Спбгу как правильно пишется

Реквизиты СПбГУ

Полное наименование

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»

Сокращенное наименование

СПбГУ

Полное наименование на английском языке

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Saint-Petersburg State University»

Сокращенное наименование на английском языке

• Saint-Petersburg University
• St. Petersburg State University
• SPbSU
• SPbU

Место нахождения Санкт-Петербургского университета

199034, г. Санкт-Петербург, Университетская набережная, д. 7/9

Реквизиты

ИНН — 7801002274  

КПП — 780101001

ОГРН — 1037800006089

ОКПО — 02068516

ОКТМО — 40307000000

Лицевой счет — 20726У03820

Лицевой счет — 21726У03822

Лицевой счет — 22726У03824

Получатель — УФК по г. Санкт-Петербургу

Банк получателя — Северо-Западное ГУ Банка России//УФК по г. Санкт-Петербургу г. Санкт-Петербург

БИК — 014030106

Расчетный счет — 03214643000000017200

Корреспондентский счет — 40102810945370000005

Saint Petersburg State University

Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет
Latin: Universitas Petropolitana
Other name	St Petersburg University
Former names	Petersburg Pedagogical Institute (1804–1814) Main Pedagogical Institute (1814–1819) Saint Petersburg University (1819–1821) Saint Petersburg Imperial University (1821–1914) Petrograd Imperial University (1914–1918) Petrograd State University (1918–1924) Leningrad State University (1924–1991)
Motto	Hic tuta perennat (Latin)
Motto in English	Here all in safety lasts
Type	Public
Established	1724; 299 years ago
Rector	Nikolai M. Kropachev
Administrative staff	13,000
Students	32,400
Undergraduates	26,872
Postgraduates	5,566
Address	7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 , Saint Petersburg , Russia
Campus	Both urban and suburban
Colours	Terracotta and gray[1]
Affiliations	APSIA, BRICS Universities League, Campus Europae
Mascot	Boris the Funny Looking Owl[2] Building details
The Twelve Collegia building on Vasilievsky Island is the university’s main building and the seat of the administration.
Website	english.spbu.ru

Saint Petersburg State University (SPBU; Russian: Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) is a public research university in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Founded in 1724 by a decree of Peter the Great, the university from the beginning has had a focus on fundamental research in science, engineering and humanities.

During the Soviet period, it was known as Leningrad State University (Russian: Ленинградский государственный университет). It was renamed after Andrei Zhdanov in 1948 and was officially called «Leningrad State University, named after A. A. Zhdanov and decorated with the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.» Zhdanov’s was removed in 1989 and Leningrad in the name was officially replaced with Saint Petersburg in 1992.

It is made up of 24 specialized faculties (departments) and institutes, the Academic Gymnasium, the Medical College, the College of Physical Culture and Sports, Economics and Technology. The university has two primary campuses: one on Vasilievsky Island and the other one in Peterhof.

International rankings[edit]

University rankings
Global – Overall
ARWU World[3]	301-400 (2017)
QS World[4]	235 (2015)
THE World[5]	601-800 (2022)
USNWR Global[6]	607 (2021)
Regional – Overall
QS Emerging Europe and Central Asia[7]	3 (2022)

In international rankings, the university was ranked 35th by The Three University Missions Ranking in 2022,^[8] 242th by the QS World University Rankings in 2022,^[9] 607th by U.S. News & World Report in 2021,^[6] 601-800th by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings,^[5] and 301–400th by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2021.^[10]

History[edit]

1724–1821[edit]

It is disputed by the university administration whether Saint Petersburg State University or Moscow State University is the oldest higher education institution in Russia. While the latter was established in 1755, the former, which has been in continuous operation since 1819, claims to be the successor of the university established along with the Academic Gymnasium and the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences on 24 January 1724, by a decree of Peter the Great.

Between 1804 and 1819, Saint Petersburg University officially did not exist; the institution founded by Peter the Great, the Saint Petersburg Academy, had been disbanded, because the new 1803 charter of the Academy of Sciences stipulated that there should not be any educational institutions affiliated with it.

The Petersburg Pedagogical Institute, renamed the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1814, was established in 1804 and occupied a part of the Twelve Collegia building.^[11] On 8 February 1819 (O.S.), Alexander I of Russia reorganized the Main Pedagogical Institute into Saint Petersburg University, which at that time consisted of three faculties: Faculty of Philosophy and Law, Faculty of History and Philology and Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.^[11] The Main Pedagogical Institute (where Dmitri Mendeleev studied) was restored in 1828 as an educational institution independent of Saint Petersburg University, and trained teachers until it was finally closed in 1859.^[12]

1821–1917[edit]

In 1821, the university was renamed Saint Petersburg Imperial University.^[11] In 1823, most of the university moved from the Twelve Collegia to the southern part of the city. In 1824, a modified version of the charter of Moscow University was adopted as the first charter of the Saint Petersburg Imperial University. In 1829, there were 19 full professors and 169 full-time and part-time students at the university. In 1830, Tsar Nicholas returned the entire building of the Twelve Collegia to the university, and courses resumed there.

In 1835, a new Charter of the Imperial Universities of Russia was approved. It provided for the establishment of the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of History and Philology, and the Faculties of Physics and Mathematics, which were merged into the Faculty of Philosophy as the 1st and 2nd Departments, respectively.

In 1849, after the Spring of Nations, the Senate of the Russian Empire decreed the Rector should be appointed by the Minister of National Enlightenment rather than elected by the Assembly of the university. However, Pyotr Pletnyov was reappointed Rector and ultimately became the longest-serving rector of Saint Petersburg University (1840–61).

In 1855, Oriental studies were separated from the Faculty of History and Philology, and the fourth faculty, Faculty of Oriental Languages, was formally inaugurated on 27 August 1855.^[13]

In 1859–61, female part-time students could attend lectures in the university. In 1861, there were 1,270 full-time and 167 part-time students in the university, of them 498 were in the Faculty of Law, the largest subdivision. But this subdivision had the cameral studies department, where students learnt safety, occupational health and environmental engineering management and science, including chemistry, biology, agronomy along with law and philosophy. Many Russian, Georgian etc. managers, engineers and scientists studied at the Faculty of law therefore. During 1861–62, there was student unrest in the university, and it was temporarily closed twice during the year. The students were denied freedom of assembly and placed under police surveillance, and public lectures were forbidden. Many students were expelled. After the unrest, in 1865 only 524 students remained.

A decree of the Emperor Alexander II of Russia adopted on 18 February 1863, restored the right of the university assembly to elect the rector. It also formed the new faculty of the theory and history of art as part of the faculty of history and philology.^[14]

In March 1869, student unrest shook the university again, but on a smaller scale. By 1869, 2,588 students had graduated from the university.

In 1880, the Ministry of National Enlightenment forbade students to marry and married persons could not be admitted. In 1882, another student unrest took place in the university. In 1884, a new Charter of the Imperial Russian Universities was adopted, which granted the right to appoint the rector to the Minister of National Enlightenment again. On 1 March 1887 (O.S.), a group of the university students was arrested while planning an attempt on the life of Alexander III of Russia. As a result, new admission rules to gymnasiums and universities were approved by the Minister of National Enlightenment Ivan Delyanov in 1887, which barred persons of non-noble origin from admission to the university, unless they were extraordinarily talented.

By 1894, 9,212 students had graduated from the university. Among the scholars of the second half of the 19th century, affiliated with the university were mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev, physicist Heinrich Lenz, chemists Dmitri Mendeleev and Aleksandr Butlerov, embryologist Alexander Kovalevsky, physiologist Ivan Sechenov and pedologist Vasily Dokuchaev. On 24 March 1896 (O.S.), on the campus of the university, Alexander Popov publicly demonstrated transmission of radio waves for the first time in history.

As of 1 January 1900 (O.S.), there were 2,099 students enrolled in the Faculty of Law, 1,149 students in the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, 212 students in the Faculty of Oriental Languages and 171 students in the Faculty of History and Philology. In 1902, the first student dining hall in Russia was opened in the university.

Since about 1897, regular strikes and student unrest shook the university and spread to other institutions of higher education across Russia. During the Revolution of 1905, the charter of the Russian universities was amended once more; the autonomy of the universities was partially restored and the right to elect the rector was returned to the academic board for the first time since 1884. In 1905–06, the university was temporarily closed due to student unrest. Its autonomy was revoked again in 1911. In the same year, the university was once again temporarily closed.

In 1914, with the start of the First World War, the university was renamed Petrograd Imperial University after its namesake city. During the War, the university was the center of mobilization of Russian intellectual resources and scholarship for the victory.^[15] In 1915, a branch of the university was opened in Perm, which later became Perm State University.

