам будущих основ российско-американских отношений, которая проводилась в Женеве, особо отмечает, что «Россия имеет дружественные отношения с Женевой. На протяжении многих лет генеральным директором ООН в Женеве является россиянин (в настоящее время — Сергей Орджоникидзе)…Женева также являлась местом проведения знаменитого саммита 1985 года между Р.Рейганом и М.Горбачевым, который ознаменовал начало конца СССР. Не следует также забывать, что именно здесь проходили переговоры с Грузией после ее военного столкновения с Россией в августе 2008 года». Таким образом, можно заключить, что отношения Швейцарской Конфедерации и России находятся в стадии их расцвета, и это касается как чисто политических вопросов, так и вопросов, связанных с экономическим сотрудничеством обеих стран. Безусловно, еще далеко не весь потенциал использован сторонами, однако наметившиеся тенденции к расширению отношений дает возможность предположить, что предстоит дальнейшая интенсификация диалога между сторонами, целью которого станет устранение оставшихся препятствий.

Отношения Швейцарии и США в начале 21 века

Еще в 2000 году на первом месте для Швейцарии находилась Европа. Но с течением времени руководство ФДИД (Федерального Департамента иностранных дел) осознало, что в новых условиях страна должна уделять повышенное внимание и остальному миру. По этой причине ФДИД в сотрудничестве с другими министерствами разработал соответствующие стратегии, в частности, в плане интенсификации отношений с США, занимающими вне Европы второе место в списке важнейших торговых партнеров Швейцарии. В этой связи следует отметить, что М.Кальми-Ре (которая начала руководить ФДИД в феврале 2003 года) позволяла себе высказывать критические замечания в адрес внешней политики США. Так, в октябре 2003 года, выступая в Нью-Йорке, она указала на недопустимость гегемонии одной супердержавы и необходимость соблюдения принятых на международной арене правил игры. Безусловно, даже в самой Швейцарии многие не склонны были одобрять такое поведение главы ФДИД. В результате, после двух с лишним лет пребывания на посту руководительницы швейцарского внешнеполитического ведомства, назрела необходимость корректур во внешнеполитическом курсе страны. Внешняя политика «проб и ошибок» резко порывала с принятыми в Швейцарии дипломатическими традициями, на первом плане которых стоят доверительность и предсказуемость. М.Кальми-Ре обвиняли также в «правочеловеческом» и «гуманитарном» уклонах во внешней политике, при этом за бортом ее внимания оставались такие важные досье, как отношения Швейцарии и США, тогда как элементарные соображения реальной политики должны были бы привести ее к необходимости поддерживать с США хорошие отношения. Однако признавалось, что со времени вступления на свой пост М.Кальми-Ре удалось значительно расширить палитру внешнеполитических тем. Поэтому состоявшееся 18 мая 2005 года специальное заседание Федерального совета, посвященное исключительно вопросам внешней политики Конфедерации, можно назвать давно назревшим. М.Кальми-Ре во многом согласилась с прозвучавшей в ее адрес критикой. По итогам заседания было объявлено, что речь должна идти не о кардинальной перемене внешнеполитического курса, а о смещении акцентов, которое подчеркивает в качестве цели необходимость защиты своих собственных (прежде всего экономических) интересов и указывает на универсальность швейцарской внешней политики. На отношения Швейцарии с США серьезно повлияли события в Ираке (военный кризис в марте-мае 2003 года). Тогда Швейцария заняла позицию, в целом разделяемую подавляющим большинством мирового сообщества. Швейцария заявила устами П.Кушпена, что считает недопустимым наличие у Ирака оружия массового поражения и что иракцы намеренно размещают свои войска вблизи гражданских объектов, что противоречит международному праву, что США сами нарушили международное право, начав войну в Ираке, но и режим Хусейна неоднократно и в грубой форме нарушал права человека. Тем не менее, со стороны Швейцарии было недвусмысленно подчеркнуто, что она выступает за исчерпывание всех мирных средств для того, чтобы принудить Багдад к разоружению. Лишь после этого на рассмотрение может быть поставлен вопрос о применении силы как последнего средства. Следует отметить, что в начале века вразрез с предыдущей практикой государственные мужи стали давать добро на пролеты военных самолетов и транзит грузов Североатлантического альянса, направлявшихся в кризисные регионы (условием этого, правда, было наличие мандата ООН). После бурных внутриполитических дискуссий швейцарцы также присоединились к натовской программе «Партнерство ради мира». Однако накануне войны в Ираке Швейцария заняла достаточно жесткую позицию по вопросу пролетов самолетов антииракской коалиции над ее территорией, не обнаруживая безоговорочную поддержку действиям НАТО и их лидеру США. Во-первых, было заявлено, что в случае, если США начнут операцию против Ирака без санкции СБ ООН, Швейцария откажет Вашингтону в любых пролетах с военными целями, что и было в итоге сделано. Во-вторых, если резолюция Совет Безопасности ООН одобрит силовой вариант, Швейцария будет предоставлять США возможности пролета через свою территорию «от случая к случаю», то есть взвешивая все за и против каждый раз отдельно. Никакого генерального разрешения на пролеты предусмотрено не было. Параллельно Федеральный совет принял решение о запрете С.Хусейну на въезд в Швейцарию на основании «тяжелых нарушений прав человека и военных преступлений». Этот шаг служил целью сохранить реноме страны в качестве поборника прав человека. Одновременно Швейцария наотрез отказалась выслать из страны иракских дипломатов, как того требовал от нее Вашингтон. Федеральный совет принял прагматичную позицию и не остановил военно-техническое сотрудничество с США, при этом П.Кушпен подчеркнул, что «Швейцария будет занимать нейтральную позицию, в частности, она прекратит поставки вооружений, которые могут быть непосредственно применены в зоне военных действий». Оценивая результаты войны, в Берне посчитали, что успешно опробованная американцами в Ираке доктрина превентивной войны привела к определенной милитаризации мировой дипломатии. Отказавшись от многосторонней дипломатии, Вашингтон перешел к тактике создания коалиций при помощи экономических посулов и политических угроз, что означает во многом возвращение к военно-политическому мышлению 19 века. Война в Ираке решила одну проблему, но создала массу новых, после нее мир не стал стабильнее. Следует отметить, что Швейцария до настоящего времени представляет интересы США на Кубе и в Иране. Что касается банковской сферы, то и тут существовали и существуют серьезные противоречия швейцарской и вашингтонской позиций. В то время как Европа проявляет свойственную ей деликатность в отношении «швейцарских гномов», США настойчиво добиваются своих целей и вынуждают Швейцарию идти на некоторые уступки. Так, с января 2001 года вступило в силу соглашение между обеими странами, в соответствии с которым со счетов американских граждан в пользу государственной казны США автоматически снимается 31 % от накопленного в течение года дохода по вкладам. В этой связи следует упомянуть, что 10 декабря 2007 года швейцарский банк UBS, крупнейший в Европе по размеру активов, объявил о списании десяти миллиардов долларов, причиной которого стал именно ипотечный кризис в США. А в октябре 2008 года правительство Швейцарии приняло решение о выкупе 10 % акций банка за 3,9 млрд евро в связи с мировым финансовым кризисом. Это был сильный удар по Швейцарии, маленькой альпийской стране, известной как родина privat banking, частного банковского дела. Швейцарская система privat banking всегда занимала лидирующее положение в мировой банковской сфере, что вызывает зависть. Не удивительно, что во время экономического кризиса Швейцария превратилась в удобный громоотвод для финансово озабоченных стран, которые могут таким образом разрядить свою неудовлетворенность и отвлечь внимание своих граждан от изъянов в собственных плохо действующих налоговых системах. К тому же Швейцария преследует на достижение амбициозной цели — войти к 2015 году в первую тройку мировых финансовых центров наряду с Нью-Йорком и Лондоном. На фоне такой обстановки обращение в августе 2008 года Министерства юстиции США в суд с требованием к швейцарскому банку UBS удовлетворить запросы американских налоговиков (Internal Revenue Service) и раскрыть имена клиентов UBS из Америки, открывших в банке анонимные счета, оказалось весьма некстати. Властям Швейцарии пришлось сотрудничать с американской стороной и пойти на значительные уступки.

Миграционная политика Швейцарии в XX — начале XXI вв

Говоря о миграционной политике в XX—XXI вв., можно выделить несколько основных её этапов. Так, в 1914—1945 гг. к иммигрантам предъявлялись очень высокие требования по адаптации. Отдельным группам населения (например, «восточным евреям») во въезде было отказано. С 1945 года миграция понималась только как временное вовлечение приезжих в рынок труда. Считалось, что интеграция мигрантов не нужна, так как запланировано их возвращение на родину. Распространенными были суждения о том, что мигрантов должны поддерживать те страны, откуда они родом, а также дискуссии о засилье иностранцев. В 1960-х годах возникла заметная напряженность вокруг вопроса о большом числе рабочих из стран Южной Европы, приехавших на заработки в Швейцарию. Несмотря на традиционный интернациональный характер страны и необходимость участия иностранцев в ее экономической жизни, многие швейцарцы проявляли враждебное отношение к мигрантам из Южной Европы и считали их виновными во внутренних проблемах страны, таких как нехватка жилья. В соответствии с этим правительство ввело ограничения, резко сократившие долю иностранцев среди работающих. В 1982 году избиратели отклонили предложение правительства о либерализации правил, регулирующих пребывание иностранных рабочих и их семей, а в 1987 году иммиграция была еще более ограничена. Основным «ударом» по политической иммиграции стало принятие летом 1990 года федерального закона, резко ограничившего возможности обосноваться в Швейцарии для многих категорий иммигрантов. Упростив и ускорив процедуру рассмотрения заявлений, закон позволил в кратчайшие сроки выдворить из страны подавляющую массу заявителей, ибо всего 6 % из них получают положительный ответ. Он запретил ожидающим решения своей судьбы иммигрантам наниматься на работу в течение первых трех месяцев пребывания в стране. Именно этого срока в большинстве случаев достаточно, чтобы дать отказ. И, наконец, закон ввел понятие «безопасных» стран, где, по мнению швейцарских законодателей, не нарушаются права человека, а, следовательно, гражданам этих стран не может предоставляться политическое убежище. В число таких стран, помимо России, попали Турция, а также Югославия. Были применены и другие меры, в частности, усиление пограничного контроля (наиболее уязвимые участки границы были оборудованы видеокамерами инфракрасного излучения), введение централизованных и закрытых пунктов регистрации, требование визы, сокращение пособия на питание и жилье, отказ в ходатайстве без предварительного слушания, насильственная высылка. Кроме того, швейцарские власти удерживали 7 % из зарплаты лиц, не имеющих вида на жительство, на покрытие расходов на их высылку, которая считалась делом заранее решенным. К законодательным мерам добавился целый ряд административных. Благодаря стандартному вопроснику, которым пользовались чиновники и юристы федерального управления по делам беженцев и компьютерной обработке ответов, все биографии просителей выглядели противоречивыми, а потому объявлялись лживыми и не соответствующими реальной политической обстановке в данной стране, которую априори считали вполне нормальной. Последствия подобных мер сказались очень быстро: процент приема лиц, ищущих убежища, сократился с 94 % в 1981 г. до менее 3 % в 1992 г. (поднявшись в 1993 г. до 20 % за счет временно принятых 2 тыс. боснийцев). С 1991 году Федеральный Совет Швейцарии объявил о проведении «новой иммиграционной политики». Основанная на принципе «трех кругов», она ставит в привилегированное положение иммигрантов из так называемых «традиционных зон» (Европейский Союз и Европейская ассоциация свободной торговли), где «культурные, религиозные и социальные ценности соответствуют швейцарским». Во второй круг входят США и Канада, в третий — все прочие страны. Одновременно федеральные власти предложили серьезный пересмотр закона о временном и постоянном проживании иностранцев. Под предлогом борьбы с преступностью была введена серия «принудительных мер». Так, предусматривается «превентивное заключение» иностранцев, еще не получивших вида на жительство, тюремное заключение сроком на 6 месяцев беженцев, обреченных на высылку, и проживание под надзором полиции иностранцев, «угрожающих общественному порядку». В 1994 участники референдума одобрили ужесточение закона о пребывании иностранцев. Тем не менее контингент иностранных рабочих остается большим — 25 % от общего числа занятых. В то же время число иностранных граждан, проживающих в Швейцарии, возросло примерно до 1,4 млн. С 2000 г. подход к вопросам иммиграции и интеграции можно охарактеризовать как «ресурсный» (в отличие от «дефицитного» предшествующих лет). Следует отметить, что в настоящий момент текущая политика Швейцарии в сфере иммиграции выглядит следующим образом: — Введение принципа свободного передвижения и повсеместного проживания граждан (принцип действует в отношении государств — членов ЕС или ЕАСТ). Другими словами, тот, кто найдет работу, имеет право остаться в стране. — Политика строгого ограничения иммиграции (проводится по отношению к государствам, не являющимися членами ЕС/ЕАСТ). Иммиграция возможна теперь только для высококвалифицированных кадров. — Воссоединение семей — важнейшее основание для переселения в страну. Доля прибывших по линии воссоединения семей составляет в целом более 40 % . В Швейцарии действуют также политические движения и партии, придерживающиеся антимигрантской риторики, для которой характерны следующие высказывания: — Иностранцы отнимают у нас работу! — Швейцария — христианская нация! — Торговля наркотиками и насилие — этим занимаются именно иностранцы! — Интегрироваться — это задача иностранцев! — Иностранцы приезжают к нам только для того, чтобы попользоваться благами нашей системы социального обеспечения! — Мультикультурное общество потерпело неудачу! — Подстраиваться и адаптироваться должен тот, кто сюда приезжает! — Мы определяем сами, кто входит в наш круг, а кто — нет! Особенно стоит отметить деятельность одной из самых мощных крайне правых политических сил — Швейцарскую народную партию (Swiss People’s Party, SVP). Радикальные правые считают, что значительное количество иностранцев нарушает федеральные законы. По словам представителей партии, многие из наркодилеров страны — это «пришельцы» из других государств, а 70 % заключенных — не коренные швейцарцы. Необходимо заметить, что острота спора по миграционному вопросу, по вопросу предоставления свободы передвижения со временем уменьшилась. Так, 25 сентября 2005 года в Швейцарии состоялся референдум относительно распространения принципа свободы передвижения между Швейцарией и ЕС на новых членов Евросоюза. Незадолго до этого Федеральный совет, правительство страны, рекомендовал народу дать положительный ответ на поставленный вопрос. Даже К. Блохер, лидер Швейцарской народной партии, немного изменил тон и 12 сентября в «Обращении к народу» со страниц самой читаемой в Швейцарии газеты бульварного толка «Блик» заявил о том, что «мы должны рискнуть». Общенациональный референдум прошёл, как уже упоминалось выше, 25 сентября 2005 года. 56 % принявших участие в голосовании высказались за свободу передвижения. «Выступив за дальнейшее открытие страны, швейцарцы действовали прагматично», — писала в редакционном комментарии газета «Дер Бунд», — «В эпоху глобальной экономики Швейцария уже не может делать то, что она хочет. Тот, кто хочет вести бизнес с ЕС, должен признать возможность для европейцев работать в Швейцарии». Как обнаруживает практика, сотрудничество Швейцарии и ЕС в миграционном вопросе выгодно для обеих сторон и обусловлено необходимостью. В частности, Швейцария испытывает необходимость в присоединении к Шенгенской информационной системе и «Дублинской конвенции о государстве первого убежища» для более эффективной борьбы с трансграничной преступностью и незаконной миграцией, а также для того, чтобы разгрузить систему предоставления убежища. ЕС заинтересован в повышении эффективности борьбы с финансовыми нарушениями и экономическими преступлениями (в виду имеется сокрытие гражданами ЕС доходов по вкладам, размещённым в швейцарских банках). Всей Европе, как никогда ранее, необходим общий план урегулирования миграционных потоков согласно взаимным интересам личности и общества. Если она сегодня не совладает с ними, то завтра эти миграционные потоки по-своему «справятся» уже с самой Европой.

 Стоит отметить, что распределение иностранцев по Швейцарии очень неравномерно. Особенно высокий процент иностранцев среди детей. Проведенная в 2000 году перепись населения показала, что 25,8% детей в возрасте до 6 лет не имели швейцарского гражданства, а в пяти крупных городах страны это число превысило 45%1. Практически каждый пятый ребенок, родившийся в Швейцарии, имеет по крайне мере одного из родителей, который имеет иностранное гражданство. Увеличение значения высококвалифицированных иммигрантов в Швейцарии. Швейцарский закон благоприятствует образованным специалистам, и богатым, и даже создает стимулы для их жизни и создания ими бизнеса в Швейцарии.     
 На сегодняшний день существует три основных вида иммигрантов, приезжающих в Швейцарию: 

1.Высоко образованные, высококвалифицированные специалистов, такие, как инженеры, которые приезжают в Швейцарию исключительно для работы в качестве высококвалифицированных работников или начинают свой собственный бизнес, и богатые люди, которые приезжают жить за счет своего богатства. Эти иммигранты благополучны по швейцарским иммиграционным законам. 2.Политические беженцы, которые приезжают именно в поисках убежища. На протяжении многих лет, Швейцария приветствовала сотни тысяч политических беженцев в мире из горячих точек, и продолжает это делать. Тем не менее, швейцарское законодательство не позволяет людям пытаться эксплуатировать швейцарскую социальную систему. 3.Низкоквалифицированные работники, особенно из Португалии, северной Испании и южной Италии, которые приезжают в страну, чтобы предложить свою работу за высокую швейцарскую зарплату. Закон жестко ограничивает эту категорию иммигрантов, которые итак уже находятся в Швейцарии в больших количествах. В Конфедерации, главный закон, который регулирует процедуру въезда на территорию Швейцарии — это федеральный закон от 26 марта 1931 г.1 В начале XX века правительство подготовило проект нового закона и он был рассмотрен 8 марта 2002 года Федеральным Советом2. После чего закон был принят 16 декабря 2005 года, а последние поправки, касающиеся статей 92-95 и 127 внесены 12 декабря 2008 года3. Новый проект закона, в статье 1, касающейся целей, регулирует въезд, пребывание иностранцев в Швейцарии, а также процедуру воссоединения семьи. Кроме этого, в законе описываются разные программы стимулирования интеграции иммигрантов в общественной и политической жизни страны. В феврале 2009 года в Тиране прошел семинар1, проведенный Федеральным ведомством по вопросам миграции в Швейцарской Конфедерации, посвященный вопросам интеграции иммигрантов в стране. Был приведен доклад, согласно которому было подтверждено, что сосуществование швейцарского народа и жителей иммигрантов удовлетворительно.

   Однако: 

— около 15% иммигрантов, не успели в молодости завершить свое профессиональное образование в рамках обычной задержки; — Почти 40% населения по уровню благосостояния не соответствуют швейцарским гражданам; — Около 50% лиц, осужденных за уголовные нарушения в Швейцарии, являются гражданами других государств; — Лишь 20% иммигрантов, прибывших в страну в поисках убежища, имеют прибыльную работу

Беженцы и защита от преследования

 В августе 1942 года порог для "расовой" иммиграции, в стране преследовали беженцев, прежде всего евреев, для них въезд на тот момент являлся закрытым. Информация о политических беженцах во время Второй мировой войны можно найти в статье "Швейцария и еврейские беженцы во время национал-социализма ". 
 В 1956 году, сразу же после восстания и последующего вторжения Советских войск в Венгрию, в Швейцарию прибыли на временное проживание около 14000 венгерских беженцев, из которых 7000 остались в дальнейшем в Швейцарии. С 1959 года беженцы из Тибета, были включены в страну. 
 После вторжения в войск Варшавского договора в Чехословакию в 1968 году в Швейцарию бежали около 12000 чехословацких беженцев - в основном высококвалифицированных рабочих и ученых - в Швейцарии. 
 В 1973 году, когда правительство Альенде было свергнуто, Советом Федерации, разрешил въезд не более 200 беженцев из Чили. В этом меморандуме сопротивление предложило такой расклад событий, что власти были вынуждены оставить открытыми ворота Швейцарии для этих беженцев. 
 В период между 1975 и 1983 годами прибыло 8'200 беженцев из Юго-Восточной Азии, убежище в Швейцарии стало предоставляться как нечто само собой разумеющееся. 

Объявление военного положения в Польше в 1981 году привело к включению около 2500 польских беженцев в Швейцарию1.

С начала 1980-х годов ситуация изменилась в области предоставления убежища. Число  лиц, ищущих убежище, увеличилось значительно. Что поражает - возрастущее разнообразие стран происхождения лиц, ищущих убежища. Многие из них из Шри-Ланки, Турции, Ирака и ряд африканских государств. Это также является следствием увеличения  мобильности и сетей в мире. Во время войны в Боснии и Герцеговине (1992 - 1995), в Швейцарию переехали около 30000 лиц, ищущих защиты, в то время как Косовский конфликт (1998/99) вызвал прибытие 53000 человек. Причины, почему люди сегодня  расстаются со своими домами и ищут убежища в Швейцарии являются весьма разнообраными.

В Женевской Конвенции 1951 года2 о статусе беженцев, является основным юридическим документом в определении, кто является беженцем, их правах и правовых обязательств государств по отношению к беженцам. Протокол 1967 года удалил из Конвенции географические и временные ограничений. Согласно Секции 3 (1) из Закона о беженцах3, беженцы определены как «иностранцы, которые в стране происхождения или стране прежнего места иммиграция в Швейцарию для жительства, подвергаются или имеют хорошо-обоснованные опасения быть подвергнуты серьезному нарушению прав человека по причинам принадлежности к определённой расе, религии, национальности, членстве в специфической социальной группе или в результате политических убеждений»4. Согласно Секции 3 (2) из того же Закона5, под серьезными опасениями имеется ввиду угроза жизни, физической целостности человека или его свободе, а также действия, которые наносят невыносимое психологическое давление. Признанным беженцам предоставляется вид на жительство, имеющий силу в течение одного года и продлевается автоматически ежегодно (как и во всех других странах). После пяти лет проживания признанные беженцы имеют право на постоянный вид на жительство, имеющий силу в течение 10 лет и автоматически продлеваемый ежегодно так же.

 Существуют беженцы по квоте, согласно Секции 56 из Закона о беженцах7 Федеральный Совет (наивысшая инстанция правительства Швейцарии) имеет право предоставлять убежище группам беженцев. В восьмидесятых и в начале девяностых, Федеральный Совет после консультаций с управлением верховного комиссариата ООН по делам беженцев решил, что Швейцария будет ежегодно допускать квоту в размере нескольких сотен беженцев (имеются ввиду беженцы, которые бежали в страны, не осуществляющие приема и натурализации беженцев, и подавшие заявление об убежище в Комиссариат ООН по делам беженцев8 - например - вьетнамские беженцы в Гонконге, Малайзии и т.д.).
 Швейцария гордится своими гуманитарными традициями. Она уже давно является местом убежища для тех, кто преследуется по политическим мотивам. Согласно данным Федерального ведомства по статистике, в 2001 году 30% населения, проживающего в Швейцарии, составляли эмигранты и их потомки9. Тем не менее, во время Второй мировой войны в Швейцарию вернулись и были депортированы тысячи беженцев, большинство из которых евреи, на том основании, что расовые, нежели политические, преследования, не дают им убежище. В то время в Швейцарии использовали лозунг - "лодка полна". 
 Во время "холодной войны" Швейцария приняла беженцев в 1956 году из Венгрии и в 1968 году из Чехословакию. В последние годы Швейцария приняла беженцев из различных частей мира. В 2004 году Сербия и Черногория были странами с наибольшим числом заявлений, поданных гражданами о предоставлении убежища.

Достопримечательности Швейцарии

Природные достопримечательности

Швейцария в первую очередь знаменита как самая гористая страна Европы.

Женевское озеро со всех сторон окружено горами, из-за этого в его окрестностях весьма своеобразный, более тёплый климат. Его окрестности с давних времён пользуются популярностью как курорт. Вблизи озера, в Монтрё даже растут пальмы.

Очень красива гора Пилатус, расположенная неподалёку от Люцерна, её высота составляет 2120 метров.

Одним из самых известных символов Швейцарии, даже запечатлённым в шоколаде марки Тоблерон, является гора Маттерхорн.

Знаменитости, связанные со Швейцарией

В Берне Альберт Эйнштейн разработал основные положения специальной теории относительности. Здесь же, выполняя поручение советского разведчика полковника Максима Максимовича Исаева (штандартенфюрера СС Макса Отто фон Штирлица), трагически погиб профессор Плейшнер — персонаж многосерийного кинофильма «Семнадцать мгновений весны», снятого по одноименному роману Юлиана Семенова.

В Женеве жил и работал Анри Дюнан, основатель Международного Комитета Красного Креста.

В Базеле выдающийся химик Альберт Хофманн внес существенный вклад в дело открытия и исследования психотропных веществ.

В Швейцарии, на берегу Женевского озера закончил свой век знаменитый комик Чарли Чаплин.

Актриса Одри Хепберн с 1954 года отдыхала в домике у озера Люцерн в Бургенштоке, где впервые вышла замуж, а после приобрела дом в Толошеназ-сюр-Морж недалеко от Лозанны, где она и жила до самой смерти в 1993 г.

Зино Давидофф, эмигрант из Киева, создал в Швейцарии ныне всемирно известную фирму Davidoff, под брендом которой ныне выпускаются табачные изделия, парфюмерия, кофе и др.

В Монтрё провел свои последние дни Фредди Меркьюри, легендарный солист группы Queen. Здесь он лечился, в следствие чего оставил немалое количество денег. Благодарные жители возвели ему памятник на набережной.

В Швейцарском Базеле, родился всемирно известный теннисист, Роджер Федерер (Roger Federer)

Русская Швейцария

«Что тебе сказать о Швейцарии? Все виды да виды, так что мне уже от них наконец становится тошно, и если бы мне попалось теперь наше подлое и плоское русское местоположение с бревенчатою избою и сереньким небом, то я бы в состоянии им восхищаться, как новым видом». Н. В. Гоголь — Летом и осенью 1836 года жил в Веве, Швейцария и работал над вторым томом «Мёртвых Душ».

Гражданство Швейцарии в своё время получил уехавший из России Александр Иванович Герцен.

Курорты Швейцарии исторически известны в России.

Пётр Ильич Чайковский в 1877 году поехал в Швейцарию. Он посетил Женеву, а затем довольно продолжительное время жил в Кларансе, городе на Женевском озере. Там были написаны оперы «Евгений Онегин» и «Жанна д`Арк».

В 1870 году в Швейцарии получил политическое убежище знаменитый русский анархист Михаил Бакунин. Он умер и похоронен в Берне.

Владимир Ильич Ленин долгое время жил в Цюрихе. В настоящее время там есть небольшой музей с магазином советской символики.

Композитор Игорь Стравинский долгое время жил в Швейцарии в окрестностях города Монтрё. Там он написал одно из самых знаменитых своих произведений «Весна священная». В честь этого названа одна из улиц в Кларансе: Rue du Sacre du Printemps (Улица Священной Весны). В честь Стравинского также назван концертный зал в Монтрё (Auditorium Strawinsky).

В том же Монтрё долгое время жил известный писатель-эмигрант Владимир Набоков. Он похоронен в соседнем с Монтре городе — Кларанс.

Марина Цветаева в детстве жила некоторое время в Лозанне, в доме, расположенном недалеко от железнодорожного вокзала. На доме до сих пор висит памятная табличка.

Два года, с 1974 по 1976, в Швейцарии, в Цюрихе, прожил высланный из СССР писатель, лауреат Нобелевской премии, А.Солженицын

Культура Швейцарии

Культура Швейцарии развивалась, с одной стороны, под влиянием немецкой, французской и итальянской культуры и, с другой стороны, на основе особенного самосознания каждого кантона. Поэтому до сих пор очень трудно точно сказать, что такое собственно «швейцарская культура». В самой Швейцарии различают «швейцарскую культуру» (как правило — фольклор) и «культуру из Швейцарии» — все имеющиеся жанры, в которых работают люди со швейцарским паспортом. Так, например, объединения музыкантов, играющих на альпенгорнах — это скорее «швейцарская культура», а рок-группы «

В Базеле, Цюрихе, Берне, Санкт-Галлене, Женеве, Лозанне, Фрибурге и Невшателе действуют университеты (единого общенационального университета в Швейцарии нет, его роль в какой-то мере играет Высшая техническая школа в Цюрихе). ВТШ имеется также в Лозанне, в Санкт-Галлене действует Высшая экономическая школа. Развита сеть профессиональных учебных заведений. Среди студентов значительную часть составляют иностранцы. Наряду с общеобразовательными школами, имеются привилегированные частные колледжи, высоко котирующиеся во всем мире.

Со Швейцарией связано множество литературных историй. Например, благодаря «Запискам о Шерлоке Холмсе» Рейхенбахский водопад знаменит не только как красивое место, но и как могила профессора Мориарти. История Шильонского замка вдохновила Байрона на сочинение «Шильонского узника». Из русской литературы известен прежде всего гражданин кантона Ури Николай Ставрогин, герой романа Достоевского «Бесы». Неудивительно, что многие герои Набокова, как и сам автор, жили в Швейцарии (см., например, «Защита Лужина»).

В качестве курьёза можно упомянуть «Семнадцать мгновений весны». Эпизод с пастором Шлагом происходит в Берне. Фильм снимали не в Берне, а в Латвии и ГДР. В результате получилось несколько неточностей: в Берне, в отличие от большинства немецких и даже швейцарских городов, нет Блюменштрассе (Цветочной улицы), да и озера там нет. Да и перейти пастору Шлагу из Германии в Швейцарию на лыжах было бы невозможно по той причине, что граница Швейцарии с 1942 года была наглухо закрыта и окутана колючей проволокой.

C Монтрё и Женевским озером связана знаменитая песня группы Deep Purple «Smoke on the Water» («We all came down to Montreaux, on the lake Geneva shoreline…»).

Фредди Меркьюри — солист группы Монтрё, где ему стоит памятник.

Спорт

Лыжный спорт и альпинизм очень популярны в Швейцарии. Такие места, как Давос, Санкт-Мориц и Церматт являются одними из лучших лыжных центров в мире. Отличные условия, снег, широкие склоны, захватывающие дух пейзажи и, прежде всего, Швейцарское качество обслуживания являются лишь небольшой частью из списка причин, которые делают Швейцарию одним из лучших направлений зимнего отдыха в мире. Швейцария является страной, в которой идеально совершать походы. Разнообразный ландшафт гарантирует, что каждый найдет себе пешеходные тропы, в зависимости от его способностей и желания. Существует обширная сеть из более чем 180 трасс, которая включает в себя всю страну в долине Рейна и наивысший пик Маттерхорн. Швейцария является страной велосипедов. Здесь это больше чем просто вид деятельности, это здоровый способ насладиться волшебством природы. В стране имеется 3300 километров велосипедных маршрутов идеальных для всех уровней сложности. Проект «Veloland Schweiz», который был начат в 1998 году, представляет собой сеть из девяти национальных велосипедных маршрутов. Ландшафт Швейцарии безупречно подходит для скалолазания. Как и многие другие европейцы, швейцарцы — поклонники футбола и своей национальной сборной, которую также называют ‘Nati’. Самые известные футбольные клубы Швейцарии: Grasshoppers Zurich , Servette ФК и ФК Basel. Швейцария была местом встречи с Австрией на футбольном турнире Евро 2008, хотя швейцарская команда и выбыла перед 1/4 Финалом. Швейцарская Команда пляжного Футбола с другой стороны стала участником, занявшим второе место в 2008, а в 2005 они выиграли Европейский Кубок по пляжному футболу. Швейцарские команды выиграли 3 мировых мужских чемпионата по кёрлингу и 2 женских. Один из лучших сегодняшних конькобежцев в мире — швейцарец Стефан Ламбиэль. Андре Боссерт — успешный швейцарский профессиональный игрок в гольф. Швейцария также выиграла Чемпионат мира A1GP по мотоспорту в 2007-08 с гонщиком Нилом Джани.

Праздники

В Швейцарии 2 января отмечается День Святого Бертольда[1]. Отмечается в честь основания столицы страны Берна. В Швейцарии 11 декабря отмечается праздник Эскалад. Торжество в честь праздника проводится ежегодно и длится 2 дня. Проводится в ознаменование победы над могущественным герцогом Савойским, который пытался захватить город в 1602 году. Название праздника — Эскалада произошло от «карабкающийся по стене», ведь войска для штурма города во время битвы использовали лестницы. 1 августа отмечается День конфедерации в Швейцарии (Национальный праздник Швейцарии).

Национальная кухня Швейцарии

Швейцарская кухня заслуживает признания у гурманов всего мира, несмотря на достаточно сильное влияние соседних стран, у нее немало своих деликатесов. Швейцария известна не только культурным и национальным разнообразием, но также и богатым выбором блюд французской, итальянской, немецкой кухни. Швейцарское традиционное питание базируется на нескольких основополагающих компонентах. Наиболее известные блюда швейцарской кухни: яйца, молоко, масло, мука, сыр, рис, картофель, кукуруза, свекла, лук, капуста, сравнительно небольшое количество мяса и умеренно подобранный букет ароматических специй и трав. Несмотря на то, что животноводство в Швейцарии несказанно развито, масло до сих пор нечастый гость на столе.

  • Фондю (сырное блюдо)
  • Базельские брунели (Печенье)
  • Колбасный салат по-швейцарски
  • Пряник по-швейцарски
  • Швейцарский суп с сыром
  • Швейцарский рулет
  • Печение «Лепестки лотоса»

Часы работы заведений

Учреждения в Швейцарии работают по будним дням с 8.00- до 12.00 и с 14.00- до 17.00. Суббота и воскресенье — выходные дни. Швейцарские банки обычно открыты с 8.30 до 16.30, кроме выходных. Раз в неделю банки работают дольше обычного, уточнять это надо в каждом конкретном месте. Отделения почты в крупных городах открыты по будням с 8.30- до 12.00 и с 13.30- до 18.30, в субботу с 7.30- до 11.00, в воскресенье — выходной день.

Вооружённые силы

Молодой швейцарский военнослужащий на железнодорожной станции. Возвращается на службу после выходных.

Военный бюджет 2,7 млрд долл. (2001).

Регулярные ВС около 5000 чел. (только кадровый состав).

Резерв около 240200 чел.

Военизированные формирования: силы гражданской обороны — 280 000 чел. По традиции швейцарцы имеют право хранить боевое оружие дома.

Комплектование: по призыву и на профессиональной основе.

Срок службы: 18-21 неделя (в возрасте 19-20 лет), затем 10 курсов переподготовки по 3 недели (20 — 42). Моб. ресурсы 2,1 млн чел., в том числе годных к военной службе 1,7 млн.

Сухопутные войска

При отмобилизовании 320 600 чел., 9 бригад (танковые — 2, горно-пехотные (альпийские) — 3, пехотные — 4). Вооружение сухопутных войск:

  • 370 танков «Леопард-2»,
  • 319 БРМ,
  • 435 БМП,
  • 1180 БТР,
  • 558 155-мм самоходных гаубиц,
  • 1758 минометов калибров 81 и 120 мм,
  • 3063 ПУ ПТУР (из них 303 СПУТОУ-2),
  • ПЗРК «Стингер»,
  • 12512 гранатомётов,
  • 60 вертолётов «Алуэтт-3»,
  • 11 ПКА.

Средства массовой информации Швейцарии

Швейцария, несмотря на чрезвычайную ограниченность её национального рынка, обладает хорошо развитой сетью электронных и «бумажных» средств массовой информации.

Развитие современного газетного рынка в Швейцарии начинается под влиянием Реформации. В 1610 г. в Базеле выходит первая регулярная швейцарская газета «Ординари-Цайтунг». В 1620 г. начинают выходить газеты в Цюрихе, одна из них, «Ординари-Вохенцайтунг», считается непосредственной предшественницей неофициальной «главной» газеты страны «Нойе Цюрхер Цайтунг». В 1827 г. в Швейцарии выходило 27 газет. Когда, после революционных событий 1830 г., была отменена цензура, количество изданий стало быстро расти, и к 1857 г. в Конфедерации выходило уже 180 газет. Наибольшее количество газет в Швейцарии выходило в 30-е гг. XX века (более 400). Затем их количество начинает сокращаться, и этот процесс продолжается до сих пор. Первая общешвейцарская надрегиональная газета, — «Швайцер Цайтунг», — начала выходить в 1842 г. в г. Санкт-Галлен. Особенностью швейцарского пресс-ландшафта в то время являлся факт жесткого идеологического деления газет — газетам католическо-консервативного направления противостояли либерально-прогрессивные издания. В 1893 г. в Цюрихе начала выходить газета [«Тагес-Анцайгер»], первая «надпартийная» (и в этом смысле «независимая») газета.

В 1850 г., с образованием газеты «Дер Бунд», в Швейцарии появилась первая газета с регулярной профессиональной редакцией. «Нойе Цюрхер Цайтунг» (в январе 2005 г. она отметила свой 225-летний юбилей) была первой газетой, учредившей в рамках редакции специализированные отделы, занимавшиеся конкретными темами (политика, экономика, культура и т. д.).

Сегодня по количеству периодических печатных изданий на душу населения Швейцария занимает одно из первых мест в мире. Тем не менее, подавляющее большинство из почти 200 основных ежедневных швейцарских газет (их общий тираж — около 3,5 млн экз.) отличаются сильно выраженным «провинциализмом» и сосредоточенностью преимущественно на локальных событиях.