1918–39[edit]

The Assembly of Petrograd Imperial University openly welcomed the February Revolution of 1917, which put an end to the Russian monarchy, and the university came to be known as Petrograd University. However, after the October Revolution of 1917, the university’s staff and administration were initially vocally opposed to the Bolshevik takeover of power and reluctant to cooperate with the Narkompros. Later in 1917–22, during the Russian Civil War, some of the staff suspected of counter-revolutionary sympathies suffered imprisonment (e.g., Lev Shcherba in 1919), execution, or exile abroad on the so-called Philosophers’ ships in 1922 (e.g., Nikolai Lossky). Furthermore, the entire staff suffered from hunger and extreme poverty during those years.

In 1918, the university was renamed 1st Petrograd State University, and in 1919 the Narkompros merged it with the 2nd PSU (former Psychoneurological Institute) and 3rd PSU (former Bestuzhev Higher Courses for Women) into Petrograd State University. In 1919, the Faculty of Social Science was established by the Narkompros instead of the Faculty of History and Philology, Faculty of Oriental Languages and Faculty of Law. Nicholas Marr became the first Dean of the new faculty. Chemist Alexey Favorsky became the Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. Rabfaks and free university courses were opened on the basis of the university to provide mass education.

In the fall of 1920, as observed by freshman student Alice Rosenbaum (Ayn Rand), enrollment was open and the majority of the students were anti-communist including, until removed, a few vocal opponents of the regime. Seeing they were educating «class enemies», a purge was conducted in 1922 based on the class background of the students, and all students, other than seniors, with a bourgeois background were expelled.^[16]

In 1924, the university was renamed Leningrad State University after its namesake city. In order to suppress intellectual opposition to Soviet power, a number of historians working in the university, including Sergey Platonov, Yevgeny Tarle, and Boris Grekov, were imprisoned in the so-called Academic Affair of 1929–30 on fabricated charges of participating in a counter-revolutionary conspiracy aimed at overthrowing the government. Some other members of the staff were repressed in 1937–38 during the Great Purge.

1940–99[edit]

During the 1941–44 Siege of Leningrad in World War II, many students and staff died from starvation, in battles, or from repressions. The university evacuated to Saratov in 1942–44. A branch of the university was in Yelabuga during the war. In 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union awarded the university the Order of Lenin. In 1948, the Soviet Council of Ministers named the university after Andrei Zhdanov, a deceased Communist official. This decision was revoked in 1989 during Perestroika.

In 1949–50, several professors died in prison during the investigation of the Leningrad Affair fabricated by the central Soviet leadership, and the Minister of Education of the RSFSR, former rector Alexander Voznesensky, was executed.

In 1966, the Council of Ministers decided to build a suburban campus in Petrodvorets for most of the mathematics and natural science faculties. The relocation of the faculties was completed by the 1990s. In 1969, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union awarded the university the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. In 1991, the university was renamed back to Saint Petersburg State University after its namesake city. The university educated Russian presidents Vladimir Putin and Dimitry Medvedev, both of whom studied law at the university.^{[citation needed]}

2000-present[edit]

In early 2022, the university expelled 13 students who had protested against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[17][18]

In response to the Russian invasion, in March 2022 the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences and University of Bremen suspended their longstanding relationships with the university, Dartmouth College stopped running its Russian language study abroad program in the university, and CEMS — The Global Alliance in Management Education suspended its partnership with the Graduate School of Management in St Petersburg.^{[19][20][21][22]} In addition, the European Coimbra Group expelled the university, and the European University Association suspended the school.^[23][24] The Council on International Educational Exchange stopped its programs at the university, and relocated students to other non-Russian universities.^[25]

Organization[edit]

Governance[edit]

The university is a federal state institution of higher education managed by the government of the Russian Federation. It has 24 faculties and institutes which are further subdivided into departments, and other main structural subdivisions.^{[citation needed]}

The superior body of self-government of the university is its Assembly, which elects the rector and the Academic Board of the university for a five-year term. The Assembly consists of the members of the Academic Board of the university and the staff delegated by the general assemblies of the main structural subdivisions according to quotas set by the Academic Board of the university. The general administration of the university is vested in the Academic Board, which consists of the rector, who presides over it, as well as the president of the university, vice rectors and representatives of the main structural subdivisions.^{[citation needed]}

Likewise, the general administration of a faculty is vested in its respective academic board elected by the faculty assembly for five years. The procedure of election and department quotas are decided by the faculty-level academic board itself. The dean, who leads the faculty and presides over its academic board, is elected for five years by the faculty academic board.^{[citation needed]}

Academic year[edit]

The academic year in St. Petersburg State University according to the Routine Regulations normally starts on 1 September. One lesson normally lasts an hour and a half (two academic hours). The academic year is divided into two semesters. The first semester (term) ends by late December, the second starts in mid-February and lasts until late May. Each term is followed by a series of preliminary tests (in the last week of December/May) and exams (in January/June).^{[citation needed]}

Campuses[edit]

The university has two main campuses: on Vasilievsky Island in the historic city center and in Peterhof (formerly Petrodvorets), a southwestern suburb, which can be reached by railway from the city’s Baltiysky Rail Terminal. The main building of the university, Twelve Collegia, is on Vasilievsky Island and includes the Library, the Faculty of Biology and the Institute of Earth Sciences. The Faculty of Philology and the Faculty of Oriental Studies share the nearby 18th-century Petrine Baroque building on Universitetskaya Embankment of the Bolshaya Neva, designed by Domenico Trezzini and originally built as the Palace of Peter II of Russia. The New Gostiny Dvor designed by Giacomo Quarenghi and built in the 19th century in that part of the island is occupied by the Institute of History, Institute of Philosophy. The Faculty of Psychology is in front of it on Admiral Makarov Embankment of the Malaya Neva. The Graduate School of Management, School of Journalism and Mass Communications, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry and Medical Technologies, Faculty of Law and Faculty of Military Studies are on Vasilievsky Island, but farther to the west. Four other social science faculties are east of the city center on the southern bank of the Neva: the Faculty of Economics is not far from the Chernyshevskaya metro station, while the Faculty of Sociology, Faculty of Political Science and the School of International Relations occupy historical buildings of Smolny Convent.^{[citation needed]}

The new suburban campus consists of the Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Control Processes, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics, and Faculty of Physics, which are in modern buildings in Peterhof. Nearby the Peterhof campus there is a park area called Sergievka. In the Sergievka park there are buildings of the Faculty of Biology.^{[citation needed]}

Faculties and Institutes[edit]

SPbSU is made up of 24 specialized faculties, which are:

There is also a Department of Physical Culture and Sports. (*rus)

Notable alumni and faculty[edit]

Russian revolutionary and founder of the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin, was an alumnus. Russian Prime Ministers Pyotr Stolypin and Dimitry Medvedev, the incumbent president and former prime minister of Russia Vladimir Putin, and the past president of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė are alumni.

Eight graduates of the university are Nobel Prize recipients: Ivan Pavlov (Physiology and Medicine, 1904), Ilya Mechnikov (Physiology and Medicine, 1908), Nikolay Semyonov (Chemistry, 1956), Lev Landau (Physics, 1962), Aleksandr Prokhorov (Physics, 1964), Wassily Leontief (Economics, 1973), Leonid Kantorovich (Economics, 1975), and Joseph Brodsky (Literature, 1987). Graduates Grigori Perelman and Stanislav Smirnov were awarded the Fields Medal.

Among the scholars affiliated with St-Petersburg State University have been Leonard Euler, Mikhail Lomonosov, chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, and mathematicians Mikhail Ostrogradsky, Abram Besicovitch, Lev M. Bregman, Pafnuty Chebyshev, Yakov Eliashberg, Leonid Frankfurt, Israel Gohberg, Yuri Linnik, Aleksandr Lyapunov, Andrey Markov, Solomon Mikhlin, Vladimir Rokhlin, Vladimir Smirnov,Sergei Sobolev, Vladimir Steklov, Victor Zalgaller, and Aleksandr Aleksandrov. In addition, physicists Boris Rosing, Vladimir Fock, Leonid Frankfurt, Lev Pavlovich Rapoport, Elena Besley, astrophysicist Viktor Ambartsumian, botanists Vladimir Komarov and Vladimir Sukachev, physiologists Ivan Sechenov, Kliment Timiryazev, philosopher and sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, historians Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, Yevgeny Tarle, Gregory Areshian, and Boris Grekov, philologists Ivan Turgenev, Ilia Chavchavadze, Alexander Blok, Lev Shcherba, Vladimir Propp, Viktor Zhirmunsky, orientalists Vasily Struve, Joseph Orbeli, Boris Piotrovsky, artists Nicholas Roerich, and Zare Yusupova. Composer Igor Stravinsky attended the university from 1901 to 1905.

The American novelist Ayn Rand attended the university from 1920 to 1924, graduating with honors in history.^[26] Ukrainian nationalist and publicist Dmytro Dontsov studied law at the university for some time after 1900.

Alexander Alekhine was the fourth World Chess Champion, Gennadiy Shatkov was an Olympic champion in boxing, and Eduard Vinokurov was an Olympic and world champion sabre fencer. Joseph Shor, a student of the School of Mathematics and Mechanics, is known as the main protege of Ostap Bender.^[27] Igor Artimovich is known for creating Festi. Yakov Rekhter is known for creating BGP. Pavel Durov graduated the department of philology while his brother Nikolai Durov received his PhD from the department of mathematics. Kyrgyz sociologist Rakhat Achylova received her DPhil in 1988.

Rectors[edit]

See also[edit]

• Education in Russia
• List of universities in Russia
• Open access in Russia
• Smolny College
• List of early modern universities in Europe

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Lempert, David (1996). Daily Life in a Crumbling Empire: The Absorption of Russia into the World Economy. Eastern European Monograph Series. Vol. 2. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-341-2. — The history of the university, with a particular focus on the Law Faculty, from the 19th century to the perestroika period

External links[edit]

• Saint Petersburg State University homepage
• History of St Petersburg University

Coordinates: 59°56′31″N 30°17′56″E / 59.9420°N 30.2990°E

Saint Petersburg State University

Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет
Latin: Universitas Petropolitana
Other name	St Petersburg University
Former names	Petersburg Pedagogical Institute (1804–1814) Main Pedagogical Institute (1814–1819) Saint Petersburg University (1819–1821) Saint Petersburg Imperial University (1821–1914) Petrograd Imperial University (1914–1918) Petrograd State University (1918–1924) Leningrad State University (1924–1991)
Motto	Hic tuta perennat (Latin)
Motto in English	Here all in safety lasts
Type	Public
Established	1724; 299 years ago
Rector	Nikolai M. Kropachev
Administrative staff	13,000
Students	32,400
Undergraduates	26,872
Postgraduates	5,566
Address	7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 , Saint Petersburg , Russia
Campus	Both urban and suburban
Colours	Terracotta and gray[1]
Affiliations	APSIA, BRICS Universities League, Campus Europae
Mascot	Boris the Funny Looking Owl[2] Building details
The Twelve Collegia building on Vasilievsky Island is the university’s main building and the seat of the administration.
Website	english.spbu.ru

Saint Petersburg State University (SPBU; Russian: Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) is a public research university in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Founded in 1724 by a decree of Peter the Great, the university from the beginning has had a focus on fundamental research in science, engineering and humanities.

During the Soviet period, it was known as Leningrad State University (Russian: Ленинградский государственный университет). It was renamed after Andrei Zhdanov in 1948 and was officially called «Leningrad State University, named after A. A. Zhdanov and decorated with the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner of Labour.» Zhdanov’s was removed in 1989 and Leningrad in the name was officially replaced with Saint Petersburg in 1992.

It is made up of 24 specialized faculties (departments) and institutes, the Academic Gymnasium, the Medical College, the College of Physical Culture and Sports, Economics and Technology. The university has two primary campuses: one on Vasilievsky Island and the other one in Peterhof.

International rankings[edit]

University rankings
Global – Overall
ARWU World[3]	301-400 (2017)
QS World[4]	235 (2015)
THE World[5]	601-800 (2022)
USNWR Global[6]	607 (2021)
Regional – Overall
QS Emerging Europe and Central Asia[7]	3 (2022)

In international rankings, the university was ranked 35th by The Three University Missions Ranking in 2022,^[8] 242th by the QS World University Rankings in 2022,^[9] 607th by U.S. News & World Report in 2021,^[6] 601-800th by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings,^[5] and 301–400th by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2021.^[10]

History[edit]

1724–1821[edit]

It is disputed by the university administration whether Saint Petersburg State University or Moscow State University is the oldest higher education institution in Russia. While the latter was established in 1755, the former, which has been in continuous operation since 1819, claims to be the successor of the university established along with the Academic Gymnasium and the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences on 24 January 1724, by a decree of Peter the Great.

Between 1804 and 1819, Saint Petersburg University officially did not exist; the institution founded by Peter the Great, the Saint Petersburg Academy, had been disbanded, because the new 1803 charter of the Academy of Sciences stipulated that there should not be any educational institutions affiliated with it.

The Petersburg Pedagogical Institute, renamed the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1814, was established in 1804 and occupied a part of the Twelve Collegia building.^[11] On 8 February 1819 (O.S.), Alexander I of Russia reorganized the Main Pedagogical Institute into Saint Petersburg University, which at that time consisted of three faculties: Faculty of Philosophy and Law, Faculty of History and Philology and Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.^[11] The Main Pedagogical Institute (where Dmitri Mendeleev studied) was restored in 1828 as an educational institution independent of Saint Petersburg University, and trained teachers until it was finally closed in 1859.^[12]

1821–1917[edit]

In 1821, the university was renamed Saint Petersburg Imperial University.^[11] In 1823, most of the university moved from the Twelve Collegia to the southern part of the city. In 1824, a modified version of the charter of Moscow University was adopted as the first charter of the Saint Petersburg Imperial University. In 1829, there were 19 full professors and 169 full-time and part-time students at the university. In 1830, Tsar Nicholas returned the entire building of the Twelve Collegia to the university, and courses resumed there.

In 1835, a new Charter of the Imperial Universities of Russia was approved. It provided for the establishment of the Faculty of Law, the Faculty of History and Philology, and the Faculties of Physics and Mathematics, which were merged into the Faculty of Philosophy as the 1st and 2nd Departments, respectively.

In 1849, after the Spring of Nations, the Senate of the Russian Empire decreed the Rector should be appointed by the Minister of National Enlightenment rather than elected by the Assembly of the university. However, Pyotr Pletnyov was reappointed Rector and ultimately became the longest-serving rector of Saint Petersburg University (1840–61).

In 1855, Oriental studies were separated from the Faculty of History and Philology, and the fourth faculty, Faculty of Oriental Languages, was formally inaugurated on 27 August 1855.^[13]

In 1859–61, female part-time students could attend lectures in the university. In 1861, there were 1,270 full-time and 167 part-time students in the university, of them 498 were in the Faculty of Law, the largest subdivision. But this subdivision had the cameral studies department, where students learnt safety, occupational health and environmental engineering management and science, including chemistry, biology, agronomy along with law and philosophy. Many Russian, Georgian etc. managers, engineers and scientists studied at the Faculty of law therefore. During 1861–62, there was student unrest in the university, and it was temporarily closed twice during the year. The students were denied freedom of assembly and placed under police surveillance, and public lectures were forbidden. Many students were expelled. After the unrest, in 1865 only 524 students remained.

A decree of the Emperor Alexander II of Russia adopted on 18 February 1863, restored the right of the university assembly to elect the rector. It also formed the new faculty of the theory and history of art as part of the faculty of history and philology.^[14]

In March 1869, student unrest shook the university again, but on a smaller scale. By 1869, 2,588 students had graduated from the university.

In 1880, the Ministry of National Enlightenment forbade students to marry and married persons could not be admitted. In 1882, another student unrest took place in the university. In 1884, a new Charter of the Imperial Russian Universities was adopted, which granted the right to appoint the rector to the Minister of National Enlightenment again. On 1 March 1887 (O.S.), a group of the university students was arrested while planning an attempt on the life of Alexander III of Russia. As a result, new admission rules to gymnasiums and universities were approved by the Minister of National Enlightenment Ivan Delyanov in 1887, which barred persons of non-noble origin from admission to the university, unless they were extraordinarily talented.

By 1894, 9,212 students had graduated from the university. Among the scholars of the second half of the 19th century, affiliated with the university were mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev, physicist Heinrich Lenz, chemists Dmitri Mendeleev and Aleksandr Butlerov, embryologist Alexander Kovalevsky, physiologist Ivan Sechenov and pedologist Vasily Dokuchaev. On 24 March 1896 (O.S.), on the campus of the university, Alexander Popov publicly demonstrated transmission of radio waves for the first time in history.

As of 1 January 1900 (O.S.), there were 2,099 students enrolled in the Faculty of Law, 1,149 students in the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, 212 students in the Faculty of Oriental Languages and 171 students in the Faculty of History and Philology. In 1902, the first student dining hall in Russia was opened in the university.

Since about 1897, regular strikes and student unrest shook the university and spread to other institutions of higher education across Russia. During the Revolution of 1905, the charter of the Russian universities was amended once more; the autonomy of the universities was partially restored and the right to elect the rector was returned to the academic board for the first time since 1884. In 1905–06, the university was temporarily closed due to student unrest. Its autonomy was revoked again in 1911. In the same year, the university was once again temporarily closed.

In 1914, with the start of the First World War, the university was renamed Petrograd Imperial University after its namesake city. During the War, the university was the center of mobilization of Russian intellectual resources and scholarship for the victory.^[15] In 1915, a branch of the university was opened in Perm, which later became Perm State University.

1918–39[edit]

The Assembly of Petrograd Imperial University openly welcomed the February Revolution of 1917, which put an end to the Russian monarchy, and the university came to be known as Petrograd University. However, after the October Revolution of 1917, the university’s staff and administration were initially vocally opposed to the Bolshevik takeover of power and reluctant to cooperate with the Narkompros. Later in 1917–22, during the Russian Civil War, some of the staff suspected of counter-revolutionary sympathies suffered imprisonment (e.g., Lev Shcherba in 1919), execution, or exile abroad on the so-called Philosophers’ ships in 1922 (e.g., Nikolai Lossky). Furthermore, the entire staff suffered from hunger and extreme poverty during those years.