Из немецкоязычных ведущими на сегодняшний день в Швейцарии являются бульварная газета «Блик» (275 тыс. экз.), выходящие в Цюрихе хорошо информированная «Тагес Анцайгер» (259 тыс. экз., есть корреспондент в Москве) и «Нойе Цюрхер Цайтунг» (139 тыс. экз.). Среди франкоязычных лидируют бульварная «Матэн» (187 тыс. экз.), «Ле Тан» (97 тыс. экз.), «Ван-катр-эр» (97 тыс. экз.), «Трибюн де Женев» (65 тыс. экз.), среди италоязычных — «Коррьере дель Тичино» (24 тыс. экз.).

Относительно заметный сегмент рынка занимают бульварные бесплатные «транспортные газеты» (распространяются в основном на остановках общественного транспорта) «20 минут» (около 100 тыс. экз.) и «Метрополь» (130 тыс. экз.), а также рекламно-корпоративные издания «КООП-Цайтунг» (почти 1,5 млн экз.) и «Вир Брюккенбауэр» (1,3 млн экз.). Информационные и аналитические разделы в этих газетах отсутствуют.

Большинство крупных швейцарских газет федерального значения неуклонно сокращают свои официальные тиражи. Следует отметить сокращение тиража крупнейшей швейцарской бульварной газеты «Blick». В 2004 году её тираж составил ориентировочно 275 тыс. экземпляров. Информированная газета «Дер Бунд», выходящая в бернской агломерации и в некоторых соседних городах, продает в настоящее время в день чуть больше 60 тыс. экз. Похожим образом выглядит и ситуация на рынке воскресных газет. Тираж популярной газеты «Зоннтангсцайтунг» упал за последние три года на 8,6 % и составляет в настоящее время 202 тыс. экз., а количество экземпляров газеты «Зоннтагсблик» уменьшилось за это же время до 312 тыс. экз.

Удержать свои позиции смогли только популярная бернская газета «Бернер Цайтунг» (её тираж — 163 тыс. экз.) и пользующийся значительным спросом иллюстрированный журнал бульварного толка «Швайцер Иллюстрирте» (255,7 тыс. экз.), и это на фоне того, что главный информационный журнал Швейцарии «Фэктс» сократил свои тиражи, опустившись до уровня 80 тыс. экз. Такие тенденции связаны, прежде всего, с продолжающимся уменьшением количества публикуемых рекламных объявлений и с ростом популярности «интернет-прессы». В июле 2007 году журнал «Фэктс» прекратил свое существование.

Телевизионный рынок Швейцарии контролируется созданным в 1931 году «Швейцарским обществом радиовещания и телевидения» («ШОРТ»). Радио- и телевещание ведется на немецком (в действительности практически 80 % «немецкоязычного» телевидения производится на диалектах, очень сильно отличающихся от «литературного» немецкого языка), французском и итальянском (в кантоне Граубюнден — также на романшском) языках. Являясь по форме акционерным обществом, «ШОРТ», тем не менее, как и многие швейцарские акционерные образования в других отраслях экономики, по сути, является государственной структурой, получающей дотации от государства. Такого рода дотирование официально обосновывается необходимостью поддерживать «заведомо убыточную систему „четырёхъязычного“ национального телевещания», особенно с учетом того, что на территории Швейцарии свободно принимаются телеканалы соседних с ней стран, прежде всего Германии, а также Франции и Италии. Если в 2000 г. «ШОРТ» своими силами заработало прибыль в 24,5 млн шв. франков, то уже в 2002 г. его убытки составили 4,4 млн шв. франков. К такому результату привели как неблагоприятная экономическая ситуация в стране и отсутствие рекламы, так и рост количества освобожденных от абонементной платы категорий потребителей телесигнала. В связи с этим в 2004 г. государство вынуждено было выделить на поддержку «ШОРТ» более 30 млн шв. франков.

Швейцарские телеканалы «СФ-1» и «СФ-2» (выпускаются входящей в «ШОРТ» государственной ТРК «СФ-ДРС») уделяют «прайм-тайм» в основном передачам спортивного и общественно-политического характера, поэтому свои «развлекательные потребности» швейцарский телезритель удовлетворяет, как правило, при помощи зарубежных телевещателей. Что касается частного телевещания, то оно, в отличие от частного радиовещания, так пока и не смогло закрепиться в Швейцарии в качестве реальной альтернативы государственному телевидению. Частные телеканалы «ТВ-3» и «Теле-24», завоевавшие было почти 3 % швейцарской телеаудитории, не сумели выйти на уровень рыночной самоокупаемости и их работа было в 2002 г. прекращена. В начале ноября 2003 г. в Швейцарии стартовала ещё одна попытка наладить частное телевидение. Федеральный совет (правительство страны) выдал соответствующую лицензию телеканалу «У-1». Лицензия выдана на 10 лет и даёт право на общенациональную трансляцию «немецкоязычных» программ. К началу 2005 г. завоевать сколько-нибудь заметную нишу на рынке швейцарских электронных СМИ каналу так и не удалось.

Причиной того, что Швейцария до сих пор остается очень сложным для частных телевещателей рынком, заключается, прежде всего, в неблагоприятных рамочных законодательных условиях. Другой причиной является относительно небольшой процент рекламы, размещаемой на телевидении Швейцарии. Если в Германии на ТВ размещается почти 45 % всей рекламы в стране, то в Швейцарии эта цифра составляет только 18,1 % (на газеты приходится 43 % от всего объёма рекламы в Конфедерации).

В настоящее время швейцарский «Закон о телерадиовещании» от 21 июня 1991 г. проходит стадию совершенствования, его новая версия должна дать больше возможностей для частной деятельности в сфере телевидения и радио, прежде всего в плане привлечения дополнительной рекламы. Неблагоприятные условия для развития СМИ в Швейцарии ведут не только к сокращению тиражей, но и к необходимости вести «структурные сокращения». Так, в 2003 г. закрылся московский корпункт швейцарской телекомпании «СФ-ДРС» (кроме корреспондента газеты «Тагес-Анцайгер», в Москве остался только представитель швейцарского «немецкоязычного» радио «ДРС»). Обеспечение информацией из России теперь будет вестись по примеру многих швейцарских газет, ангажирующих для написания материалов московских корреспондентов газет из других немецкоязычных стран, прежде всего ФРГ. Что касается собственно телеканала «СФ-1», то «российскую картинку» он будет теперь получать при помощи австрийского телеканала «ОРФ».

Библиография

  • Сабельников Л. В. Швейцария. Экономика и внешняя торговля. М., 1962
  • Могутин В. Б. Швейцария: большой бизнес маленькой страны. М., 1975
  • Драгунов Г. П. Швейцария: история и современность. М., 1978
  • Пособие по демократии: Функционирование демократического государства на примере Швейцарии. М., 1994
  • Шаффхаузер Р. Основы швейцарского общинного права на примере общинного права кантона Санкт-Галлен. СПб, 1996
  • Шишкин, Михаил: Русская Швейцария. Москва: Вагриус. ISBN 5-9697-0290-0
  • И.Петров. Очерки истории Швейцарии. Екатеринбург, 2006
  • Степанов А. И. Русские и швейцарцы. Записки дипломата. М., 2006
  • Кружков В., Марков О. 200 лет без войн. Швейцарский нейтралитет в новом веке. «Международная жизнь», № 8, 2002 (см. в Интернете: http://www.ln.mid.ru/mg.nsf/ab07679503c75b73c325747f004d0dc2/b664f049fc00225ec3256c360041cfcf?OpenDocument )
  • Clive H. Church (2004). The Politics and Government of Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-69277-2.
  • Dieter Fahrni (2003). An Outline History of Switzerland. From the Origins to the Present Day. 8th enlarged edition. Pro Helvetia, Zurich. ISBN 3-908102-61-8

Примечания

  1. Календарь праздников: День Святого Бертольда

Ссылки

Политика

  • Официальный сайт федеральных учреждений Швейцарии — конституция, законы, официальная информация.
  • Швейцарская конституция (англ.)
  • Швейцарская статистическая служба
  • Посольство Швейцарии в Москве (рус.)
  • Посольство Швейцарии в Киеве (укр.)
  • Посольство Российской Федерации в Берне
  • Генеральное консульство Российской Федерации в Женеве
  • Сайт Международного Комитета Красного Креста на русском языке

Информация

  • Статьи о Швейцарии
  • Погода в Швейцарии
  • Текущая ситуация на автомобильных дорогах Швейцарии
  • Официальный сайт Железных дорог Швейцарии — возможно посмотреть расписание и купить билеты. (англ.)
  • Карта Швейцарии
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Туризм

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Разное

  • Сайт об истории Швейцарии (на 5 языках)
  • Сайт «Русской газеты в Швейцарии»
  • Koleso.ch — Информация для русскоязычных жителей Швейцарии
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  • http://swissaffiche.com/ Сайт популярного швейцарского журнала «Свиссафиша». Новости, события, адреса, иллюстрации.
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Swiss Confederation

Five official names

    • Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German)
    • Confédération suisse (French)
    • Confederazione Svizzera (Italian)
    • Confederaziun svizra (Romansh)
    • Confoederatio helvetica (Latin)[1]

Flag of Switzerland

Flag

Coat of arms of Switzerland

Coat of arms

Motto: (unofficial)
«Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno»

«One for all, all for one»

Anthem: «Swiss Psalm»
Location of Switzerland (green) in Europe (green and dark grey)

Location of Switzerland (green)

in Europe (green and dark grey)

Capital
  • None (de jure)
  • Bern (de facto)[a][2][3]

46°57′N 7°27′E / 46.950°N 7.450°E

Largest city Zürich
Official languages
  • German
  • French
  • Italian
  • Romansh
  • [b][4]
Ethnic groups

(2020)[5]

  • 74.3% Swiss citizens
  • 25.7% Foreign citizens
Religion

(2020)[6][c]

    • 62.6% Christianity
      • 34.4% Catholicism
      • 22.5% Swiss Reformed
      • 5.7% Other Christian
  • 29.4% No religion
  • 5.4% Islam
  • 0.6% Hinduism
  • 0.9% Others
  • 1.1% No answer
Demonym(s)
  • English: Swiss
  • German: Schweizer/Schweizerin
  • French: Suisse/Suissesse
  • Italian: svizzero/svizzera or elvetico/elvetica
  • Romansh: Svizzer/Svizra
Government Federal assembly-independent[7][8] directorial republic with elements of a direct democracy

• Federal Council

  • Alain Berset (President)
  • Viola Amherd (Vice President)
  • Guy Parmelin
  • Ignazio Cassis
  • Karin Keller-Sutter
  • Albert Rösti
  • Élisabeth Baume-Schneider

• Federal Chancellor

Walter Thurnherr
Legislature Federal Assembly

• Upper house

Council of States

• Lower house

National Council
History

• Founded

1 August 1291[d]

• Sovereignty recognised (Peace of Westphalia)

24 October 1648

• Federal Treaty

7 August 1815

• Federal state

12 September 1848[e][9]
Area

• Total

41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi) (132nd)

• Water (%)

4.34 (2015)[10]
Population

• 2020 estimate

Neutral increase 8,636,896[11] (99th)

• 2015 census

8,327,126[12]

• Density

207/km2 (536.1/sq mi) (48th)
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase $739.49 billion[13] (35th)

• Per capita

Increase $84,658 [13] (5th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase $841.69 billion[13] (20th)

• Per capita

Increase $92,434[13] (7th)
Gini (2018) Positive decrease 29.7[14]
low
HDI (2021) Increase 0.962[15]
very high · 1st
Currency Swiss franc (CHF)
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)

• Summer (DST)

UTC+2 (CEST)
Date format dd.mm.yyyy (AD)
Driving side right
Calling code +41
ISO 3166 code CH
Internet TLD .ch, .swiss

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located at the confluence of Western, Central and Southern Europe.[f][16] It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.

Switzerland is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps and the Jura; the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, whereas most of the country’s 8.7 million are concentrated on the plateau, which hosts the largest cities and economic centres, including Zürich, Geneva and Basel.

Switzerland originates from the Old Swiss Confederacy established in the Late Middle Ages, following a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy; the Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the country’s founding document. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since the 16th century and has not fought an international war since 1815. It joined the United Nations only in 2002, but pursues an active foreign policy that include frequent involvement in peace-building processes worldwide.[17] Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross, one of the world’s oldest and best-known humanitarian organisations, and hosts the headquarters or offices of most major international institutions, including the WTO, the WHO, the ILO, FIFA, and the United Nations. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but not part of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area, or the Eurozone; however, it participates in the European single market and the Schengen Area through bilateral treaties.

Switzerland is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern.[a][3][2] It has four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Although most Swiss are German-speaking, national identity is fairly cohesive, being rooted in a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy,[18] and Alpine symbolism.[19][20] Swiss identity transcends language, ethnicity, and religion, leading to Switzerland being described as a Willensnation («nation of volition») rather than a nation state.[21]

Due to its linguistic diversity, Switzerland is known by multiple native names: Schweiz [ˈʃvaɪts] (German);[g][h] Suisse [sɥis(ə)] audio (help·info) (French); Svizzera [ˈzvittsera] (Italian); and Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ, ˈʒviːtsʁɐ] (Romansh).[i] On coins and stamps, the Latin name, Confoederatio Helvetica — frequently shortened to «Helvetia» — is used instead of the spoken languages.

Switzerland is one of the world’s most developed countries. It has the highest nominal wealth per adult[22] and the eighth-highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.[23][24] Switzerland ranks first in the Human Development Index since 2021 and performs highly also on several international metrics, including economic competitiveness and democratic governance. Cities such as Zürich, Geneva and Basel rank among the highest in terms of quality of life,[25][26] albeit with some of the highest costs of living.[27]

Etymology

The English name Switzerland is a portmanteau of Switzer, an obsolete term for a Swiss person which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries, and land.[28] The English adjective Swiss is a loanword from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, one of the Waldstätte cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for «Confederates», Eidgenossen (literally: comrades by oath), used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica (English: Helvetic Confederation).

The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, perhaps related to swedan ‘to burn’ (cf. Old Norse svíða ‘to singe, burn’), referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build.[29] The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation.[30][31] The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d’Schwiiz for the Confederation,[32] but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town).[33] The long [iː] of Swiss German is historically and still often today spelled ⟨y⟩ rather than ⟨ii⟩, preserving the original identity of the two names even in writing.

The Latin name Confoederatio Helvetica was neologised and introduced gradually after the formation of the federal state in 1848, harking back to the Napoleonic Helvetic Republic. It appeared on coins from 1879, inscribed on the Federal Palace in 1902 and after 1948 used in the official seal[34] (e.g., the ISO banking code «CHF» for the Swiss franc, and the country top-level domain «.ch», are both taken from the state’s Latin name). Helvetica is derived from the Helvetii, a Gaulish tribe living on the Swiss Plateau before the Roman era.

Helvetia appeared as a national personification of the Swiss confederacy in the 17th century in a 1672 play by Johann Caspar Weissenbach.[35]

History

The state of Switzerland took its present form with the adoption of the Swiss Federal Constitution in 1848. Switzerland’s precursors established a defensive alliance in 1291, forming a loose confederation that persisted for centuries.

Beginnings

The oldest traces of hominid existence in Switzerland date to about 150,000 years ago.[36] The oldest known farming settlements in Switzerland, which were found at Gächlingen, date to around 5300 BC.[36]

The earliest known tribes formed the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC,[36] possibly influenced by Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most important tribal groups was the Helvetii. Steadily harassed by Germanic tribes, in 58 BC, the Helvetii decided to abandon the Swiss Plateau and migrate to western Gallia. Julius Caesar’s armies pursued and defeated them at the Battle of Bibracte, in today’s eastern France, forcing the tribe to move back to its homeland.[36] In 15 BC, Tiberius (later the second Roman emperor) and his brother Drusus conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire. The area occupied by the Helvetii first became part of Rome’s Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province. The eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. Sometime around the start of the Common Era, the Romans maintained a large camp called Vindonissa, now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers, near the town of Windisch.[38]

The first and second century AD was an age of prosperity on the Swiss Plateau. Towns such as Aventicum, Iulia Equestris and Augusta Raurica, reached a remarkable size, while hundreds of agricultural estates (Villae rusticae) were established in the countryside.[citation needed]

Around 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today’s Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to shelter near Roman fortresses, like the Castrum Rauracense near Augusta Raurica. The Empire built another line of defence at the north border (the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes). At the end of the fourth century, the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept. The Swiss Plateau was finally open to Germanic tribes.[citation needed]

In the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the fourth century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss Plateau in the fifth century and the valleys of the Alps in the eighth century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day Switzerland was then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy.[36] The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the sixth century, following Clovis I’s victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians.[39][40]

Throughout the rest of the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries, Swiss regions continued under Frankish hegemony (Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties) but after its extension under Charlemagne, the Frankish Empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843.[36] The territories of present-day Switzerland became divided into Middle Francia and East Francia until they were reunified under the Holy Roman Empire around 1000 AD.[36]

By 1200, the Swiss Plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg.[36] Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its male line in 1263, the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264. The Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them, extending their territory to the eastern Swiss Plateau.[39]

Old Swiss Confederacy

The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 (dark green) to the sixteenth century (light green) and its associates (blue). In the other colours shown are the subject territories.

The 1291 Bundesbrief (federal charter)

The Old Swiss Confederacy was an alliance among the valley communities of the central Alps. The Confederacy was governed by nobles and patricians of various cantons who facilitated management of common interests and ensured peace on mountain trade routes. The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the confederacy’s founding document, even though similar alliances likely existed decades earlier. The document was agreed among the rural communes of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.[41][42]

By 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city-states to form the «Old Confederacy» of eight states that obtained through the end of the 15th century.[42] The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the confederation. By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains, and the University of Basel was founded (with a faculty of medicine) establishing a tradition of chemical and medical research. This increased after victories against the Habsburgs (Battle of Sempach, Battle of Näfels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries. The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire.[42] In 1501, Basel[43] and Schaffhausen joined the Old Swiss Confederacy.[44]

The Confederacy acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the confederation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. This ended the so-called «heroic» epoch of Swiss history.[42] The success of Zwingli’s Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 (Wars of Kappel). It was not until more than one hundred years after these internal wars that, in 1648, under the Peace of Westphalia, European countries recognised Switzerland’s independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality.[39][40]

During the Early Modern period of Swiss history, the growing authoritarianism of the patriciate families combined with a financial crisis in the wake of the Thirty Years’ War led to the Swiss peasant war of 1653. In the background to this struggle, the conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons persisted, erupting in further violence at the First War of Villmergen, in 1656, and the Toggenburg War (or Second War of Villmergen), in 1712.[42]

Napoleonic era

The Act of Mediation was Napoleon’s attempt at a compromise between the Ancien Régime and a Republic.

In 1798, the revolutionary French government invaded Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution.[42] This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen left Switzerland and the Valtellina valley became part of the Cisalpine Republic. The new regime, known as the Helvetic Republic, was highly unpopular. An invading foreign army had imposed and destroyed centuries of tradition, making Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state. The fierce French suppression of the Nidwalden Revolt in September 1798 was an example of the oppressive presence of the French Army and the local population’s resistance to the occupation.[citation needed]

When war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The Act of Mediation was the result, which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons.[42] Henceforth, much of Swiss politics would concern balancing the cantons’ tradition of self-rule with the need for a central government.[citation needed]

In 1815 the Congress of Vienna fully re-established Swiss independence, and the European powers recognised permanent Swiss neutrality.[39][40][42] Swiss troops served foreign governments until 1860 when they fought in the siege of Gaeta. The treaty allowed Switzerland to increase its territory, with the admission of the cantons of Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva. Switzerland’s borders saw only minor adjustments thereafter.[45]

Federal state

The first Federal Palace in Bern (1857). One of the three cantons presiding over the Tagsatzung (former legislative and executive council), Bern was chosen as the permanent seat of federal legislative and executive institutions in 1848, in part because of its closeness to the French-speaking area.[2]

The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes, such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund).[42] The war lasted less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire. The Sonderbundskrieg had a significant impact on the psychology and society of Switzerland.[citation needed][who?]

The war convinced most Swiss of the need for unity and strength. Swiss from all strata of society, whether Catholic or Protestant, from the liberal or conservative current, realised that the cantons would profit more from merging their economic and religious interests.[citation needed]

Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution that provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Council of States, two representatives per canton) and a lower house (the National Council, with representatives elected from across the country). Referendums were made mandatory for any amendments.[40] This new constitution ended the legal power of nobility in Switzerland.[46]

Inauguration in 1882 of the Gotthard rail tunnel connecting the southern canton of Ticino, the longest in the world at the time

A single system of weights and measures was introduced, and in 1850 the Swiss franc became the Swiss single currency, complemented by the WIR franc in 1934.[47] Article 11 of the constitution forbade sending troops to serve abroad, marking the end of foreign service. It came with the expectation of serving the Holy See, and the Swiss were still obliged to serve Francis II of the Two Sicilies with Swiss Guards present at the siege of Gaeta in 1860.[citation needed]

An important clause of the constitution was that it could be entirely rewritten if necessary, thus enabling it to evolve as a whole rather than being modified one amendment at a time.[48]

This need soon proved itself when the rise in population and the Industrial Revolution that followed led to calls to modify the constitution accordingly. The population rejected an early draft in 1872, but modifications led to its acceptance in 1874.[42] It introduced the facultative referendum for laws at the federal level. It also established federal responsibility for defence, trade, and legal matters.

In 1891, the constitution was revised with unusually strong elements of direct democracy, which remain unique today.[42]

Modern history

General Ulrich Wille, appointed commander-in-chief of the Swiss Army for the duration of World War I

Switzerland was not invaded during either of the world wars. During World War I, Switzerland was home to the revolutionary and founder of the Soviet Union Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Vladimir Lenin) who remained there until 1917.[49] Swiss neutrality was seriously questioned by the short-lived Grimm–Hoffmann affair in 1917. In 1920, Switzerland joined the League of Nations, which was based in Geneva, after it was exempted from military requirements.[citation needed]

During World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans,[50] but Switzerland was never attacked.[51] Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune, as larger events during the war intervened.[52][53] General Henri Guisan, appointed the commander-in-chief for the duration of the war ordered a general mobilisation of the armed forces. The Swiss military strategy changed from static defence at the borders to organised long-term attrition and withdrawal to strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps, known as the Reduit. Switzerland was an important base for espionage by both sides and often mediated communications between the Axis and Allied powers.[53]

Switzerland’s trade was blockaded by both the Allies and the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to Nazi Germany varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland (together with Liechtenstein) entirely isolated from the wider world by Axis-controlled territory. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees[54] aided by the International Red Cross, based in Geneva. Strict immigration and asylum policies and the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, only at the end of the 20th century.[55]

During the war, the Swiss Air Force engaged aircraft of both sides, shooting down 11 intruding Luftwaffe planes in May and June 1940, then forcing down other intruders after a change of policy following threats from Germany. Over 100 Allied bombers and their crews were interned. Between 1940 and 1945, Switzerland was bombed by the Allies, causing fatalities and property damage.[53] Among the cities and towns bombed were Basel, Brusio, Chiasso, Cornol, Geneva, Koblenz, Niederweningen, Rafz, Renens, Samedan, Schaffhausen, Stein am Rhein, Tägerwilen, Thayngen, Vals, and Zürich. Allied forces maintained that the bombings, which violated the 96th Article of War, resulted from navigation errors, equipment failure, weather conditions, and pilot errors. The Swiss expressed fear and concern that the bombings were intended to put pressure on Switzerland to end economic cooperation and neutrality with Nazi Germany.[56] Court-martial proceedings took place in England. The U.S. paid SFR 62,176,433.06 for reparations.[citation needed]

Switzerland’s attitude towards refugees was complicated and controversial; over the course of the war, it admitted as many as 300,000 refugees[54] while refusing tens of thousands more,[57] including Jews persecuted by the Nazis.[58]

After the war, the Swiss government exported credits through the charitable fund known as the Schweizerspende and donated to the Marshall Plan to help Europe’s recovery, efforts that ultimately benefited the Swiss economy.[59]

During the Cold War, Swiss authorities considered the construction of a Swiss nuclear bomb.[60] Leading nuclear physicists at the Federal Institute of Technology Zürich such as Paul Scherrer made this a realistic possibility.[61] In 1988, the Paul Scherrer Institute was founded in his name to explore the therapeutic uses of neutron scattering technologies.[62] Financial problems with the defence budget and ethical considerations prevented the substantial funds from being allocated, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was seen as a valid alternative. Plans for building nuclear weapons were dropped by 1988.[63] Switzerland joined the Council of Europe in 1963.[52]

In 2003, by granting the Swiss People’s Party a second seat in the governing cabinet, the Parliament altered the coalition that had dominated Swiss politics since 1959.

Switzerland was the last Western republic (the Principality of Liechtenstein followed in 1984) to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level, it was achieved in 1971[51][64] and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde, along with Glarus) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance. The first woman on the seven-member Federal Council executive was Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984 to 1989,[51] and the first female president was Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.[65]

In 1979 areas from the canton of Bern attained independence from the Bernese, forming the new canton of Jura. On 18 April 1999, the Swiss population and the cantons voted in favour of a completely revised federal constitution.[51]

In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA but not the European Economic Area (EEA). An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but did not advance since rejecting the EEA in December 1992[51] when Switzerland conducted a referendum on the EEA. Several referendums on the EU issue ensued; due to opposition from the citizens, the membership application was withdrawn. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually changing to conform with that of the EU, and the government signed bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been surrounded by the EU since Austria’s entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty, a result that EU commentators regarded as a sign of support.[52] In September 2020, a referendum calling for a vote to end the pact that allowed a free movement of people from the European Union was introduced by the Swiss People’s Party (SPP).[66] However, voters rejected the attempt to retake control of immigration, defeating the motion by a roughly 63%–37% margin.[67]

On 9 February 2014, 50.3% of Swiss voters approved a ballot initiative launched by the Swiss People’s Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration. This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approval) and suburban groups (51.2% approval), and isolated towns (51.3% approval) as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) rejected it.[68] In December 2016, a political compromise with the EU was attained that eliminated quotas on EU citizens, but still allowed favourable treatment of Swiss-based job applicants.[69] On 27 September 2020, 62% of Swiss voters rejected the anti-free movement referendum by SVP.[70]

Geography

Physical map of Switzerland (in German)

Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses diverse landscapes and climates across its 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi).[71]

Switzerland lies between latitudes 45° and 48° N, and longitudes 5° and 11° E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau, and the Jura mountains on the west. The Alps are a mountain range running across the central and south of the country, constituting about 60% of the country’s area. The majority of the population live on the Swiss Plateau. The Swiss Alps host many glaciers, covering 1,063 square kilometres (410 sq mi). From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rhône, which flow in the four cardinal directions, spreading across Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of fresh water in Central and Western Europe, among which are Lake Geneva (Lac Léman in French), Lake Constance (Bodensee in German) and Lake Maggiore. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes and contains 6% of Europe’s freshwater stock. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory. Lake Geneva is the largest lake and is shared with France. The Rhône is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva. Lake Constance is the second largest and, like Lake Geneva, an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border with Austria and Germany. While the Rhône flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the French Camargue region and the Rhine flows into the North Sea at Rotterdam, about 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) apart, both springs are only about 22 kilometres (14 miles) apart in the Swiss Alps.[71][72]

Forty-eight mountains are 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) or higher in height.[71] At 4,634 m (15,203 ft), Monte Rosa is the highest, although the Matterhorn (4,478 m or 14,692 ft) is the best known. Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais, on the border with Italy. The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the Jungfrau (4,158 m or 13,642 ft) Eiger and Mönch peaks, and its many picturesque valleys. In the southeast the long Engadin Valley, encompassing St. Moritz, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m or 13,284 ft).[71]

The Swiss Plateau has greater open and hilly landscapes, partly forested, partly open pastures, usually with grazing herds or vegetable and fruit fields, but it is still hilly. Large lakes and the biggest Swiss cities are found there.[71]

Switzerland contains two small enclaves: Büsingen belongs to Germany, while Campione d’Italia belongs to Italy.[73] Switzerland has no exclaves.

Climate

The Swiss climate is generally temperate, but can vary greatly across localities,[74] from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the near-Mediterranean climate at Switzerland’s southern tip. Some valley areas in the southern part of Switzerland offer cold-hardy palm trees. Summers tend to be warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall, ideal for pastures/grazing. The less humid winters in the mountains may see weeks-long intervals of stable conditions. At the same time, the lower lands tend to suffer from inversion during such periods, hiding the sun.[citation needed]

A weather phenomenon known as the föhn (with an identical effect to the chinook wind) can occur any time and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind, bringing low relative humidity air to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the south-facing slopes. This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind. Valleys running south to north trigger the best effect. The driest conditions persist in all inner alpine valleys that receive less rain because arriving clouds lose a lot of their moisture content while crossing the mountains before reaching these areas. Large alpine areas such as Graubünden remain drier than pre-alpine areas, and as in the main valley of the Valais, wine grapes are grown there.[75]

The wettest conditions persist in the high Alps and in the Ticino canton, which has much sun yet heavy bursts of rain from time to time.[75] Precipitation tends to be spread moderately throughout the year, with a peak in summer. Autumn is the driest season, winter receives less precipitation than summer, yet the weather patterns in Switzerland are not in a stable climate system. They can vary from year to year with no strict and predictable periods.[citation needed]

Environment

Switzerland contains two terrestrial ecoregions: Western European broadleaf forests and Alps conifer and mixed forests.[76]

Switzerland’s many small valleys separated by high mountains often host unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves offer a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change.[74][77] According to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its level of greenhouse gas emissions.[78] In 2020 it was ranked third out of 180 countries.[79] The country pledged to cut GHG emissions by 50% by 2030 compared to the level of 1990 and plans to reach zero emissions by 2050.[80]

However, access to biocapacity in Switzerland is far lower than the world average. In 2016, Switzerland had 1.0 hectares[81] of biocapacity per person within its territory, 40 percent less than world average of 1.6. In contrast, in 2016, Swiss consumption required 4.6 hectares of biocapacity – their ecological footprint, 4.6 times as much as Swiss territory can support. The remainder comes from other countries and the shared resources (such as the atmosphere impacted by greenhouse gas emissions).[81] Switzerland had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.53/10, ranking it 150th globally out of 172 countries.[82]

Urbanisation

Urbanisation in the Rhone Valley (outskirts of Sion)

Between two-thirds and three-quarters of the population live in urban areas.[83][84] Switzerland went from a largely rural country to an urban one from 1930 to 2000. After 1935 urban development claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the prior 2,000 years. Urban sprawl affects the plateau, the Jura and the Alpine foothills,[85] raising concerns about land use.[86] During the 21st century, population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.[84]

Switzerland has a dense network of complementary large, medium and small towns.[84] The plateau is densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape shows uninterrupted signs of human presence.[87] The weight of the largest metropolitan areas – Zürich, Geneva–Lausanne, Basel and Bern – tend to increase.[84][clarification needed] The importance of these urban areas is greater than their population suggests.[84] These urban centers are recognised for their high quality of life.[88]

The average population density in 2019 was 215.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (557/sq mi).[89]: 79  In the largest canton by area, Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 28.0 inhabitants per square kilometre (73/sq mi).[89]: 30  In the canton of Zürich, with its large urban capital, the density is 926.8 per square kilometre (2,400/sq mi).[89]: 76 

Government and politics

The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of Switzerland’s federal state.[90] A new Swiss Constitution was adopted in 1999 that did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. Three main bodies govern on the federal level:[91] the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial).

Parliament

The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, reflecting each canton’s population. Members serve part-time for 4 years (a Milizsystem or citizen legislature).[92] When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly. Through referendums, citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and, through initiatives, introduce amendments to the federal constitution, thus making Switzerland a direct democracy.[90]

Federal Council

The Federal Council directs the federal government, the federal administration, and serves as a collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year term by the Federal Assembly, which also oversees the council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and executes representative functions. The president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers and remains the head of a department within the administration.[90]

The government has been a coalition of the four major political parties since 1959, each party having a number of seats that roughly reflects its share of the electorate and representation in the federal parliament. The classic distribution of 2 CVP/PDC, 2 SPS/PSS, 2 FDP/PRD and 1 SVP/UDC as it stood from 1959 to 2003 was known as the «magic formula». Following the 2015 Federal Council elections, the seven seats in the Federal Council were distributed as follows:

  • 1 seat for the Christian Democratic People’s Party (CVP/PDC),
  • 2 seats for the Free Democratic Party (FDP/PRD),
  • 2 seats for the Social Democratic Party (SPS/PSS),
  • 2 seats for the Swiss People’s Party (SVP/UDC).

Supreme Court

The function of the Federal Supreme Court is to hear appeals against rulings of cantonal or federal courts. The judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for six-year terms.[93]

Direct democracy

Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system.[94] Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the municipality, canton and federal levels. The 1848 and 1999 Swiss Constitutions define a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it includes institutions of a representative democracy). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as popular rights (German: Volksrechte, French: droits populaires, Italian: diritti popolari),[95] include the right to submit a federal initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.[90][96]

By calling a federal referendum, a group of citizens may challenge a law passed by parliament by gathering 50,000 signatures against the law within 100 days. If so, a national vote is scheduled where voters decide by a simple majority whether to accept or reject the law. Any eight cantons can also call a constitutional referendum on federal law.[90]

Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[k] The Federal Council and the Federal Assembly can supplement the proposed amendment with a counterproposal. Then, voters must indicate a preference on the ballot if both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in parliament, must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the popular cantonal votes.[l][94]

Cantons

The Swiss Confederation consists of 26 cantons:[90]

Swiss cantons

Canton ID Capital Canton ID Capital
Wappen Aargau matt.svg Aargau 19 Aarau Wappen Nidwalden matt.svg *Nidwalden 7 Stans
Wappen Appenzell Ausserrhoden matt.svg *Appenzell Ausserrhoden 15 Herisau Wappen Obwalden matt.svg *Obwalden 6 Sarnen
Wappen Appenzell Innerrhoden matt.svg *Appenzell Innerrhoden 16 Appenzell Wappen Schaffhausen matt.svg Schaffhausen 14 Schaffhausen
Coat of arms of Kanton Basel-Landschaft.svg *Basel-Landschaft 13 Liestal Wappen Schwyz matt.svg Schwyz 5 Schwyz
Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg *Basel-Stadt 12 Basel Wappen Solothurn matt.svg Solothurn 11 Solothurn
Wappen Bern matt.svg Bern 2 Bern Coat of arms of canton of St. Gallen.svg St. Gallen 17 St. Gallen
Wappen Freiburg matt.svg Fribourg 10 Fribourg Wappen Thurgau matt.svg Thurgau 20 Frauenfeld
Wappen Genf matt.svg Geneva 25 Geneva Wappen Tessin matt.svg Ticino 21 Bellinzona
Wappen Glarus matt.svg Glarus 8 Glarus Wappen Uri matt.svg Uri 4 Altdorf
Wappen Graubünden.svg Grisons 18 Chur Wappen Wallis matt.svg Valais 23 Sion
Wappen Jura matt.svg Jura 26 Delémont Wappen Waadt matt.svg Vaud 22 Lausanne
Wappen Luzern matt.svg Lucerne 3 Lucerne Wappen Zug matt.svg Zug 9 Zug
Wappen Neuenburg matt.svg Neuchâtel 24 Neuchâtel Wappen Zürich matt.svg Zürich 1 Zürich

*These cantons are known as half-cantons.

The cantons are federated states. They have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status, except that 6 (referred to often as the half-cantons) are represented by one councillor instead of two in the Council of States and have only half a cantonal vote with respect to the required cantonal majority in referendums on constitutional amendments. Each canton has its own constitution and its own parliament, government, police and courts.[97] However, considerable differences define the individual cantons, particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 16,003 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,487,969 (Zürich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Grisons).

Municipalities

As of 2018 the cantons comprised 2,222 municipalities.

Federal City

Until 1848, the loosely coupled Confederation did not have a central political organisation. Issues thought to affect the whole Confederation were the subject of periodic meetings in various locations.[98]

In 1848, the federal constitution provided that details concerning federal institutions, such as their locations, should be addressed by the Federal Assembly (BV 1848 Art. 108). Thus on 28 November 1848, the Federal Assembly voted in the majority to locate the seat of government in Bern and, as a prototypical federal compromise, to assign other federal institutions, such as the Federal Polytechnical School (1854, the later ETH) to Zürich, and other institutions to Lucerne, such as the later SUVA (1912) and the Federal Insurance Court (1917).[2] Other federal institutions were subsequently attributed to Lausanne (Federal Supreme Court in 1872, and EPFL in 1969), Bellinzona (Federal Criminal Court, 2004), and St. Gallen (Federal Administrative Court and Federal Patent Court, 2012).

The 1999 Constitution does not mention a Federal City and the Federal Council has yet to address the matter.[99] Thus as of 2022, no city in Switzerland has the official status either of capital or of Federal City. Nevertheless, Bern is commonly referred to as «Federal City» (German: Bundesstadt, French: ville fédérale, Italian: città federale).

Foreign relations and international institutions

Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.[100][101] Swiss neutrality has been questioned at times.[102][103][104][105] In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations.[100] It was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states.[100] Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s.[100] However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.[106]

The colour-reversed Swiss flag became the symbol of the Red Cross Movement,[64] founded in 1863 by Henry Dunant.[107]

Many international institutions have headquarters in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to join the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York. Switzerland was a founding member and hosted the League of Nations.[citation needed]

Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization.[100] The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues. The headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) moved to Basel in 1930.[citation needed]

Many sports federations and organisations are located in the country, including the International Handball Federation in Basel, the International Basketball Federation in Geneva, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) in Nyon, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and the International Ice Hockey Federation both in Zürich, the International Cycling Union in Aigle, and the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne.[108]

Switzerland is scheduled to become a member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2023–2024 period.[109]

Switzerland and the European Union

Although not a member, Switzerland maintains relationships with the EU and European countries through bilateral agreements. The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU, in an effort to compete internationally. EU membership faces considerable negative popular sentiment. It is opposed by the conservative SVP party, the largest party in the National Council, and not advocated by several other political parties. The membership application was formally withdrawn in 2016. The western French-speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU, but do not form a significant share of the population.[110][111]

An Integration Office operates under the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Economic Affairs. Seven bilateral agreements liberalised trade ties, taking effect in 2001. This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons. A second series of agreements covering nine areas was signed in 2004, including the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention.[112]

In 2006, a referendum approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in Southern and Central European countries in support of positive ties to the EU as a whole. A further referendum will be needed to approve 300 million francs to support Romania and Bulgaria and their recent admission.

The Swiss have faced EU and international pressure to reduce banking secrecy and raise tax rates to parity with the EU. Preparatory discussions involve four areas: the electricity market, participation in project Galileo, cooperating with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and certificates of origin for food products.[113]

Switzerland is a member of the Schengen passport-free zone. Land border checkpoints apply on to goods movements, but not people.[114]

Military

The Swiss Armed Forces, including the Land Forces and the Air Force, are composed mostly of conscripts, male citizens aged from 20 to 34 (in exceptional cases up to 50) years. Being a landlocked country, Switzerland has no navy; however, on lakes bordering neighbouring countries, armed boats patrol. Swiss citizens are prohibited from serving in foreign armies, except for the Swiss Guards of the Vatican, or if they are dual citizens of a foreign country and reside there.[citation needed]

The Swiss militia system stipulates that soldiers keep their army-issued equipment, including personal weapons, at home. Some organisations and political parties find this practice controversial.[115] Women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18.[116] About two-thirds of young Swiss are found suitable for service; for the others, various forms of alternative service are available.[117] Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for 18 to 21 weeks. The reform «Army XXI» was adopted by popular vote in 2003, replacing «Army 95», reducing the rolls from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training, and 80,000 are non-training reserves.[118]

The newest reform of the military, WEA/DEVA/USEs, started in 2019 and was expected to reduce the number of army personnel to 100,000 by the end of 2022.[119][clarification needed]

Overall, three general mobilisations have been declared to ensure the integrity and neutrality of Switzerland. The first one was held in response to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. The second was in response to the First World War outbreak in August 1914. The third mobilisation took place in September 1939 in response to the German attack on Poland.[citation needed]

Because of its neutrality policy, the Swiss army does not take part in armed conflicts in other countries, but joins some peacekeeping missions. Since 2000 the armed force department has maintained the Onyx intelligence gathering system to monitor satellite communications.[120]

Gun politics in Switzerland are unique in Europe in that 2–3.5 million guns are in the hands of civilians, giving the nation an estimate of 28–41 guns per 100 people.[121] It is worth noting that as per the Small Arms Survey, only 324,484 guns are owned by the military.[122] Only 143,372 are in the hands of soldiers.[123] However, ammunition is no longer issued.[124][125]

Economy and labour law

A proportional representation of Switzerland exports, 2019

The city of Basel (Roche Tower) is the capital of the country’s pharmaceutical industry, which accounts for around 38% of Swiss exports worldwide.[126]

The Greater Zürich area, home to 1.5 million inhabitants and 150,000 companies, is one of the most important economic centres in the world.[127]

Origin of the capital at the 30 biggest Swiss corporations, 2018:[128][m]

  Switzerland (39%)

  North America (33%)

  Europe (24%)

  Rest of the world (4%)

Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy. It is the world’s wealthiest country per capita in multiple rankings. The country ranks as one of the least corrupt countries in the world,[129][130][131] while its banking sector is rated as «one of the most corrupt in the world».[132] It has the world’s twentieth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-eighth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the seventeenth largest exporter. Zürich and Geneva are regarded as global cities, ranked as Alpha and Beta respectively. Basel is the capital of Switzerland’s pharmaceutical industry, hosting Novartis, Roche, and many other players. It is one of the world’s most important centres for the life sciences industry.[133]

Switzerland had the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing significant public services.[134] On a per capita basis, nominal GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan,[135] while adjusted for purchasing power, Switzerland ranked 11th in 2017,[136] fifth in 2018[137] and ninth in 2020.[138]

The 2016 World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report ranked Switzerland’s economy as the world’s most competitive;[139] as of 2019, it ranks fifth globally.[140] The European Union labeled it Europe’s most innovative country and the most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index in 2022, as it had done in 2021, 2020 and 2019.[141][142][143][144] It ranked 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. Switzerland’s slow growth in the 1990s and the early 2000s increased support for economic reforms and harmonisation with the European Union.[145][146] In 2020, IMD placed Switzerland first in attracting skilled workers.[147]

For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (per capita GDP).[148] Switzerland has one of the world’s largest account balances as a percentage of GDP.[149] In 2018, the canton of Basel-City had the highest GDP per capita, ahead of Zug and Geneva.[150] According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.[151]

Switzerland is home to several large multinational corporations. The largest by revenue are Glencore, Gunvor, Nestlé, Mediterranean Shipping Company, Novartis, Hoffmann-La Roche, ABB, Mercuria Energy Group and Adecco.[152] Also, notable are UBS AG, Zurich Financial Services, Richemont, Credit Suisse, Barry Callebaut, Swiss Re, Rolex, Tetra Pak, The Swatch Group and Swiss International Air Lines.

Switzerland’s most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufactured products include specialty chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%).[151] The service sector – especially banking and insurance, commodities trading, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Switzerland. Exported services amount to a third of exports.[151]

Agricultural protectionism—a rare exception to Switzerland’s free trade policies—contributes to high food prices. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD.[145] Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal, and Switzerland has free trade agreements with many countries. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

Taxation and government spending

Switzerland is a tax haven.[153] The private sector economy dominates. It features low tax rates; tax revenue to GDP ratio is one of the smallest of developed countries. The Swiss Federal budget reached 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010, 11.35% of GDP; however, canton and municipality budgets are not counted as part of the federal budget. Total government spending is closer to 33.8% of GDP. The main sources of income for the federal government are the value-added tax (33% of tax revenue) and the direct federal tax (29%). The main areas of expenditure are in social welfare and finance/taxes. The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7% of GDP in 1960 to 9.7% in 1990 and 10.7% in 2010. While the social welfare and finance sectors and tax grew from 35% in 1990 to 48.2% in 2010, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in agriculture and national defence; from 26.5% to 12.4% (estimation for the year 2015).[154][155]

Labour force

Slightly more than 5 million people work in Switzerland;[156] about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004.[157] Switzerland has a more flexible labor market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is consistently low. The unemployment rate increased from 1.7% in June 2000 to 4.4% in December 2009.[158] It then decreased to 3.2% in 2014 and held steady for several years,[159] before further dropping to 2.5% in 2018 and 2.3% in 2019.[160] Population growth (from net immigration) reached 0.52% of population in 2004, increased in the following years before falling to 0.54% again in 2017.[151][161] The foreign citizen population was 28.9% in 2015, about the same as in Australia.[162]

In 2016, the median monthly gross income in Switzerland was 6,502 francs per month (equivalent to US$6,597 per month).[163] After rent, taxes and pension contributions, plus spending on goods and services, the average household has about 15% of its gross income left for savings. Though 61% of the population made less than the mean income, income inequality is relatively low with a Gini coefficient of 29.7, placing Switzerland among the top 20 countries. In 2015, the richest 1% owned 35% of the wealth.[164] Wealth inequality increased through 2019.[165]

About 8.2% of the population live below the national poverty line, defined in Switzerland as earning less than CHF3,990 per month for a household of two adults and two children, and a further 15% are at risk of poverty. Single-parent families, those with no post-compulsory education and those out of work are among the most likely to live below the poverty line. Although work is considered a way out of poverty, some 4.3% are considered working poor. One in ten jobs in Switzerland is considered low-paid; roughly 12% of Swiss workers hold such jobs, many of them women and foreigners.[163]

Switzerland is considered as the «land of Cooperatives» with the ten largest cooperative companies accounting for more than 11% of GDP in 2018.[166]

Education and science

Education in Switzerland is diverse, because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the operation for the school system to the cantons.[167] Public and private schools are available, including many private international schools.

Primary education

The minimum age for primary school is about six years, but most cantons provide a free «children’s school» starting at age four or five.[167] Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was one of the other Swiss languages, although, in 2000, English was elevated in a few cantons.[167] At the end of primary school or at the beginning of secondary school, pupils are assigned according to their capacities into one of several sections (often three). The fastest learners are taught advanced classes to prepare for further studies and the matura,[167] while other students receive an education adapted to their needs.

Tertiary education

Switzerland hosts 12 universities, ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer non-technical subjects. It ranked 87th on the 2019 Academic Ranking of World Universities.[168] The largest is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students.[citation needed] The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) and the University of Zurich are listed 20th and 54th respectively, on the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities.[169][170][171]

The federal government sponsors two institutes: the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) in Zürich, founded in 1855 and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Lausanne, founded in 1969, formerly associated with the University of Lausanne.[n][172][173]

Eight of the world’s ten best hotel schools are located in Switzerland.[174] In addition, various Universities of Applied Sciences are available. In business and management studies, the University of St. Gallen, (HSG) is ranked 329th in the world according to QS World University Rankings[175] and the International Institute for Management Development (IMD), was ranked first in open programmes worldwide.[176] Switzerland has the second highest rate (almost 18% in 2003) of foreign students in tertiary education, after Australia (slightly over 18%).[177][178]

The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, located in Geneva, is continental Europe’s oldest graduate school of international and development studies. It is widely held to be one of its most prestigious.[179][180]

Science

Switzerland has birthed many Nobel Prize laureates. They include Albert Einstein,[181] who developed his special relativity in Bern. Later, Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel, Kurt Wüthrich and Jacques Dubochet received Nobel science prizes. In total, 114 laureates across all fields have a relationship to Switzerland.[182][o] The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations headquartered in Switzerland.[183]

The LHC tunnel. CERN is the world’s largest laboratory and also the birthplace of the World Wide Web.[184]

Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world’s largest laboratory, CERN,[185] dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research centre is the Paul Scherrer Institute.

Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), diazepam (Valium), the scanning tunnelling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurised balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world’s oceans.

The Swiss Space Office has been involved in various space technologies and programmes. It was one of the 10 founders of the European Space Agency in 1975 and is the seventh largest contributor to the ESA budget. In the private sector, several companies participate in the space industry, such as Oerlikon Space[186] or Maxon Motors.[187]

Energy

Switzerland has the tallest dams in Europe, among which the Mauvoisin Dam, in the Alps. Hydroelectric power is the most important domestic source of energy in the country.

Electricity generated in Switzerland is 56% from hydroelectricity and 39% from nuclear power, producing negible CO2. On 18 May 2003, two anti-nuclear referendums were defeated: Moratorium Plus, aimed at forbidding the building of new nuclear power plants (41.6% supported),[188] and Electricity Without Nuclear (33.7% supported) after a moratorium expired in 2000.[189] After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, in 2011 the government announced plans to end the use of nuclear energy in the following 2 or 3 decades.[190] In November 2016, Swiss voters rejected a Green Party referendum to accelerate the phaseout of nuclear power (45.8% supported).[191] The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is responsible for energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency supports the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation’s energy use by more than half by 2050.[192]

Transport

The densest rail network in Europe[64] spans 5,250 kilometres (3,260 mi) and carries over 596 million passengers annually as of 2015.[193] In 2015, each Swiss resident travelled on average 2,550 kilometres (1,580 mi) by rail, more than any other European country.[193] Virtually 100% of the network is electrified. 60% of the network is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). Besides the second largest standard gauge railway company, BLS AG, two railways companies operate on narrow gauge networks: the Rhaetian Railway (RhB) in Graubünden, which includes some World Heritage lines,[194] and the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB), which co-operates with RhB the Glacier Express between Zermatt and St. Moritz/Davos. Switzerland operates the world’s longest and deepest railway tunnel and the first flat, low-level route through the Alps, the 57.1-kilometre long (35.5 mi) Gotthard Base Tunnel, the largest part of the New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA) project.

Switzerland has a publicly managed, toll-free road network financed by highway permits as well as vehicle and gasoline taxes. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the annual purchase of a vignette (toll sticker)—for 40 Swiss francs—to use its roadways, including passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute network stretches for 1,638 km (1,018 mi) and has one of the highest motorway densities in the world.[195]

Zurich Airport is Switzerland’s largest international flight gateway; it handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012.[196] The other international airports are Geneva Airport (13.9 million passengers in 2012),[197] EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg (located in France), Bern Airport, Lugano Airport, St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport and Sion Airport. Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier. Its main hub is Zürich, but it is legally domiciled in Basel.

Environment

Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among developed nations.[198] It is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol. With Mexico and South Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG).[199]

The country is active in recycling and anti-littering programs and is one of the world’s top recyclers, recovering 66% to 96% of recyclable materials, varying across the country.[200] The 2014 Global Green Economy Index placed Switzerland among the top 10 green economies.[201]

Switzerland has an economic system for garbage disposal, which is based mostly on recycling and energy-producing incinerators.[202] As in other European countries, the illegal disposal of garbage is heavily fined. In almost all Swiss municipalities, mandatory stickers or dedicated garbage bags allow the identification of disposable garbage.[203]

Demographics

Population density in Switzerland (2019)

Percentage of foreigners in Switzerland (2019)

Resident population (age 15+) by migration status (2012/2021)[204]
Migration status Year pct. Change
Without migration background 2021 59% -6%
2012 65%
Immigrants: First Generation 2021 31% +3%
2012 28%
Immigrants: Second Generation 2021 8% +1%
2012 7%
Migration status unknown 2021 1% +1%
2012 0%

In common with other developed countries, the Swiss population increased rapidly during the industrial era, quadrupling between 1800 and 1990 and has continued to grow.

The population is about 8.7 million (2020 est.).[205] Population growth was projected into 2035, due mostly to immigration. Like most of Europe, Switzerland faces an ageing population, with a fertility rate close to replacement level.[206] Switzerland has one of the world’s oldest populations, with an average age of 42.5 years.[207]

Fourteen percent of men and 6.5% of women between 20 and 24 reported consuming cannabis in the past 30 days,[208] and 5 Swiss cities were listed among the top 10 European cities for cocaine use as measured in wastewater.[209][210]

Immigration

As of 2020, resident foreigners made up 25.7%.[211] Most of these (83%) were from European countries. Italy provided the largest single group of foreigners, providing 14.7% of total foreign population, followed closely by Germany (14.0%), Portugal (11.7%), France (6.6%), Kosovo (5.1%), Spain (3.9%), Turkey (3.1%), North Macedonia (3.1%), Serbia (2.8%), Austria (2.0%), United Kingdom (1.9%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.3%) and Croatia (1.3%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka (1.3%), most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group of Asian origin (7.9%).[212]

2021 figures show that 39.5% (compared to 34.7% in 2012) of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over (around 2.89 million), had an immigrant background. 38% of the population with an immigrant background (1.1 million) held Swiss citizenship.[213][214]

In the 2000s, domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what was perceived as an increase in xenophobia. In reply to one critical report, the Federal Council noted that «racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland», but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country, as well as the generally successful integration of foreigners, underlined Switzerland’s openness.[215] A follow-up study conducted in 2018 reported that 59% considered racism a serious problem in Switzerland.[216] The proportion of the population that claimed to have been targeted by racial discrimination increased from 10% in 2014 to almost 17% in 2018, according to the Federal Statistical Office.[217]

Largest cities

  • v
  • t
  • e

Largest towns in Switzerland

Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO), Neuchâtel, 2020[218]

Rank Name Canton Pop. Rank Name Canton Pop.
Zürich
Zürich
Geneva
Geneva
1 Zürich Zürich 421,878 11 Thun Bern 43,476 Basel
Basel
Lausanne
Lausanne
2 Geneva Geneva 203,856 12 Bellinzona Ticino 43,360
3 Basel Basel-Stadt 178,120 13 Köniz Bern 42,388
4 Lausanne Vaud 140,202 14 La Chaux-de-Fonds Neuchâtel 36,915
5 Bern Bern 134,794 15 Fribourg Fribourg 38,039
6 Winterthur Zürich 114,220 16 Schaffhausen Schaffhausen 36,952
7 Lucerne Luzern 82,620 17 Vernier Geneva 34,898
8 St. Gallen St. Gallen 76,213 18 Chur Graubünden 36,336
9 Lugano Ticino 62,315 19 Sion Valais 34,978
10 Biel/Bienne Bern 55,206 20 Uster Zürich 35,337

Languages

National languages in Switzerland (2016):[219]

Switzerland has four national languages: mainly German (spoken natively by 62.8% of the population in 2016); French (22.9%) in the west; and Italian (8.2%) in the south.[220][219] The fourth national language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Grisons, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian. In Article 70 it is mentioned as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh.

In 2016, the languages most spoken at home among permanent residents aged 15 and older were Swiss German (59.4%), French (23.5%), Standard German (10.6%), and Italian (8.5%). Other languages spoken at home included English (5.0%), Portuguese (3.8%), Albanian (3.0%), Spanish (2.6%) and Serbian and Croatian (2.5%). 6.9% reported speaking another language at home.[221] In 2014 almost two-thirds (64.4%) of the permanent resident population indicated speaking more than one language regularly.[222]

The federal government is obliged to communicate in the official languages, and in the federal parliament simultaneous translation is provided from and into German, French and Italian.[223]

Aside from the official forms of their respective languages, the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have local dialectal forms. The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically: in German-speaking regions, Swiss German dialects have become more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century, especially in the media, and are used as an everyday language for many, while the Swiss variety of Standard German is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication (c.f. diglossic usage of a language).[224] Conversely, in the French-speaking regions, local Franco-Provençal dialects have almost disappeared (only 6.3% of the population of Valais, 3.9% of Fribourg, and 3.1% of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century), while in the Italian-speaking regions, the use of Lombard dialects is mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation.[224]

The principal official languages have terms not used outside of Switzerland, known as Helvetisms. German Helvetisms are, roughly speaking, a large group of words typical of Swiss Standard German that do not appear in Standard German, nor in other German dialects. These include terms from Switzerland’s surrounding language cultures (German Billett[225] from French), from similar terms in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion).[226] Swiss French, while generally close to the French of France, also contains some Helvetisms. The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation, although certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography. Duden, the comprehensive German dictionary, contains about 3000 Helvetisms.[226] Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred Helvetisms; notably, Swiss French uses different terms than that of France for the numbers 70 (septante) and 90 (nonante) and often 80 (huitante) as well.[227]

Learning one of the other national languages is compulsory for all Swiss pupils, so many Swiss are supposed to be at least bilingual, especially those belonging to linguistic minority groups.[228] Because the largest part of Switzerland is German-speaking, many French, Italian, and Romansh speakers migrating to the rest of Switzerland and the children of those non-German-speaking Swiss born within the rest of Switzerland speak German. While learning one of the other national languages at school is important, most Swiss learn English to communicate to Swiss speakers other languages, as it is perceived as a neutral means of communication. English often functions as a lingua franca.[229]

Health

Swiss residents are required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies, which in turn are required to accept every applicant. While the cost of the system is among the highest, its health outcomes compare well with other European countries; patients have been reported as in general, highly satisfied with it.[230][231][232] In 2012, life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women[233] – the world’s highest.[234][235] However, spending on health at 11.4% of GDP (2010) is on par with Germany and France (11.6%) and other European countries, but notably less than the US (17.6%).[236] From 1990, costs steadily increased.[237]

It is estimated that one out of six Swiss persons suffers from mental illness.[238]

Culture

Swiss culture is characterised by diversity, which is reflected in diverse traditional customs.[239] A region may be in some ways culturally connected to the neighbouring country that shares its language, all rooted in western European culture.[240] The linguistically isolated Romansh culture in Graubünden in eastern Switzerland constitutes an exception. It survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn and strives to maintain its rare linguistic tradition.

Switzerland is home to notable contributors to literature, art, architecture, music and sciences. In addition, the country attracted creatives during times of unrest or war.[241] Some 1000 museums are found in the country; more than tripling since 1950.[242]

Among the most important cultural performances held annually are the Paléo Festival, Lucerne Festival,[243] the Montreux Jazz Festival,[244] the Locarno International Film Festival and Art Basel.[245]

Alpine symbolism played an essential role in shaping Swiss history and the Swiss national identity.[19][246] Many alpine areas and ski resorts attract visitors for winter sports as well as hiking and mountain biking in summer. The quieter seasons are spring and autumn. A traditional pastoral culture predominate in many areas, and small farms are omnipresent in rural areas. Folk art is nurtured in organisations across the country. Switzerland most directly in appears in music, dance, poetry, wood carving, and embroidery. The alphorn, a trumpet-like musical instrument made of wood has joined yodeling and the accordion as epitomes of traditional Swiss music.[247][248]

Religion

Religion in Switzerland (age 15+, 2018–2020):[6][c]

  Other Christians (0.3%)

  Other religions (0.3%)

  Undetermined (1.1%)

Christianity is the predominant religion according to national surveys of Swiss Federal Statistical Office[c] (about 67% of resident population in 2016–2018[250] and 75% of Swiss citizens[251]), divided between the Catholic Church (35.8% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (23.8%), further Protestant churches (2.2%), Eastern Orthodoxy (2.5%), and other Christian denominations (2.2%).[250]

Switzerland has no official state religion, though most of the cantons (except Geneva and Neuchâtel) recognise official churches, either the Catholic Church or the Swiss Reformed Church. These churches, and in some cantons the Old Catholic Church and Jewish congregations, are financed by official taxation of members.[252] In 2020, the Roman Catholic Church had 3,048,475 registered and church tax paying members (corresponding to 35.2% of the total population), while the Swiss Reformed Church had 2,015,816 members (23.3% of the total population).[253][p]

26.3% of Swiss permanent residents are not affiliated with a religious community.[250]

As of 2020, according to a national survey conducted by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office,[c] Christian minority communities included Neo-Pietism (0.5%), Pentecostalism (0.4%, mostly incorporated in the Schweizer Pfingstmission), Apostolic communities (0.3%), other Protestant denominations (1.1%, including Methodism), the Old Catholic Church (0.1%), other Christian denominations (0.3%). Non-Christian religions are Islam (5.3%),[250] Hinduism (0.6%), Buddhism (0.5%), Judaism (0.25%) and others (0.4%).[6]

Historically, the country was about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, in a complex patchwork. During the Reformation Switzerland became home to many reformers. Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived. In 1541, he founded the Republic of Geneva on his own ideals. It became known internationally as the Protestant Rome and housed such reformers as Theodore Beza, William Farel or Pierre Viret. Zürich became another reform stronghold around the same time, with Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger taking the lead. Anabaptists Felix Manz and Conrad Grebel also operated there. They were later joined by the fleeing Peter Martyr Vermigli and Hans Denck. Other centres included Basel (Andreas Karlstadt and Johannes Oecolampadius), Berne (Berchtold Haller and Niklaus Manuel), and St. Gallen (Joachim Vadian). One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Zürich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. Central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic.

The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants.[citation needed] A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9% of the voters.[254] Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority were not affiliated with any religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuchâtel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Zürich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%).[255]

Literature

The earliest forms of literature were in German, reflecting the language’s early predominance. In the 18th century, French became fashionable in Bern and elsewhere, while the influence of the French-speaking allies and subject lands increased.[257]

Among the classic authors of Swiss literature are Jeremias Gotthelf (1797–1854) and Gottfried Keller (1819–1890). The undisputed giants of 20th-century Swiss literature are Max Frisch (1911–91) and Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–90), whose repertoire includes Die Physiker (The Physicists) and Das Versprechen (The Pledge), released in 2001 as a Hollywood film.[258]

Famous French-speaking writers were Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and Germaine de Staël (1766–1817). More recent authors include Charles Ferdinand Ramuz (1878–1947), whose novels describe the lives of peasants and mountain dwellers, set in a harsh environment, and Blaise Cendrars (born Frédéric Sauser, 1887–1961).[258] Italian and Romansh-speaking authors also contributed to the Swiss literary landscape, generally in proportion to their number.

Probably the most famous Swiss literary creation, Heidi, the story of an orphan girl who lives with her grandfather in the Alps, is one of the most popular children’s books and has come to be a symbol of Switzerland. Her creator, Johanna Spyri (1827–1901), wrote a number of books on similar themes.[258]

Media

Freedom of the press and the right to free expression is guaranteed in the constitution.[259] The Swiss News Agency (SNA) broadcasts information in three of the four national languages—on politics, economics, society and culture. The SNA supplies almost all Swiss media and foreign media with its reporting.[259]

Switzerland has historically boasted the world’s greatest number of newspaper titles relative to its population and size.[260] The most influential newspapers are the German-language Tages-Anzeiger and Neue Zürcher Zeitung NZZ, and the French-language Le Temps, but almost every city has at least one local newspaper, in the most common local language.[260]

The government exerts greater control over broadcast media than print media, especially due to financing and licensing.[260] The Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, whose name was recently changed to SRG SSR, is charged with the production and distribution of radio and television content. SRG SSR studios are distributed across the various language regions. Radio content is produced in six central and four regional studios while video media are produced in Geneva, Zürich, Basel, and Lugano. An extensive cable network allows most Swiss to access content from neighbouring countries.[260]

Sports

Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports, reflecting the nature of the country[261] Winter sports are practised by natives and visitors. The bobsleigh was invented in St. Moritz.[262] The first world ski championships were held in Mürren (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948. Among its most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche.

The most prominently watched sports in Switzerland are football, ice hockey, Alpine skiing, «Schwingen», and tennis.[263]

The headquarters of the international football’s and ice hockey’s governing bodies, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) are located in Zürich. Many other headquarters of international sports federations are located in Switzerland. For example, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), IOC’s Olympic Museum and the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) are located in Lausanne.

Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup and was the joint host, with Austria, of the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament. The Swiss Super League is the nation’s professional football club league. Europe’s highest football pitch, at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, is located in Switzerland, the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium.[264]

Many Swiss follow ice hockey and support one of the 12 teams of the National League, which is the most attended league in Europe.[265] In 2009, Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the tenth time.[266] It also became World Vice-Champion in 2013 and 2018. Its numerous lakes make Switzerland an attractive sailing destination. The largest, Lake Geneva, is the home of the sailing team Alinghi which was the first European team to win the America’s Cup in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007.

Roger Federer has won 20 Grand Slam singles titles, making him among the most successful men’s tennis players ever.[267]

Swiss tennis player Roger Federer is widely regarded as among the sport’s greatest players. He won 20 Grand Slam tournaments overall including a record 8 Wimbledon titles. He won a record 6 ATP Finals.[268] He was ranked no. 1 in the ATP rankings for a record 237 consecutive weeks. He ended 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009 ranked no. 1. Fellow Swiss players Martina Hingis and Stan Wawrinka also hold multiple Grand Slam titles. Switzerland won the Davis Cup title in 2014.

Motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the 1955 Le Mans disaster with exceptions for events such as hillclimbing. The country continued to produce successful racing drivers such as Clay Regazzoni, Sébastien Buemi, Jo Siffert, Dominique Aegerter, successful World Touring Car Championship driver Alain Menu, 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Marcel Fässler and 2015 24 Hours Nürburgring winner Nico Müller. Switzerland also won the A1GP World Cup of Motorsport in 2007–08 with driver Neel Jani. Swiss motorcycle racer Thomas Lüthi won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category. In June 2007 the Swiss National Council, one house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, voted to overturn the ban, however the other house, the Swiss Council of States rejected the change and the ban remains in place.[269][270]

Traditional sports include Swiss wrestling or «Schwingen», a tradition from the rural central cantons and considered the national sport by some. Hornussen is another indigenous Swiss sport, which is like a cross between baseball and golf.[271] Steinstossen is the Swiss variant of stone put, a competition in throwing a heavy stone. Practised only among the alpine population since prehistoric times, it is recorded to have taken place in Basel in the 13th century. It is central to the Unspunnenfest, first held in 1805, with its symbol the 83.5 stone named Unspunnenstein.[272]

Cuisine

Fondue is melted cheese, into which bread is dipped.

The cuisine is multifaceted. While dishes such as fondue, raclette or rösti are omnipresent, each region developed its gastronomy according to the varieties of climate and language.[273][274] Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries, as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruyère or Emmental, produced in the valleys of Gruyères and Emmental. The number of fine-dining establishments is high, particularly in western Switzerland.[275][276]

Chocolate has been made in Switzerland since the 18th century. Its reputation grew at the end of the 19th century with the invention of modern techniques such as conching and tempering, which enabled higher quality. Another breakthrough was the invention of solid milk chocolate in 1875 by Daniel Peter. The Swiss are the world’s largest chocolate consumers.[277][278]

Due to the popularisation of processed foods at the end of the 19th century, Swiss health food pioneer Maximilian Bircher-Benner created the first nutrition-based therapy in the form of the well-known rolled oats cereal dish, called Birchermüesli.[citation needed]

The most popular alcoholic drink is wine. Switzerland is notable for its variety of grape varieties, reflecting the large variations in terroirs. Swiss wine is produced mainly in Valais, Vaud (Lavaux), Geneva and Ticino, with a small majority of white wines. Vineyards have been cultivated in Switzerland since the Roman era, even though traces of a more ancient origin can be found. The most widespread varieties are the Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot Noir. Merlot is the main variety produced in Ticino.[279][280]

See also

  • Index of Switzerland-related articles
  • Outline of Switzerland

Notes

  1. ^ a b Bern is referred to as «federal city» (German: Bundesstadt, French: ville fédérale, Italian: città federale). Swiss law does not designate a capital as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel, St. Gallen a.o.).
  2. ^ While English is not an official language, it is sometimes used as a lingua franca and many official documents – but missing any legal relevance – are available in English. Furthermore, 5.2% (almost half a million) of Swiss inhabitants – mostly foreigners – speak English as a first language and about a fifth of the population can speak some English as a second language.
  3. ^ a b c d Since 2010, statistics of religious affiliation in Switzerland provided by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office are based on a national structural survey of 200,000 people aged 15 years and older (corresponding to 2.5% of the total resident population). Data are extrapolated to obtain statistical results for the whole population (aged 15 years and older). These results are estimates subject to some degree of uncertainty indicated by a confidence interval, but by merging samples (pooling) from several years it is possible to get more accurate results, including total number of Protestants and information about minority religions. Note: The figures of the structural survey are not entirely comparable to data collection before 2010 based on census figures (counting every person living in Switzerland) or to annual official numbers of church members.[249]
  4. ^ Traditional date. The original date of the Rütlischwur was 1307 (reported by Aegidius Tschudi in the 16th century) and is just one among several comparable treaties between more or less the same parties during that period. The date of the Federal Charter of 1291 was selected in 1891 for the official celebration of the «Confederacy’s 600th anniversary».
  5. ^ A solemn declaration of the Tagsatzung declared the Federal Constitution adopted on 12 September 1848. A resolution of the Tagsatzung of 14 September 1848 specified that the powers of the institutions provided for by the 1815 Federal Treaty would expire at the time of the constitution of the Federal Council, which took place on 16 November 1848.
  6. ^ There are several definitions. See Geography of Switzerland#Western or Central Europe.
  7. ^ Swiss Standard German spelling and pronunciation. The Swiss German name is sometimes spelled as Schwyz or Schwiiz [ˈʃʋiːt͡s]. Schwyz is also the standard German (and international) name of one of the Swiss cantons.
  8. ^ Pronunciations: Germany (help·info), Austria (help·info)
  9. ^ The latter is the common Sursilvan pronunciation.
  10. ^ As shown in this image, the current members of the council are (as of January 2022, from left to right): Federal Councillor Guy Parmelin, Vice-President Alain Berset, Federal Councillor Simonetta Sommaruga, Federal Councillor Viola Amherd, Federal Chancellor Walter Thurnherr, Federal Councillor Ueli Maurer, President Ignazio Cassis and Federal Councillor Karin Keller-Sutter
  11. ^ Since 1999, an initiative can also be in the form of a general proposal to be elaborated by Parliament. Still, because it is considered less attractive for various reasons, this initiative has yet to be used
  12. ^ That is a majority of 23 cantonal votes because the result of the popular vote in the six traditional half-cantons each counts as half the vote of one of the other cantons.
  13. ^ Assumption made: one third of the shares is «not allocable» and has been distributed equally among current regions.
  14. ^ In 2008, the ETH Zürich was ranked 15th in the field Natural Sciences and Mathematics by the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities and the EPFL in Lausanne was ranked 18th in the field Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences by the same ranking.
  15. ^ Nobel prizes in non-science categories included.
  16. ^ Precise statistics about the membership of churches among the total population in Switzerland is only available for officially registered and church tax paying members of the Catholic Church in Switzerland and the Protestant Church of Switzerland (Landeskirchen).

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Further reading

  • Church, Clive H. (2004) The Politics and Government of Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-69277-6.
  • Fahrni, Dieter. (2003) An Outline History of Switzerland. From the Origins to the Present Day. 8th enlarged edition. Pro Helvetia, Zürich. ISBN 978-3-908102-61-8
  • von Matt, Peter: Das Kalb vor der Gotthardpost. Zur Literatur und Politik in der Schweiz. Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 2012, ISBN 978-3-446-23880-0, S. 127–138.
  • Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Published electronically (1998–) and in print (2002–) simultaneously in three of the national languages of Switzerland: DHS/HLS/DSS Archived 5 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine online edition in German, French and Italian

External links

  • The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation
  • Switzerland at Curlie
  • Tourism

Coordinates: 46°50′N 8°20′E / 46.833°N 8.333°E

Swiss Confederation

Five official names

    • Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German)
    • Confédération suisse (French)
    • Confederazione Svizzera (Italian)
    • Confederaziun svizra (Romansh)
    • Confoederatio helvetica (Latin)[1]

Flag of Switzerland

Flag

Coat of arms of Switzerland

Coat of arms

Motto: (unofficial)
«Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno»

«One for all, all for one»

Anthem: «Swiss Psalm»
Location of Switzerland (green) in Europe (green and dark grey)

Location of Switzerland (green)

in Europe (green and dark grey)

Capital
  • None (de jure)
  • Bern (de facto)[a][2][3]

46°57′N 7°27′E / 46.950°N 7.450°E

Largest city Zürich
Official languages
  • German
  • French
  • Italian
  • Romansh
  • [b][4]
Ethnic groups

(2020)[5]

  • 74.3% Swiss citizens
  • 25.7% Foreign citizens
Religion

(2020)[6][c]

    • 62.6% Christianity
      • 34.4% Catholicism
      • 22.5% Swiss Reformed
      • 5.7% Other Christian
  • 29.4% No religion
  • 5.4% Islam
  • 0.6% Hinduism
  • 0.9% Others
  • 1.1% No answer
Demonym(s)
  • English: Swiss
  • German: Schweizer/Schweizerin
  • French: Suisse/Suissesse
  • Italian: svizzero/svizzera or elvetico/elvetica
  • Romansh: Svizzer/Svizra
Government Federal assembly-independent[7][8] directorial republic with elements of a direct democracy

• Federal Council

  • Alain Berset (President)
  • Viola Amherd (Vice President)
  • Guy Parmelin
  • Ignazio Cassis
  • Karin Keller-Sutter
  • Albert Rösti
  • Élisabeth Baume-Schneider

• Federal Chancellor

Walter Thurnherr
Legislature Federal Assembly

• Upper house

Council of States

• Lower house

National Council
History

• Founded

1 August 1291[d]

• Sovereignty recognised (Peace of Westphalia)

24 October 1648

• Federal Treaty

7 August 1815

• Federal state

12 September 1848[e][9]
Area

• Total

41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi) (132nd)

• Water (%)

4.34 (2015)[10]
Population

• 2020 estimate

Neutral increase 8,636,896[11] (99th)

• 2015 census

8,327,126[12]

• Density

207/km2 (536.1/sq mi) (48th)
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase $739.49 billion[13] (35th)

• Per capita

Increase $84,658 [13] (5th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase $841.69 billion[13] (20th)

• Per capita

Increase $92,434[13] (7th)
Gini (2018) Positive decrease 29.7[14]
low
HDI (2021) Increase 0.962[15]
very high · 1st
Currency Swiss franc (CHF)
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)

• Summer (DST)

UTC+2 (CEST)
Date format dd.mm.yyyy (AD)
Driving side right
Calling code +41
ISO 3166 code CH
Internet TLD .ch, .swiss

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located at the confluence of Western, Central and Southern Europe.[f][16] It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.

Switzerland is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps and the Jura; the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, whereas most of the country’s 8.7 million are concentrated on the plateau, which hosts the largest cities and economic centres, including Zürich, Geneva and Basel.

Switzerland originates from the Old Swiss Confederacy established in the Late Middle Ages, following a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy; the Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the country’s founding document. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since the 16th century and has not fought an international war since 1815. It joined the United Nations only in 2002, but pursues an active foreign policy that include frequent involvement in peace-building processes worldwide.[17] Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross, one of the world’s oldest and best-known humanitarian organisations, and hosts the headquarters or offices of most major international institutions, including the WTO, the WHO, the ILO, FIFA, and the United Nations. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but not part of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area, or the Eurozone; however, it participates in the European single market and the Schengen Area through bilateral treaties.