In 1918, the university was renamed 1st Petrograd State University, and in 1919 the Narkompros merged it with the 2nd PSU (former Psychoneurological Institute) and 3rd PSU (former Bestuzhev Higher Courses for Women) into Petrograd State University. In 1919, the Faculty of Social Science was established by the Narkompros instead of the Faculty of History and Philology, Faculty of Oriental Languages and Faculty of Law. Nicholas Marr became the first Dean of the new faculty. Chemist Alexey Favorsky became the Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. Rabfaks and free university courses were opened on the basis of the university to provide mass education.

In the fall of 1920, as observed by freshman student Alice Rosenbaum (Ayn Rand), enrollment was open and the majority of the students were anti-communist including, until removed, a few vocal opponents of the regime. Seeing they were educating «class enemies», a purge was conducted in 1922 based on the class background of the students, and all students, other than seniors, with a bourgeois background were expelled.^[16]

In 1924, the university was renamed Leningrad State University after its namesake city. In order to suppress intellectual opposition to Soviet power, a number of historians working in the university, including Sergey Platonov, Yevgeny Tarle, and Boris Grekov, were imprisoned in the so-called Academic Affair of 1929–30 on fabricated charges of participating in a counter-revolutionary conspiracy aimed at overthrowing the government. Some other members of the staff were repressed in 1937–38 during the Great Purge.

1940–99[edit]

During the 1941–44 Siege of Leningrad in World War II, many students and staff died from starvation, in battles, or from repressions. The university evacuated to Saratov in 1942–44. A branch of the university was in Yelabuga during the war. In 1944, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union awarded the university the Order of Lenin. In 1948, the Soviet Council of Ministers named the university after Andrei Zhdanov, a deceased Communist official. This decision was revoked in 1989 during Perestroika.

In 1949–50, several professors died in prison during the investigation of the Leningrad Affair fabricated by the central Soviet leadership, and the Minister of Education of the RSFSR, former rector Alexander Voznesensky, was executed.

In 1966, the Council of Ministers decided to build a suburban campus in Petrodvorets for most of the mathematics and natural science faculties. The relocation of the faculties was completed by the 1990s. In 1969, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Soviet Union awarded the university the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. In 1991, the university was renamed back to Saint Petersburg State University after its namesake city. The university educated Russian presidents Vladimir Putin and Dimitry Medvedev, both of whom studied law at the university.^{[citation needed]}

2000-present[edit]

In early 2022, the university expelled 13 students who had protested against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.^[17][18]

In response to the Russian invasion, in March 2022 the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences and University of Bremen suspended their longstanding relationships with the university, Dartmouth College stopped running its Russian language study abroad program in the university, and CEMS — The Global Alliance in Management Education suspended its partnership with the Graduate School of Management in St Petersburg.^{[19][20][21][22]} In addition, the European Coimbra Group expelled the university, and the European University Association suspended the school.^[23][24] The Council on International Educational Exchange stopped its programs at the university, and relocated students to other non-Russian universities.^[25]

Organization[edit]

Governance[edit]

The university is a federal state institution of higher education managed by the government of the Russian Federation. It has 24 faculties and institutes which are further subdivided into departments, and other main structural subdivisions.^{[citation needed]}

The superior body of self-government of the university is its Assembly, which elects the rector and the Academic Board of the university for a five-year term. The Assembly consists of the members of the Academic Board of the university and the staff delegated by the general assemblies of the main structural subdivisions according to quotas set by the Academic Board of the university. The general administration of the university is vested in the Academic Board, which consists of the rector, who presides over it, as well as the president of the university, vice rectors and representatives of the main structural subdivisions.^{[citation needed]}

Likewise, the general administration of a faculty is vested in its respective academic board elected by the faculty assembly for five years. The procedure of election and department quotas are decided by the faculty-level academic board itself. The dean, who leads the faculty and presides over its academic board, is elected for five years by the faculty academic board.^{[citation needed]}

Academic year[edit]

The academic year in St. Petersburg State University according to the Routine Regulations normally starts on 1 September. One lesson normally lasts an hour and a half (two academic hours). The academic year is divided into two semesters. The first semester (term) ends by late December, the second starts in mid-February and lasts until late May. Each term is followed by a series of preliminary tests (in the last week of December/May) and exams (in January/June).^{[citation needed]}

Campuses[edit]

The university has two main campuses: on Vasilievsky Island in the historic city center and in Peterhof (formerly Petrodvorets), a southwestern suburb, which can be reached by railway from the city’s Baltiysky Rail Terminal. The main building of the university, Twelve Collegia, is on Vasilievsky Island and includes the Library, the Faculty of Biology and the Institute of Earth Sciences. The Faculty of Philology and the Faculty of Oriental Studies share the nearby 18th-century Petrine Baroque building on Universitetskaya Embankment of the Bolshaya Neva, designed by Domenico Trezzini and originally built as the Palace of Peter II of Russia. The New Gostiny Dvor designed by Giacomo Quarenghi and built in the 19th century in that part of the island is occupied by the Institute of History, Institute of Philosophy. The Faculty of Psychology is in front of it on Admiral Makarov Embankment of the Malaya Neva. The Graduate School of Management, School of Journalism and Mass Communications, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry and Medical Technologies, Faculty of Law and Faculty of Military Studies are on Vasilievsky Island, but farther to the west. Four other social science faculties are east of the city center on the southern bank of the Neva: the Faculty of Economics is not far from the Chernyshevskaya metro station, while the Faculty of Sociology, Faculty of Political Science and the School of International Relations occupy historical buildings of Smolny Convent.^{[citation needed]}

The new suburban campus consists of the Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Control Processes, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics, and Faculty of Physics, which are in modern buildings in Peterhof. Nearby the Peterhof campus there is a park area called Sergievka. In the Sergievka park there are buildings of the Faculty of Biology.^{[citation needed]}

Faculties and Institutes[edit]

SPbSU is made up of 24 specialized faculties, which are:

There is also a Department of Physical Culture and Sports. (*rus)

Notable alumni and faculty[edit]

Russian revolutionary and founder of the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin, was an alumnus. Russian Prime Ministers Pyotr Stolypin and Dimitry Medvedev, the incumbent president and former prime minister of Russia Vladimir Putin, and the past president of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė are alumni.

Eight graduates of the university are Nobel Prize recipients: Ivan Pavlov (Physiology and Medicine, 1904), Ilya Mechnikov (Physiology and Medicine, 1908), Nikolay Semyonov (Chemistry, 1956), Lev Landau (Physics, 1962), Aleksandr Prokhorov (Physics, 1964), Wassily Leontief (Economics, 1973), Leonid Kantorovich (Economics, 1975), and Joseph Brodsky (Literature, 1987). Graduates Grigori Perelman and Stanislav Smirnov were awarded the Fields Medal.

Among the scholars affiliated with St-Petersburg State University have been Leonard Euler, Mikhail Lomonosov, chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, and mathematicians Mikhail Ostrogradsky, Abram Besicovitch, Lev M. Bregman, Pafnuty Chebyshev, Yakov Eliashberg, Leonid Frankfurt, Israel Gohberg, Yuri Linnik, Aleksandr Lyapunov, Andrey Markov, Solomon Mikhlin, Vladimir Rokhlin, Vladimir Smirnov,Sergei Sobolev, Vladimir Steklov, Victor Zalgaller, and Aleksandr Aleksandrov. In addition, physicists Boris Rosing, Vladimir Fock, Leonid Frankfurt, Lev Pavlovich Rapoport, Elena Besley, astrophysicist Viktor Ambartsumian, botanists Vladimir Komarov and Vladimir Sukachev, physiologists Ivan Sechenov, Kliment Timiryazev, philosopher and sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, historians Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, Yevgeny Tarle, Gregory Areshian, and Boris Grekov, philologists Ivan Turgenev, Ilia Chavchavadze, Alexander Blok, Lev Shcherba, Vladimir Propp, Viktor Zhirmunsky, orientalists Vasily Struve, Joseph Orbeli, Boris Piotrovsky, artists Nicholas Roerich, and Zare Yusupova. Composer Igor Stravinsky attended the university from 1901 to 1905.

The American novelist Ayn Rand attended the university from 1920 to 1924, graduating with honors in history.^[26] Ukrainian nationalist and publicist Dmytro Dontsov studied law at the university for some time after 1900.

Alexander Alekhine was the fourth World Chess Champion, Gennadiy Shatkov was an Olympic champion in boxing, and Eduard Vinokurov was an Olympic and world champion sabre fencer. Joseph Shor, a student of the School of Mathematics and Mechanics, is known as the main protege of Ostap Bender.^[27] Igor Artimovich is known for creating Festi. Yakov Rekhter is known for creating BGP. Pavel Durov graduated the department of philology while his brother Nikolai Durov received his PhD from the department of mathematics. Kyrgyz sociologist Rakhat Achylova received her DPhil in 1988.