Switzerland is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern.[a][3][2] It has four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Although most Swiss are German-speaking, national identity is fairly cohesive, being rooted in a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy,[18] and Alpine symbolism.[19][20] Swiss identity transcends language, ethnicity, and religion, leading to Switzerland being described as a Willensnation («nation of volition») rather than a nation state.[21]

Due to its linguistic diversity, Switzerland is known by multiple native names: Schweiz [ˈʃvaɪts] (German);[g][h] Suisse [sɥis(ə)] audio (help·info) (French); Svizzera [ˈzvittsera] (Italian); and Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ, ˈʒviːtsʁɐ] (Romansh).[i] On coins and stamps, the Latin name, Confoederatio Helvetica — frequently shortened to «Helvetia» — is used instead of the spoken languages.

Switzerland is one of the world’s most developed countries. It has the highest nominal wealth per adult[22] and the eighth-highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.[23][24] Switzerland ranks first in the Human Development Index since 2021 and performs highly also on several international metrics, including economic competitiveness and democratic governance. Cities such as Zürich, Geneva and Basel rank among the highest in terms of quality of life,[25][26] albeit with some of the highest costs of living.[27]

Etymology

The English name Switzerland is a portmanteau of Switzer, an obsolete term for a Swiss person which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries, and land.[28] The English adjective Swiss is a loanword from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, one of the Waldstätte cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for «Confederates», Eidgenossen (literally: comrades by oath), used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica (English: Helvetic Confederation).

The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, perhaps related to swedan ‘to burn’ (cf. Old Norse svíða ‘to singe, burn’), referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build.[29] The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation.[30][31] The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d’Schwiiz for the Confederation,[32] but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town).[33] The long [iː] of Swiss German is historically and still often today spelled ⟨y⟩ rather than ⟨ii⟩, preserving the original identity of the two names even in writing.

The Latin name Confoederatio Helvetica was neologised and introduced gradually after the formation of the federal state in 1848, harking back to the Napoleonic Helvetic Republic. It appeared on coins from 1879, inscribed on the Federal Palace in 1902 and after 1948 used in the official seal[34] (e.g., the ISO banking code «CHF» for the Swiss franc, and the country top-level domain «.ch», are both taken from the state’s Latin name). Helvetica is derived from the Helvetii, a Gaulish tribe living on the Swiss Plateau before the Roman era.

Helvetia appeared as a national personification of the Swiss confederacy in the 17th century in a 1672 play by Johann Caspar Weissenbach.[35]

History

The state of Switzerland took its present form with the adoption of the Swiss Federal Constitution in 1848. Switzerland’s precursors established a defensive alliance in 1291, forming a loose confederation that persisted for centuries.

Beginnings

The oldest traces of hominid existence in Switzerland date to about 150,000 years ago.[36] The oldest known farming settlements in Switzerland, which were found at Gächlingen, date to around 5300 BC.[36]

The earliest known tribes formed the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC,[36] possibly influenced by Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most important tribal groups was the Helvetii. Steadily harassed by Germanic tribes, in 58 BC, the Helvetii decided to abandon the Swiss Plateau and migrate to western Gallia. Julius Caesar’s armies pursued and defeated them at the Battle of Bibracte, in today’s eastern France, forcing the tribe to move back to its homeland.[36] In 15 BC, Tiberius (later the second Roman emperor) and his brother Drusus conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire. The area occupied by the Helvetii first became part of Rome’s Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province. The eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. Sometime around the start of the Common Era, the Romans maintained a large camp called Vindonissa, now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers, near the town of Windisch.[38]

The first and second century AD was an age of prosperity on the Swiss Plateau. Towns such as Aventicum, Iulia Equestris and Augusta Raurica, reached a remarkable size, while hundreds of agricultural estates (Villae rusticae) were established in the countryside.[citation needed]

Around 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today’s Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to shelter near Roman fortresses, like the Castrum Rauracense near Augusta Raurica. The Empire built another line of defence at the north border (the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes). At the end of the fourth century, the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept. The Swiss Plateau was finally open to Germanic tribes.[citation needed]

In the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the fourth century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss Plateau in the fifth century and the valleys of the Alps in the eighth century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day Switzerland was then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy.[36] The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the sixth century, following Clovis I’s victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians.[39][40]

Throughout the rest of the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries, Swiss regions continued under Frankish hegemony (Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties) but after its extension under Charlemagne, the Frankish Empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843.[36] The territories of present-day Switzerland became divided into Middle Francia and East Francia until they were reunified under the Holy Roman Empire around 1000 AD.[36]

By 1200, the Swiss Plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg.[36] Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its male line in 1263, the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264. The Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them, extending their territory to the eastern Swiss Plateau.[39]

Old Swiss Confederacy

The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 (dark green) to the sixteenth century (light green) and its associates (blue). In the other colours shown are the subject territories.

The 1291 Bundesbrief (federal charter)

The Old Swiss Confederacy was an alliance among the valley communities of the central Alps. The Confederacy was governed by nobles and patricians of various cantons who facilitated management of common interests and ensured peace on mountain trade routes. The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the confederacy’s founding document, even though similar alliances likely existed decades earlier. The document was agreed among the rural communes of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.[41][42]

By 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city-states to form the «Old Confederacy» of eight states that obtained through the end of the 15th century.[42] The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the confederation. By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains, and the University of Basel was founded (with a faculty of medicine) establishing a tradition of chemical and medical research. This increased after victories against the Habsburgs (Battle of Sempach, Battle of Näfels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries. The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire.[42] In 1501, Basel[43] and Schaffhausen joined the Old Swiss Confederacy.[44]

The Confederacy acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the confederation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. This ended the so-called «heroic» epoch of Swiss history.[42] The success of Zwingli’s Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 (Wars of Kappel). It was not until more than one hundred years after these internal wars that, in 1648, under the Peace of Westphalia, European countries recognised Switzerland’s independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality.[39][40]

During the Early Modern period of Swiss history, the growing authoritarianism of the patriciate families combined with a financial crisis in the wake of the Thirty Years’ War led to the Swiss peasant war of 1653. In the background to this struggle, the conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons persisted, erupting in further violence at the First War of Villmergen, in 1656, and the Toggenburg War (or Second War of Villmergen), in 1712.[42]

Napoleonic era

The Act of Mediation was Napoleon’s attempt at a compromise between the Ancien Régime and a Republic.

In 1798, the revolutionary French government invaded Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution.[42] This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen left Switzerland and the Valtellina valley became part of the Cisalpine Republic. The new regime, known as the Helvetic Republic, was highly unpopular. An invading foreign army had imposed and destroyed centuries of tradition, making Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state. The fierce French suppression of the Nidwalden Revolt in September 1798 was an example of the oppressive presence of the French Army and the local population’s resistance to the occupation.[citation needed]

When war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The Act of Mediation was the result, which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons.[42] Henceforth, much of Swiss politics would concern balancing the cantons’ tradition of self-rule with the need for a central government.[citation needed]

In 1815 the Congress of Vienna fully re-established Swiss independence, and the European powers recognised permanent Swiss neutrality.[39][40][42] Swiss troops served foreign governments until 1860 when they fought in the siege of Gaeta. The treaty allowed Switzerland to increase its territory, with the admission of the cantons of Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva. Switzerland’s borders saw only minor adjustments thereafter.[45]

Federal state

The first Federal Palace in Bern (1857). One of the three cantons presiding over the Tagsatzung (former legislative and executive council), Bern was chosen as the permanent seat of federal legislative and executive institutions in 1848, in part because of its closeness to the French-speaking area.[2]

The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes, such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund).[42] The war lasted less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire. The Sonderbundskrieg had a significant impact on the psychology and society of Switzerland.[citation needed][who?]

The war convinced most Swiss of the need for unity and strength. Swiss from all strata of society, whether Catholic or Protestant, from the liberal or conservative current, realised that the cantons would profit more from merging their economic and religious interests.[citation needed]

Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution that provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Council of States, two representatives per canton) and a lower house (the National Council, with representatives elected from across the country). Referendums were made mandatory for any amendments.[40] This new constitution ended the legal power of nobility in Switzerland.[46]

Inauguration in 1882 of the Gotthard rail tunnel connecting the southern canton of Ticino, the longest in the world at the time

A single system of weights and measures was introduced, and in 1850 the Swiss franc became the Swiss single currency, complemented by the WIR franc in 1934.[47] Article 11 of the constitution forbade sending troops to serve abroad, marking the end of foreign service. It came with the expectation of serving the Holy See, and the Swiss were still obliged to serve Francis II of the Two Sicilies with Swiss Guards present at the siege of Gaeta in 1860.[citation needed]

An important clause of the constitution was that it could be entirely rewritten if necessary, thus enabling it to evolve as a whole rather than being modified one amendment at a time.[48]

This need soon proved itself when the rise in population and the Industrial Revolution that followed led to calls to modify the constitution accordingly. The population rejected an early draft in 1872, but modifications led to its acceptance in 1874.[42] It introduced the facultative referendum for laws at the federal level. It also established federal responsibility for defence, trade, and legal matters.

In 1891, the constitution was revised with unusually strong elements of direct democracy, which remain unique today.[42]

Modern history

General Ulrich Wille, appointed commander-in-chief of the Swiss Army for the duration of World War I

Switzerland was not invaded during either of the world wars. During World War I, Switzerland was home to the revolutionary and founder of the Soviet Union Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Vladimir Lenin) who remained there until 1917.[49] Swiss neutrality was seriously questioned by the short-lived Grimm–Hoffmann affair in 1917. In 1920, Switzerland joined the League of Nations, which was based in Geneva, after it was exempted from military requirements.[citation needed]

During World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans,[50] but Switzerland was never attacked.[51] Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune, as larger events during the war intervened.[52][53] General Henri Guisan, appointed the commander-in-chief for the duration of the war ordered a general mobilisation of the armed forces. The Swiss military strategy changed from static defence at the borders to organised long-term attrition and withdrawal to strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps, known as the Reduit. Switzerland was an important base for espionage by both sides and often mediated communications between the Axis and Allied powers.[53]

Switzerland’s trade was blockaded by both the Allies and the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to Nazi Germany varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland (together with Liechtenstein) entirely isolated from the wider world by Axis-controlled territory. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees[54] aided by the International Red Cross, based in Geneva. Strict immigration and asylum policies and the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, only at the end of the 20th century.[55]

During the war, the Swiss Air Force engaged aircraft of both sides, shooting down 11 intruding Luftwaffe planes in May and June 1940, then forcing down other intruders after a change of policy following threats from Germany. Over 100 Allied bombers and their crews were interned. Between 1940 and 1945, Switzerland was bombed by the Allies, causing fatalities and property damage.[53] Among the cities and towns bombed were Basel, Brusio, Chiasso, Cornol, Geneva, Koblenz, Niederweningen, Rafz, Renens, Samedan, Schaffhausen, Stein am Rhein, Tägerwilen, Thayngen, Vals, and Zürich. Allied forces maintained that the bombings, which violated the 96th Article of War, resulted from navigation errors, equipment failure, weather conditions, and pilot errors. The Swiss expressed fear and concern that the bombings were intended to put pressure on Switzerland to end economic cooperation and neutrality with Nazi Germany.[56] Court-martial proceedings took place in England. The U.S. paid SFR 62,176,433.06 for reparations.[citation needed]

Switzerland’s attitude towards refugees was complicated and controversial; over the course of the war, it admitted as many as 300,000 refugees[54] while refusing tens of thousands more,[57] including Jews persecuted by the Nazis.[58]

After the war, the Swiss government exported credits through the charitable fund known as the Schweizerspende and donated to the Marshall Plan to help Europe’s recovery, efforts that ultimately benefited the Swiss economy.[59]

During the Cold War, Swiss authorities considered the construction of a Swiss nuclear bomb.[60] Leading nuclear physicists at the Federal Institute of Technology Zürich such as Paul Scherrer made this a realistic possibility.[61] In 1988, the Paul Scherrer Institute was founded in his name to explore the therapeutic uses of neutron scattering technologies.[62] Financial problems with the defence budget and ethical considerations prevented the substantial funds from being allocated, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was seen as a valid alternative. Plans for building nuclear weapons were dropped by 1988.[63] Switzerland joined the Council of Europe in 1963.[52]

In 2003, by granting the Swiss People’s Party a second seat in the governing cabinet, the Parliament altered the coalition that had dominated Swiss politics since 1959.

Switzerland was the last Western republic (the Principality of Liechtenstein followed in 1984) to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level, it was achieved in 1971[51][64] and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde, along with Glarus) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance. The first woman on the seven-member Federal Council executive was Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984 to 1989,[51] and the first female president was Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.[65]

In 1979 areas from the canton of Bern attained independence from the Bernese, forming the new canton of Jura. On 18 April 1999, the Swiss population and the cantons voted in favour of a completely revised federal constitution.[51]

In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA but not the European Economic Area (EEA). An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but did not advance since rejecting the EEA in December 1992[51] when Switzerland conducted a referendum on the EEA. Several referendums on the EU issue ensued; due to opposition from the citizens, the membership application was withdrawn. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually changing to conform with that of the EU, and the government signed bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been surrounded by the EU since Austria’s entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty, a result that EU commentators regarded as a sign of support.[52] In September 2020, a referendum calling for a vote to end the pact that allowed a free movement of people from the European Union was introduced by the Swiss People’s Party (SPP).[66] However, voters rejected the attempt to retake control of immigration, defeating the motion by a roughly 63%–37% margin.[67]

On 9 February 2014, 50.3% of Swiss voters approved a ballot initiative launched by the Swiss People’s Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration. This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approval) and suburban groups (51.2% approval), and isolated towns (51.3% approval) as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) rejected it.[68] In December 2016, a political compromise with the EU was attained that eliminated quotas on EU citizens, but still allowed favourable treatment of Swiss-based job applicants.[69] On 27 September 2020, 62% of Swiss voters rejected the anti-free movement referendum by SVP.[70]

Geography

Physical map of Switzerland (in German)

Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses diverse landscapes and climates across its 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi).[71]

Switzerland lies between latitudes 45° and 48° N, and longitudes 5° and 11° E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau, and the Jura mountains on the west. The Alps are a mountain range running across the central and south of the country, constituting about 60% of the country’s area. The majority of the population live on the Swiss Plateau. The Swiss Alps host many glaciers, covering 1,063 square kilometres (410 sq mi). From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rhône, which flow in the four cardinal directions, spreading across Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of fresh water in Central and Western Europe, among which are Lake Geneva (Lac Léman in French), Lake Constance (Bodensee in German) and Lake Maggiore. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes and contains 6% of Europe’s freshwater stock. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory. Lake Geneva is the largest lake and is shared with France. The Rhône is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva. Lake Constance is the second largest and, like Lake Geneva, an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border with Austria and Germany. While the Rhône flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the French Camargue region and the Rhine flows into the North Sea at Rotterdam, about 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) apart, both springs are only about 22 kilometres (14 miles) apart in the Swiss Alps.[71][72]

Forty-eight mountains are 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) or higher in height.[71] At 4,634 m (15,203 ft), Monte Rosa is the highest, although the Matterhorn (4,478 m or 14,692 ft) is the best known. Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais, on the border with Italy. The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the Jungfrau (4,158 m or 13,642 ft) Eiger and Mönch peaks, and its many picturesque valleys. In the southeast the long Engadin Valley, encompassing St. Moritz, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m or 13,284 ft).[71]

The Swiss Plateau has greater open and hilly landscapes, partly forested, partly open pastures, usually with grazing herds or vegetable and fruit fields, but it is still hilly. Large lakes and the biggest Swiss cities are found there.[71]

Switzerland contains two small enclaves: Büsingen belongs to Germany, while Campione d’Italia belongs to Italy.[73] Switzerland has no exclaves.

Climate

The Swiss climate is generally temperate, but can vary greatly across localities,[74] from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the near-Mediterranean climate at Switzerland’s southern tip. Some valley areas in the southern part of Switzerland offer cold-hardy palm trees. Summers tend to be warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall, ideal for pastures/grazing. The less humid winters in the mountains may see weeks-long intervals of stable conditions. At the same time, the lower lands tend to suffer from inversion during such periods, hiding the sun.[citation needed]

A weather phenomenon known as the föhn (with an identical effect to the chinook wind) can occur any time and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind, bringing low relative humidity air to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the south-facing slopes. This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind. Valleys running south to north trigger the best effect. The driest conditions persist in all inner alpine valleys that receive less rain because arriving clouds lose a lot of their moisture content while crossing the mountains before reaching these areas. Large alpine areas such as Graubünden remain drier than pre-alpine areas, and as in the main valley of the Valais, wine grapes are grown there.[75]

The wettest conditions persist in the high Alps and in the Ticino canton, which has much sun yet heavy bursts of rain from time to time.[75] Precipitation tends to be spread moderately throughout the year, with a peak in summer. Autumn is the driest season, winter receives less precipitation than summer, yet the weather patterns in Switzerland are not in a stable climate system. They can vary from year to year with no strict and predictable periods.[citation needed]

Environment

Switzerland contains two terrestrial ecoregions: Western European broadleaf forests and Alps conifer and mixed forests.[76]

Switzerland’s many small valleys separated by high mountains often host unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves offer a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change.[74][77] According to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its level of greenhouse gas emissions.[78] In 2020 it was ranked third out of 180 countries.[79] The country pledged to cut GHG emissions by 50% by 2030 compared to the level of 1990 and plans to reach zero emissions by 2050.[80]

However, access to biocapacity in Switzerland is far lower than the world average. In 2016, Switzerland had 1.0 hectares[81] of biocapacity per person within its territory, 40 percent less than world average of 1.6. In contrast, in 2016, Swiss consumption required 4.6 hectares of biocapacity – their ecological footprint, 4.6 times as much as Swiss territory can support. The remainder comes from other countries and the shared resources (such as the atmosphere impacted by greenhouse gas emissions).[81] Switzerland had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.53/10, ranking it 150th globally out of 172 countries.[82]

Urbanisation

Urbanisation in the Rhone Valley (outskirts of Sion)

Between two-thirds and three-quarters of the population live in urban areas.[83][84] Switzerland went from a largely rural country to an urban one from 1930 to 2000. After 1935 urban development claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the prior 2,000 years. Urban sprawl affects the plateau, the Jura and the Alpine foothills,[85] raising concerns about land use.[86] During the 21st century, population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.[84]

Switzerland has a dense network of complementary large, medium and small towns.[84] The plateau is densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape shows uninterrupted signs of human presence.[87] The weight of the largest metropolitan areas – Zürich, Geneva–Lausanne, Basel and Bern – tend to increase.[84][clarification needed] The importance of these urban areas is greater than their population suggests.[84] These urban centers are recognised for their high quality of life.[88]

The average population density in 2019 was 215.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (557/sq mi).[89]: 79  In the largest canton by area, Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 28.0 inhabitants per square kilometre (73/sq mi).[89]: 30  In the canton of Zürich, with its large urban capital, the density is 926.8 per square kilometre (2,400/sq mi).[89]: 76 

Government and politics

The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of Switzerland’s federal state.[90] A new Swiss Constitution was adopted in 1999 that did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. Three main bodies govern on the federal level:[91] the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial).

Parliament

The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, reflecting each canton’s population. Members serve part-time for 4 years (a Milizsystem or citizen legislature).[92] When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly. Through referendums, citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and, through initiatives, introduce amendments to the federal constitution, thus making Switzerland a direct democracy.[90]

Federal Council

The Federal Council directs the federal government, the federal administration, and serves as a collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year term by the Federal Assembly, which also oversees the council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and executes representative functions. The president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers and remains the head of a department within the administration.[90]

The government has been a coalition of the four major political parties since 1959, each party having a number of seats that roughly reflects its share of the electorate and representation in the federal parliament. The classic distribution of 2 CVP/PDC, 2 SPS/PSS, 2 FDP/PRD and 1 SVP/UDC as it stood from 1959 to 2003 was known as the «magic formula». Following the 2015 Federal Council elections, the seven seats in the Federal Council were distributed as follows:

  • 1 seat for the Christian Democratic People’s Party (CVP/PDC),
  • 2 seats for the Free Democratic Party (FDP/PRD),
  • 2 seats for the Social Democratic Party (SPS/PSS),
  • 2 seats for the Swiss People’s Party (SVP/UDC).

Supreme Court

The function of the Federal Supreme Court is to hear appeals against rulings of cantonal or federal courts. The judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for six-year terms.[93]

Direct democracy

Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system.[94] Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the municipality, canton and federal levels. The 1848 and 1999 Swiss Constitutions define a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it includes institutions of a representative democracy). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as popular rights (German: Volksrechte, French: droits populaires, Italian: diritti popolari),[95] include the right to submit a federal initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.[90][96]

By calling a federal referendum, a group of citizens may challenge a law passed by parliament by gathering 50,000 signatures against the law within 100 days. If so, a national vote is scheduled where voters decide by a simple majority whether to accept or reject the law. Any eight cantons can also call a constitutional referendum on federal law.[90]

Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[k] The Federal Council and the Federal Assembly can supplement the proposed amendment with a counterproposal. Then, voters must indicate a preference on the ballot if both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in parliament, must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the popular cantonal votes.[l][94]

Cantons

The Swiss Confederation consists of 26 cantons:[90]

Swiss cantons

Canton ID Capital Canton ID Capital
Wappen Aargau matt.svg Aargau 19 Aarau Wappen Nidwalden matt.svg *Nidwalden 7 Stans
Wappen Appenzell Ausserrhoden matt.svg *Appenzell Ausserrhoden 15 Herisau Wappen Obwalden matt.svg *Obwalden 6 Sarnen
Wappen Appenzell Innerrhoden matt.svg *Appenzell Innerrhoden 16 Appenzell Wappen Schaffhausen matt.svg Schaffhausen 14 Schaffhausen
Coat of arms of Kanton Basel-Landschaft.svg *Basel-Landschaft 13 Liestal Wappen Schwyz matt.svg Schwyz 5 Schwyz
Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg *Basel-Stadt 12 Basel Wappen Solothurn matt.svg Solothurn 11 Solothurn
Wappen Bern matt.svg Bern 2 Bern Coat of arms of canton of St. Gallen.svg St. Gallen 17 St. Gallen
Wappen Freiburg matt.svg Fribourg 10 Fribourg Wappen Thurgau matt.svg Thurgau 20 Frauenfeld
Wappen Genf matt.svg Geneva 25 Geneva Wappen Tessin matt.svg Ticino 21 Bellinzona
Wappen Glarus matt.svg Glarus 8 Glarus Wappen Uri matt.svg Uri 4 Altdorf
Wappen Graubünden.svg Grisons 18 Chur Wappen Wallis matt.svg Valais 23 Sion
Wappen Jura matt.svg Jura 26 Delémont Wappen Waadt matt.svg Vaud 22 Lausanne
Wappen Luzern matt.svg Lucerne 3 Lucerne Wappen Zug matt.svg Zug 9 Zug
Wappen Neuenburg matt.svg Neuchâtel 24 Neuchâtel Wappen Zürich matt.svg Zürich 1 Zürich

*These cantons are known as half-cantons.

The cantons are federated states. They have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status, except that 6 (referred to often as the half-cantons) are represented by one councillor instead of two in the Council of States and have only half a cantonal vote with respect to the required cantonal majority in referendums on constitutional amendments. Each canton has its own constitution and its own parliament, government, police and courts.[97] However, considerable differences define the individual cantons, particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 16,003 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,487,969 (Zürich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Grisons).

Municipalities

As of 2018 the cantons comprised 2,222 municipalities.

Federal City

Until 1848, the loosely coupled Confederation did not have a central political organisation. Issues thought to affect the whole Confederation were the subject of periodic meetings in various locations.[98]

In 1848, the federal constitution provided that details concerning federal institutions, such as their locations, should be addressed by the Federal Assembly (BV 1848 Art. 108). Thus on 28 November 1848, the Federal Assembly voted in the majority to locate the seat of government in Bern and, as a prototypical federal compromise, to assign other federal institutions, such as the Federal Polytechnical School (1854, the later ETH) to Zürich, and other institutions to Lucerne, such as the later SUVA (1912) and the Federal Insurance Court (1917).[2] Other federal institutions were subsequently attributed to Lausanne (Federal Supreme Court in 1872, and EPFL in 1969), Bellinzona (Federal Criminal Court, 2004), and St. Gallen (Federal Administrative Court and Federal Patent Court, 2012).

The 1999 Constitution does not mention a Federal City and the Federal Council has yet to address the matter.[99] Thus as of 2022, no city in Switzerland has the official status either of capital or of Federal City. Nevertheless, Bern is commonly referred to as «Federal City» (German: Bundesstadt, French: ville fédérale, Italian: città federale).

Foreign relations and international institutions

Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.[100][101] Swiss neutrality has been questioned at times.[102][103][104][105] In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations.[100] It was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states.[100] Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s.[100] However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.[106]

The colour-reversed Swiss flag became the symbol of the Red Cross Movement,[64] founded in 1863 by Henry Dunant.[107]

Many international institutions have headquarters in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to join the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York. Switzerland was a founding member and hosted the League of Nations.[citation needed]

Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization.[100] The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues. The headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) moved to Basel in 1930.[citation needed]

Many sports federations and organisations are located in the country, including the International Handball Federation in Basel, the International Basketball Federation in Geneva, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) in Nyon, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and the International Ice Hockey Federation both in Zürich, the International Cycling Union in Aigle, and the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne.[108]

Switzerland is scheduled to become a member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2023–2024 period.[109]

Switzerland and the European Union

Although not a member, Switzerland maintains relationships with the EU and European countries through bilateral agreements. The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU, in an effort to compete internationally. EU membership faces considerable negative popular sentiment. It is opposed by the conservative SVP party, the largest party in the National Council, and not advocated by several other political parties. The membership application was formally withdrawn in 2016. The western French-speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU, but do not form a significant share of the population.[110][111]

An Integration Office operates under the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Economic Affairs. Seven bilateral agreements liberalised trade ties, taking effect in 2001. This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons. A second series of agreements covering nine areas was signed in 2004, including the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention.[112]

In 2006, a referendum approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in Southern and Central European countries in support of positive ties to the EU as a whole. A further referendum will be needed to approve 300 million francs to support Romania and Bulgaria and their recent admission.

The Swiss have faced EU and international pressure to reduce banking secrecy and raise tax rates to parity with the EU. Preparatory discussions involve four areas: the electricity market, participation in project Galileo, cooperating with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and certificates of origin for food products.[113]

Switzerland is a member of the Schengen passport-free zone. Land border checkpoints apply on to goods movements, but not people.[114]

Military

The Swiss Armed Forces, including the Land Forces and the Air Force, are composed mostly of conscripts, male citizens aged from 20 to 34 (in exceptional cases up to 50) years. Being a landlocked country, Switzerland has no navy; however, on lakes bordering neighbouring countries, armed boats patrol. Swiss citizens are prohibited from serving in foreign armies, except for the Swiss Guards of the Vatican, or if they are dual citizens of a foreign country and reside there.[citation needed]

The Swiss militia system stipulates that soldiers keep their army-issued equipment, including personal weapons, at home. Some organisations and political parties find this practice controversial.[115] Women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18.[116] About two-thirds of young Swiss are found suitable for service; for the others, various forms of alternative service are available.[117] Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for 18 to 21 weeks. The reform «Army XXI» was adopted by popular vote in 2003, replacing «Army 95», reducing the rolls from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training, and 80,000 are non-training reserves.[118]

The newest reform of the military, WEA/DEVA/USEs, started in 2019 and was expected to reduce the number of army personnel to 100,000 by the end of 2022.[119][clarification needed]

Overall, three general mobilisations have been declared to ensure the integrity and neutrality of Switzerland. The first one was held in response to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. The second was in response to the First World War outbreak in August 1914. The third mobilisation took place in September 1939 in response to the German attack on Poland.[citation needed]

Because of its neutrality policy, the Swiss army does not take part in armed conflicts in other countries, but joins some peacekeeping missions. Since 2000 the armed force department has maintained the Onyx intelligence gathering system to monitor satellite communications.[120]

Gun politics in Switzerland are unique in Europe in that 2–3.5 million guns are in the hands of civilians, giving the nation an estimate of 28–41 guns per 100 people.[121] It is worth noting that as per the Small Arms Survey, only 324,484 guns are owned by the military.[122] Only 143,372 are in the hands of soldiers.[123] However, ammunition is no longer issued.[124][125]

Economy and labour law

A proportional representation of Switzerland exports, 2019

The city of Basel (Roche Tower) is the capital of the country’s pharmaceutical industry, which accounts for around 38% of Swiss exports worldwide.[126]

The Greater Zürich area, home to 1.5 million inhabitants and 150,000 companies, is one of the most important economic centres in the world.[127]

Origin of the capital at the 30 biggest Swiss corporations, 2018:[128][m]

  Switzerland (39%)

  North America (33%)

  Europe (24%)

  Rest of the world (4%)

Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy. It is the world’s wealthiest country per capita in multiple rankings. The country ranks as one of the least corrupt countries in the world,[129][130][131] while its banking sector is rated as «one of the most corrupt in the world».[132] It has the world’s twentieth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-eighth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the seventeenth largest exporter. Zürich and Geneva are regarded as global cities, ranked as Alpha and Beta respectively. Basel is the capital of Switzerland’s pharmaceutical industry, hosting Novartis, Roche, and many other players. It is one of the world’s most important centres for the life sciences industry.[133]

Switzerland had the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing significant public services.[134] On a per capita basis, nominal GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan,[135] while adjusted for purchasing power, Switzerland ranked 11th in 2017,[136] fifth in 2018[137] and ninth in 2020.[138]

The 2016 World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report ranked Switzerland’s economy as the world’s most competitive;[139] as of 2019, it ranks fifth globally.[140] The European Union labeled it Europe’s most innovative country and the most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index in 2022, as it had done in 2021, 2020 and 2019.[141][142][143][144] It ranked 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. Switzerland’s slow growth in the 1990s and the early 2000s increased support for economic reforms and harmonisation with the European Union.[145][146] In 2020, IMD placed Switzerland first in attracting skilled workers.[147]

For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (per capita GDP).[148] Switzerland has one of the world’s largest account balances as a percentage of GDP.[149] In 2018, the canton of Basel-City had the highest GDP per capita, ahead of Zug and Geneva.[150] According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.[151]

Switzerland is home to several large multinational corporations. The largest by revenue are Glencore, Gunvor, Nestlé, Mediterranean Shipping Company, Novartis, Hoffmann-La Roche, ABB, Mercuria Energy Group and Adecco.[152] Also, notable are UBS AG, Zurich Financial Services, Richemont, Credit Suisse, Barry Callebaut, Swiss Re, Rolex, Tetra Pak, The Swatch Group and Swiss International Air Lines.

Switzerland’s most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufactured products include specialty chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%).[151] The service sector – especially banking and insurance, commodities trading, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Switzerland. Exported services amount to a third of exports.[151]

Agricultural protectionism—a rare exception to Switzerland’s free trade policies—contributes to high food prices. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD.[145] Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal, and Switzerland has free trade agreements with many countries. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

Taxation and government spending

Switzerland is a tax haven.[153] The private sector economy dominates. It features low tax rates; tax revenue to GDP ratio is one of the smallest of developed countries. The Swiss Federal budget reached 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010, 11.35% of GDP; however, canton and municipality budgets are not counted as part of the federal budget. Total government spending is closer to 33.8% of GDP. The main sources of income for the federal government are the value-added tax (33% of tax revenue) and the direct federal tax (29%). The main areas of expenditure are in social welfare and finance/taxes. The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7% of GDP in 1960 to 9.7% in 1990 and 10.7% in 2010. While the social welfare and finance sectors and tax grew from 35% in 1990 to 48.2% in 2010, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in agriculture and national defence; from 26.5% to 12.4% (estimation for the year 2015).[154][155]

Labour force

Slightly more than 5 million people work in Switzerland;[156] about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004.[157] Switzerland has a more flexible labor market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is consistently low. The unemployment rate increased from 1.7% in June 2000 to 4.4% in December 2009.[158] It then decreased to 3.2% in 2014 and held steady for several years,[159] before further dropping to 2.5% in 2018 and 2.3% in 2019.[160] Population growth (from net immigration) reached 0.52% of population in 2004, increased in the following years before falling to 0.54% again in 2017.[151][161] The foreign citizen population was 28.9% in 2015, about the same as in Australia.[162]

In 2016, the median monthly gross income in Switzerland was 6,502 francs per month (equivalent to US$6,597 per month).[163] After rent, taxes and pension contributions, plus spending on goods and services, the average household has about 15% of its gross income left for savings. Though 61% of the population made less than the mean income, income inequality is relatively low with a Gini coefficient of 29.7, placing Switzerland among the top 20 countries. In 2015, the richest 1% owned 35% of the wealth.[164] Wealth inequality increased through 2019.[165]

About 8.2% of the population live below the national poverty line, defined in Switzerland as earning less than CHF3,990 per month for a household of two adults and two children, and a further 15% are at risk of poverty. Single-parent families, those with no post-compulsory education and those out of work are among the most likely to live below the poverty line. Although work is considered a way out of poverty, some 4.3% are considered working poor. One in ten jobs in Switzerland is considered low-paid; roughly 12% of Swiss workers hold such jobs, many of them women and foreigners.[163]

Switzerland is considered as the «land of Cooperatives» with the ten largest cooperative companies accounting for more than 11% of GDP in 2018.[166]

Education and science

Education in Switzerland is diverse, because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the operation for the school system to the cantons.[167] Public and private schools are available, including many private international schools.

Primary education

The minimum age for primary school is about six years, but most cantons provide a free «children’s school» starting at age four or five.[167] Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was one of the other Swiss languages, although, in 2000, English was elevated in a few cantons.[167] At the end of primary school or at the beginning of secondary school, pupils are assigned according to their capacities into one of several sections (often three). The fastest learners are taught advanced classes to prepare for further studies and the matura,[167] while other students receive an education adapted to their needs.

Tertiary education

Switzerland hosts 12 universities, ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer non-technical subjects. It ranked 87th on the 2019 Academic Ranking of World Universities.[168] The largest is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students.[citation needed] The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) and the University of Zurich are listed 20th and 54th respectively, on the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities.[169][170][171]

The federal government sponsors two institutes: the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) in Zürich, founded in 1855 and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Lausanne, founded in 1969, formerly associated with the University of Lausanne.[n][172][173]

Eight of the world’s ten best hotel schools are located in Switzerland.[174] In addition, various Universities of Applied Sciences are available. In business and management studies, the University of St. Gallen, (HSG) is ranked 329th in the world according to QS World University Rankings[175] and the International Institute for Management Development (IMD), was ranked first in open programmes worldwide.[176] Switzerland has the second highest rate (almost 18% in 2003) of foreign students in tertiary education, after Australia (slightly over 18%).[177][178]

The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, located in Geneva, is continental Europe’s oldest graduate school of international and development studies. It is widely held to be one of its most prestigious.[179][180]

Science

Switzerland has birthed many Nobel Prize laureates. They include Albert Einstein,[181] who developed his special relativity in Bern. Later, Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel, Kurt Wüthrich and Jacques Dubochet received Nobel science prizes. In total, 114 laureates across all fields have a relationship to Switzerland.[182][o] The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations headquartered in Switzerland.[183]

The LHC tunnel. CERN is the world’s largest laboratory and also the birthplace of the World Wide Web.[184]

Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world’s largest laboratory, CERN,[185] dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research centre is the Paul Scherrer Institute.

Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), diazepam (Valium), the scanning tunnelling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurised balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world’s oceans.

The Swiss Space Office has been involved in various space technologies and programmes. It was one of the 10 founders of the European Space Agency in 1975 and is the seventh largest contributor to the ESA budget. In the private sector, several companies participate in the space industry, such as Oerlikon Space[186] or Maxon Motors.[187]

Energy

Switzerland has the tallest dams in Europe, among which the Mauvoisin Dam, in the Alps. Hydroelectric power is the most important domestic source of energy in the country.

Electricity generated in Switzerland is 56% from hydroelectricity and 39% from nuclear power, producing negible CO2. On 18 May 2003, two anti-nuclear referendums were defeated: Moratorium Plus, aimed at forbidding the building of new nuclear power plants (41.6% supported),[188] and Electricity Without Nuclear (33.7% supported) after a moratorium expired in 2000.[189] After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, in 2011 the government announced plans to end the use of nuclear energy in the following 2 or 3 decades.[190] In November 2016, Swiss voters rejected a Green Party referendum to accelerate the phaseout of nuclear power (45.8% supported).[191] The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is responsible for energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency supports the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation’s energy use by more than half by 2050.[192]

Transport

The densest rail network in Europe[64] spans 5,250 kilometres (3,260 mi) and carries over 596 million passengers annually as of 2015.[193] In 2015, each Swiss resident travelled on average 2,550 kilometres (1,580 mi) by rail, more than any other European country.[193] Virtually 100% of the network is electrified. 60% of the network is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). Besides the second largest standard gauge railway company, BLS AG, two railways companies operate on narrow gauge networks: the Rhaetian Railway (RhB) in Graubünden, which includes some World Heritage lines,[194] and the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB), which co-operates with RhB the Glacier Express between Zermatt and St. Moritz/Davos. Switzerland operates the world’s longest and deepest railway tunnel and the first flat, low-level route through the Alps, the 57.1-kilometre long (35.5 mi) Gotthard Base Tunnel, the largest part of the New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA) project.

Switzerland has a publicly managed, toll-free road network financed by highway permits as well as vehicle and gasoline taxes. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the annual purchase of a vignette (toll sticker)—for 40 Swiss francs—to use its roadways, including passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute network stretches for 1,638 km (1,018 mi) and has one of the highest motorway densities in the world.[195]

Zurich Airport is Switzerland’s largest international flight gateway; it handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012.[196] The other international airports are Geneva Airport (13.9 million passengers in 2012),[197] EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg (located in France), Bern Airport, Lugano Airport, St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport and Sion Airport. Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier. Its main hub is Zürich, but it is legally domiciled in Basel.

Environment

Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among developed nations.[198] It is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol. With Mexico and South Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG).[199]

The country is active in recycling and anti-littering programs and is one of the world’s top recyclers, recovering 66% to 96% of recyclable materials, varying across the country.[200] The 2014 Global Green Economy Index placed Switzerland among the top 10 green economies.[201]

Switzerland has an economic system for garbage disposal, which is based mostly on recycling and energy-producing incinerators.[202] As in other European countries, the illegal disposal of garbage is heavily fined. In almost all Swiss municipalities, mandatory stickers or dedicated garbage bags allow the identification of disposable garbage.[203]

Demographics

Population density in Switzerland (2019)

Percentage of foreigners in Switzerland (2019)

Resident population (age 15+) by migration status (2012/2021)[204]
Migration status Year pct. Change
Without migration background 2021 59% -6%
2012 65%
Immigrants: First Generation 2021 31% +3%
2012 28%
Immigrants: Second Generation 2021 8% +1%
2012 7%
Migration status unknown 2021 1% +1%
2012 0%

In common with other developed countries, the Swiss population increased rapidly during the industrial era, quadrupling between 1800 and 1990 and has continued to grow.

The population is about 8.7 million (2020 est.).[205] Population growth was projected into 2035, due mostly to immigration. Like most of Europe, Switzerland faces an ageing population, with a fertility rate close to replacement level.[206] Switzerland has one of the world’s oldest populations, with an average age of 42.5 years.[207]

Fourteen percent of men and 6.5% of women between 20 and 24 reported consuming cannabis in the past 30 days,[208] and 5 Swiss cities were listed among the top 10 European cities for cocaine use as measured in wastewater.[209][210]

Immigration

As of 2020, resident foreigners made up 25.7%.[211] Most of these (83%) were from European countries. Italy provided the largest single group of foreigners, providing 14.7% of total foreign population, followed closely by Germany (14.0%), Portugal (11.7%), France (6.6%), Kosovo (5.1%), Spain (3.9%), Turkey (3.1%), North Macedonia (3.1%), Serbia (2.8%), Austria (2.0%), United Kingdom (1.9%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.3%) and Croatia (1.3%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka (1.3%), most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group of Asian origin (7.9%).[212]

2021 figures show that 39.5% (compared to 34.7% in 2012) of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over (around 2.89 million), had an immigrant background. 38% of the population with an immigrant background (1.1 million) held Swiss citizenship.[213][214]

In the 2000s, domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what was perceived as an increase in xenophobia. In reply to one critical report, the Federal Council noted that «racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland», but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country, as well as the generally successful integration of foreigners, underlined Switzerland’s openness.[215] A follow-up study conducted in 2018 reported that 59% considered racism a serious problem in Switzerland.[216] The proportion of the population that claimed to have been targeted by racial discrimination increased from 10% in 2014 to almost 17% in 2018, according to the Federal Statistical Office.[217]

Largest cities

  • v
  • t
  • e

Largest towns in Switzerland

Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO), Neuchâtel, 2020[218]

Rank Name Canton Pop. Rank Name Canton Pop.
Zürich
Zürich
Geneva
Geneva
1 Zürich Zürich 421,878 11 Thun Bern 43,476 Basel
Basel
Lausanne
Lausanne
2 Geneva Geneva 203,856 12 Bellinzona Ticino 43,360
3 Basel Basel-Stadt 178,120 13 Köniz Bern 42,388
4 Lausanne Vaud 140,202 14 La Chaux-de-Fonds Neuchâtel 36,915
5 Bern Bern 134,794 15 Fribourg Fribourg 38,039
6 Winterthur Zürich 114,220 16 Schaffhausen Schaffhausen 36,952
7 Lucerne Luzern 82,620 17 Vernier Geneva 34,898
8 St. Gallen St. Gallen 76,213 18 Chur Graubünden 36,336
9 Lugano Ticino 62,315 19 Sion Valais 34,978
10 Biel/Bienne Bern 55,206 20 Uster Zürich 35,337

Languages

National languages in Switzerland (2016):[219]

Switzerland has four national languages: mainly German (spoken natively by 62.8% of the population in 2016); French (22.9%) in the west; and Italian (8.2%) in the south.[220][219] The fourth national language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Grisons, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian. In Article 70 it is mentioned as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh.

In 2016, the languages most spoken at home among permanent residents aged 15 and older were Swiss German (59.4%), French (23.5%), Standard German (10.6%), and Italian (8.5%). Other languages spoken at home included English (5.0%), Portuguese (3.8%), Albanian (3.0%), Spanish (2.6%) and Serbian and Croatian (2.5%). 6.9% reported speaking another language at home.[221] In 2014 almost two-thirds (64.4%) of the permanent resident population indicated speaking more than one language regularly.[222]

The federal government is obliged to communicate in the official languages, and in the federal parliament simultaneous translation is provided from and into German, French and Italian.[223]

Aside from the official forms of their respective languages, the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have local dialectal forms. The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically: in German-speaking regions, Swiss German dialects have become more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century, especially in the media, and are used as an everyday language for many, while the Swiss variety of Standard German is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication (c.f. diglossic usage of a language).[224] Conversely, in the French-speaking regions, local Franco-Provençal dialects have almost disappeared (only 6.3% of the population of Valais, 3.9% of Fribourg, and 3.1% of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century), while in the Italian-speaking regions, the use of Lombard dialects is mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation.[224]

The principal official languages have terms not used outside of Switzerland, known as Helvetisms. German Helvetisms are, roughly speaking, a large group of words typical of Swiss Standard German that do not appear in Standard German, nor in other German dialects. These include terms from Switzerland’s surrounding language cultures (German Billett[225] from French), from similar terms in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion).[226] Swiss French, while generally close to the French of France, also contains some Helvetisms. The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation, although certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography. Duden, the comprehensive German dictionary, contains about 3000 Helvetisms.[226] Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred Helvetisms; notably, Swiss French uses different terms than that of France for the numbers 70 (septante) and 90 (nonante) and often 80 (huitante) as well.[227]

Learning one of the other national languages is compulsory for all Swiss pupils, so many Swiss are supposed to be at least bilingual, especially those belonging to linguistic minority groups.[228] Because the largest part of Switzerland is German-speaking, many French, Italian, and Romansh speakers migrating to the rest of Switzerland and the children of those non-German-speaking Swiss born within the rest of Switzerland speak German. While learning one of the other national languages at school is important, most Swiss learn English to communicate to Swiss speakers other languages, as it is perceived as a neutral means of communication. English often functions as a lingua franca.[229]

Health

Swiss residents are required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies, which in turn are required to accept every applicant. While the cost of the system is among the highest, its health outcomes compare well with other European countries; patients have been reported as in general, highly satisfied with it.[230][231][232] In 2012, life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women[233] – the world’s highest.[234][235] However, spending on health at 11.4% of GDP (2010) is on par with Germany and France (11.6%) and other European countries, but notably less than the US (17.6%).[236] From 1990, costs steadily increased.[237]

It is estimated that one out of six Swiss persons suffers from mental illness.[238]

Culture

Swiss culture is characterised by diversity, which is reflected in diverse traditional customs.[239] A region may be in some ways culturally connected to the neighbouring country that shares its language, all rooted in western European culture.[240] The linguistically isolated Romansh culture in Graubünden in eastern Switzerland constitutes an exception. It survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn and strives to maintain its rare linguistic tradition.

Switzerland is home to notable contributors to literature, art, architecture, music and sciences. In addition, the country attracted creatives during times of unrest or war.[241] Some 1000 museums are found in the country; more than tripling since 1950.[242]

Among the most important cultural performances held annually are the Paléo Festival, Lucerne Festival,[243] the Montreux Jazz Festival,[244] the Locarno International Film Festival and Art Basel.[245]

Alpine symbolism played an essential role in shaping Swiss history and the Swiss national identity.[19][246] Many alpine areas and ski resorts attract visitors for winter sports as well as hiking and mountain biking in summer. The quieter seasons are spring and autumn. A traditional pastoral culture predominate in many areas, and small farms are omnipresent in rural areas. Folk art is nurtured in organisations across the country. Switzerland most directly in appears in music, dance, poetry, wood carving, and embroidery. The alphorn, a trumpet-like musical instrument made of wood has joined yodeling and the accordion as epitomes of traditional Swiss music.[247][248]

Religion

Religion in Switzerland (age 15+, 2018–2020):[6][c]

  Other Christians (0.3%)

  Other religions (0.3%)

  Undetermined (1.1%)

Christianity is the predominant religion according to national surveys of Swiss Federal Statistical Office[c] (about 67% of resident population in 2016–2018[250] and 75% of Swiss citizens[251]), divided between the Catholic Church (35.8% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (23.8%), further Protestant churches (2.2%), Eastern Orthodoxy (2.5%), and other Christian denominations (2.2%).[250]

Switzerland has no official state religion, though most of the cantons (except Geneva and Neuchâtel) recognise official churches, either the Catholic Church or the Swiss Reformed Church. These churches, and in some cantons the Old Catholic Church and Jewish congregations, are financed by official taxation of members.[252] In 2020, the Roman Catholic Church had 3,048,475 registered and church tax paying members (corresponding to 35.2% of the total population), while the Swiss Reformed Church had 2,015,816 members (23.3% of the total population).[253][p]

26.3% of Swiss permanent residents are not affiliated with a religious community.[250]

As of 2020, according to a national survey conducted by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office,[c] Christian minority communities included Neo-Pietism (0.5%), Pentecostalism (0.4%, mostly incorporated in the Schweizer Pfingstmission), Apostolic communities (0.3%), other Protestant denominations (1.1%, including Methodism), the Old Catholic Church (0.1%), other Christian denominations (0.3%). Non-Christian religions are Islam (5.3%),[250] Hinduism (0.6%), Buddhism (0.5%), Judaism (0.25%) and others (0.4%).[6]

Historically, the country was about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, in a complex patchwork. During the Reformation Switzerland became home to many reformers. Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived. In 1541, he founded the Republic of Geneva on his own ideals. It became known internationally as the Protestant Rome and housed such reformers as Theodore Beza, William Farel or Pierre Viret. Zürich became another reform stronghold around the same time, with Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger taking the lead. Anabaptists Felix Manz and Conrad Grebel also operated there. They were later joined by the fleeing Peter Martyr Vermigli and Hans Denck. Other centres included Basel (Andreas Karlstadt and Johannes Oecolampadius), Berne (Berchtold Haller and Niklaus Manuel), and St. Gallen (Joachim Vadian). One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Zürich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. Central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic.

The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants.[citation needed] A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9% of the voters.[254] Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority were not affiliated with any religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuchâtel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Zürich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%).[255]

Literature

The earliest forms of literature were in German, reflecting the language’s early predominance. In the 18th century, French became fashionable in Bern and elsewhere, while the influence of the French-speaking allies and subject lands increased.[257]

Among the classic authors of Swiss literature are Jeremias Gotthelf (1797–1854) and Gottfried Keller (1819–1890). The undisputed giants of 20th-century Swiss literature are Max Frisch (1911–91) and Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–90), whose repertoire includes Die Physiker (The Physicists) and Das Versprechen (The Pledge), released in 2001 as a Hollywood film.[258]

Famous French-speaking writers were Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and Germaine de Staël (1766–1817). More recent authors include Charles Ferdinand Ramuz (1878–1947), whose novels describe the lives of peasants and mountain dwellers, set in a harsh environment, and Blaise Cendrars (born Frédéric Sauser, 1887–1961).[258] Italian and Romansh-speaking authors also contributed to the Swiss literary landscape, generally in proportion to their number.

Probably the most famous Swiss literary creation, Heidi, the story of an orphan girl who lives with her grandfather in the Alps, is one of the most popular children’s books and has come to be a symbol of Switzerland. Her creator, Johanna Spyri (1827–1901), wrote a number of books on similar themes.[258]

Media

Freedom of the press and the right to free expression is guaranteed in the constitution.[259] The Swiss News Agency (SNA) broadcasts information in three of the four national languages—on politics, economics, society and culture. The SNA supplies almost all Swiss media and foreign media with its reporting.[259]

Switzerland has historically boasted the world’s greatest number of newspaper titles relative to its population and size.[260] The most influential newspapers are the German-language Tages-Anzeiger and Neue Zürcher Zeitung NZZ, and the French-language Le Temps, but almost every city has at least one local newspaper, in the most common local language.[260]

The government exerts greater control over broadcast media than print media, especially due to financing and licensing.[260] The Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, whose name was recently changed to SRG SSR, is charged with the production and distribution of radio and television content. SRG SSR studios are distributed across the various language regions. Radio content is produced in six central and four regional studios while video media are produced in Geneva, Zürich, Basel, and Lugano. An extensive cable network allows most Swiss to access content from neighbouring countries.[260]

Sports

Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports, reflecting the nature of the country[261] Winter sports are practised by natives and visitors. The bobsleigh was invented in St. Moritz.[262] The first world ski championships were held in Mürren (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948. Among its most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche.

The most prominently watched sports in Switzerland are football, ice hockey, Alpine skiing, «Schwingen», and tennis.[263]

The headquarters of the international football’s and ice hockey’s governing bodies, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) are located in Zürich. Many other headquarters of international sports federations are located in Switzerland. For example, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), IOC’s Olympic Museum and the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) are located in Lausanne.

Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup and was the joint host, with Austria, of the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament. The Swiss Super League is the nation’s professional football club league. Europe’s highest football pitch, at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, is located in Switzerland, the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium.[264]

Many Swiss follow ice hockey and support one of the 12 teams of the National League, which is the most attended league in Europe.[265] In 2009, Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the tenth time.[266] It also became World Vice-Champion in 2013 and 2018. Its numerous lakes make Switzerland an attractive sailing destination. The largest, Lake Geneva, is the home of the sailing team Alinghi which was the first European team to win the America’s Cup in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007.

Roger Federer has won 20 Grand Slam singles titles, making him among the most successful men’s tennis players ever.[267]

Swiss tennis player Roger Federer is widely regarded as among the sport’s greatest players. He won 20 Grand Slam tournaments overall including a record 8 Wimbledon titles. He won a record 6 ATP Finals.[268] He was ranked no. 1 in the ATP rankings for a record 237 consecutive weeks. He ended 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009 ranked no. 1. Fellow Swiss players Martina Hingis and Stan Wawrinka also hold multiple Grand Slam titles. Switzerland won the Davis Cup title in 2014.

Motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the 1955 Le Mans disaster with exceptions for events such as hillclimbing. The country continued to produce successful racing drivers such as Clay Regazzoni, Sébastien Buemi, Jo Siffert, Dominique Aegerter, successful World Touring Car Championship driver Alain Menu, 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Marcel Fässler and 2015 24 Hours Nürburgring winner Nico Müller. Switzerland also won the A1GP World Cup of Motorsport in 2007–08 with driver Neel Jani. Swiss motorcycle racer Thomas Lüthi won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category. In June 2007 the Swiss National Council, one house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, voted to overturn the ban, however the other house, the Swiss Council of States rejected the change and the ban remains in place.[269][270]

Traditional sports include Swiss wrestling or «Schwingen», a tradition from the rural central cantons and considered the national sport by some. Hornussen is another indigenous Swiss sport, which is like a cross between baseball and golf.[271] Steinstossen is the Swiss variant of stone put, a competition in throwing a heavy stone. Practised only among the alpine population since prehistoric times, it is recorded to have taken place in Basel in the 13th century. It is central to the Unspunnenfest, first held in 1805, with its symbol the 83.5 stone named Unspunnenstein.[272]

Cuisine

Fondue is melted cheese, into which bread is dipped.

The cuisine is multifaceted. While dishes such as fondue, raclette or rösti are omnipresent, each region developed its gastronomy according to the varieties of climate and language.[273][274] Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries, as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruyère or Emmental, produced in the valleys of Gruyères and Emmental. The number of fine-dining establishments is high, particularly in western Switzerland.[275][276]

Chocolate has been made in Switzerland since the 18th century. Its reputation grew at the end of the 19th century with the invention of modern techniques such as conching and tempering, which enabled higher quality. Another breakthrough was the invention of solid milk chocolate in 1875 by Daniel Peter. The Swiss are the world’s largest chocolate consumers.[277][278]

Due to the popularisation of processed foods at the end of the 19th century, Swiss health food pioneer Maximilian Bircher-Benner created the first nutrition-based therapy in the form of the well-known rolled oats cereal dish, called Birchermüesli.[citation needed]

The most popular alcoholic drink is wine. Switzerland is notable for its variety of grape varieties, reflecting the large variations in terroirs. Swiss wine is produced mainly in Valais, Vaud (Lavaux), Geneva and Ticino, with a small majority of white wines. Vineyards have been cultivated in Switzerland since the Roman era, even though traces of a more ancient origin can be found. The most widespread varieties are the Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot Noir. Merlot is the main variety produced in Ticino.[279][280]

See also

  • Index of Switzerland-related articles
  • Outline of Switzerland

Notes

  1. ^ a b Bern is referred to as «federal city» (German: Bundesstadt, French: ville fédérale, Italian: città federale). Swiss law does not designate a capital as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel, St. Gallen a.o.).
  2. ^ While English is not an official language, it is sometimes used as a lingua franca and many official documents – but missing any legal relevance – are available in English. Furthermore, 5.2% (almost half a million) of Swiss inhabitants – mostly foreigners – speak English as a first language and about a fifth of the population can speak some English as a second language.
  3. ^ a b c d Since 2010, statistics of religious affiliation in Switzerland provided by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office are based on a national structural survey of 200,000 people aged 15 years and older (corresponding to 2.5% of the total resident population). Data are extrapolated to obtain statistical results for the whole population (aged 15 years and older). These results are estimates subject to some degree of uncertainty indicated by a confidence interval, but by merging samples (pooling) from several years it is possible to get more accurate results, including total number of Protestants and information about minority religions. Note: The figures of the structural survey are not entirely comparable to data collection before 2010 based on census figures (counting every person living in Switzerland) or to annual official numbers of church members.[249]
  4. ^ Traditional date. The original date of the Rütlischwur was 1307 (reported by Aegidius Tschudi in the 16th century) and is just one among several comparable treaties between more or less the same parties during that period. The date of the Federal Charter of 1291 was selected in 1891 for the official celebration of the «Confederacy’s 600th anniversary».
  5. ^ A solemn declaration of the Tagsatzung declared the Federal Constitution adopted on 12 September 1848. A resolution of the Tagsatzung of 14 September 1848 specified that the powers of the institutions provided for by the 1815 Federal Treaty would expire at the time of the constitution of the Federal Council, which took place on 16 November 1848.
  6. ^ There are several definitions. See Geography of Switzerland#Western or Central Europe.
  7. ^ Swiss Standard German spelling and pronunciation. The Swiss German name is sometimes spelled as Schwyz or Schwiiz [ˈʃʋiːt͡s]. Schwyz is also the standard German (and international) name of one of the Swiss cantons.
  8. ^ Pronunciations: Germany (help·info), Austria (help·info)
  9. ^ The latter is the common Sursilvan pronunciation.
  10. ^ As shown in this image, the current members of the council are (as of January 2022, from left to right): Federal Councillor Guy Parmelin, Vice-President Alain Berset, Federal Councillor Simonetta Sommaruga, Federal Councillor Viola Amherd, Federal Chancellor Walter Thurnherr, Federal Councillor Ueli Maurer, President Ignazio Cassis and Federal Councillor Karin Keller-Sutter
  11. ^ Since 1999, an initiative can also be in the form of a general proposal to be elaborated by Parliament. Still, because it is considered less attractive for various reasons, this initiative has yet to be used
  12. ^ That is a majority of 23 cantonal votes because the result of the popular vote in the six traditional half-cantons each counts as half the vote of one of the other cantons.
  13. ^ Assumption made: one third of the shares is «not allocable» and has been distributed equally among current regions.
  14. ^ In 2008, the ETH Zürich was ranked 15th in the field Natural Sciences and Mathematics by the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities and the EPFL in Lausanne was ranked 18th in the field Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences by the same ranking.
  15. ^ Nobel prizes in non-science categories included.
  16. ^ Precise statistics about the membership of churches among the total population in Switzerland is only available for officially registered and church tax paying members of the Catholic Church in Switzerland and the Protestant Church of Switzerland (Landeskirchen).

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  276. ^ Shriver, Jerry. Swiss region serves up food with star power Archived 18 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine usatoday.com. Retrieved on 14 December 2009
  277. ^ «Discover Switzerland». www.eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  278. ^ «Swiss Chocolate : GERMAN WORLD MAGAZINE». 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  279. ^ Wine-producing Switzerland in short Archived 9 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine swisswine.ch. Retrieved on 24 June 2009
  280. ^ Table 38. Top wine consuming nations per capita, 2006 Archived 18 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine winebiz.com. Retrieved on 14 June 2010

Further reading

  • Church, Clive H. (2004) The Politics and Government of Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-69277-6.
  • Fahrni, Dieter. (2003) An Outline History of Switzerland. From the Origins to the Present Day. 8th enlarged edition. Pro Helvetia, Zürich. ISBN 978-3-908102-61-8
  • von Matt, Peter: Das Kalb vor der Gotthardpost. Zur Literatur und Politik in der Schweiz. Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 2012, ISBN 978-3-446-23880-0, S. 127–138.
  • Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Published electronically (1998–) and in print (2002–) simultaneously in three of the national languages of Switzerland: DHS/HLS/DSS Archived 5 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine online edition in German, French and Italian

External links

  • The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation
  • Switzerland at Curlie
  • Tourism

Coordinates: 46°50′N 8°20′E / 46.833°N 8.333°E

Swiss Confederation

Five official names

    • Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German)
    • Confédération suisse (French)
    • Confederazione Svizzera (Italian)
    • Confederaziun svizra (Romansh)
    • Confoederatio helvetica (Latin)[1]

Flag of Switzerland

Flag

Coat of arms of Switzerland

Coat of arms

Motto: (unofficial)
«Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno»

«One for all, all for one»

Anthem: «Swiss Psalm»
Location of Switzerland (green) in Europe (green and dark grey)

Location of Switzerland (green)

in Europe (green and dark grey)

Capital
  • None (de jure)
  • Bern (de facto)[a][2][3]

46°57′N 7°27′E / 46.950°N 7.450°E

Largest city Zürich
Official languages
  • German
  • French
  • Italian
  • Romansh
  • [b][4]
Ethnic groups

(2020)[5]

  • 74.3% Swiss citizens
  • 25.7% Foreign citizens
Religion

(2020)[6][c]

    • 62.6% Christianity
      • 34.4% Catholicism
      • 22.5% Swiss Reformed
      • 5.7% Other Christian
  • 29.4% No religion
  • 5.4% Islam
  • 0.6% Hinduism
  • 0.9% Others
  • 1.1% No answer
Demonym(s)
  • English: Swiss
  • German: Schweizer/Schweizerin
  • French: Suisse/Suissesse
  • Italian: svizzero/svizzera or elvetico/elvetica
  • Romansh: Svizzer/Svizra
Government Federal assembly-independent[7][8] directorial republic with elements of a direct democracy

• Federal Council

  • Alain Berset (President)
  • Viola Amherd (Vice President)
  • Guy Parmelin
  • Ignazio Cassis
  • Karin Keller-Sutter
  • Albert Rösti
  • Élisabeth Baume-Schneider

• Federal Chancellor

Walter Thurnherr
Legislature Federal Assembly

• Upper house

Council of States

• Lower house

National Council
History

• Founded

1 August 1291[d]

• Sovereignty recognised (Peace of Westphalia)

24 October 1648

• Federal Treaty

7 August 1815

• Federal state

12 September 1848[e][9]
Area

• Total

41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi) (132nd)

• Water (%)

4.34 (2015)[10]
Population

• 2020 estimate

Neutral increase 8,636,896[11] (99th)

• 2015 census

8,327,126[12]

• Density

207/km2 (536.1/sq mi) (48th)
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase $739.49 billion[13] (35th)

• Per capita

Increase $84,658 [13] (5th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase $841.69 billion[13] (20th)

• Per capita

Increase $92,434[13] (7th)
Gini (2018) Positive decrease 29.7[14]
low
HDI (2021) Increase 0.962[15]
very high · 1st
Currency Swiss franc (CHF)
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)

• Summer (DST)

UTC+2 (CEST)
Date format dd.mm.yyyy (AD)
Driving side right
Calling code +41
ISO 3166 code CH
Internet TLD .ch, .swiss

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located at the confluence of Western, Central and Southern Europe.[f][16] It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.

Switzerland is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps and the Jura; the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, whereas most of the country’s 8.7 million are concentrated on the plateau, which hosts the largest cities and economic centres, including Zürich, Geneva and Basel.

Switzerland originates from the Old Swiss Confederacy established in the Late Middle Ages, following a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy; the Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the country’s founding document. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since the 16th century and has not fought an international war since 1815. It joined the United Nations only in 2002, but pursues an active foreign policy that include frequent involvement in peace-building processes worldwide.[17] Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross, one of the world’s oldest and best-known humanitarian organisations, and hosts the headquarters or offices of most major international institutions, including the WTO, the WHO, the ILO, FIFA, and the United Nations. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but not part of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area, or the Eurozone; however, it participates in the European single market and the Schengen Area through bilateral treaties.

Switzerland is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern.[a][3][2] It has four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Although most Swiss are German-speaking, national identity is fairly cohesive, being rooted in a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy,[18] and Alpine symbolism.[19][20] Swiss identity transcends language, ethnicity, and religion, leading to Switzerland being described as a Willensnation («nation of volition») rather than a nation state.[21]

Due to its linguistic diversity, Switzerland is known by multiple native names: Schweiz [ˈʃvaɪts] (German);[g][h] Suisse [sɥis(ə)] audio (help·info) (French); Svizzera [ˈzvittsera] (Italian); and Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ, ˈʒviːtsʁɐ] (Romansh).[i] On coins and stamps, the Latin name, Confoederatio Helvetica — frequently shortened to «Helvetia» — is used instead of the spoken languages.

Switzerland is one of the world’s most developed countries. It has the highest nominal wealth per adult[22] and the eighth-highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.[23][24] Switzerland ranks first in the Human Development Index since 2021 and performs highly also on several international metrics, including economic competitiveness and democratic governance. Cities such as Zürich, Geneva and Basel rank among the highest in terms of quality of life,[25][26] albeit with some of the highest costs of living.[27]

Etymology

The English name Switzerland is a portmanteau of Switzer, an obsolete term for a Swiss person which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries, and land.[28] The English adjective Swiss is a loanword from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, one of the Waldstätte cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for «Confederates», Eidgenossen (literally: comrades by oath), used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica (English: Helvetic Confederation).

The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, perhaps related to swedan ‘to burn’ (cf. Old Norse svíða ‘to singe, burn’), referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build.[29] The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation.[30][31] The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d’Schwiiz for the Confederation,[32] but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town).[33] The long [iː] of Swiss German is historically and still often today spelled ⟨y⟩ rather than ⟨ii⟩, preserving the original identity of the two names even in writing.

The Latin name Confoederatio Helvetica was neologised and introduced gradually after the formation of the federal state in 1848, harking back to the Napoleonic Helvetic Republic. It appeared on coins from 1879, inscribed on the Federal Palace in 1902 and after 1948 used in the official seal[34] (e.g., the ISO banking code «CHF» for the Swiss franc, and the country top-level domain «.ch», are both taken from the state’s Latin name). Helvetica is derived from the Helvetii, a Gaulish tribe living on the Swiss Plateau before the Roman era.

Helvetia appeared as a national personification of the Swiss confederacy in the 17th century in a 1672 play by Johann Caspar Weissenbach.[35]

History

The state of Switzerland took its present form with the adoption of the Swiss Federal Constitution in 1848. Switzerland’s precursors established a defensive alliance in 1291, forming a loose confederation that persisted for centuries.

Beginnings

The oldest traces of hominid existence in Switzerland date to about 150,000 years ago.[36] The oldest known farming settlements in Switzerland, which were found at Gächlingen, date to around 5300 BC.[36]

The earliest known tribes formed the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC,[36] possibly influenced by Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most important tribal groups was the Helvetii. Steadily harassed by Germanic tribes, in 58 BC, the Helvetii decided to abandon the Swiss Plateau and migrate to western Gallia. Julius Caesar’s armies pursued and defeated them at the Battle of Bibracte, in today’s eastern France, forcing the tribe to move back to its homeland.[36] In 15 BC, Tiberius (later the second Roman emperor) and his brother Drusus conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire. The area occupied by the Helvetii first became part of Rome’s Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province. The eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. Sometime around the start of the Common Era, the Romans maintained a large camp called Vindonissa, now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers, near the town of Windisch.[38]

The first and second century AD was an age of prosperity on the Swiss Plateau. Towns such as Aventicum, Iulia Equestris and Augusta Raurica, reached a remarkable size, while hundreds of agricultural estates (Villae rusticae) were established in the countryside.[citation needed]

Around 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today’s Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to shelter near Roman fortresses, like the Castrum Rauracense near Augusta Raurica. The Empire built another line of defence at the north border (the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes). At the end of the fourth century, the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept. The Swiss Plateau was finally open to Germanic tribes.[citation needed]

In the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the fourth century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss Plateau in the fifth century and the valleys of the Alps in the eighth century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day Switzerland was then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy.[36] The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the sixth century, following Clovis I’s victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians.[39][40]

Throughout the rest of the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries, Swiss regions continued under Frankish hegemony (Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties) but after its extension under Charlemagne, the Frankish Empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843.[36] The territories of present-day Switzerland became divided into Middle Francia and East Francia until they were reunified under the Holy Roman Empire around 1000 AD.[36]

By 1200, the Swiss Plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg.[36] Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its male line in 1263, the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264. The Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them, extending their territory to the eastern Swiss Plateau.[39]

Old Swiss Confederacy

The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 (dark green) to the sixteenth century (light green) and its associates (blue). In the other colours shown are the subject territories.

The 1291 Bundesbrief (federal charter)

The Old Swiss Confederacy was an alliance among the valley communities of the central Alps. The Confederacy was governed by nobles and patricians of various cantons who facilitated management of common interests and ensured peace on mountain trade routes. The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the confederacy’s founding document, even though similar alliances likely existed decades earlier. The document was agreed among the rural communes of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.[41][42]

By 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city-states to form the «Old Confederacy» of eight states that obtained through the end of the 15th century.[42] The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the confederation. By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains, and the University of Basel was founded (with a faculty of medicine) establishing a tradition of chemical and medical research. This increased after victories against the Habsburgs (Battle of Sempach, Battle of Näfels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries. The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire.[42] In 1501, Basel[43] and Schaffhausen joined the Old Swiss Confederacy.[44]

The Confederacy acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the confederation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. This ended the so-called «heroic» epoch of Swiss history.[42] The success of Zwingli’s Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 (Wars of Kappel). It was not until more than one hundred years after these internal wars that, in 1648, under the Peace of Westphalia, European countries recognised Switzerland’s independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality.[39][40]

During the Early Modern period of Swiss history, the growing authoritarianism of the patriciate families combined with a financial crisis in the wake of the Thirty Years’ War led to the Swiss peasant war of 1653. In the background to this struggle, the conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons persisted, erupting in further violence at the First War of Villmergen, in 1656, and the Toggenburg War (or Second War of Villmergen), in 1712.[42]

Napoleonic era

The Act of Mediation was Napoleon’s attempt at a compromise between the Ancien Régime and a Republic.

In 1798, the revolutionary French government invaded Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution.[42] This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen left Switzerland and the Valtellina valley became part of the Cisalpine Republic. The new regime, known as the Helvetic Republic, was highly unpopular. An invading foreign army had imposed and destroyed centuries of tradition, making Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state. The fierce French suppression of the Nidwalden Revolt in September 1798 was an example of the oppressive presence of the French Army and the local population’s resistance to the occupation.[citation needed]

When war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The Act of Mediation was the result, which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons.[42] Henceforth, much of Swiss politics would concern balancing the cantons’ tradition of self-rule with the need for a central government.[citation needed]

In 1815 the Congress of Vienna fully re-established Swiss independence, and the European powers recognised permanent Swiss neutrality.[39][40][42] Swiss troops served foreign governments until 1860 when they fought in the siege of Gaeta. The treaty allowed Switzerland to increase its territory, with the admission of the cantons of Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva. Switzerland’s borders saw only minor adjustments thereafter.[45]

Federal state

The first Federal Palace in Bern (1857). One of the three cantons presiding over the Tagsatzung (former legislative and executive council), Bern was chosen as the permanent seat of federal legislative and executive institutions in 1848, in part because of its closeness to the French-speaking area.[2]

The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes, such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund).[42] The war lasted less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire. The Sonderbundskrieg had a significant impact on the psychology and society of Switzerland.[citation needed][who?]

The war convinced most Swiss of the need for unity and strength. Swiss from all strata of society, whether Catholic or Protestant, from the liberal or conservative current, realised that the cantons would profit more from merging their economic and religious interests.[citation needed]

Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution that provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Council of States, two representatives per canton) and a lower house (the National Council, with representatives elected from across the country). Referendums were made mandatory for any amendments.[40] This new constitution ended the legal power of nobility in Switzerland.[46]

Inauguration in 1882 of the Gotthard rail tunnel connecting the southern canton of Ticino, the longest in the world at the time

A single system of weights and measures was introduced, and in 1850 the Swiss franc became the Swiss single currency, complemented by the WIR franc in 1934.[47] Article 11 of the constitution forbade sending troops to serve abroad, marking the end of foreign service. It came with the expectation of serving the Holy See, and the Swiss were still obliged to serve Francis II of the Two Sicilies with Swiss Guards present at the siege of Gaeta in 1860.[citation needed]

An important clause of the constitution was that it could be entirely rewritten if necessary, thus enabling it to evolve as a whole rather than being modified one amendment at a time.[48]

This need soon proved itself when the rise in population and the Industrial Revolution that followed led to calls to modify the constitution accordingly. The population rejected an early draft in 1872, but modifications led to its acceptance in 1874.[42] It introduced the facultative referendum for laws at the federal level. It also established federal responsibility for defence, trade, and legal matters.

In 1891, the constitution was revised with unusually strong elements of direct democracy, which remain unique today.[42]

Modern history

General Ulrich Wille, appointed commander-in-chief of the Swiss Army for the duration of World War I

Switzerland was not invaded during either of the world wars. During World War I, Switzerland was home to the revolutionary and founder of the Soviet Union Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Vladimir Lenin) who remained there until 1917.[49] Swiss neutrality was seriously questioned by the short-lived Grimm–Hoffmann affair in 1917. In 1920, Switzerland joined the League of Nations, which was based in Geneva, after it was exempted from military requirements.[citation needed]

During World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans,[50] but Switzerland was never attacked.[51] Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune, as larger events during the war intervened.[52][53] General Henri Guisan, appointed the commander-in-chief for the duration of the war ordered a general mobilisation of the armed forces. The Swiss military strategy changed from static defence at the borders to organised long-term attrition and withdrawal to strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps, known as the Reduit. Switzerland was an important base for espionage by both sides and often mediated communications between the Axis and Allied powers.[53]

Switzerland’s trade was blockaded by both the Allies and the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to Nazi Germany varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland (together with Liechtenstein) entirely isolated from the wider world by Axis-controlled territory. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees[54] aided by the International Red Cross, based in Geneva. Strict immigration and asylum policies and the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, only at the end of the 20th century.[55]

During the war, the Swiss Air Force engaged aircraft of both sides, shooting down 11 intruding Luftwaffe planes in May and June 1940, then forcing down other intruders after a change of policy following threats from Germany. Over 100 Allied bombers and their crews were interned. Between 1940 and 1945, Switzerland was bombed by the Allies, causing fatalities and property damage.[53] Among the cities and towns bombed were Basel, Brusio, Chiasso, Cornol, Geneva, Koblenz, Niederweningen, Rafz, Renens, Samedan, Schaffhausen, Stein am Rhein, Tägerwilen, Thayngen, Vals, and Zürich. Allied forces maintained that the bombings, which violated the 96th Article of War, resulted from navigation errors, equipment failure, weather conditions, and pilot errors. The Swiss expressed fear and concern that the bombings were intended to put pressure on Switzerland to end economic cooperation and neutrality with Nazi Germany.[56] Court-martial proceedings took place in England. The U.S. paid SFR 62,176,433.06 for reparations.[citation needed]

Switzerland’s attitude towards refugees was complicated and controversial; over the course of the war, it admitted as many as 300,000 refugees[54] while refusing tens of thousands more,[57] including Jews persecuted by the Nazis.[58]

After the war, the Swiss government exported credits through the charitable fund known as the Schweizerspende and donated to the Marshall Plan to help Europe’s recovery, efforts that ultimately benefited the Swiss economy.[59]

During the Cold War, Swiss authorities considered the construction of a Swiss nuclear bomb.[60] Leading nuclear physicists at the Federal Institute of Technology Zürich such as Paul Scherrer made this a realistic possibility.[61] In 1988, the Paul Scherrer Institute was founded in his name to explore the therapeutic uses of neutron scattering technologies.[62] Financial problems with the defence budget and ethical considerations prevented the substantial funds from being allocated, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was seen as a valid alternative. Plans for building nuclear weapons were dropped by 1988.[63] Switzerland joined the Council of Europe in 1963.[52]

In 2003, by granting the Swiss People’s Party a second seat in the governing cabinet, the Parliament altered the coalition that had dominated Swiss politics since 1959.