Rectors[edit]

See also[edit]

• Education in Russia
• List of universities in Russia
• Open access in Russia
• Smolny College
• List of early modern universities in Europe

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Lempert, David (1996). Daily Life in a Crumbling Empire: The Absorption of Russia into the World Economy. Eastern European Monograph Series. Vol. 2. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-88033-341-2. — The history of the university, with a particular focus on the Law Faculty, from the 19th century to the perestroika period

External links[edit]

• Saint Petersburg State University homepage
• History of St Petersburg University

Coordinates: 59°56′31″N 30°17′56″E / 59.9420°N 30.2990°E

×òî òàêîå «Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã»? Êàê ïðàâèëüíî ïèøåòñÿ äàííîå ñëîâî. Ïîíÿòèå è òðàêòîâêà.

Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã
        Ãîðîä ôåäåðàëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ, öåíòð Ëåíèíãðàäñêîé îáëàñòè, ãîðîä-ãåðîé. Âàæíåéøèé ïîñëå Ìîñêâû ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé, íàó÷íûé è êóëüòóðíûé öåíòð; ìîðñêîé ïîðò.

Ãåðá Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãà. «Â êðàñíîì ïîëå äâà ñåðåáðÿíûõ ÿêîðÿ, ïîëîæåííûå êðåñòîì, è íà íèõ çîëîòîé ñêèïåòð». Âûñî÷àéøå óòâåðæä¸í 7.5.1780