Switzerland was the last Western republic (the Principality of Liechtenstein followed in 1984) to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level, it was achieved in 1971[51][64] and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde, along with Glarus) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance. The first woman on the seven-member Federal Council executive was Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984 to 1989,[51] and the first female president was Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.[65]

In 1979 areas from the canton of Bern attained independence from the Bernese, forming the new canton of Jura. On 18 April 1999, the Swiss population and the cantons voted in favour of a completely revised federal constitution.[51]

In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA but not the European Economic Area (EEA). An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but did not advance since rejecting the EEA in December 1992[51] when Switzerland conducted a referendum on the EEA. Several referendums on the EU issue ensued; due to opposition from the citizens, the membership application was withdrawn. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually changing to conform with that of the EU, and the government signed bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been surrounded by the EU since Austria’s entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty, a result that EU commentators regarded as a sign of support.[52] In September 2020, a referendum calling for a vote to end the pact that allowed a free movement of people from the European Union was introduced by the Swiss People’s Party (SPP).[66] However, voters rejected the attempt to retake control of immigration, defeating the motion by a roughly 63%–37% margin.[67]

On 9 February 2014, 50.3% of Swiss voters approved a ballot initiative launched by the Swiss People’s Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration. This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approval) and suburban groups (51.2% approval), and isolated towns (51.3% approval) as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) rejected it.[68] In December 2016, a political compromise with the EU was attained that eliminated quotas on EU citizens, but still allowed favourable treatment of Swiss-based job applicants.[69] On 27 September 2020, 62% of Swiss voters rejected the anti-free movement referendum by SVP.[70]

Geography

Physical map of Switzerland (in German)

Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses diverse landscapes and climates across its 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi).[71]

Switzerland lies between latitudes 45° and 48° N, and longitudes 5° and 11° E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau, and the Jura mountains on the west. The Alps are a mountain range running across the central and south of the country, constituting about 60% of the country’s area. The majority of the population live on the Swiss Plateau. The Swiss Alps host many glaciers, covering 1,063 square kilometres (410 sq mi). From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rhône, which flow in the four cardinal directions, spreading across Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of fresh water in Central and Western Europe, among which are Lake Geneva (Lac Léman in French), Lake Constance (Bodensee in German) and Lake Maggiore. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes and contains 6% of Europe’s freshwater stock. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory. Lake Geneva is the largest lake and is shared with France. The Rhône is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva. Lake Constance is the second largest and, like Lake Geneva, an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border with Austria and Germany. While the Rhône flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the French Camargue region and the Rhine flows into the North Sea at Rotterdam, about 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) apart, both springs are only about 22 kilometres (14 miles) apart in the Swiss Alps.[71][72]

Forty-eight mountains are 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) or higher in height.[71] At 4,634 m (15,203 ft), Monte Rosa is the highest, although the Matterhorn (4,478 m or 14,692 ft) is the best known. Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais, on the border with Italy. The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the Jungfrau (4,158 m or 13,642 ft) Eiger and Mönch peaks, and its many picturesque valleys. In the southeast the long Engadin Valley, encompassing St. Moritz, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m or 13,284 ft).[71]

The Swiss Plateau has greater open and hilly landscapes, partly forested, partly open pastures, usually with grazing herds or vegetable and fruit fields, but it is still hilly. Large lakes and the biggest Swiss cities are found there.[71]

Switzerland contains two small enclaves: Büsingen belongs to Germany, while Campione d’Italia belongs to Italy.[73] Switzerland has no exclaves.

Climate

The Swiss climate is generally temperate, but can vary greatly across localities,[74] from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the near-Mediterranean climate at Switzerland’s southern tip. Some valley areas in the southern part of Switzerland offer cold-hardy palm trees. Summers tend to be warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall, ideal for pastures/grazing. The less humid winters in the mountains may see weeks-long intervals of stable conditions. At the same time, the lower lands tend to suffer from inversion during such periods, hiding the sun.[citation needed]

A weather phenomenon known as the föhn (with an identical effect to the chinook wind) can occur any time and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind, bringing low relative humidity air to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the south-facing slopes. This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind. Valleys running south to north trigger the best effect. The driest conditions persist in all inner alpine valleys that receive less rain because arriving clouds lose a lot of their moisture content while crossing the mountains before reaching these areas. Large alpine areas such as Graubünden remain drier than pre-alpine areas, and as in the main valley of the Valais, wine grapes are grown there.[75]

The wettest conditions persist in the high Alps and in the Ticino canton, which has much sun yet heavy bursts of rain from time to time.[75] Precipitation tends to be spread moderately throughout the year, with a peak in summer. Autumn is the driest season, winter receives less precipitation than summer, yet the weather patterns in Switzerland are not in a stable climate system. They can vary from year to year with no strict and predictable periods.[citation needed]

Environment

Switzerland contains two terrestrial ecoregions: Western European broadleaf forests and Alps conifer and mixed forests.[76]

Switzerland’s many small valleys separated by high mountains often host unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves offer a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change.[74][77] According to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its level of greenhouse gas emissions.[78] In 2020 it was ranked third out of 180 countries.[79] The country pledged to cut GHG emissions by 50% by 2030 compared to the level of 1990 and plans to reach zero emissions by 2050.[80]

However, access to biocapacity in Switzerland is far lower than the world average. In 2016, Switzerland had 1.0 hectares[81] of biocapacity per person within its territory, 40 percent less than world average of 1.6. In contrast, in 2016, Swiss consumption required 4.6 hectares of biocapacity – their ecological footprint, 4.6 times as much as Swiss territory can support. The remainder comes from other countries and the shared resources (such as the atmosphere impacted by greenhouse gas emissions).[81] Switzerland had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.53/10, ranking it 150th globally out of 172 countries.[82]

Urbanisation

Urbanisation in the Rhone Valley (outskirts of Sion)

Between two-thirds and three-quarters of the population live in urban areas.[83][84] Switzerland went from a largely rural country to an urban one from 1930 to 2000. After 1935 urban development claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the prior 2,000 years. Urban sprawl affects the plateau, the Jura and the Alpine foothills,[85] raising concerns about land use.[86] During the 21st century, population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.[84]

Switzerland has a dense network of complementary large, medium and small towns.[84] The plateau is densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape shows uninterrupted signs of human presence.[87] The weight of the largest metropolitan areas – Zürich, Geneva–Lausanne, Basel and Bern – tend to increase.[84][clarification needed] The importance of these urban areas is greater than their population suggests.[84] These urban centers are recognised for their high quality of life.[88]

The average population density in 2019 was 215.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (557/sq mi).[89]: 79  In the largest canton by area, Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 28.0 inhabitants per square kilometre (73/sq mi).[89]: 30  In the canton of Zürich, with its large urban capital, the density is 926.8 per square kilometre (2,400/sq mi).[89]: 76 

Government and politics

The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of Switzerland’s federal state.[90] A new Swiss Constitution was adopted in 1999 that did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. Three main bodies govern on the federal level:[91] the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial).

Parliament

The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, reflecting each canton’s population. Members serve part-time for 4 years (a Milizsystem or citizen legislature).[92] When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly. Through referendums, citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and, through initiatives, introduce amendments to the federal constitution, thus making Switzerland a direct democracy.[90]

Federal Council

The Federal Council directs the federal government, the federal administration, and serves as a collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year term by the Federal Assembly, which also oversees the council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and executes representative functions. The president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers and remains the head of a department within the administration.[90]

The government has been a coalition of the four major political parties since 1959, each party having a number of seats that roughly reflects its share of the electorate and representation in the federal parliament. The classic distribution of 2 CVP/PDC, 2 SPS/PSS, 2 FDP/PRD and 1 SVP/UDC as it stood from 1959 to 2003 was known as the «magic formula». Following the 2015 Federal Council elections, the seven seats in the Federal Council were distributed as follows:

  • 1 seat for the Christian Democratic People’s Party (CVP/PDC),
  • 2 seats for the Free Democratic Party (FDP/PRD),
  • 2 seats for the Social Democratic Party (SPS/PSS),
  • 2 seats for the Swiss People’s Party (SVP/UDC).

Supreme Court

The function of the Federal Supreme Court is to hear appeals against rulings of cantonal or federal courts. The judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for six-year terms.[93]

Direct democracy

Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system.[94] Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the municipality, canton and federal levels. The 1848 and 1999 Swiss Constitutions define a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it includes institutions of a representative democracy). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as popular rights (German: Volksrechte, French: droits populaires, Italian: diritti popolari),[95] include the right to submit a federal initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.[90][96]

By calling a federal referendum, a group of citizens may challenge a law passed by parliament by gathering 50,000 signatures against the law within 100 days. If so, a national vote is scheduled where voters decide by a simple majority whether to accept or reject the law. Any eight cantons can also call a constitutional referendum on federal law.[90]

Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[k] The Federal Council and the Federal Assembly can supplement the proposed amendment with a counterproposal. Then, voters must indicate a preference on the ballot if both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in parliament, must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the popular cantonal votes.[l][94]

Cantons

The Swiss Confederation consists of 26 cantons:[90]

Swiss cantons

Canton ID Capital Canton ID Capital
Wappen Aargau matt.svg Aargau 19 Aarau Wappen Nidwalden matt.svg *Nidwalden 7 Stans
Wappen Appenzell Ausserrhoden matt.svg *Appenzell Ausserrhoden 15 Herisau Wappen Obwalden matt.svg *Obwalden 6 Sarnen
Wappen Appenzell Innerrhoden matt.svg *Appenzell Innerrhoden 16 Appenzell Wappen Schaffhausen matt.svg Schaffhausen 14 Schaffhausen
Coat of arms of Kanton Basel-Landschaft.svg *Basel-Landschaft 13 Liestal Wappen Schwyz matt.svg Schwyz 5 Schwyz
Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg *Basel-Stadt 12 Basel Wappen Solothurn matt.svg Solothurn 11 Solothurn
Wappen Bern matt.svg Bern 2 Bern Coat of arms of canton of St. Gallen.svg St. Gallen 17 St. Gallen
Wappen Freiburg matt.svg Fribourg 10 Fribourg Wappen Thurgau matt.svg Thurgau 20 Frauenfeld
Wappen Genf matt.svg Geneva 25 Geneva Wappen Tessin matt.svg Ticino 21 Bellinzona
Wappen Glarus matt.svg Glarus 8 Glarus Wappen Uri matt.svg Uri 4 Altdorf
Wappen Graubünden.svg Grisons 18 Chur Wappen Wallis matt.svg Valais 23 Sion
Wappen Jura matt.svg Jura 26 Delémont Wappen Waadt matt.svg Vaud 22 Lausanne
Wappen Luzern matt.svg Lucerne 3 Lucerne Wappen Zug matt.svg Zug 9 Zug
Wappen Neuenburg matt.svg Neuchâtel 24 Neuchâtel Wappen Zürich matt.svg Zürich 1 Zürich

*These cantons are known as half-cantons.

The cantons are federated states. They have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status, except that 6 (referred to often as the half-cantons) are represented by one councillor instead of two in the Council of States and have only half a cantonal vote with respect to the required cantonal majority in referendums on constitutional amendments. Each canton has its own constitution and its own parliament, government, police and courts.[97] However, considerable differences define the individual cantons, particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 16,003 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,487,969 (Zürich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Grisons).

Municipalities

As of 2018 the cantons comprised 2,222 municipalities.

Federal City

Until 1848, the loosely coupled Confederation did not have a central political organisation. Issues thought to affect the whole Confederation were the subject of periodic meetings in various locations.[98]

In 1848, the federal constitution provided that details concerning federal institutions, such as their locations, should be addressed by the Federal Assembly (BV 1848 Art. 108). Thus on 28 November 1848, the Federal Assembly voted in the majority to locate the seat of government in Bern and, as a prototypical federal compromise, to assign other federal institutions, such as the Federal Polytechnical School (1854, the later ETH) to Zürich, and other institutions to Lucerne, such as the later SUVA (1912) and the Federal Insurance Court (1917).[2] Other federal institutions were subsequently attributed to Lausanne (Federal Supreme Court in 1872, and EPFL in 1969), Bellinzona (Federal Criminal Court, 2004), and St. Gallen (Federal Administrative Court and Federal Patent Court, 2012).

The 1999 Constitution does not mention a Federal City and the Federal Council has yet to address the matter.[99] Thus as of 2022, no city in Switzerland has the official status either of capital or of Federal City. Nevertheless, Bern is commonly referred to as «Federal City» (German: Bundesstadt, French: ville fédérale, Italian: città federale).

Foreign relations and international institutions

Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.[100][101] Swiss neutrality has been questioned at times.[102][103][104][105] In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations.[100] It was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states.[100] Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s.[100] However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.[106]

The colour-reversed Swiss flag became the symbol of the Red Cross Movement,[64] founded in 1863 by Henry Dunant.[107]

Many international institutions have headquarters in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to join the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York. Switzerland was a founding member and hosted the League of Nations.[citation needed]

Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization.[100] The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues. The headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) moved to Basel in 1930.[citation needed]

Many sports federations and organisations are located in the country, including the International Handball Federation in Basel, the International Basketball Federation in Geneva, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) in Nyon, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and the International Ice Hockey Federation both in Zürich, the International Cycling Union in Aigle, and the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne.[108]

Switzerland is scheduled to become a member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2023–2024 period.[109]

Switzerland and the European Union

Although not a member, Switzerland maintains relationships with the EU and European countries through bilateral agreements. The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU, in an effort to compete internationally. EU membership faces considerable negative popular sentiment. It is opposed by the conservative SVP party, the largest party in the National Council, and not advocated by several other political parties. The membership application was formally withdrawn in 2016. The western French-speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU, but do not form a significant share of the population.[110][111]

An Integration Office operates under the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Economic Affairs. Seven bilateral agreements liberalised trade ties, taking effect in 2001. This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons. A second series of agreements covering nine areas was signed in 2004, including the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention.[112]

In 2006, a referendum approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in Southern and Central European countries in support of positive ties to the EU as a whole. A further referendum will be needed to approve 300 million francs to support Romania and Bulgaria and their recent admission.

The Swiss have faced EU and international pressure to reduce banking secrecy and raise tax rates to parity with the EU. Preparatory discussions involve four areas: the electricity market, participation in project Galileo, cooperating with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and certificates of origin for food products.[113]

Switzerland is a member of the Schengen passport-free zone. Land border checkpoints apply on to goods movements, but not people.[114]

Military

The Swiss Armed Forces, including the Land Forces and the Air Force, are composed mostly of conscripts, male citizens aged from 20 to 34 (in exceptional cases up to 50) years. Being a landlocked country, Switzerland has no navy; however, on lakes bordering neighbouring countries, armed boats patrol. Swiss citizens are prohibited from serving in foreign armies, except for the Swiss Guards of the Vatican, or if they are dual citizens of a foreign country and reside there.[citation needed]

The Swiss militia system stipulates that soldiers keep their army-issued equipment, including personal weapons, at home. Some organisations and political parties find this practice controversial.[115] Women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18.[116] About two-thirds of young Swiss are found suitable for service; for the others, various forms of alternative service are available.[117] Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for 18 to 21 weeks. The reform «Army XXI» was adopted by popular vote in 2003, replacing «Army 95», reducing the rolls from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training, and 80,000 are non-training reserves.[118]

The newest reform of the military, WEA/DEVA/USEs, started in 2019 and was expected to reduce the number of army personnel to 100,000 by the end of 2022.[119][clarification needed]

Overall, three general mobilisations have been declared to ensure the integrity and neutrality of Switzerland. The first one was held in response to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. The second was in response to the First World War outbreak in August 1914. The third mobilisation took place in September 1939 in response to the German attack on Poland.[citation needed]

Because of its neutrality policy, the Swiss army does not take part in armed conflicts in other countries, but joins some peacekeeping missions. Since 2000 the armed force department has maintained the Onyx intelligence gathering system to monitor satellite communications.[120]

Gun politics in Switzerland are unique in Europe in that 2–3.5 million guns are in the hands of civilians, giving the nation an estimate of 28–41 guns per 100 people.[121] It is worth noting that as per the Small Arms Survey, only 324,484 guns are owned by the military.[122] Only 143,372 are in the hands of soldiers.[123] However, ammunition is no longer issued.[124][125]

Economy and labour law

A proportional representation of Switzerland exports, 2019

The city of Basel (Roche Tower) is the capital of the country’s pharmaceutical industry, which accounts for around 38% of Swiss exports worldwide.[126]

The Greater Zürich area, home to 1.5 million inhabitants and 150,000 companies, is one of the most important economic centres in the world.[127]

Origin of the capital at the 30 biggest Swiss corporations, 2018:[128][m]

  Switzerland (39%)

  North America (33%)

  Europe (24%)

  Rest of the world (4%)

Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy. It is the world’s wealthiest country per capita in multiple rankings. The country ranks as one of the least corrupt countries in the world,[129][130][131] while its banking sector is rated as «one of the most corrupt in the world».[132] It has the world’s twentieth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-eighth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the seventeenth largest exporter. Zürich and Geneva are regarded as global cities, ranked as Alpha and Beta respectively. Basel is the capital of Switzerland’s pharmaceutical industry, hosting Novartis, Roche, and many other players. It is one of the world’s most important centres for the life sciences industry.[133]

Switzerland had the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing significant public services.[134] On a per capita basis, nominal GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan,[135] while adjusted for purchasing power, Switzerland ranked 11th in 2017,[136] fifth in 2018[137] and ninth in 2020.[138]

The 2016 World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report ranked Switzerland’s economy as the world’s most competitive;[139] as of 2019, it ranks fifth globally.[140] The European Union labeled it Europe’s most innovative country and the most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index in 2022, as it had done in 2021, 2020 and 2019.[141][142][143][144] It ranked 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. Switzerland’s slow growth in the 1990s and the early 2000s increased support for economic reforms and harmonisation with the European Union.[145][146] In 2020, IMD placed Switzerland first in attracting skilled workers.[147]

For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (per capita GDP).[148] Switzerland has one of the world’s largest account balances as a percentage of GDP.[149] In 2018, the canton of Basel-City had the highest GDP per capita, ahead of Zug and Geneva.[150] According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.[151]

Switzerland is home to several large multinational corporations. The largest by revenue are Glencore, Gunvor, Nestlé, Mediterranean Shipping Company, Novartis, Hoffmann-La Roche, ABB, Mercuria Energy Group and Adecco.[152] Also, notable are UBS AG, Zurich Financial Services, Richemont, Credit Suisse, Barry Callebaut, Swiss Re, Rolex, Tetra Pak, The Swatch Group and Swiss International Air Lines.

Switzerland’s most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufactured products include specialty chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%).[151] The service sector – especially banking and insurance, commodities trading, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Switzerland. Exported services amount to a third of exports.[151]

Agricultural protectionism—a rare exception to Switzerland’s free trade policies—contributes to high food prices. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD.[145] Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal, and Switzerland has free trade agreements with many countries. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

Taxation and government spending

Switzerland is a tax haven.[153] The private sector economy dominates. It features low tax rates; tax revenue to GDP ratio is one of the smallest of developed countries. The Swiss Federal budget reached 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010, 11.35% of GDP; however, canton and municipality budgets are not counted as part of the federal budget. Total government spending is closer to 33.8% of GDP. The main sources of income for the federal government are the value-added tax (33% of tax revenue) and the direct federal tax (29%). The main areas of expenditure are in social welfare and finance/taxes. The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7% of GDP in 1960 to 9.7% in 1990 and 10.7% in 2010. While the social welfare and finance sectors and tax grew from 35% in 1990 to 48.2% in 2010, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in agriculture and national defence; from 26.5% to 12.4% (estimation for the year 2015).[154][155]

Labour force

Slightly more than 5 million people work in Switzerland;[156] about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004.[157] Switzerland has a more flexible labor market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is consistently low. The unemployment rate increased from 1.7% in June 2000 to 4.4% in December 2009.[158] It then decreased to 3.2% in 2014 and held steady for several years,[159] before further dropping to 2.5% in 2018 and 2.3% in 2019.[160] Population growth (from net immigration) reached 0.52% of population in 2004, increased in the following years before falling to 0.54% again in 2017.[151][161] The foreign citizen population was 28.9% in 2015, about the same as in Australia.[162]

In 2016, the median monthly gross income in Switzerland was 6,502 francs per month (equivalent to US$6,597 per month).[163] After rent, taxes and pension contributions, plus spending on goods and services, the average household has about 15% of its gross income left for savings. Though 61% of the population made less than the mean income, income inequality is relatively low with a Gini coefficient of 29.7, placing Switzerland among the top 20 countries. In 2015, the richest 1% owned 35% of the wealth.[164] Wealth inequality increased through 2019.[165]

About 8.2% of the population live below the national poverty line, defined in Switzerland as earning less than CHF3,990 per month for a household of two adults and two children, and a further 15% are at risk of poverty. Single-parent families, those with no post-compulsory education and those out of work are among the most likely to live below the poverty line. Although work is considered a way out of poverty, some 4.3% are considered working poor. One in ten jobs in Switzerland is considered low-paid; roughly 12% of Swiss workers hold such jobs, many of them women and foreigners.[163]

Switzerland is considered as the «land of Cooperatives» with the ten largest cooperative companies accounting for more than 11% of GDP in 2018.[166]

Education and science

Education in Switzerland is diverse, because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the operation for the school system to the cantons.[167] Public and private schools are available, including many private international schools.

Primary education

The minimum age for primary school is about six years, but most cantons provide a free «children’s school» starting at age four or five.[167] Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was one of the other Swiss languages, although, in 2000, English was elevated in a few cantons.[167] At the end of primary school or at the beginning of secondary school, pupils are assigned according to their capacities into one of several sections (often three). The fastest learners are taught advanced classes to prepare for further studies and the matura,[167] while other students receive an education adapted to their needs.

Tertiary education

Switzerland hosts 12 universities, ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer non-technical subjects. It ranked 87th on the 2019 Academic Ranking of World Universities.[168] The largest is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students.[citation needed] The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) and the University of Zurich are listed 20th and 54th respectively, on the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities.[169][170][171]

The federal government sponsors two institutes: the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) in Zürich, founded in 1855 and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Lausanne, founded in 1969, formerly associated with the University of Lausanne.[n][172][173]

Eight of the world’s ten best hotel schools are located in Switzerland.[174] In addition, various Universities of Applied Sciences are available. In business and management studies, the University of St. Gallen, (HSG) is ranked 329th in the world according to QS World University Rankings[175] and the International Institute for Management Development (IMD), was ranked first in open programmes worldwide.[176] Switzerland has the second highest rate (almost 18% in 2003) of foreign students in tertiary education, after Australia (slightly over 18%).[177][178]

The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, located in Geneva, is continental Europe’s oldest graduate school of international and development studies. It is widely held to be one of its most prestigious.[179][180]

Science

Switzerland has birthed many Nobel Prize laureates. They include Albert Einstein,[181] who developed his special relativity in Bern. Later, Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel, Kurt Wüthrich and Jacques Dubochet received Nobel science prizes. In total, 114 laureates across all fields have a relationship to Switzerland.[182][o] The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations headquartered in Switzerland.[183]

The LHC tunnel. CERN is the world’s largest laboratory and also the birthplace of the World Wide Web.[184]

Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world’s largest laboratory, CERN,[185] dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research centre is the Paul Scherrer Institute.

Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), diazepam (Valium), the scanning tunnelling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurised balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world’s oceans.

The Swiss Space Office has been involved in various space technologies and programmes. It was one of the 10 founders of the European Space Agency in 1975 and is the seventh largest contributor to the ESA budget. In the private sector, several companies participate in the space industry, such as Oerlikon Space[186] or Maxon Motors.[187]

Energy

Switzerland has the tallest dams in Europe, among which the Mauvoisin Dam, in the Alps. Hydroelectric power is the most important domestic source of energy in the country.

Electricity generated in Switzerland is 56% from hydroelectricity and 39% from nuclear power, producing negible CO2. On 18 May 2003, two anti-nuclear referendums were defeated: Moratorium Plus, aimed at forbidding the building of new nuclear power plants (41.6% supported),[188] and Electricity Without Nuclear (33.7% supported) after a moratorium expired in 2000.[189] After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, in 2011 the government announced plans to end the use of nuclear energy in the following 2 or 3 decades.[190] In November 2016, Swiss voters rejected a Green Party referendum to accelerate the phaseout of nuclear power (45.8% supported).[191] The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is responsible for energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency supports the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation’s energy use by more than half by 2050.[192]

Transport

The densest rail network in Europe[64] spans 5,250 kilometres (3,260 mi) and carries over 596 million passengers annually as of 2015.[193] In 2015, each Swiss resident travelled on average 2,550 kilometres (1,580 mi) by rail, more than any other European country.[193] Virtually 100% of the network is electrified. 60% of the network is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). Besides the second largest standard gauge railway company, BLS AG, two railways companies operate on narrow gauge networks: the Rhaetian Railway (RhB) in Graubünden, which includes some World Heritage lines,[194] and the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB), which co-operates with RhB the Glacier Express between Zermatt and St. Moritz/Davos. Switzerland operates the world’s longest and deepest railway tunnel and the first flat, low-level route through the Alps, the 57.1-kilometre long (35.5 mi) Gotthard Base Tunnel, the largest part of the New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA) project.

Switzerland has a publicly managed, toll-free road network financed by highway permits as well as vehicle and gasoline taxes. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the annual purchase of a vignette (toll sticker)—for 40 Swiss francs—to use its roadways, including passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute network stretches for 1,638 km (1,018 mi) and has one of the highest motorway densities in the world.[195]

Zurich Airport is Switzerland’s largest international flight gateway; it handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012.[196] The other international airports are Geneva Airport (13.9 million passengers in 2012),[197] EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg (located in France), Bern Airport, Lugano Airport, St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport and Sion Airport. Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier. Its main hub is Zürich, but it is legally domiciled in Basel.

Environment

Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among developed nations.[198] It is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol. With Mexico and South Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG).[199]

The country is active in recycling and anti-littering programs and is one of the world’s top recyclers, recovering 66% to 96% of recyclable materials, varying across the country.[200] The 2014 Global Green Economy Index placed Switzerland among the top 10 green economies.[201]

Switzerland has an economic system for garbage disposal, which is based mostly on recycling and energy-producing incinerators.[202] As in other European countries, the illegal disposal of garbage is heavily fined. In almost all Swiss municipalities, mandatory stickers or dedicated garbage bags allow the identification of disposable garbage.[203]

Demographics

Population density in Switzerland (2019)

Percentage of foreigners in Switzerland (2019)

Resident population (age 15+) by migration status (2012/2021)[204]
Migration status Year pct. Change
Without migration background 2021 59% -6%
2012 65%
Immigrants: First Generation 2021 31% +3%
2012 28%
Immigrants: Second Generation 2021 8% +1%
2012 7%
Migration status unknown 2021 1% +1%
2012 0%

In common with other developed countries, the Swiss population increased rapidly during the industrial era, quadrupling between 1800 and 1990 and has continued to grow.

The population is about 8.7 million (2020 est.).[205] Population growth was projected into 2035, due mostly to immigration. Like most of Europe, Switzerland faces an ageing population, with a fertility rate close to replacement level.[206] Switzerland has one of the world’s oldest populations, with an average age of 42.5 years.[207]

Fourteen percent of men and 6.5% of women between 20 and 24 reported consuming cannabis in the past 30 days,[208] and 5 Swiss cities were listed among the top 10 European cities for cocaine use as measured in wastewater.[209][210]

Immigration

As of 2020, resident foreigners made up 25.7%.[211] Most of these (83%) were from European countries. Italy provided the largest single group of foreigners, providing 14.7% of total foreign population, followed closely by Germany (14.0%), Portugal (11.7%), France (6.6%), Kosovo (5.1%), Spain (3.9%), Turkey (3.1%), North Macedonia (3.1%), Serbia (2.8%), Austria (2.0%), United Kingdom (1.9%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.3%) and Croatia (1.3%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka (1.3%), most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group of Asian origin (7.9%).[212]

2021 figures show that 39.5% (compared to 34.7% in 2012) of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over (around 2.89 million), had an immigrant background. 38% of the population with an immigrant background (1.1 million) held Swiss citizenship.[213][214]

In the 2000s, domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what was perceived as an increase in xenophobia. In reply to one critical report, the Federal Council noted that «racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland», but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country, as well as the generally successful integration of foreigners, underlined Switzerland’s openness.[215] A follow-up study conducted in 2018 reported that 59% considered racism a serious problem in Switzerland.[216] The proportion of the population that claimed to have been targeted by racial discrimination increased from 10% in 2014 to almost 17% in 2018, according to the Federal Statistical Office.[217]

Largest cities

  • v
  • t
  • e

Largest towns in Switzerland

Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO), Neuchâtel, 2020[218]

Rank Name Canton Pop. Rank Name Canton Pop.
Zürich
Zürich
Geneva
Geneva
1 Zürich Zürich 421,878 11 Thun Bern 43,476 Basel
Basel
Lausanne
Lausanne
2 Geneva Geneva 203,856 12 Bellinzona Ticino 43,360
3 Basel Basel-Stadt 178,120 13 Köniz Bern 42,388
4 Lausanne Vaud 140,202 14 La Chaux-de-Fonds Neuchâtel 36,915
5 Bern Bern 134,794 15 Fribourg Fribourg 38,039
6 Winterthur Zürich 114,220 16 Schaffhausen Schaffhausen 36,952
7 Lucerne Luzern 82,620 17 Vernier Geneva 34,898
8 St. Gallen St. Gallen 76,213 18 Chur Graubünden 36,336
9 Lugano Ticino 62,315 19 Sion Valais 34,978
10 Biel/Bienne Bern 55,206 20 Uster Zürich 35,337

Languages

National languages in Switzerland (2016):[219]

Switzerland has four national languages: mainly German (spoken natively by 62.8% of the population in 2016); French (22.9%) in the west; and Italian (8.2%) in the south.[220][219] The fourth national language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Grisons, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian. In Article 70 it is mentioned as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh.

In 2016, the languages most spoken at home among permanent residents aged 15 and older were Swiss German (59.4%), French (23.5%), Standard German (10.6%), and Italian (8.5%). Other languages spoken at home included English (5.0%), Portuguese (3.8%), Albanian (3.0%), Spanish (2.6%) and Serbian and Croatian (2.5%). 6.9% reported speaking another language at home.[221] In 2014 almost two-thirds (64.4%) of the permanent resident population indicated speaking more than one language regularly.[222]

The federal government is obliged to communicate in the official languages, and in the federal parliament simultaneous translation is provided from and into German, French and Italian.[223]

Aside from the official forms of their respective languages, the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have local dialectal forms. The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically: in German-speaking regions, Swiss German dialects have become more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century, especially in the media, and are used as an everyday language for many, while the Swiss variety of Standard German is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication (c.f. diglossic usage of a language).[224] Conversely, in the French-speaking regions, local Franco-Provençal dialects have almost disappeared (only 6.3% of the population of Valais, 3.9% of Fribourg, and 3.1% of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century), while in the Italian-speaking regions, the use of Lombard dialects is mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation.[224]

The principal official languages have terms not used outside of Switzerland, known as Helvetisms. German Helvetisms are, roughly speaking, a large group of words typical of Swiss Standard German that do not appear in Standard German, nor in other German dialects. These include terms from Switzerland’s surrounding language cultures (German Billett[225] from French), from similar terms in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion).[226] Swiss French, while generally close to the French of France, also contains some Helvetisms. The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation, although certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography. Duden, the comprehensive German dictionary, contains about 3000 Helvetisms.[226] Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred Helvetisms; notably, Swiss French uses different terms than that of France for the numbers 70 (septante) and 90 (nonante) and often 80 (huitante) as well.[227]

Learning one of the other national languages is compulsory for all Swiss pupils, so many Swiss are supposed to be at least bilingual, especially those belonging to linguistic minority groups.[228] Because the largest part of Switzerland is German-speaking, many French, Italian, and Romansh speakers migrating to the rest of Switzerland and the children of those non-German-speaking Swiss born within the rest of Switzerland speak German. While learning one of the other national languages at school is important, most Swiss learn English to communicate to Swiss speakers other languages, as it is perceived as a neutral means of communication. English often functions as a lingua franca.[229]

Health

Swiss residents are required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies, which in turn are required to accept every applicant. While the cost of the system is among the highest, its health outcomes compare well with other European countries; patients have been reported as in general, highly satisfied with it.[230][231][232] In 2012, life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women[233] – the world’s highest.[234][235] However, spending on health at 11.4% of GDP (2010) is on par with Germany and France (11.6%) and other European countries, but notably less than the US (17.6%).[236] From 1990, costs steadily increased.[237]

It is estimated that one out of six Swiss persons suffers from mental illness.[238]

Culture

Swiss culture is characterised by diversity, which is reflected in diverse traditional customs.[239] A region may be in some ways culturally connected to the neighbouring country that shares its language, all rooted in western European culture.[240] The linguistically isolated Romansh culture in Graubünden in eastern Switzerland constitutes an exception. It survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn and strives to maintain its rare linguistic tradition.

Switzerland is home to notable contributors to literature, art, architecture, music and sciences. In addition, the country attracted creatives during times of unrest or war.[241] Some 1000 museums are found in the country; more than tripling since 1950.[242]

Among the most important cultural performances held annually are the Paléo Festival, Lucerne Festival,[243] the Montreux Jazz Festival,[244] the Locarno International Film Festival and Art Basel.[245]

Alpine symbolism played an essential role in shaping Swiss history and the Swiss national identity.[19][246] Many alpine areas and ski resorts attract visitors for winter sports as well as hiking and mountain biking in summer. The quieter seasons are spring and autumn. A traditional pastoral culture predominate in many areas, and small farms are omnipresent in rural areas. Folk art is nurtured in organisations across the country. Switzerland most directly in appears in music, dance, poetry, wood carving, and embroidery. The alphorn, a trumpet-like musical instrument made of wood has joined yodeling and the accordion as epitomes of traditional Swiss music.[247][248]

Religion

Religion in Switzerland (age 15+, 2018–2020):[6][c]

  Other Christians (0.3%)

  Other religions (0.3%)

  Undetermined (1.1%)

Christianity is the predominant religion according to national surveys of Swiss Federal Statistical Office[c] (about 67% of resident population in 2016–2018[250] and 75% of Swiss citizens[251]), divided between the Catholic Church (35.8% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (23.8%), further Protestant churches (2.2%), Eastern Orthodoxy (2.5%), and other Christian denominations (2.2%).[250]

Switzerland has no official state religion, though most of the cantons (except Geneva and Neuchâtel) recognise official churches, either the Catholic Church or the Swiss Reformed Church. These churches, and in some cantons the Old Catholic Church and Jewish congregations, are financed by official taxation of members.[252] In 2020, the Roman Catholic Church had 3,048,475 registered and church tax paying members (corresponding to 35.2% of the total population), while the Swiss Reformed Church had 2,015,816 members (23.3% of the total population).[253][p]

26.3% of Swiss permanent residents are not affiliated with a religious community.[250]

As of 2020, according to a national survey conducted by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office,[c] Christian minority communities included Neo-Pietism (0.5%), Pentecostalism (0.4%, mostly incorporated in the Schweizer Pfingstmission), Apostolic communities (0.3%), other Protestant denominations (1.1%, including Methodism), the Old Catholic Church (0.1%), other Christian denominations (0.3%). Non-Christian religions are Islam (5.3%),[250] Hinduism (0.6%), Buddhism (0.5%), Judaism (0.25%) and others (0.4%).[6]

Historically, the country was about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, in a complex patchwork. During the Reformation Switzerland became home to many reformers. Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived. In 1541, he founded the Republic of Geneva on his own ideals. It became known internationally as the Protestant Rome and housed such reformers as Theodore Beza, William Farel or Pierre Viret. Zürich became another reform stronghold around the same time, with Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger taking the lead. Anabaptists Felix Manz and Conrad Grebel also operated there. They were later joined by the fleeing Peter Martyr Vermigli and Hans Denck. Other centres included Basel (Andreas Karlstadt and Johannes Oecolampadius), Berne (Berchtold Haller and Niklaus Manuel), and St. Gallen (Joachim Vadian). One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Zürich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. Central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic.

The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants.[citation needed] A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9% of the voters.[254] Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority were not affiliated with any religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuchâtel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Zürich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%).[255]

Literature

The earliest forms of literature were in German, reflecting the language’s early predominance. In the 18th century, French became fashionable in Bern and elsewhere, while the influence of the French-speaking allies and subject lands increased.[257]

Among the classic authors of Swiss literature are Jeremias Gotthelf (1797–1854) and Gottfried Keller (1819–1890). The undisputed giants of 20th-century Swiss literature are Max Frisch (1911–91) and Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–90), whose repertoire includes Die Physiker (The Physicists) and Das Versprechen (The Pledge), released in 2001 as a Hollywood film.[258]

Famous French-speaking writers were Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and Germaine de Staël (1766–1817). More recent authors include Charles Ferdinand Ramuz (1878–1947), whose novels describe the lives of peasants and mountain dwellers, set in a harsh environment, and Blaise Cendrars (born Frédéric Sauser, 1887–1961).[258] Italian and Romansh-speaking authors also contributed to the Swiss literary landscape, generally in proportion to their number.

Probably the most famous Swiss literary creation, Heidi, the story of an orphan girl who lives with her grandfather in the Alps, is one of the most popular children’s books and has come to be a symbol of Switzerland. Her creator, Johanna Spyri (1827–1901), wrote a number of books on similar themes.[258]

Media

Freedom of the press and the right to free expression is guaranteed in the constitution.[259] The Swiss News Agency (SNA) broadcasts information in three of the four national languages—on politics, economics, society and culture. The SNA supplies almost all Swiss media and foreign media with its reporting.[259]

Switzerland has historically boasted the world’s greatest number of newspaper titles relative to its population and size.[260] The most influential newspapers are the German-language Tages-Anzeiger and Neue Zürcher Zeitung NZZ, and the French-language Le Temps, but almost every city has at least one local newspaper, in the most common local language.[260]

The government exerts greater control over broadcast media than print media, especially due to financing and licensing.[260] The Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, whose name was recently changed to SRG SSR, is charged with the production and distribution of radio and television content. SRG SSR studios are distributed across the various language regions. Radio content is produced in six central and four regional studios while video media are produced in Geneva, Zürich, Basel, and Lugano. An extensive cable network allows most Swiss to access content from neighbouring countries.[260]

Sports

Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports, reflecting the nature of the country[261] Winter sports are practised by natives and visitors. The bobsleigh was invented in St. Moritz.[262] The first world ski championships were held in Mürren (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948. Among its most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche.

The most prominently watched sports in Switzerland are football, ice hockey, Alpine skiing, «Schwingen», and tennis.[263]

The headquarters of the international football’s and ice hockey’s governing bodies, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) are located in Zürich. Many other headquarters of international sports federations are located in Switzerland. For example, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), IOC’s Olympic Museum and the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) are located in Lausanne.

Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup and was the joint host, with Austria, of the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament. The Swiss Super League is the nation’s professional football club league. Europe’s highest football pitch, at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, is located in Switzerland, the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium.[264]

Many Swiss follow ice hockey and support one of the 12 teams of the National League, which is the most attended league in Europe.[265] In 2009, Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the tenth time.[266] It also became World Vice-Champion in 2013 and 2018. Its numerous lakes make Switzerland an attractive sailing destination. The largest, Lake Geneva, is the home of the sailing team Alinghi which was the first European team to win the America’s Cup in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007.

Roger Federer has won 20 Grand Slam singles titles, making him among the most successful men’s tennis players ever.[267]

Swiss tennis player Roger Federer is widely regarded as among the sport’s greatest players. He won 20 Grand Slam tournaments overall including a record 8 Wimbledon titles. He won a record 6 ATP Finals.[268] He was ranked no. 1 in the ATP rankings for a record 237 consecutive weeks. He ended 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009 ranked no. 1. Fellow Swiss players Martina Hingis and Stan Wawrinka also hold multiple Grand Slam titles. Switzerland won the Davis Cup title in 2014.

Motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the 1955 Le Mans disaster with exceptions for events such as hillclimbing. The country continued to produce successful racing drivers such as Clay Regazzoni, Sébastien Buemi, Jo Siffert, Dominique Aegerter, successful World Touring Car Championship driver Alain Menu, 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Marcel Fässler and 2015 24 Hours Nürburgring winner Nico Müller. Switzerland also won the A1GP World Cup of Motorsport in 2007–08 with driver Neel Jani. Swiss motorcycle racer Thomas Lüthi won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category. In June 2007 the Swiss National Council, one house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, voted to overturn the ban, however the other house, the Swiss Council of States rejected the change and the ban remains in place.[269][270]

Traditional sports include Swiss wrestling or «Schwingen», a tradition from the rural central cantons and considered the national sport by some. Hornussen is another indigenous Swiss sport, which is like a cross between baseball and golf.[271] Steinstossen is the Swiss variant of stone put, a competition in throwing a heavy stone. Practised only among the alpine population since prehistoric times, it is recorded to have taken place in Basel in the 13th century. It is central to the Unspunnenfest, first held in 1805, with its symbol the 83.5 stone named Unspunnenstein.[272]

Cuisine

Fondue is melted cheese, into which bread is dipped.

The cuisine is multifaceted. While dishes such as fondue, raclette or rösti are omnipresent, each region developed its gastronomy according to the varieties of climate and language.[273][274] Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries, as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruyère or Emmental, produced in the valleys of Gruyères and Emmental. The number of fine-dining establishments is high, particularly in western Switzerland.[275][276]

Chocolate has been made in Switzerland since the 18th century. Its reputation grew at the end of the 19th century with the invention of modern techniques such as conching and tempering, which enabled higher quality. Another breakthrough was the invention of solid milk chocolate in 1875 by Daniel Peter. The Swiss are the world’s largest chocolate consumers.[277][278]

Due to the popularisation of processed foods at the end of the 19th century, Swiss health food pioneer Maximilian Bircher-Benner created the first nutrition-based therapy in the form of the well-known rolled oats cereal dish, called Birchermüesli.[citation needed]

The most popular alcoholic drink is wine. Switzerland is notable for its variety of grape varieties, reflecting the large variations in terroirs. Swiss wine is produced mainly in Valais, Vaud (Lavaux), Geneva and Ticino, with a small majority of white wines. Vineyards have been cultivated in Switzerland since the Roman era, even though traces of a more ancient origin can be found. The most widespread varieties are the Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot Noir. Merlot is the main variety produced in Ticino.[279][280]

See also

  • Index of Switzerland-related articles
  • Outline of Switzerland

Notes

  1. ^ a b Bern is referred to as «federal city» (German: Bundesstadt, French: ville fédérale, Italian: città federale). Swiss law does not designate a capital as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel, St. Gallen a.o.).
  2. ^ While English is not an official language, it is sometimes used as a lingua franca and many official documents – but missing any legal relevance – are available in English. Furthermore, 5.2% (almost half a million) of Swiss inhabitants – mostly foreigners – speak English as a first language and about a fifth of the population can speak some English as a second language.
  3. ^ a b c d Since 2010, statistics of religious affiliation in Switzerland provided by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office are based on a national structural survey of 200,000 people aged 15 years and older (corresponding to 2.5% of the total resident population). Data are extrapolated to obtain statistical results for the whole population (aged 15 years and older). These results are estimates subject to some degree of uncertainty indicated by a confidence interval, but by merging samples (pooling) from several years it is possible to get more accurate results, including total number of Protestants and information about minority religions. Note: The figures of the structural survey are not entirely comparable to data collection before 2010 based on census figures (counting every person living in Switzerland) or to annual official numbers of church members.[249]
  4. ^ Traditional date. The original date of the Rütlischwur was 1307 (reported by Aegidius Tschudi in the 16th century) and is just one among several comparable treaties between more or less the same parties during that period. The date of the Federal Charter of 1291 was selected in 1891 for the official celebration of the «Confederacy’s 600th anniversary».
  5. ^ A solemn declaration of the Tagsatzung declared the Federal Constitution adopted on 12 September 1848. A resolution of the Tagsatzung of 14 September 1848 specified that the powers of the institutions provided for by the 1815 Federal Treaty would expire at the time of the constitution of the Federal Council, which took place on 16 November 1848.
  6. ^ There are several definitions. See Geography of Switzerland#Western or Central Europe.
  7. ^ Swiss Standard German spelling and pronunciation. The Swiss German name is sometimes spelled as Schwyz or Schwiiz [ˈʃʋiːt͡s]. Schwyz is also the standard German (and international) name of one of the Swiss cantons.
  8. ^ Pronunciations: Germany (help·info), Austria (help·info)
  9. ^ The latter is the common Sursilvan pronunciation.
  10. ^ As shown in this image, the current members of the council are (as of January 2022, from left to right): Federal Councillor Guy Parmelin, Vice-President Alain Berset, Federal Councillor Simonetta Sommaruga, Federal Councillor Viola Amherd, Federal Chancellor Walter Thurnherr, Federal Councillor Ueli Maurer, President Ignazio Cassis and Federal Councillor Karin Keller-Sutter
  11. ^ Since 1999, an initiative can also be in the form of a general proposal to be elaborated by Parliament. Still, because it is considered less attractive for various reasons, this initiative has yet to be used
  12. ^ That is a majority of 23 cantonal votes because the result of the popular vote in the six traditional half-cantons each counts as half the vote of one of the other cantons.
  13. ^ Assumption made: one third of the shares is «not allocable» and has been distributed equally among current regions.
  14. ^ In 2008, the ETH Zürich was ranked 15th in the field Natural Sciences and Mathematics by the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities and the EPFL in Lausanne was ranked 18th in the field Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences by the same ranking.
  15. ^ Nobel prizes in non-science categories included.
  16. ^ Precise statistics about the membership of churches among the total population in Switzerland is only available for officially registered and church tax paying members of the Catholic Church in Switzerland and the Protestant Church of Switzerland (Landeskirchen).

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Further reading

  • Church, Clive H. (2004) The Politics and Government of Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-69277-6.
  • Fahrni, Dieter. (2003) An Outline History of Switzerland. From the Origins to the Present Day. 8th enlarged edition. Pro Helvetia, Zürich. ISBN 978-3-908102-61-8
  • von Matt, Peter: Das Kalb vor der Gotthardpost. Zur Literatur und Politik in der Schweiz. Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 2012, ISBN 978-3-446-23880-0, S. 127–138.
  • Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Published electronically (1998–) and in print (2002–) simultaneously in three of the national languages of Switzerland: DHS/HLS/DSS Archived 5 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine online edition in German, French and Italian

External links

  • The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation
  • Switzerland at Curlie
  • Tourism

Coordinates: 46°50′N 8°20′E / 46.833°N 8.333°E

Swiss Confederation

Five official names

    • Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German)
    • Confédération suisse (French)
    • Confederazione Svizzera (Italian)
    • Confederaziun svizra (Romansh)
    • Confoederatio helvetica (Latin)[1]

Flag of Switzerland

Flag

Coat of arms of Switzerland

Coat of arms

Motto: (unofficial)
«Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno»

«One for all, all for one»

Anthem: «Swiss Psalm»
Location of Switzerland (green) in Europe (green and dark grey)

Location of Switzerland (green)

in Europe (green and dark grey)

Capital
  • None (de jure)
  • Bern (de facto)[a][2][3]

46°57′N 7°27′E / 46.950°N 7.450°E

Largest city Zürich
Official languages
  • German
  • French
  • Italian
  • Romansh
  • [b][4]
Ethnic groups

(2020)[5]

  • 74.3% Swiss citizens
  • 25.7% Foreign citizens
Religion

(2020)[6][c]

    • 62.6% Christianity
      • 34.4% Catholicism
      • 22.5% Swiss Reformed
      • 5.7% Other Christian
  • 29.4% No religion
  • 5.4% Islam
  • 0.6% Hinduism
  • 0.9% Others
  • 1.1% No answer
Demonym(s)
  • English: Swiss
  • German: Schweizer/Schweizerin
  • French: Suisse/Suissesse
  • Italian: svizzero/svizzera or elvetico/elvetica
  • Romansh: Svizzer/Svizra
Government Federal assembly-independent[7][8] directorial republic with elements of a direct democracy

• Federal Council

  • Alain Berset (President)
  • Viola Amherd (Vice President)
  • Guy Parmelin
  • Ignazio Cassis
  • Karin Keller-Sutter
  • Albert Rösti
  • Élisabeth Baume-Schneider

• Federal Chancellor

Walter Thurnherr
Legislature Federal Assembly

• Upper house

Council of States

• Lower house

National Council
History

• Founded

1 August 1291[d]

• Sovereignty recognised (Peace of Westphalia)

24 October 1648

• Federal Treaty

7 August 1815

• Federal state

12 September 1848[e][9]
Area

• Total

41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi) (132nd)

• Water (%)

4.34 (2015)[10]
Population

• 2020 estimate

Neutral increase 8,636,896[11] (99th)

• 2015 census

8,327,126[12]

• Density

207/km2 (536.1/sq mi) (48th)
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase $739.49 billion[13] (35th)

• Per capita

Increase $84,658 [13] (5th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase $841.69 billion[13] (20th)

• Per capita

Increase $92,434[13] (7th)
Gini (2018) Positive decrease 29.7[14]
low
HDI (2021) Increase 0.962[15]
very high · 1st
Currency Swiss franc (CHF)
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)

• Summer (DST)

UTC+2 (CEST)
Date format dd.mm.yyyy (AD)
Driving side right
Calling code +41
ISO 3166 code CH
Internet TLD .ch, .swiss

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located at the confluence of Western, Central and Southern Europe.[f][16] It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.

Switzerland is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau, the Alps and the Jura; the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, whereas most of the country’s 8.7 million are concentrated on the plateau, which hosts the largest cities and economic centres, including Zürich, Geneva and Basel.

Switzerland originates from the Old Swiss Confederacy established in the Late Middle Ages, following a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy; the Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the country’s founding document. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognised in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since the 16th century and has not fought an international war since 1815. It joined the United Nations only in 2002, but pursues an active foreign policy that include frequent involvement in peace-building processes worldwide.[17] Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross, one of the world’s oldest and best-known humanitarian organisations, and hosts the headquarters or offices of most major international institutions, including the WTO, the WHO, the ILO, FIFA, and the United Nations. It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but not part of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area, or the Eurozone; however, it participates in the European single market and the Schengen Area through bilateral treaties.

Switzerland is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern.[a][3][2] It has four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Although most Swiss are German-speaking, national identity is fairly cohesive, being rooted in a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy,[18] and Alpine symbolism.[19][20] Swiss identity transcends language, ethnicity, and religion, leading to Switzerland being described as a Willensnation («nation of volition») rather than a nation state.[21]

Due to its linguistic diversity, Switzerland is known by multiple native names: Schweiz [ˈʃvaɪts] (German);[g][h] Suisse [sɥis(ə)] audio (help·info) (French); Svizzera [ˈzvittsera] (Italian); and Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ, ˈʒviːtsʁɐ] (Romansh).[i] On coins and stamps, the Latin name, Confoederatio Helvetica — frequently shortened to «Helvetia» — is used instead of the spoken languages.

Switzerland is one of the world’s most developed countries. It has the highest nominal wealth per adult[22] and the eighth-highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.[23][24] Switzerland ranks first in the Human Development Index since 2021 and performs highly also on several international metrics, including economic competitiveness and democratic governance. Cities such as Zürich, Geneva and Basel rank among the highest in terms of quality of life,[25][26] albeit with some of the highest costs of living.[27]

Etymology

The English name Switzerland is a portmanteau of Switzer, an obsolete term for a Swiss person which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries, and land.[28] The English adjective Swiss is a loanword from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, one of the Waldstätte cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for «Confederates», Eidgenossen (literally: comrades by oath), used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica (English: Helvetic Confederation).

The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, perhaps related to swedan ‘to burn’ (cf. Old Norse svíða ‘to singe, burn’), referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build.[29] The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation.[30][31] The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d’Schwiiz for the Confederation,[32] but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town).[33] The long [iː] of Swiss German is historically and still often today spelled ⟨y⟩ rather than ⟨ii⟩, preserving the original identity of the two names even in writing.

The Latin name Confoederatio Helvetica was neologised and introduced gradually after the formation of the federal state in 1848, harking back to the Napoleonic Helvetic Republic. It appeared on coins from 1879, inscribed on the Federal Palace in 1902 and after 1948 used in the official seal[34] (e.g., the ISO banking code «CHF» for the Swiss franc, and the country top-level domain «.ch», are both taken from the state’s Latin name). Helvetica is derived from the Helvetii, a Gaulish tribe living on the Swiss Plateau before the Roman era.

Helvetia appeared as a national personification of the Swiss confederacy in the 17th century in a 1672 play by Johann Caspar Weissenbach.[35]

History

The state of Switzerland took its present form with the adoption of the Swiss Federal Constitution in 1848. Switzerland’s precursors established a defensive alliance in 1291, forming a loose confederation that persisted for centuries.

Beginnings

The oldest traces of hominid existence in Switzerland date to about 150,000 years ago.[36] The oldest known farming settlements in Switzerland, which were found at Gächlingen, date to around 5300 BC.[36]

The earliest known tribes formed the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC,[36] possibly influenced by Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most important tribal groups was the Helvetii. Steadily harassed by Germanic tribes, in 58 BC, the Helvetii decided to abandon the Swiss Plateau and migrate to western Gallia. Julius Caesar’s armies pursued and defeated them at the Battle of Bibracte, in today’s eastern France, forcing the tribe to move back to its homeland.[36] In 15 BC, Tiberius (later the second Roman emperor) and his brother Drusus conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire. The area occupied by the Helvetii first became part of Rome’s Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province. The eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. Sometime around the start of the Common Era, the Romans maintained a large camp called Vindonissa, now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers, near the town of Windisch.[38]

The first and second century AD was an age of prosperity on the Swiss Plateau. Towns such as Aventicum, Iulia Equestris and Augusta Raurica, reached a remarkable size, while hundreds of agricultural estates (Villae rusticae) were established in the countryside.[citation needed]

Around 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today’s Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to shelter near Roman fortresses, like the Castrum Rauracense near Augusta Raurica. The Empire built another line of defence at the north border (the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes). At the end of the fourth century, the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept. The Swiss Plateau was finally open to Germanic tribes.[citation needed]

In the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the fourth century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss Plateau in the fifth century and the valleys of the Alps in the eighth century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day Switzerland was then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy.[36] The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the sixth century, following Clovis I’s victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians.[39][40]

Throughout the rest of the sixth, seventh and eighth centuries, Swiss regions continued under Frankish hegemony (Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties) but after its extension under Charlemagne, the Frankish Empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843.[36] The territories of present-day Switzerland became divided into Middle Francia and East Francia until they were reunified under the Holy Roman Empire around 1000 AD.[36]

By 1200, the Swiss Plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg.[36] Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its male line in 1263, the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264. The Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them, extending their territory to the eastern Swiss Plateau.[39]

Old Swiss Confederacy

The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 (dark green) to the sixteenth century (light green) and its associates (blue). In the other colours shown are the subject territories.

The 1291 Bundesbrief (federal charter)

The Old Swiss Confederacy was an alliance among the valley communities of the central Alps. The Confederacy was governed by nobles and patricians of various cantons who facilitated management of common interests and ensured peace on mountain trade routes. The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the confederacy’s founding document, even though similar alliances likely existed decades earlier. The document was agreed among the rural communes of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.[41][42]

By 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Zürich and Bern city-states to form the «Old Confederacy» of eight states that obtained through the end of the 15th century.[42] The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the confederation. By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains, and the University of Basel was founded (with a faculty of medicine) establishing a tradition of chemical and medical research. This increased after victories against the Habsburgs (Battle of Sempach, Battle of Näfels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries. The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire.[42] In 1501, Basel[43] and Schaffhausen joined the Old Swiss Confederacy.[44]

The Confederacy acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the confederation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. This ended the so-called «heroic» epoch of Swiss history.[42] The success of Zwingli’s Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 (Wars of Kappel). It was not until more than one hundred years after these internal wars that, in 1648, under the Peace of Westphalia, European countries recognised Switzerland’s independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality.[39][40]

During the Early Modern period of Swiss history, the growing authoritarianism of the patriciate families combined with a financial crisis in the wake of the Thirty Years’ War led to the Swiss peasant war of 1653. In the background to this struggle, the conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons persisted, erupting in further violence at the First War of Villmergen, in 1656, and the Toggenburg War (or Second War of Villmergen), in 1712.[42]

Napoleonic era

The Act of Mediation was Napoleon’s attempt at a compromise between the Ancien Régime and a Republic.

In 1798, the revolutionary French government invaded Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution.[42] This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, Mülhausen left Switzerland and the Valtellina valley became part of the Cisalpine Republic. The new regime, known as the Helvetic Republic, was highly unpopular. An invading foreign army had imposed and destroyed centuries of tradition, making Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state. The fierce French suppression of the Nidwalden Revolt in September 1798 was an example of the oppressive presence of the French Army and the local population’s resistance to the occupation.[citation needed]

When war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The Act of Mediation was the result, which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons.[42] Henceforth, much of Swiss politics would concern balancing the cantons’ tradition of self-rule with the need for a central government.[citation needed]

In 1815 the Congress of Vienna fully re-established Swiss independence, and the European powers recognised permanent Swiss neutrality.[39][40][42] Swiss troops served foreign governments until 1860 when they fought in the siege of Gaeta. The treaty allowed Switzerland to increase its territory, with the admission of the cantons of Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva. Switzerland’s borders saw only minor adjustments thereafter.[45]

Federal state

The first Federal Palace in Bern (1857). One of the three cantons presiding over the Tagsatzung (former legislative and executive council), Bern was chosen as the permanent seat of federal legislative and executive institutions in 1848, in part because of its closeness to the French-speaking area.[2]

The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes, such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund).[42] The war lasted less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire. The Sonderbundskrieg had a significant impact on the psychology and society of Switzerland.[citation needed][who?]

The war convinced most Swiss of the need for unity and strength. Swiss from all strata of society, whether Catholic or Protestant, from the liberal or conservative current, realised that the cantons would profit more from merging their economic and religious interests.[citation needed]

Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution that provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Council of States, two representatives per canton) and a lower house (the National Council, with representatives elected from across the country). Referendums were made mandatory for any amendments.[40] This new constitution ended the legal power of nobility in Switzerland.[46]

Inauguration in 1882 of the Gotthard rail tunnel connecting the southern canton of Ticino, the longest in the world at the time

A single system of weights and measures was introduced, and in 1850 the Swiss franc became the Swiss single currency, complemented by the WIR franc in 1934.[47] Article 11 of the constitution forbade sending troops to serve abroad, marking the end of foreign service. It came with the expectation of serving the Holy See, and the Swiss were still obliged to serve Francis II of the Two Sicilies with Swiss Guards present at the siege of Gaeta in 1860.[citation needed]

An important clause of the constitution was that it could be entirely rewritten if necessary, thus enabling it to evolve as a whole rather than being modified one amendment at a time.[48]

This need soon proved itself when the rise in population and the Industrial Revolution that followed led to calls to modify the constitution accordingly. The population rejected an early draft in 1872, but modifications led to its acceptance in 1874.[42] It introduced the facultative referendum for laws at the federal level. It also established federal responsibility for defence, trade, and legal matters.

In 1891, the constitution was revised with unusually strong elements of direct democracy, which remain unique today.[42]

Modern history

General Ulrich Wille, appointed commander-in-chief of the Swiss Army for the duration of World War I

Switzerland was not invaded during either of the world wars. During World War I, Switzerland was home to the revolutionary and founder of the Soviet Union Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Vladimir Lenin) who remained there until 1917.[49] Swiss neutrality was seriously questioned by the short-lived Grimm–Hoffmann affair in 1917. In 1920, Switzerland joined the League of Nations, which was based in Geneva, after it was exempted from military requirements.[citation needed]

During World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans,[50] but Switzerland was never attacked.[51] Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune, as larger events during the war intervened.[52][53] General Henri Guisan, appointed the commander-in-chief for the duration of the war ordered a general mobilisation of the armed forces. The Swiss military strategy changed from static defence at the borders to organised long-term attrition and withdrawal to strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps, known as the Reduit. Switzerland was an important base for espionage by both sides and often mediated communications between the Axis and Allied powers.[53]

Switzerland’s trade was blockaded by both the Allies and the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to Nazi Germany varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland (together with Liechtenstein) entirely isolated from the wider world by Axis-controlled territory. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees[54] aided by the International Red Cross, based in Geneva. Strict immigration and asylum policies and the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, only at the end of the 20th century.[55]

During the war, the Swiss Air Force engaged aircraft of both sides, shooting down 11 intruding Luftwaffe planes in May and June 1940, then forcing down other intruders after a change of policy following threats from Germany. Over 100 Allied bombers and their crews were interned. Between 1940 and 1945, Switzerland was bombed by the Allies, causing fatalities and property damage.[53] Among the cities and towns bombed were Basel, Brusio, Chiasso, Cornol, Geneva, Koblenz, Niederweningen, Rafz, Renens, Samedan, Schaffhausen, Stein am Rhein, Tägerwilen, Thayngen, Vals, and Zürich. Allied forces maintained that the bombings, which violated the 96th Article of War, resulted from navigation errors, equipment failure, weather conditions, and pilot errors. The Swiss expressed fear and concern that the bombings were intended to put pressure on Switzerland to end economic cooperation and neutrality with Nazi Germany.[56] Court-martial proceedings took place in England. The U.S. paid SFR 62,176,433.06 for reparations.[citation needed]

Switzerland’s attitude towards refugees was complicated and controversial; over the course of the war, it admitted as many as 300,000 refugees[54] while refusing tens of thousands more,[57] including Jews persecuted by the Nazis.[58]

After the war, the Swiss government exported credits through the charitable fund known as the Schweizerspende and donated to the Marshall Plan to help Europe’s recovery, efforts that ultimately benefited the Swiss economy.[59]

During the Cold War, Swiss authorities considered the construction of a Swiss nuclear bomb.[60] Leading nuclear physicists at the Federal Institute of Technology Zürich such as Paul Scherrer made this a realistic possibility.[61] In 1988, the Paul Scherrer Institute was founded in his name to explore the therapeutic uses of neutron scattering technologies.[62] Financial problems with the defence budget and ethical considerations prevented the substantial funds from being allocated, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was seen as a valid alternative. Plans for building nuclear weapons were dropped by 1988.[63] Switzerland joined the Council of Europe in 1963.[52]

In 2003, by granting the Swiss People’s Party a second seat in the governing cabinet, the Parliament altered the coalition that had dominated Swiss politics since 1959.

Switzerland was the last Western republic (the Principality of Liechtenstein followed in 1984) to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level, it was achieved in 1971[51][64] and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde, along with Glarus) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance. The first woman on the seven-member Federal Council executive was Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984 to 1989,[51] and the first female president was Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.[65]

In 1979 areas from the canton of Bern attained independence from the Bernese, forming the new canton of Jura. On 18 April 1999, the Swiss population and the cantons voted in favour of a completely revised federal constitution.[51]

In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA but not the European Economic Area (EEA). An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but did not advance since rejecting the EEA in December 1992[51] when Switzerland conducted a referendum on the EEA. Several referendums on the EU issue ensued; due to opposition from the citizens, the membership application was withdrawn. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually changing to conform with that of the EU, and the government signed bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been surrounded by the EU since Austria’s entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty, a result that EU commentators regarded as a sign of support.[52] In September 2020, a referendum calling for a vote to end the pact that allowed a free movement of people from the European Union was introduced by the Swiss People’s Party (SPP).[66] However, voters rejected the attempt to retake control of immigration, defeating the motion by a roughly 63%–37% margin.[67]

On 9 February 2014, 50.3% of Swiss voters approved a ballot initiative launched by the Swiss People’s Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration. This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approval) and suburban groups (51.2% approval), and isolated towns (51.3% approval) as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) rejected it.[68] In December 2016, a political compromise with the EU was attained that eliminated quotas on EU citizens, but still allowed favourable treatment of Swiss-based job applicants.[69] On 27 September 2020, 62% of Swiss voters rejected the anti-free movement referendum by SVP.[70]

Geography

Physical map of Switzerland (in German)

Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses diverse landscapes and climates across its 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi).[71]

Switzerland lies between latitudes 45° and 48° N, and longitudes 5° and 11° E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau, and the Jura mountains on the west. The Alps are a mountain range running across the central and south of the country, constituting about 60% of the country’s area. The majority of the population live on the Swiss Plateau. The Swiss Alps host many glaciers, covering 1,063 square kilometres (410 sq mi). From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rhône, which flow in the four cardinal directions, spreading across Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of fresh water in Central and Western Europe, among which are Lake Geneva (Lac Léman in French), Lake Constance (Bodensee in German) and Lake Maggiore. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes and contains 6% of Europe’s freshwater stock. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory. Lake Geneva is the largest lake and is shared with France. The Rhône is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva. Lake Constance is the second largest and, like Lake Geneva, an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border with Austria and Germany. While the Rhône flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the French Camargue region and the Rhine flows into the North Sea at Rotterdam, about 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) apart, both springs are only about 22 kilometres (14 miles) apart in the Swiss Alps.[71][72]

Forty-eight mountains are 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) or higher in height.[71] At 4,634 m (15,203 ft), Monte Rosa is the highest, although the Matterhorn (4,478 m or 14,692 ft) is the best known. Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais, on the border with Italy. The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the Jungfrau (4,158 m or 13,642 ft) Eiger and Mönch peaks, and its many picturesque valleys. In the southeast the long Engadin Valley, encompassing St. Moritz, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m or 13,284 ft).[71]

The Swiss Plateau has greater open and hilly landscapes, partly forested, partly open pastures, usually with grazing herds or vegetable and fruit fields, but it is still hilly. Large lakes and the biggest Swiss cities are found there.[71]

Switzerland contains two small enclaves: Büsingen belongs to Germany, while Campione d’Italia belongs to Italy.[73] Switzerland has no exclaves.

Climate

The Swiss climate is generally temperate, but can vary greatly across localities,[74] from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the near-Mediterranean climate at Switzerland’s southern tip. Some valley areas in the southern part of Switzerland offer cold-hardy palm trees. Summers tend to be warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall, ideal for pastures/grazing. The less humid winters in the mountains may see weeks-long intervals of stable conditions. At the same time, the lower lands tend to suffer from inversion during such periods, hiding the sun.[citation needed]

A weather phenomenon known as the föhn (with an identical effect to the chinook wind) can occur any time and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind, bringing low relative humidity air to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the south-facing slopes. This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind. Valleys running south to north trigger the best effect. The driest conditions persist in all inner alpine valleys that receive less rain because arriving clouds lose a lot of their moisture content while crossing the mountains before reaching these areas. Large alpine areas such as Graubünden remain drier than pre-alpine areas, and as in the main valley of the Valais, wine grapes are grown there.[75]

The wettest conditions persist in the high Alps and in the Ticino canton, which has much sun yet heavy bursts of rain from time to time.[75] Precipitation tends to be spread moderately throughout the year, with a peak in summer. Autumn is the driest season, winter receives less precipitation than summer, yet the weather patterns in Switzerland are not in a stable climate system. They can vary from year to year with no strict and predictable periods.[citation needed]

Environment

Switzerland contains two terrestrial ecoregions: Western European broadleaf forests and Alps conifer and mixed forests.[76]

Switzerland’s many small valleys separated by high mountains often host unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves offer a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change.[74][77] According to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its level of greenhouse gas emissions.[78] In 2020 it was ranked third out of 180 countries.[79] The country pledged to cut GHG emissions by 50% by 2030 compared to the level of 1990 and plans to reach zero emissions by 2050.[80]

However, access to biocapacity in Switzerland is far lower than the world average. In 2016, Switzerland had 1.0 hectares[81] of biocapacity per person within its territory, 40 percent less than world average of 1.6. In contrast, in 2016, Swiss consumption required 4.6 hectares of biocapacity – their ecological footprint, 4.6 times as much as Swiss territory can support. The remainder comes from other countries and the shared resources (such as the atmosphere impacted by greenhouse gas emissions).[81] Switzerland had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.53/10, ranking it 150th globally out of 172 countries.[82]

Urbanisation

Urbanisation in the Rhone Valley (outskirts of Sion)

Between two-thirds and three-quarters of the population live in urban areas.[83][84] Switzerland went from a largely rural country to an urban one from 1930 to 2000. After 1935 urban development claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the prior 2,000 years. Urban sprawl affects the plateau, the Jura and the Alpine foothills,[85] raising concerns about land use.[86] During the 21st century, population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.[84]

Switzerland has a dense network of complementary large, medium and small towns.[84] The plateau is densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape shows uninterrupted signs of human presence.[87] The weight of the largest metropolitan areas – Zürich, Geneva–Lausanne, Basel and Bern – tend to increase.[84][clarification needed] The importance of these urban areas is greater than their population suggests.[84] These urban centers are recognised for their high quality of life.[88]

The average population density in 2019 was 215.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (557/sq mi).[89]: 79  In the largest canton by area, Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 28.0 inhabitants per square kilometre (73/sq mi).[89]: 30  In the canton of Zürich, with its large urban capital, the density is 926.8 per square kilometre (2,400/sq mi).[89]: 76 

Government and politics

The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of Switzerland’s federal state.[90] A new Swiss Constitution was adopted in 1999 that did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. Three main bodies govern on the federal level:[91] the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial).

Parliament

The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, reflecting each canton’s population. Members serve part-time for 4 years (a Milizsystem or citizen legislature).[92] When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly. Through referendums, citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and, through initiatives, introduce amendments to the federal constitution, thus making Switzerland a direct democracy.[90]

Federal Council

The Federal Council directs the federal government, the federal administration, and serves as a collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year term by the Federal Assembly, which also oversees the council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and executes representative functions. The president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers and remains the head of a department within the administration.[90]

The government has been a coalition of the four major political parties since 1959, each party having a number of seats that roughly reflects its share of the electorate and representation in the federal parliament. The classic distribution of 2 CVP/PDC, 2 SPS/PSS, 2 FDP/PRD and 1 SVP/UDC as it stood from 1959 to 2003 was known as the «magic formula». Following the 2015 Federal Council elections, the seven seats in the Federal Council were distributed as follows:

  • 1 seat for the Christian Democratic People’s Party (CVP/PDC),
  • 2 seats for the Free Democratic Party (FDP/PRD),
  • 2 seats for the Social Democratic Party (SPS/PSS),
  • 2 seats for the Swiss People’s Party (SVP/UDC).

Supreme Court

The function of the Federal Supreme Court is to hear appeals against rulings of cantonal or federal courts. The judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for six-year terms.[93]

Direct democracy

Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system.[94] Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the municipality, canton and federal levels. The 1848 and 1999 Swiss Constitutions define a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it includes institutions of a representative democracy). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as popular rights (German: Volksrechte, French: droits populaires, Italian: diritti popolari),[95] include the right to submit a federal initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.[90][96]

By calling a federal referendum, a group of citizens may challenge a law passed by parliament by gathering 50,000 signatures against the law within 100 days. If so, a national vote is scheduled where voters decide by a simple majority whether to accept or reject the law. Any eight cantons can also call a constitutional referendum on federal law.[90]

Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[k] The Federal Council and the Federal Assembly can supplement the proposed amendment with a counterproposal. Then, voters must indicate a preference on the ballot if both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in parliament, must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the popular cantonal votes.[l][94]

Cantons

The Swiss Confederation consists of 26 cantons:[90]

Swiss cantons

Canton ID Capital Canton ID Capital
Wappen Aargau matt.svg Aargau 19 Aarau Wappen Nidwalden matt.svg *Nidwalden 7 Stans
Wappen Appenzell Ausserrhoden matt.svg *Appenzell Ausserrhoden 15 Herisau Wappen Obwalden matt.svg *Obwalden 6 Sarnen
Wappen Appenzell Innerrhoden matt.svg *Appenzell Innerrhoden 16 Appenzell Wappen Schaffhausen matt.svg Schaffhausen 14 Schaffhausen
Coat of arms of Kanton Basel-Landschaft.svg *Basel-Landschaft 13 Liestal Wappen Schwyz matt.svg Schwyz 5 Schwyz
Wappen Basel-Stadt matt.svg *Basel-Stadt 12 Basel Wappen Solothurn matt.svg Solothurn 11 Solothurn
Wappen Bern matt.svg Bern 2 Bern Coat of arms of canton of St. Gallen.svg St. Gallen 17 St. Gallen
Wappen Freiburg matt.svg Fribourg 10 Fribourg Wappen Thurgau matt.svg Thurgau 20 Frauenfeld
Wappen Genf matt.svg Geneva 25 Geneva Wappen Tessin matt.svg Ticino 21 Bellinzona
Wappen Glarus matt.svg Glarus 8 Glarus Wappen Uri matt.svg Uri 4 Altdorf
Wappen Graubünden.svg Grisons 18 Chur Wappen Wallis matt.svg Valais 23 Sion
Wappen Jura matt.svg Jura 26 Delémont Wappen Waadt matt.svg Vaud 22 Lausanne
Wappen Luzern matt.svg Lucerne 3 Lucerne Wappen Zug matt.svg Zug 9 Zug
Wappen Neuenburg matt.svg Neuchâtel 24 Neuchâtel Wappen Zürich matt.svg Zürich 1 Zürich

*These cantons are known as half-cantons.

The cantons are federated states. They have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status, except that 6 (referred to often as the half-cantons) are represented by one councillor instead of two in the Council of States and have only half a cantonal vote with respect to the required cantonal majority in referendums on constitutional amendments. Each canton has its own constitution and its own parliament, government, police and courts.[97] However, considerable differences define the individual cantons, particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 16,003 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,487,969 (Zürich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Grisons).

Municipalities

As of 2018 the cantons comprised 2,222 municipalities.

Federal City

Until 1848, the loosely coupled Confederation did not have a central political organisation. Issues thought to affect the whole Confederation were the subject of periodic meetings in various locations.[98]

In 1848, the federal constitution provided that details concerning federal institutions, such as their locations, should be addressed by the Federal Assembly (BV 1848 Art. 108). Thus on 28 November 1848, the Federal Assembly voted in the majority to locate the seat of government in Bern and, as a prototypical federal compromise, to assign other federal institutions, such as the Federal Polytechnical School (1854, the later ETH) to Zürich, and other institutions to Lucerne, such as the later SUVA (1912) and the Federal Insurance Court (1917).[2] Other federal institutions were subsequently attributed to Lausanne (Federal Supreme Court in 1872, and EPFL in 1969), Bellinzona (Federal Criminal Court, 2004), and St. Gallen (Federal Administrative Court and Federal Patent Court, 2012).

The 1999 Constitution does not mention a Federal City and the Federal Council has yet to address the matter.[99] Thus as of 2022, no city in Switzerland has the official status either of capital or of Federal City. Nevertheless, Bern is commonly referred to as «Federal City» (German: Bundesstadt, French: ville fédérale, Italian: città federale).