        Ðàñïîëîæåí íà ñåâåðî-çàïàäå Åâðîïåéñêîé ÷àñòè Ðîññèè íà ð. Íåâà è ïîáåðåæüå Íåâñêîé ãóáû Ôèíñêîãî çàëèâà Áàëòèéñêîãî ìîðÿ, à òàêæå íà ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ îñòðîâàõ Íåâñêîé äåëüòû. Òåððèòîðèÿ 606,8 êì2 (1993; âêëþ÷àÿ òåððèòîðèè, ïîä÷èí¸ííûå Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêîé ìýðèè, — 1,4 òûñ. êì2). Äåëèòñÿ íà 17 ðàéîíîâ; ìýðèè Ñ.-Ï. ïîä÷èíåíû ãîðîäà Çåëåíîãîðñê, Êîëïèíî, Êðîíøòàäò, Ëîìîíîñîâ, Ïàâëîâñê, Ïåòðîäâîðåö, Ïóøêèí, Ñåñòðîðåöê è 17 ïîñ¸ëêîâ ãîðîäñêîãî òèïà. Íàñåëåíèå 4436,7 òûñ. ÷åëîâåê (1992; âêëþ÷àÿ íàñåë¸ííûå ïóíêòû, ïîä÷èí¸ííûå Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêîé ìýðèè, — 5003,8 òûñ. ÷åëîâåê) (1265 òûñ. â 1897; 1614 òûñ. â 1926; 3015 òûñ. â 1939; 3003 òûñ. â 1959; 3513 òûñ. â 1970; 4073 òûñ. â 1979).
        Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü òåððèòîðèè Ñ.-Ï. ðàñïîëîæåíà â ïðåäåëàõ Ïðèíåâñêîé íèçìåííîñòè. Íàèáîëåå âîçâûøåííûå ÷àñòè Ñ.-Ï. — íà þæíîé è þãî-çàïàäíîé îêðàèíàõ — â ðàéîíå Äóäåðãîôñêèõ (âûñîòà äî 176 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ) è Ïóëêîâñêèõ (äî 75 ì) âûñîò; íà ñåâåðå — Ïàðãîëîâñêèå (äî 60 ì) ê âîñòîêó îò Ñ.-Ï. — Êîëòóøñêèå (äî 50 ì) âûñîòû. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ãîðîäñêîé òåððèòîðèè — ïëîñêàÿ ðàâíèíà (âûñîòà îò 3-4 ì è íèæå äî 30 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ), ñëàáî íàêëîí¸ííàÿ â ñòîðîíó Ôèíñêîãî çàëèâà è ð. Íåâà. Çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü òåððèòîðèè (îñòðîâà äåëüòû Íåâû, ïðèìîðñêàÿ ïîëîñà ìåæäó Ôèíñêèì çàëèâîì è ëèíèåé Áàëòèéñêîé æåëåçíîé äîðîãè, ëåâîáåðåæüå Íåâû äî Ôîíòàíêè) ïîäâåðæåíà îïàñíîñòè íàâîäíåíèé. Êàòàñòðîôè÷åñêèé õàðàêòåð íàâîäíåíèÿ íîñèëè 7 íîÿáðÿ 1824 (ïîäú¸ì óðîâíÿ âîäû âûøå îðäèíàðà íà 3,75 ì) è 23 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1924 (3,69 ì).  êîíöå XIX â. â äåëüòå Íåâû áûëî 49 ðåê è êàíàëîâ è îêîëî 15 ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðîòîê, îáðàçóþùèõ 101 îñòðîâ; ê 1975 â ðåçóëüòàòå çàñûïêè âîäîòîêîâ îñòàëîñü 42 îñòðîâà. Ñàìûå êðóïíûå èç íèõ: Âàñèëüåâñêèé (10,9 êì2), îñòðîâà Ïåòåðáóðãñêîé ñòîðîíû (6,2 êì2), Äåêàáðèñòîâ (Ãîëîäàé; 3,8 êì2), à òàêæå Êèðîâñêèå (Êàìåííûé, Êðåñòîâñêèé, Åëàãèí), Àïòåêàðñêèé. Íûíå â ÷åðòå Ñ.-Ï. 45 ðåê, ðóêàâîâ, ïðîòîê è îêîëî 40 èñêóññòâåííûõ êàíàëîâ îáùåé ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ îêîëî 300 êì, à òàêæå îêîëî 100 âîäî¸ìîâ (îç¸ð, ïðóäîâ è èñêóññòâåííûõ áàññåéíîâ). Ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü ð. Íåâà â ÷åðòå ãîðîäà 28 êì.
        Êëèìàò Ñ.-Ï. ìîðñêîé, ñ ÷åðòàìè êîíòèíåíòàëüíîãî. ×àñòûå ñìåíû âîçäóøíûõ ìàññ, ïðîõîæäåíèå ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ àòìîñôåðíûõ ôðîíòîâ (â ñðåäíåì 180 â ãîä) è öèêëîíîâ îïðåäåëÿþò íåóñòîé÷èâóþ ïîãîäó âî âñå ñåçîíû. Çèìà óìåðåííî ìÿãêàÿ, ïðîäîëæèòåëüíàÿ, ñ ïðåîáëàäàíèåì óìåðåííî ìîðîçíîé, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî îáëà÷íîé ïîãîäû, ÷àñòû îòòåïåëè; ñðåäíÿÿ òåìïåðàòóðà ñàìûõ õîëîäíûõ ìåñÿöåâ — ÿíâàðÿ è ôåâðàëÿ -7,8°C: ñíåæíûé ïîêðîâ — ñî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû íîÿáðÿ äî ñåðåäèíû àïðåëÿ. Ëåòî óìåðåííî ò¸ïëîå, ñî ñìåíîé ñîëíå÷íûõ è äîæäëèâûõ äíåé; ñðåäíÿÿ òåìïåðàòóðà èþëÿ 17,8°C.  ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå ëåòà â Ñ.-Ï. íàáëþäàþòñÿ «áåëûå íî÷è» íàèáîëåå ÿðêî âûðàæåííûå ñ 11 èþíÿ ïî 2 èþëÿ. Îñàäêîâ îêîëî 620 ìì â ãîä, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â èþíå — àâãóñòå. Ñðåäíÿÿ ãîäîâàÿ îòíîñèòåëüíàÿ âëàæíîñòü âîçäóõà îêîëî 80%.  öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíàõ Ñ.-Ï. ñôîðìèðîâàëñÿ ãîðîäñêîé ìèêðîêëèìàò, çäåñü òåïëåå, ÷åì íà îêðàèíàõ (â ñðåäíåì íà 0,6-0,7°C).
        Òåððèòîðèÿ, íà êîòîðîé ðàñïîëîæåí Ñ.-Ï., â IX-X ââ. ïðèíàäëåæàëà íîâãîðîäöàì; ñ XIII â. èçâåñòíà ïîä íàçâàíèåì Èæîðñêàÿ çåìëÿ.  íà÷àëå XVII â. íåâñêèå áåðåãà áûëè çàõâà÷åíû øâåäàìè (áàññåéí Íåâû âîø¸ë â ñîñòàâ ïðîâèíöèè Èíãåðìàíëàíäèÿ).
        Â õîäå Ñåâåðíîé âîéíû ñî Øâåöèåé (1700-21) øâåäû â àâãóñòå 1702 ïîòåðïåëè ïîðàæåíèå íà ð. Èæîðà, â îêòÿáðå 1702 ðóññêèå âîéñêà âçÿëè êðåïîñòü Íîòåáóðã (íûíå — Øëèññåëüáóðã), à 1 ìàÿ 1703 — êðåïîñòü Íèåíøàíö (â óñòüå ð. Îõòà).  àïðåëå 1703 ϸòð I îïðåäåëèë ìåñòî äëÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâà ðóññêîé êðåïîñòè, íàçâàííîé Ñàíêò-Ïèòåð-Áóðõ (êðåïîñòü Ñâ. Ïåòðà), — Çàÿ÷èé îñòðîâ. Ïëàí áóäóùåé êðåïîñòè áûë íà÷åð÷åí Ïåòðîì I, ðàáîòû ïî å¸ ñòðîèòåëüñòâó ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì À. Ä. Ìåíøèêîâà íà÷àëèñü 16(27) ìàÿ 1703. 29 èþíÿ 1703 â êðåïîñòè áûë çàëîæåí äåðåâÿííûé õðàì Ïåòðà è Ïàâëà, ïîçäíåå êðåïîñòü ñòàëà íàçûâàòüñÿ Ïåòðîïàâëîâñêîé, à áóäóùèé ãîðîä — Ñàíêò-Ïèòåð-Áóðõîì (â 1703 â äîêóìåíòàõ âñòðå÷àþòñÿ òàêæå íàçâàíèå Ïèòåð-ïîë, Ïåòðîïîëü). Ê îñåíè 1703 ñòðîèòåëüñòâî çåìëÿíûõ óêðåïëåíèé êðåïîñòè â îñíîâíîì áûëî çàâåðøåíî.  íîÿáðå 1703 â Ñ.-Ï. ïðèáûë ïåðâûé òîðãîâûé êîðàáëü èç Ãîëëàíäèè. Çèìîé 1703-04 â Ôèíñêîì çàëèâå áëèç îñòðîâà Êîòëèí ñîîðóæ¸í ôîðò Êðîíøëîò.  1704 íà ëåâîì áåðåãó Íåâû çàëîæåíî Ãëàâíîå Àäìèðàëòåéñòâî ñ Àäìèðàëòåéñêîé âåðôüþ, â 1705 âîêðóã íåãî ñîîðóæåíû óêðåïëåíèÿ Àäìèðàëòåéñêîé êðåïîñòè. Ïîä çàùèòîé ýòèõ êðåïîñòåé íà÷àëîñü ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ãîðîäà. Ðàáîòàìè ðóêîâîäèëè ïåðâûé ãåíåðàë-ãóáåðíàòîð Ñ.-Ï. Ìåíøèêîâ è ïåðâûé àðõèòåêòîð ãîðîäà Ä. Òðåçèíè.  1706 ó÷ðåæäåíà «Êàíöåëÿðèÿ ãîðîäîâûõ äåë» âåäàâøàÿ âñåìè ñòðîèòåëüíûìè ðàáîòàìè. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî ãîðîäñêîé öåíòð ôîðìèðîâàëñÿ íà ïðàâîì áåðåãó Íåâû, íà Ïåòåðáóðãñêîì (ïåðâîíà÷àëüíî Áåð¸çîâîì) îñòðîâå. Çäåñü, áëèç äîìèêà Ïåòðà I, íàõîäèëèñü ïàëàòû Ìåíøèêîâà, äîìà âûñøèõ ñàíîâíèêîâ, òîðãîâûå çàâåäåíèÿ, Ìûòíûé äâîð, äåðåâÿííûé ñîáîð Ñâ. Òðîèöû, çäàíèÿ Ñåíàòà, êîëëåãèé, òèïîãðàôèè, Ãîñòèíîãî äâîðà è äð. Äðóãîé öåíòð çàñòðîéêè âîçíèê íà ëåâîì áåðåãó Íåâû, âîêðóã Àäìèðàëòåéñêîé êðåïîñòè, è âûøå ïî ðåêå. Àäìèðàëòåéñêèé îñòðîâ è Ìîñêîâñêàÿ ñòîðîíà îêàçàëèñü íàèáîëåå óäîáíûìè òåððèòîðèÿìè äëÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ãîðîäà.