Foreign relations and international institutions

Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.[100][101] Swiss neutrality has been questioned at times.[102][103][104][105] In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations.[100] It was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states.[100] Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s.[100] However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.[106]

The colour-reversed Swiss flag became the symbol of the Red Cross Movement,[64] founded in 1863 by Henry Dunant.[107]

Many international institutions have headquarters in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to join the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York. Switzerland was a founding member and hosted the League of Nations.[citation needed]

Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, including the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization.[100] The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues. The headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) moved to Basel in 1930.[citation needed]

Many sports federations and organisations are located in the country, including the International Handball Federation in Basel, the International Basketball Federation in Geneva, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) in Nyon, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and the International Ice Hockey Federation both in Zürich, the International Cycling Union in Aigle, and the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne.[108]

Switzerland is scheduled to become a member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2023–2024 period.[109]

Switzerland and the European Union

Although not a member, Switzerland maintains relationships with the EU and European countries through bilateral agreements. The Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU, in an effort to compete internationally. EU membership faces considerable negative popular sentiment. It is opposed by the conservative SVP party, the largest party in the National Council, and not advocated by several other political parties. The membership application was formally withdrawn in 2016. The western French-speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU, but do not form a significant share of the population.[110][111]

An Integration Office operates under the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Economic Affairs. Seven bilateral agreements liberalised trade ties, taking effect in 2001. This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons. A second series of agreements covering nine areas was signed in 2004, including the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention.[112]

In 2006, a referendum approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in Southern and Central European countries in support of positive ties to the EU as a whole. A further referendum will be needed to approve 300 million francs to support Romania and Bulgaria and their recent admission.

The Swiss have faced EU and international pressure to reduce banking secrecy and raise tax rates to parity with the EU. Preparatory discussions involve four areas: the electricity market, participation in project Galileo, cooperating with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and certificates of origin for food products.[113]

Switzerland is a member of the Schengen passport-free zone. Land border checkpoints apply on to goods movements, but not people.[114]

Military

The Swiss Armed Forces, including the Land Forces and the Air Force, are composed mostly of conscripts, male citizens aged from 20 to 34 (in exceptional cases up to 50) years. Being a landlocked country, Switzerland has no navy; however, on lakes bordering neighbouring countries, armed boats patrol. Swiss citizens are prohibited from serving in foreign armies, except for the Swiss Guards of the Vatican, or if they are dual citizens of a foreign country and reside there.[citation needed]

The Swiss militia system stipulates that soldiers keep their army-issued equipment, including personal weapons, at home. Some organisations and political parties find this practice controversial.[115] Women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18.[116] About two-thirds of young Swiss are found suitable for service; for the others, various forms of alternative service are available.[117] Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for 18 to 21 weeks. The reform «Army XXI» was adopted by popular vote in 2003, replacing «Army 95», reducing the rolls from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training, and 80,000 are non-training reserves.[118]

The newest reform of the military, WEA/DEVA/USEs, started in 2019 and was expected to reduce the number of army personnel to 100,000 by the end of 2022.[119][clarification needed]

Overall, three general mobilisations have been declared to ensure the integrity and neutrality of Switzerland. The first one was held in response to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71. The second was in response to the First World War outbreak in August 1914. The third mobilisation took place in September 1939 in response to the German attack on Poland.[citation needed]

Because of its neutrality policy, the Swiss army does not take part in armed conflicts in other countries, but joins some peacekeeping missions. Since 2000 the armed force department has maintained the Onyx intelligence gathering system to monitor satellite communications.[120]

Gun politics in Switzerland are unique in Europe in that 2–3.5 million guns are in the hands of civilians, giving the nation an estimate of 28–41 guns per 100 people.[121] It is worth noting that as per the Small Arms Survey, only 324,484 guns are owned by the military.[122] Only 143,372 are in the hands of soldiers.[123] However, ammunition is no longer issued.[124][125]

Economy and labour law

A proportional representation of Switzerland exports, 2019

The city of Basel (Roche Tower) is the capital of the country’s pharmaceutical industry, which accounts for around 38% of Swiss exports worldwide.[126]

The Greater Zürich area, home to 1.5 million inhabitants and 150,000 companies, is one of the most important economic centres in the world.[127]

Origin of the capital at the 30 biggest Swiss corporations, 2018:[128][m]

  Switzerland (39%)

  North America (33%)

  Europe (24%)

  Rest of the world (4%)

Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy. It is the world’s wealthiest country per capita in multiple rankings. The country ranks as one of the least corrupt countries in the world,[129][130][131] while its banking sector is rated as «one of the most corrupt in the world».[132] It has the world’s twentieth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-eighth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the seventeenth largest exporter. Zürich and Geneva are regarded as global cities, ranked as Alpha and Beta respectively. Basel is the capital of Switzerland’s pharmaceutical industry, hosting Novartis, Roche, and many other players. It is one of the world’s most important centres for the life sciences industry.[133]

Switzerland had the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing significant public services.[134] On a per capita basis, nominal GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan,[135] while adjusted for purchasing power, Switzerland ranked 11th in 2017,[136] fifth in 2018[137] and ninth in 2020.[138]

The 2016 World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report ranked Switzerland’s economy as the world’s most competitive;[139] as of 2019, it ranks fifth globally.[140] The European Union labeled it Europe’s most innovative country and the most innovative country in the Global Innovation Index in 2022, as it had done in 2021, 2020 and 2019.[141][142][143][144] It ranked 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. Switzerland’s slow growth in the 1990s and the early 2000s increased support for economic reforms and harmonisation with the European Union.[145][146] In 2020, IMD placed Switzerland first in attracting skilled workers.[147]

For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (per capita GDP).[148] Switzerland has one of the world’s largest account balances as a percentage of GDP.[149] In 2018, the canton of Basel-City had the highest GDP per capita, ahead of Zug and Geneva.[150] According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.[151]

Switzerland is home to several large multinational corporations. The largest by revenue are Glencore, Gunvor, Nestlé, Mediterranean Shipping Company, Novartis, Hoffmann-La Roche, ABB, Mercuria Energy Group and Adecco.[152] Also, notable are UBS AG, Zurich Financial Services, Richemont, Credit Suisse, Barry Callebaut, Swiss Re, Rolex, Tetra Pak, The Swatch Group and Swiss International Air Lines.

Switzerland’s most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufactured products include specialty chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%).[151] The service sector – especially banking and insurance, commodities trading, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Switzerland. Exported services amount to a third of exports.[151]

Agricultural protectionism—a rare exception to Switzerland’s free trade policies—contributes to high food prices. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD.[145] Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal, and Switzerland has free trade agreements with many countries. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).

Taxation and government spending

Switzerland is a tax haven.[153] The private sector economy dominates. It features low tax rates; tax revenue to GDP ratio is one of the smallest of developed countries. The Swiss Federal budget reached 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010, 11.35% of GDP; however, canton and municipality budgets are not counted as part of the federal budget. Total government spending is closer to 33.8% of GDP. The main sources of income for the federal government are the value-added tax (33% of tax revenue) and the direct federal tax (29%). The main areas of expenditure are in social welfare and finance/taxes. The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7% of GDP in 1960 to 9.7% in 1990 and 10.7% in 2010. While the social welfare and finance sectors and tax grew from 35% in 1990 to 48.2% in 2010, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in agriculture and national defence; from 26.5% to 12.4% (estimation for the year 2015).[154][155]

Labour force

Slightly more than 5 million people work in Switzerland;[156] about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004.[157] Switzerland has a more flexible labor market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is consistently low. The unemployment rate increased from 1.7% in June 2000 to 4.4% in December 2009.[158] It then decreased to 3.2% in 2014 and held steady for several years,[159] before further dropping to 2.5% in 2018 and 2.3% in 2019.[160] Population growth (from net immigration) reached 0.52% of population in 2004, increased in the following years before falling to 0.54% again in 2017.[151][161] The foreign citizen population was 28.9% in 2015, about the same as in Australia.[162]

In 2016, the median monthly gross income in Switzerland was 6,502 francs per month (equivalent to US$6,597 per month).[163] After rent, taxes and pension contributions, plus spending on goods and services, the average household has about 15% of its gross income left for savings. Though 61% of the population made less than the mean income, income inequality is relatively low with a Gini coefficient of 29.7, placing Switzerland among the top 20 countries. In 2015, the richest 1% owned 35% of the wealth.[164] Wealth inequality increased through 2019.[165]

About 8.2% of the population live below the national poverty line, defined in Switzerland as earning less than CHF3,990 per month for a household of two adults and two children, and a further 15% are at risk of poverty. Single-parent families, those with no post-compulsory education and those out of work are among the most likely to live below the poverty line. Although work is considered a way out of poverty, some 4.3% are considered working poor. One in ten jobs in Switzerland is considered low-paid; roughly 12% of Swiss workers hold such jobs, many of them women and foreigners.[163]

Switzerland is considered as the «land of Cooperatives» with the ten largest cooperative companies accounting for more than 11% of GDP in 2018.[166]

Education and science

Education in Switzerland is diverse, because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the operation for the school system to the cantons.[167] Public and private schools are available, including many private international schools.

Primary education

The minimum age for primary school is about six years, but most cantons provide a free «children’s school» starting at age four or five.[167] Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was one of the other Swiss languages, although, in 2000, English was elevated in a few cantons.[167] At the end of primary school or at the beginning of secondary school, pupils are assigned according to their capacities into one of several sections (often three). The fastest learners are taught advanced classes to prepare for further studies and the matura,[167] while other students receive an education adapted to their needs.

Tertiary education

Switzerland hosts 12 universities, ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer non-technical subjects. It ranked 87th on the 2019 Academic Ranking of World Universities.[168] The largest is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students.[citation needed] The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) and the University of Zurich are listed 20th and 54th respectively, on the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities.[169][170][171]

The federal government sponsors two institutes: the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) in Zürich, founded in 1855 and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Lausanne, founded in 1969, formerly associated with the University of Lausanne.[n][172][173]

Eight of the world’s ten best hotel schools are located in Switzerland.[174] In addition, various Universities of Applied Sciences are available. In business and management studies, the University of St. Gallen, (HSG) is ranked 329th in the world according to QS World University Rankings[175] and the International Institute for Management Development (IMD), was ranked first in open programmes worldwide.[176] Switzerland has the second highest rate (almost 18% in 2003) of foreign students in tertiary education, after Australia (slightly over 18%).[177][178]

The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, located in Geneva, is continental Europe’s oldest graduate school of international and development studies. It is widely held to be one of its most prestigious.[179][180]

Science

Switzerland has birthed many Nobel Prize laureates. They include Albert Einstein,[181] who developed his special relativity in Bern. Later, Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel, Kurt Wüthrich and Jacques Dubochet received Nobel science prizes. In total, 114 laureates across all fields have a relationship to Switzerland.[182][o] The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations headquartered in Switzerland.[183]

The LHC tunnel. CERN is the world’s largest laboratory and also the birthplace of the World Wide Web.[184]

Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world’s largest laboratory, CERN,[185] dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research centre is the Paul Scherrer Institute.

Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), diazepam (Valium), the scanning tunnelling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurised balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world’s oceans.

The Swiss Space Office has been involved in various space technologies and programmes. It was one of the 10 founders of the European Space Agency in 1975 and is the seventh largest contributor to the ESA budget. In the private sector, several companies participate in the space industry, such as Oerlikon Space[186] or Maxon Motors.[187]

Energy

Switzerland has the tallest dams in Europe, among which the Mauvoisin Dam, in the Alps. Hydroelectric power is the most important domestic source of energy in the country.

Electricity generated in Switzerland is 56% from hydroelectricity and 39% from nuclear power, producing negible CO2. On 18 May 2003, two anti-nuclear referendums were defeated: Moratorium Plus, aimed at forbidding the building of new nuclear power plants (41.6% supported),[188] and Electricity Without Nuclear (33.7% supported) after a moratorium expired in 2000.[189] After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, in 2011 the government announced plans to end the use of nuclear energy in the following 2 or 3 decades.[190] In November 2016, Swiss voters rejected a Green Party referendum to accelerate the phaseout of nuclear power (45.8% supported).[191] The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is responsible for energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency supports the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation’s energy use by more than half by 2050.[192]

Transport

The densest rail network in Europe[64] spans 5,250 kilometres (3,260 mi) and carries over 596 million passengers annually as of 2015.[193] In 2015, each Swiss resident travelled on average 2,550 kilometres (1,580 mi) by rail, more than any other European country.[193] Virtually 100% of the network is electrified. 60% of the network is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS). Besides the second largest standard gauge railway company, BLS AG, two railways companies operate on narrow gauge networks: the Rhaetian Railway (RhB) in Graubünden, which includes some World Heritage lines,[194] and the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB), which co-operates with RhB the Glacier Express between Zermatt and St. Moritz/Davos. Switzerland operates the world’s longest and deepest railway tunnel and the first flat, low-level route through the Alps, the 57.1-kilometre long (35.5 mi) Gotthard Base Tunnel, the largest part of the New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA) project.

Switzerland has a publicly managed, toll-free road network financed by highway permits as well as vehicle and gasoline taxes. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the annual purchase of a vignette (toll sticker)—for 40 Swiss francs—to use its roadways, including passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute network stretches for 1,638 km (1,018 mi) and has one of the highest motorway densities in the world.[195]

Zurich Airport is Switzerland’s largest international flight gateway; it handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012.[196] The other international airports are Geneva Airport (13.9 million passengers in 2012),[197] EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg (located in France), Bern Airport, Lugano Airport, St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport and Sion Airport. Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier. Its main hub is Zürich, but it is legally domiciled in Basel.

Environment

Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among developed nations.[198] It is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol. With Mexico and South Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG).[199]

The country is active in recycling and anti-littering programs and is one of the world’s top recyclers, recovering 66% to 96% of recyclable materials, varying across the country.[200] The 2014 Global Green Economy Index placed Switzerland among the top 10 green economies.[201]

Switzerland has an economic system for garbage disposal, which is based mostly on recycling and energy-producing incinerators.[202] As in other European countries, the illegal disposal of garbage is heavily fined. In almost all Swiss municipalities, mandatory stickers or dedicated garbage bags allow the identification of disposable garbage.[203]

Demographics

Population density in Switzerland (2019)

Percentage of foreigners in Switzerland (2019)

Resident population (age 15+) by migration status (2012/2021)[204]
Migration status Year pct. Change
Without migration background 2021 59% -6%
2012 65%
Immigrants: First Generation 2021 31% +3%
2012 28%
Immigrants: Second Generation 2021 8% +1%
2012 7%
Migration status unknown 2021 1% +1%
2012 0%

In common with other developed countries, the Swiss population increased rapidly during the industrial era, quadrupling between 1800 and 1990 and has continued to grow.

The population is about 8.7 million (2020 est.).[205] Population growth was projected into 2035, due mostly to immigration. Like most of Europe, Switzerland faces an ageing population, with a fertility rate close to replacement level.[206] Switzerland has one of the world’s oldest populations, with an average age of 42.5 years.[207]

Fourteen percent of men and 6.5% of women between 20 and 24 reported consuming cannabis in the past 30 days,[208] and 5 Swiss cities were listed among the top 10 European cities for cocaine use as measured in wastewater.[209][210]

Immigration

As of 2020, resident foreigners made up 25.7%.[211] Most of these (83%) were from European countries. Italy provided the largest single group of foreigners, providing 14.7% of total foreign population, followed closely by Germany (14.0%), Portugal (11.7%), France (6.6%), Kosovo (5.1%), Spain (3.9%), Turkey (3.1%), North Macedonia (3.1%), Serbia (2.8%), Austria (2.0%), United Kingdom (1.9%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.3%) and Croatia (1.3%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka (1.3%), most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group of Asian origin (7.9%).[212]

2021 figures show that 39.5% (compared to 34.7% in 2012) of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over (around 2.89 million), had an immigrant background. 38% of the population with an immigrant background (1.1 million) held Swiss citizenship.[213][214]

In the 2000s, domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what was perceived as an increase in xenophobia. In reply to one critical report, the Federal Council noted that «racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland», but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country, as well as the generally successful integration of foreigners, underlined Switzerland’s openness.[215] A follow-up study conducted in 2018 reported that 59% considered racism a serious problem in Switzerland.[216] The proportion of the population that claimed to have been targeted by racial discrimination increased from 10% in 2014 to almost 17% in 2018, according to the Federal Statistical Office.[217]

Largest cities

  • v
  • t
  • e

Largest towns in Switzerland

Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO), Neuchâtel, 2020[218]

Rank Name Canton Pop. Rank Name Canton Pop.
Zürich
Zürich
Geneva
Geneva
1 Zürich Zürich 421,878 11 Thun Bern 43,476 Basel
Basel
Lausanne
Lausanne
2 Geneva Geneva 203,856 12 Bellinzona Ticino 43,360
3 Basel Basel-Stadt 178,120 13 Köniz Bern 42,388
4 Lausanne Vaud 140,202 14 La Chaux-de-Fonds Neuchâtel 36,915
5 Bern Bern 134,794 15 Fribourg Fribourg 38,039
6 Winterthur Zürich 114,220 16 Schaffhausen Schaffhausen 36,952
7 Lucerne Luzern 82,620 17 Vernier Geneva 34,898
8 St. Gallen St. Gallen 76,213 18 Chur Graubünden 36,336
9 Lugano Ticino 62,315 19 Sion Valais 34,978
10 Biel/Bienne Bern 55,206 20 Uster Zürich 35,337

Languages

National languages in Switzerland (2016):[219]

Switzerland has four national languages: mainly German (spoken natively by 62.8% of the population in 2016); French (22.9%) in the west; and Italian (8.2%) in the south.[220][219] The fourth national language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Grisons, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian. In Article 70 it is mentioned as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh.

In 2016, the languages most spoken at home among permanent residents aged 15 and older were Swiss German (59.4%), French (23.5%), Standard German (10.6%), and Italian (8.5%). Other languages spoken at home included English (5.0%), Portuguese (3.8%), Albanian (3.0%), Spanish (2.6%) and Serbian and Croatian (2.5%). 6.9% reported speaking another language at home.[221] In 2014 almost two-thirds (64.4%) of the permanent resident population indicated speaking more than one language regularly.[222]

The federal government is obliged to communicate in the official languages, and in the federal parliament simultaneous translation is provided from and into German, French and Italian.[223]

Aside from the official forms of their respective languages, the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have local dialectal forms. The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically: in German-speaking regions, Swiss German dialects have become more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century, especially in the media, and are used as an everyday language for many, while the Swiss variety of Standard German is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication (c.f. diglossic usage of a language).[224] Conversely, in the French-speaking regions, local Franco-Provençal dialects have almost disappeared (only 6.3% of the population of Valais, 3.9% of Fribourg, and 3.1% of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century), while in the Italian-speaking regions, the use of Lombard dialects is mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation.[224]

The principal official languages have terms not used outside of Switzerland, known as Helvetisms. German Helvetisms are, roughly speaking, a large group of words typical of Swiss Standard German that do not appear in Standard German, nor in other German dialects. These include terms from Switzerland’s surrounding language cultures (German Billett[225] from French), from similar terms in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion).[226] Swiss French, while generally close to the French of France, also contains some Helvetisms. The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation, although certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography. Duden, the comprehensive German dictionary, contains about 3000 Helvetisms.[226] Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred Helvetisms; notably, Swiss French uses different terms than that of France for the numbers 70 (septante) and 90 (nonante) and often 80 (huitante) as well.[227]

Learning one of the other national languages is compulsory for all Swiss pupils, so many Swiss are supposed to be at least bilingual, especially those belonging to linguistic minority groups.[228] Because the largest part of Switzerland is German-speaking, many French, Italian, and Romansh speakers migrating to the rest of Switzerland and the children of those non-German-speaking Swiss born within the rest of Switzerland speak German. While learning one of the other national languages at school is important, most Swiss learn English to communicate to Swiss speakers other languages, as it is perceived as a neutral means of communication. English often functions as a lingua franca.[229]

Health

Swiss residents are required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies, which in turn are required to accept every applicant. While the cost of the system is among the highest, its health outcomes compare well with other European countries; patients have been reported as in general, highly satisfied with it.[230][231][232] In 2012, life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women[233] – the world’s highest.[234][235] However, spending on health at 11.4% of GDP (2010) is on par with Germany and France (11.6%) and other European countries, but notably less than the US (17.6%).[236] From 1990, costs steadily increased.[237]

It is estimated that one out of six Swiss persons suffers from mental illness.[238]

Culture

Swiss culture is characterised by diversity, which is reflected in diverse traditional customs.[239] A region may be in some ways culturally connected to the neighbouring country that shares its language, all rooted in western European culture.[240] The linguistically isolated Romansh culture in Graubünden in eastern Switzerland constitutes an exception. It survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn and strives to maintain its rare linguistic tradition.

Switzerland is home to notable contributors to literature, art, architecture, music and sciences. In addition, the country attracted creatives during times of unrest or war.[241] Some 1000 museums are found in the country; more than tripling since 1950.[242]

Among the most important cultural performances held annually are the Paléo Festival, Lucerne Festival,[243] the Montreux Jazz Festival,[244] the Locarno International Film Festival and Art Basel.[245]

Alpine symbolism played an essential role in shaping Swiss history and the Swiss national identity.[19][246] Many alpine areas and ski resorts attract visitors for winter sports as well as hiking and mountain biking in summer. The quieter seasons are spring and autumn. A traditional pastoral culture predominate in many areas, and small farms are omnipresent in rural areas. Folk art is nurtured in organisations across the country. Switzerland most directly in appears in music, dance, poetry, wood carving, and embroidery. The alphorn, a trumpet-like musical instrument made of wood has joined yodeling and the accordion as epitomes of traditional Swiss music.[247][248]

Religion

Religion in Switzerland (age 15+, 2018–2020):[6][c]

  Other Christians (0.3%)

  Other religions (0.3%)

  Undetermined (1.1%)

Christianity is the predominant religion according to national surveys of Swiss Federal Statistical Office[c] (about 67% of resident population in 2016–2018[250] and 75% of Swiss citizens[251]), divided between the Catholic Church (35.8% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (23.8%), further Protestant churches (2.2%), Eastern Orthodoxy (2.5%), and other Christian denominations (2.2%).[250]

Switzerland has no official state religion, though most of the cantons (except Geneva and Neuchâtel) recognise official churches, either the Catholic Church or the Swiss Reformed Church. These churches, and in some cantons the Old Catholic Church and Jewish congregations, are financed by official taxation of members.[252] In 2020, the Roman Catholic Church had 3,048,475 registered and church tax paying members (corresponding to 35.2% of the total population), while the Swiss Reformed Church had 2,015,816 members (23.3% of the total population).[253][p]

26.3% of Swiss permanent residents are not affiliated with a religious community.[250]

As of 2020, according to a national survey conducted by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office,[c] Christian minority communities included Neo-Pietism (0.5%), Pentecostalism (0.4%, mostly incorporated in the Schweizer Pfingstmission), Apostolic communities (0.3%), other Protestant denominations (1.1%, including Methodism), the Old Catholic Church (0.1%), other Christian denominations (0.3%). Non-Christian religions are Islam (5.3%),[250] Hinduism (0.6%), Buddhism (0.5%), Judaism (0.25%) and others (0.4%).[6]

Historically, the country was about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, in a complex patchwork. During the Reformation Switzerland became home to many reformers. Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived. In 1541, he founded the Republic of Geneva on his own ideals. It became known internationally as the Protestant Rome and housed such reformers as Theodore Beza, William Farel or Pierre Viret. Zürich became another reform stronghold around the same time, with Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger taking the lead. Anabaptists Felix Manz and Conrad Grebel also operated there. They were later joined by the fleeing Peter Martyr Vermigli and Hans Denck. Other centres included Basel (Andreas Karlstadt and Johannes Oecolampadius), Berne (Berchtold Haller and Niklaus Manuel), and St. Gallen (Joachim Vadian). One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Zürich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. Central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic.

The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants.[citation needed] A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9% of the voters.[254] Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority were not affiliated with any religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuchâtel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Zürich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%).[255]

Literature

The earliest forms of literature were in German, reflecting the language’s early predominance. In the 18th century, French became fashionable in Bern and elsewhere, while the influence of the French-speaking allies and subject lands increased.[257]

Among the classic authors of Swiss literature are Jeremias Gotthelf (1797–1854) and Gottfried Keller (1819–1890). The undisputed giants of 20th-century Swiss literature are Max Frisch (1911–91) and Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–90), whose repertoire includes Die Physiker (The Physicists) and Das Versprechen (The Pledge), released in 2001 as a Hollywood film.[258]

Famous French-speaking writers were Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and Germaine de Staël (1766–1817). More recent authors include Charles Ferdinand Ramuz (1878–1947), whose novels describe the lives of peasants and mountain dwellers, set in a harsh environment, and Blaise Cendrars (born Frédéric Sauser, 1887–1961).[258] Italian and Romansh-speaking authors also contributed to the Swiss literary landscape, generally in proportion to their number.

Probably the most famous Swiss literary creation, Heidi, the story of an orphan girl who lives with her grandfather in the Alps, is one of the most popular children’s books and has come to be a symbol of Switzerland. Her creator, Johanna Spyri (1827–1901), wrote a number of books on similar themes.[258]

Media

Freedom of the press and the right to free expression is guaranteed in the constitution.[259] The Swiss News Agency (SNA) broadcasts information in three of the four national languages—on politics, economics, society and culture. The SNA supplies almost all Swiss media and foreign media with its reporting.[259]

Switzerland has historically boasted the world’s greatest number of newspaper titles relative to its population and size.[260] The most influential newspapers are the German-language Tages-Anzeiger and Neue Zürcher Zeitung NZZ, and the French-language Le Temps, but almost every city has at least one local newspaper, in the most common local language.[260]

The government exerts greater control over broadcast media than print media, especially due to financing and licensing.[260] The Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, whose name was recently changed to SRG SSR, is charged with the production and distribution of radio and television content. SRG SSR studios are distributed across the various language regions. Radio content is produced in six central and four regional studios while video media are produced in Geneva, Zürich, Basel, and Lugano. An extensive cable network allows most Swiss to access content from neighbouring countries.[260]

Sports

Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports, reflecting the nature of the country[261] Winter sports are practised by natives and visitors. The bobsleigh was invented in St. Moritz.[262] The first world ski championships were held in Mürren (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948. Among its most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche.

The most prominently watched sports in Switzerland are football, ice hockey, Alpine skiing, «Schwingen», and tennis.[263]

The headquarters of the international football’s and ice hockey’s governing bodies, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) are located in Zürich. Many other headquarters of international sports federations are located in Switzerland. For example, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), IOC’s Olympic Museum and the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) are located in Lausanne.

Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup and was the joint host, with Austria, of the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament. The Swiss Super League is the nation’s professional football club league. Europe’s highest football pitch, at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, is located in Switzerland, the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium.[264]

Many Swiss follow ice hockey and support one of the 12 teams of the National League, which is the most attended league in Europe.[265] In 2009, Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the tenth time.[266] It also became World Vice-Champion in 2013 and 2018. Its numerous lakes make Switzerland an attractive sailing destination. The largest, Lake Geneva, is the home of the sailing team Alinghi which was the first European team to win the America’s Cup in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007.

Roger Federer has won 20 Grand Slam singles titles, making him among the most successful men’s tennis players ever.[267]

Swiss tennis player Roger Federer is widely regarded as among the sport’s greatest players. He won 20 Grand Slam tournaments overall including a record 8 Wimbledon titles. He won a record 6 ATP Finals.[268] He was ranked no. 1 in the ATP rankings for a record 237 consecutive weeks. He ended 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009 ranked no. 1. Fellow Swiss players Martina Hingis and Stan Wawrinka also hold multiple Grand Slam titles. Switzerland won the Davis Cup title in 2014.

Motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the 1955 Le Mans disaster with exceptions for events such as hillclimbing. The country continued to produce successful racing drivers such as Clay Regazzoni, Sébastien Buemi, Jo Siffert, Dominique Aegerter, successful World Touring Car Championship driver Alain Menu, 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Marcel Fässler and 2015 24 Hours Nürburgring winner Nico Müller. Switzerland also won the A1GP World Cup of Motorsport in 2007–08 with driver Neel Jani. Swiss motorcycle racer Thomas Lüthi won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category. In June 2007 the Swiss National Council, one house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, voted to overturn the ban, however the other house, the Swiss Council of States rejected the change and the ban remains in place.[269][270]

Traditional sports include Swiss wrestling or «Schwingen», a tradition from the rural central cantons and considered the national sport by some. Hornussen is another indigenous Swiss sport, which is like a cross between baseball and golf.[271] Steinstossen is the Swiss variant of stone put, a competition in throwing a heavy stone. Practised only among the alpine population since prehistoric times, it is recorded to have taken place in Basel in the 13th century. It is central to the Unspunnenfest, first held in 1805, with its symbol the 83.5 stone named Unspunnenstein.[272]

Cuisine

Fondue is melted cheese, into which bread is dipped.

The cuisine is multifaceted. While dishes such as fondue, raclette or rösti are omnipresent, each region developed its gastronomy according to the varieties of climate and language.[273][274] Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries, as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruyère or Emmental, produced in the valleys of Gruyères and Emmental. The number of fine-dining establishments is high, particularly in western Switzerland.[275][276]

Chocolate has been made in Switzerland since the 18th century. Its reputation grew at the end of the 19th century with the invention of modern techniques such as conching and tempering, which enabled higher quality. Another breakthrough was the invention of solid milk chocolate in 1875 by Daniel Peter. The Swiss are the world’s largest chocolate consumers.[277][278]

Due to the popularisation of processed foods at the end of the 19th century, Swiss health food pioneer Maximilian Bircher-Benner created the first nutrition-based therapy in the form of the well-known rolled oats cereal dish, called Birchermüesli.[citation needed]

The most popular alcoholic drink is wine. Switzerland is notable for its variety of grape varieties, reflecting the large variations in terroirs. Swiss wine is produced mainly in Valais, Vaud (Lavaux), Geneva and Ticino, with a small majority of white wines. Vineyards have been cultivated in Switzerland since the Roman era, even though traces of a more ancient origin can be found. The most widespread varieties are the Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot Noir. Merlot is the main variety produced in Ticino.[279][280]

See also

  • Index of Switzerland-related articles
  • Outline of Switzerland

Notes

  1. ^ a b Bern is referred to as «federal city» (German: Bundesstadt, French: ville fédérale, Italian: città federale). Swiss law does not designate a capital as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel, St. Gallen a.o.).
  2. ^ While English is not an official language, it is sometimes used as a lingua franca and many official documents – but missing any legal relevance – are available in English. Furthermore, 5.2% (almost half a million) of Swiss inhabitants – mostly foreigners – speak English as a first language and about a fifth of the population can speak some English as a second language.
  3. ^ a b c d Since 2010, statistics of religious affiliation in Switzerland provided by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office are based on a national structural survey of 200,000 people aged 15 years and older (corresponding to 2.5% of the total resident population). Data are extrapolated to obtain statistical results for the whole population (aged 15 years and older). These results are estimates subject to some degree of uncertainty indicated by a confidence interval, but by merging samples (pooling) from several years it is possible to get more accurate results, including total number of Protestants and information about minority religions. Note: The figures of the structural survey are not entirely comparable to data collection before 2010 based on census figures (counting every person living in Switzerland) or to annual official numbers of church members.[249]
  4. ^ Traditional date. The original date of the Rütlischwur was 1307 (reported by Aegidius Tschudi in the 16th century) and is just one among several comparable treaties between more or less the same parties during that period. The date of the Federal Charter of 1291 was selected in 1891 for the official celebration of the «Confederacy’s 600th anniversary».
  5. ^ A solemn declaration of the Tagsatzung declared the Federal Constitution adopted on 12 September 1848. A resolution of the Tagsatzung of 14 September 1848 specified that the powers of the institutions provided for by the 1815 Federal Treaty would expire at the time of the constitution of the Federal Council, which took place on 16 November 1848.
  6. ^ There are several definitions. See Geography of Switzerland#Western or Central Europe.
  7. ^ Swiss Standard German spelling and pronunciation. The Swiss German name is sometimes spelled as Schwyz or Schwiiz [ˈʃʋiːt͡s]. Schwyz is also the standard German (and international) name of one of the Swiss cantons.
  8. ^ Pronunciations: Germany (help·info), Austria (help·info)
  9. ^ The latter is the common Sursilvan pronunciation.
  10. ^ As shown in this image, the current members of the council are (as of January 2022, from left to right): Federal Councillor Guy Parmelin, Vice-President Alain Berset, Federal Councillor Simonetta Sommaruga, Federal Councillor Viola Amherd, Federal Chancellor Walter Thurnherr, Federal Councillor Ueli Maurer, President Ignazio Cassis and Federal Councillor Karin Keller-Sutter
  11. ^ Since 1999, an initiative can also be in the form of a general proposal to be elaborated by Parliament. Still, because it is considered less attractive for various reasons, this initiative has yet to be used
  12. ^ That is a majority of 23 cantonal votes because the result of the popular vote in the six traditional half-cantons each counts as half the vote of one of the other cantons.
  13. ^ Assumption made: one third of the shares is «not allocable» and has been distributed equally among current regions.
  14. ^ In 2008, the ETH Zürich was ranked 15th in the field Natural Sciences and Mathematics by the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities and the EPFL in Lausanne was ranked 18th in the field Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences by the same ranking.
  15. ^ Nobel prizes in non-science categories included.
  16. ^ Precise statistics about the membership of churches among the total population in Switzerland is only available for officially registered and church tax paying members of the Catholic Church in Switzerland and the Protestant Church of Switzerland (Landeskirchen).

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  276. ^ Shriver, Jerry. Swiss region serves up food with star power Archived 18 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine usatoday.com. Retrieved on 14 December 2009
  277. ^ «Discover Switzerland». www.eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  278. ^ «Swiss Chocolate : GERMAN WORLD MAGAZINE». 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
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Further reading

  • Church, Clive H. (2004) The Politics and Government of Switzerland. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-69277-6.
  • Fahrni, Dieter. (2003) An Outline History of Switzerland. From the Origins to the Present Day. 8th enlarged edition. Pro Helvetia, Zürich. ISBN 978-3-908102-61-8
  • von Matt, Peter: Das Kalb vor der Gotthardpost. Zur Literatur und Politik in der Schweiz. Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 2012, ISBN 978-3-446-23880-0, S. 127–138.
  • Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Published electronically (1998–) and in print (2002–) simultaneously in three of the national languages of Switzerland: DHS/HLS/DSS Archived 5 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine online edition in German, French and Italian

External links

  • The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation
  • Switzerland at Curlie
  • Tourism

Coordinates: 46°50′N 8°20′E / 46.833°N 8.333°E

1) Орфографическая запись слова: швейцарская конфедерация
2) Ударение в слове: Швейц`арская Конфедер`ация
3) Деление слова на слоги (перенос слова): швейцарская конфедерация
4) Фонетическая транскрипция слова швейцарская конфедерация : [жв’и`арскаканф’ид’ира]
5) Характеристика всех звуков:
ш [ж] — согласный, твердый, звонкий, парный
в [в’] — согласный, мягкий, звонкий, парный
е [и] — гласный, безударный
й й — согласный, твердый, звонкий, непарный, сонорный
ц ц — согласный, твердый, глухой, непарный
а [`а] — гласный, ударный
р [р] — согласный, твердый, звонкий, непарный, сонорный
с [с] — согласный, твердый, глухой, парный
к [к] — согласный, твердый, глухой, парный
а а — гласный, безударный
я й[а] — гласный, безударный

к [к] — согласный, твердый, глухой, парный
о [а] — гласный, безударный
н [н] — согласный, твердый, звонкий, непарный, сонорный
ф [ф’] — согласный, мягкий, глухой, парный
е [и] — гласный, безударный
д [д’] — согласный, мягкий, звонкий, парный
е [и] — гласный, безударный
р [р] — согласный, твердый, звонкий, непарный, сонорный
а а — гласный, безударный
ц ц — согласный, твердый, глухой, непарный
и ы — гласный, безударный
я й[а] — гласный, безударный


24 букв, 16 звук

Швейцарская Конфедерация

⇒ Правильное написание:

Швейцарская Конфедерация

⇒ Гласные буквы в слове:

Швейцарская Конфедерация

гласные выделены красным

гласными являются: е, а, а, я, о, е, е, а, и, я

общее количество гласных: 10 (десять)

• ударная гласная:

Швейца́рская Конфедера́ция

ударная гласная выделена знаком ударения « ́»

ударение падает на буквы: а, а,

• безударные гласные:

Швейцарская Конфедерация

безударные гласные выделены пунктирным подчеркиванием «  »

безударными гласными являются: е, а, я, о, е, е, и, я

общее количество безударных гласных: 8 (восемь)

⇒ Согласные буквы в слове:

Швейцарская Конфедерация

согласные выделены зеленым

согласными являются: Ш, в, й, ц, р, с, к, К, н, ф, д, р, ц

общее количество согласных: 13 (тринадцать)

• звонкие согласные:

Швейцарская Конфедерация

звонкие согласные выделены одинарным подчеркиванием «  »

звонкими согласными являются: в, й, р, н, д, р

общее количество звонких согласных: 6 (шесть)

• глухие согласные:

Швейцарская Конфедерация

глухие согласные выделены двойным подчеркиванием «  »

глухими согласными являются: Ш, ц, с, к, К, ф, ц

общее количество глухих согласных: 7 (семь)

⇒ Формы слова:

Швейца́рская Конфедера́ция (государство, офиц.)

⇒ Количество букв и слогов:

гласных букв: 10 (десять)

согласных букв: 13 (тринадцать)

всего букв: 23 (двадцать три)

всего слогов: 10 (десять)

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