        Ñ 1708 Ñ.-Ï. — öåíòð Èíãåðìàíëàíäñêîé, ñ 1710 — Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêîé ãóáåðíèè.  1712 â Ñ.-Ï. áûëà ïåðåíåñåíà èç Ìîñêâû ñòîëèöà ãîñóäàðñòâà. Çäåñü ðàçìåñòèëñÿ öàðñêèé äâîð, à ïîçæå Ñåíàò (ñ 1713), Êîëëåãèè (ñ 1718) è äðóãèå ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííûå ó÷ðåæäåíèÿ, ãâàðäåéñêèå ïîëêè.  1710-å ãã. èçäàí ðÿä öàðñêèõ óêàçîâ î ïîñòðîéêå â ãîðîäå êàìåííûõ äîìîâ, ïåðåñåëåíèè â Ñ.-Ï. âûñøèõ ñàíîâíèêîâ, äâîðÿí, òîðãîâûõ è ïðîìûøëåííûõ ëþäåé.
        Ïî óêàçó 1704 åæåãîäíî íà 2-3-ìåñÿ÷íûå ðàáîòû â Ñ.-Ï. ïðèñûëàëîñü ïî 24 òûñÿ÷è «ðàáîòíûõ ëþäåé»èç âíóòðåííèõ ãóáåðíèé Ðîññèè, ñ 1709 — ïî 40 òûñÿ÷. Óêàçîì îò 30 àïðåëÿ 1718 ϸòð I îòìåíèë ïðèíóäèòåëüíûå íàáîðû «ðàáîòíûõ ëþäåé» çàìåíèâ èõ äåíåæíûìè ñáîðàìè ñ íàñåëåíèÿ.
        Íîâûé ãîðîä ðîñ êàê öåíòð ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è òîðãîâëè.  1706 ñî ñòàïåëåé Àäìèðàëòåéñêîé âåðôè áûëè ñïóùåíû íà âîäó ïåðâûé 18-ïóøå÷íûé êîðàáëü «Ïðàì» è ÿõòà «Íàäåæäà».  1712 íà Àäìèðàëòåéñêîì îñòðîâå, áëèç óñòüÿ Ìîéêè, îñíîâàí Ãàëåðíûé äâîð (ñ 1800 — Íîâîå Àäìèðàëòåéñòâî); â 1715-22 íà ëåâîì áåðåãó Ôîíòàíêè, íàïðîòèâ Ëåòíåãî ñàäà, ïîñòðîåíà Ïàðòèêóëÿðíàÿ âåðôü; îêîëî 1721 íà ìåñòå êðåïîñòè Íèåíøàíö îñíîâàíà Îõòèíñêàÿ âåðôü.  1711 íà Ìîñêîâñêîé ñòîðîíå çàëîæåí Ëèòåéíûé äâîð (ñ 1720-õ ãã. íàçûâàëñÿ Àðñåíàëîì); â 1714 â èçëó÷èíå Íåâû, íà ìåñòå ñåëà Ñïàññêîå, âîçíèê Ñìîëÿíîé (Ñìîëüíûé) äâîð, íà êîòîðîì âûðàáàòûâàëñÿ ä¸ãîòü è õðàíèëèñü çàïàñû ñìîëû; â 1720 îñíîâàí Êàíàòíûé äâîð. Ñ 1722 íà áàçå Èæîðñêîé ëåñîïèëüíè íà÷àëîñü ôîðìèðîâàíèå ÿêîðíîãî, ìåäíîãî, ïðîâîëî÷íîãî è äðóãèõ ïðîèçâîäñòâ.  1714-15 ïîñòðîåíû Êðåñòîâñêèé è Îõòèíñêèé ïîðîõîâûå çàâîäû. Ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâà ïðåäìåòîâ ðîñêîøè: â 1716-17 â Ñ.-Ï. îñíîâàíà Øïàëåðíàÿ (ãîáåëåíîâàÿ) ìàíóôàêòóðà, â 1719 — ìàíóôàêòóðû ïî ïðîèçâîäñòâó áàðõàòà, ø¸ëêîâîé ïàð÷è, ïîçóìåíòíàÿ.  1718 îñíîâàíû êàç¸ííûå âîäî÷íûå çàâîäû, òàáà÷íàÿ ìàíóôàêòóðà.  1724 îòêðûò Ìîíåòíûé äâîð â Ïåòðîïàâëîâñêîé êðåïîñòè.
        Ïåðâûå ïîñòðîéêè Ñ.-Ï. (æèëûå äîìà, àäìèíèñòðàòèâíûå çäàíèÿ, õðàìû è äð.) áûëè äåðåâÿííûìè; ïðèìåðíî ñ 1711 ìíîãèå èç íèõ ïåðåñòðàèâàëèñü â êàìíå è êèðïè÷å, òîãäà æå ñòàëî ðàçâèâàòüñÿ ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ìàçàíêîâûõ çäàíèé.  1714 óêàçàìè Ïåòðà I çàïðåùàëîñü âîçâåäåíèå êàìåííûõ çäàíèé ïî âñåé Ðîññèè, êðîìå Ñ.-Ï., à âñå ñóäà è ïîäâîäû, âõîäèâøèå èëè âúåçæàâøèå â Ñ.-Ï., äîëæíû áûëè ââîçèòü ñòðîèòåëüíûé êàìåíü.  1715 èçäàí óêàç î çàìîùåíèè óëèö ãîðîäà.
        Â 1717 áûë ïðèíÿò ïëàí öåíòðà Ñ.-Ï. ñ ïðÿìîóãîëüíîé ñåòüþ óëèö è êàíàëîâ (àðõèòåêòîð Ä. Òðåçèíè; ëåæèò â îñíîâå ñóùåñòâóþùåé íûíå ïëàíèðîâêè).  1716 ñîçäàíû «îáðàçöîâûå» ïðîåêòû æèëûõ çäàíèé (àðõèòåêòîðû Æ. Á. Ëåáëîí, Òðåçèíè): êèðïè÷íûõ — «äëÿ èìåíèòûõ» è «çàæèòî÷íûõ» íà äåðåâÿííîì êàðêàñå ñ çàïîëíåíèåì ãëèíîé, ñ ðîñïèñüþ ñòåí ïîä êèðïè÷ — «äëÿ ïîäëûõ» (ò. å. ðÿäîâûõ ãîðîæàí).  Ïåòðîïàâëîâñêîé êðåïîñòè â 1712-33 íà ìåñòå äåðåâÿííîãî õðàìà ïî ïðîåêòó Òðåçèíè ïîñòðîåí êèðïè÷íûé Ïåòðîïàâëîâñêèé ñîáîð (óñûïàëüíèöà ðîññèéñêèõ èìïåðàòîðîâ, íà÷èíàÿ ñ Ïåòðà I); åãî îáùàÿ âûñîòà 122,5 ì. Íà Âàñèëüåâñêîì îñòðîâå âîçâåäåíû: äâîðåö À. Ä. Ìåíøèêîâà (1710-12 è 1913-27, àðõèòåêòîðû Äæ. Ì. Ôîíòàíà, Ã. È. Øåäåëü, ïðè ó÷àñòèè Òðåçèíè è äð.); çäàíèå Êóíñòêàìåðû (1718-34, àðõèòåêòîðû Ì. Ã. Çåìöîâ, Ã. È. Ìàòòàðíîâè è äð.); çäàíèå Äâåíàäöàòè êîëëåãèé (ñ 1819 — Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò; 1722-42, àðõèòåêòîð Òðåçèíè, ñ 1734 â ñòðîèòåëüñòâå ïðèíèìàëè ó÷àñòèå Äæ. Òðåçèíè, Çåìöîâ, Ò. Øâåðòôåãåð).  1710 ïðè âïàäåíèè ð. ×åðíàÿ (íûíå Ìîíàñòûðêà) â Íåâó (â êîíöå ñîâðåìåííîãî Íåâñêîãî ïðîñïåêòà) Ïåòðîì I îñíîâàí ìîíàñòûðü Òðîèöû è ñâ. Àëåêñàíäðà Íåâñêîãî (ñ 1797 — ëàâðà; ñòðîèòåëüñòâî âåëîñü ïî ïðîåêòó Ä. Òðåçèíè, çàâåðøåíî È. Å. Ñòàðîâûì â 1790-õ ãã.).  1710-14 íà Àäìèðàëòåéñêîì îñòðîâå â ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Ëåòíåãî ñàäà (ðàçáèò â 1704 ïî ïëàíó Ïåòðà I) ïîñòðîåí Ëåòíèé äâîðåö Ïåòðà I (àðõèòåêòîð Ä. Òðåçèíè). Ïåðâûå õðàìû Ñ.-Ï., â îñíîâíîì áàçèëèêàëüíîãî òèïà, ñòàëè îðãàíè÷íûìè öåíòðàìè ïðèëåãàþùèõ ó÷àñòêîâ ãîðîäñêîé òåððèòîðèè; Áëàãîâåùåíñêàÿ öåðêîâü Àëåêñàíäðî-Íåâñêîé ëàâðû (1717-22, àðõèòåêòîð Ä. Òðåçèíè, â óñûïàëüíèöå öåðêâè ïîãðåáåíû êðóïíûå ãîñóäàðñòâåííûå äåÿòåëè XVIII — ïåðâîé òðåòè XIX ââ. À. Â. Ñóâîðîâ, Í. È. Ïàíèí, À. À. Áåçáîðîäêî, À. Ì. Ãîëèöûí è äð.); Ñàìïñîíèåâñêèé ñîáîð íà Âûáîðãñêîé ñòîðîíå, ïîñòðîåííûé íà ìåñòå äåðåâÿííîé öåðêâè, çàëîæåííîé Ïåòðîì I â ïàìÿòü ïîáåäû ïîä Ïîëòàâîé 27 èþíÿ 1709 (â äåíü Ñâ. Ñàìïñîíèÿ); öåðêâè Ñâ. Ñèìåîíà è Àííû (1731-34, àðõèòåêòîð Çåìöîâ) è Ñâ. Ïàíòåëåéìîíà (1735-39, ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî — àðõèòåêòîð È. Ê. Êîðîáîâ; ïîñòðîåí â ïàìÿòü ïîáåä ðóññêîãî ôëîòà ïðè Ãàíãóòå è Ãðåíãàìå) íà Ìîñêîâñêîé ñòîðîíå.
        Â ïåðâîé ÷åòâåðòè XVIII â. áûëè ïðîâåäåíû áîëüøèå ðàáîòû ïî ïðåâðàùåíèþ ðóêàâîâ äåëüòû Íåâû, ðåê è ïðîòîê â âîäíûå ìàãèñòðàëè ãîðîäà ñ äåðåâÿííûìè íàáåðåæíûìè è ïðèñòàíÿìè, ïî ñòðîèòåëüñòâó ìîñòîâ (ïåðâûì ìîñòîì ÷åðåç Áîëüøóþ Íåâó ñòàë íàïëàâíîé Èñààêèåâñêèé ìîñò, 1727).  ýòî æå âðåìÿ ìåæäó Íåâîé è Ìîéêîé ïðîëîæåíû Ëåáÿæèé, Êðàñíûé, Êðþêîâ è Íîâî-Àäìèðàëòåéñêèé êàíàëû, Çèìíÿÿ êàíàâêà. Ïî ëèíèÿì Âàñèëüåâñêîãî îñòðîâà áûëî ïðîðûòî 10 êàíàëîâ; â 1718-21 ñîçäàíû Ëèãîâñêèé êàíàë è êàíàëû Ëåòíåãî ñàäà.  1721-22 â çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Âàñèëüåâñêîãî îñòðîâà ñîîðóæåíà Ãàëåðíàÿ ãàâàíü (ðóêîâîäèòåëü ðàáîò — àðõèòåêòîð Ä. Òðåçèíè).
        Â 1717 ïëîùàäü ñîáñòâåííî Ñ.-Ï. ñîñòàâëÿëà 12 êì2 (ñðåäè çàñòðîåííûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîõðàíÿëèñü ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ïóñòûðè), ãðàíèöà ãîðîäà íà þãå ïðîõîäèëà ïî ð. Ìîéêà. Ê 1725 â Ñ.-Ï. áûëî îêîëî 40 òûñÿ÷ æèòåëåé, â òîì ÷èñëå îêîëî 14,5 òûñÿ÷ ñîëäàò è îôèöåðîâ ãàðíèçîíà; îêîëî ïîëîâèíû íàñåëåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿëè ðàáîòíûå ëþäè ñ ñåìüÿìè.
        Ïðè Ïåòðå I â Ñ.-Ï. áûë ó÷ðåæäåí ðÿä ó÷åáíûõ çàâåäåíèé.  1715 íà áàçå ïåðåâåä¸ííûõ èç Ìîñêâû ñòàðøèõ êëàññîâ Øêîëû ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ è íàâèãàöêèõ íàóê (îñíîâàí â 1701) îðãàíèçîâàíà Ìîðñêàÿ àêàäåìèÿ (Àêàäåìèÿ ìîðñêîé ãâàðäèè; ñ 1939 — Âûñøåå âîåííî-ìîðñêîå ó÷èëèùå èì. Ì. Â. Ôðóíçå).  1719 èç Ìîñêâû ïåðåâåäåíà Èíæåíåðíàÿ øêîëà (îñíîâàíà â 1712), â 1721 îñíîâàíà Àðòèëëåðèéñêàÿ øêîëà (â 1758 îáå øêîëû îáúåäèíåíû â îäíó, ñ 1800 — 2-é Êàäåòñêèé êîðïóñ).  1711 îòêðûòà ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííàÿ òèïîãðàôèÿ, â êîòîðîé èçäàâàëàñü ïåðâàÿ ðóññêàÿ ïå÷àòíàÿ ãàçåòà «Âåäîìîñòè» â 1720 — òèïîãðàôèÿ ïðè Àëåêñàíäðî-Íåâñêîì ìîíàñòûðå.  1721 ó÷ðåæäåíà Ñëîâåíñêàÿ øêîëà äëÿ äåòåé ðàçíî÷èíöåâ, â 1726 — Ñëàâÿíî-ãðåêî-ëàòèíñêàÿ ñåìèíàðèÿ (ñ 1809 — Äóõîâíàÿ àêàäåìèÿ).
        Â öàðñòâîâàíèå Åêàòåðèíû I (1724-27), â 1725 ñîñòîÿëîñü îôèöèàëüíîå îòêðûòèå Àêàäåìèè íàóê è õóäîæåñòâ (ñ 1747 — Èìïåðàòîðñêàÿ Àêàäåìèÿ íàóê è õóäîæåñòâ, ñ 1757 — Èìïåðàòîðñêàÿ Àêàäåìèÿ íàóê, íûíå — Ðîññèéñêàÿ àêàäåìèÿ íàóê), ó÷ðåæäåííîé ïî ïðîåêòó Ïåòðà I.
        Â 1728-32, ïðè Ïåòðå II (öàðñòâîâàë â 1727-30) è â ïåðâûå ãîäû öàðñòâîâàíèÿ Àííû Èîàíîâíû (íà ïðåñòîëå â 1730-40), öàðñêèé äâîð íàõîäèëñÿ â Ìîñêâå.  íà÷àëå 1732 Àííà Èîàíîâíà ïåðååõàëà â Ñ.-Ï.  1731 â Ñ.-Ï. áûë îñíîâàí Êîðïóñ êàäåò (ñ 1800 — 1-é Êàäåòñêèé êîðïóñ).
        Â 1737 ïîñëå îïóñòîøèòåëüíûõ ïîæàðîâ (ëåòîì 1736 è 1737) áûëà ñîçäàíà ïðàâèòåëüñòâåííàÿ «Êîìèññèÿ î Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêîì ñòðîåíèè» (âî ãëàâå ñ ãðàôîì Á. Ê. Ìèíèõîì, ãëàâíûé àðõèòåêòîð — Ï. Ì. Åðîïêèí), ðàçðàáîòàâøàÿ ïëàí çàñòðîéêè è áëàãîóñòðîéñòâà ãîðîäà, â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ êîòîðûì öåíòð Ñ.-Ï. îêîí÷àòåëüíî çàêðåïëÿëñÿ íà Àäìèðàëòåéñêîé ñòîðîíå. Ïîëíîå çàâåðøåíèå ïîëó÷èë «íåïòóíîâ òðåçóáåö»òð¸õ ìàãèñòðàëåé-«ïåðñïåêòèâ» ðàñõîäèâøèõñÿ îò Àäìèðàëòåéñòâà (Íåâñêîãî ïðîñïåêòà, Ñðåäíåé ïåðñïåêòèâû, ïîçäíåå — Ãîðîõîâîé óëèöû, Âîçíåñåíñêîãî ïðîñïåêòà), áûëà ïðîëîæåíà Ñàäîâàÿ óëèöà ñ Ñåííîé è Ïîêðîâñêîé (íûíå Òóðãåíåâà) ïëîùàäÿìè; âîêðóã ïîñëåäíåé ñôîðìèðîâàëñÿ íîâûé ðàéîí — Êîëîìíà.  1737 þæíîé ãðàíèöåé Ñ.-Ï. ñòàëà ð. Ôîíòàíêà.
        Áîëüøîå âíèìàíèå ïàðàäíîìó ñòðîèòåëüñòâó â Ñ.-Ï. è åãî ïðèãîðîäàõ óäåëÿëà èìïåðàòðèöà Åëèçàâåòà Ïåòðîâíà; â ãîäû å¸ ïðàâëåíèÿ (1741-61) îáðåòàåò ïîëíîå çâó÷àíèå àðõèòåêòóðà ðóññêîãî áàðîêêî.  1748-64 ñîîðóæåíû àíñàìáëü Ñìîëüíîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ (àðõèòåêòîð Â. Â. Ðàñòðåëëè), â 1754-62 Çèìíèé äâîðåö (àðõèòåêòîð Ðàñòðåëëè), â 1750-55 Øåðåìåòåâñêèé äâîðåö (àðõèòåêòîðû Ñ. È. ×åâàêèíñêèé, Ô. Ñ. Àðãóíîâ), à òàêæå äâîðöû ãðàôà Ñ. Ã. Ñòðîãàíîâà (1752-54, àðõèòåêòîð Ðàñòðåëëè; íûíå — îäíî èç çäàíèé Ðóññêîãî ìóçåÿ) è ãðàôà Ì. È. Âîðîíöîâà (1749-57, àðõèòåêòîð Ðàñòðåëëè).  ñåðåäèíå XVIII â. â Ñ.-Ï. ñîîðóæàëèñü öåíòðè÷åñêèå õðàìû â ñòèëå áàðîêêî, â òîì ÷èñëå Íèêîëüñêèé ìîðñêîé ñîáîð ñ òðàäèöèîííûì ïÿòèãëàâèåì (1753-62, àðõèòåêòîð ×åâàêèíñêèé) è îäíîãëàâàÿ öåðêîâü Òðåõ Ñâÿòèòåëåé (1740-60, ïðåäïîëîæèòåëüíî àðõèòåêòîð Äæ. Òðåçèíè).
        Â 1744 â Ñ.-Ï. îñíîâàíà Ïîðöåëëèíîâàÿ ìàíóôàêòóðà (ñ 1765 — Èìïåðàòîðñêèé ôàðôîðîâûé çàâîä, íûíå — ôàðôîðîâûé çàâîä èì. Ì. Â. Ëîìîíîñîâà), â 1753 — Êðàñíîñåëüñêàÿ ñèòöåíàáèâíàÿ ìàíóôàêòóðà.  1750 â Ñ.-Ï. íàñ÷èòûâàëîñü îêîëî 95 òûñÿ÷ æèòåëåé (áåç ñåçîííûõ ðàáî÷èõ).  1756 óêàçîì èìïåðàòðèöû â Ñ.-Ï. ó÷ðåæä¸í Ðóññêèé äëÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ òðàãåäèé è êîìåäèé òåàòð — ïåðâûé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ïóáëè÷íûé òåàòð â Ðîññèè (îñíîâó òåàòðà ñîñòàâèë ðÿä àêò¸ðîâ ÿðîñëàâñêîé òðóïïû Ô. Ã. Âîëêîâà).  1757 â Ñ.-Ï. ó÷ðåæäåíà Àêàäåìèÿ õóäîæåñòâ ïî ïðîåêòó È. È. Øóâàëîâà.  1759 îñíîâàí Ïàæåñêèé êîðïóñ.  1762, â íà÷àëå öàðñòâîâàíèÿ Åêàòåðèíû II (1762-96), ó÷ðåæäåíà Êîìèññèÿ î êàìåííîì ñòðîåíèè Ñ.-Ï. è Ìîñêâû, óòâåðäèâøàÿ â 1765 îñíîâíûå ïîëîæåíèÿ Ãåíåðàëüíîãî ïëàíà Ñ.-Ï., ðàçðàáîòàííîãî ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì àðõèòåêòîðà À. Â. Êâàñîâà: ðàñøèðåíèå ãðàíèöû ãîðîäà (äî ñîâðåìåííîãî Îáâîäíîãî êàíàëà), ïåðåïëàíèðîâêà óëèö, ïðèëåãàþùèõ ê Àäìèðàëòåéñòâó è Çèìíåìó äâîðöó, âûÿâëåíèå êîíôèãóðàöèè Ñåíàòñêîé è Äâîðöîâîé ïëîùàäåé, ôîðìèðîâàíèå ïëîùàäåé ó Ñåì¸íîâñêîãî, Îáóõîâñêîãî è Ñòàðî-Êàëèíêèíà ìîñòîâ ÷åðåç ð. Ôîíòàíêà; áûëà âûäâèíóòà çàäà÷à çàñòðîéêè óëèö ñïëîøíûì ôðîíòîì çäàíèé äëÿ ñîçäàíèÿ êàê áû åäèíîãî óëè÷íîãî ôàñàäà. Ïåðâàÿ ãðàíèòíàÿ íàáåðåæíàÿ áûëà ïîñòðîåíà ïåðåä Çèìíèì äâîðöîì íà Íåâå (1763-67, àðõèòåêòîð È. Ðîññè, ìàñòåð Ã. È. Íàñîíîâ); êàê åäèíûé àíñàìáëü áûëî ðåøåíî îôîðìëåíèå íàáåðåæíûõ Åêàòåðèíèíñêîãî (íûíå Ãðèáîåäîâà) êàíàëà, Ôîíòàíêè è Ìîéêè.  ñòðîãîé ëèíåéíîñòè áåðåãîâûõ ñòåí è ïàðàïåòîâ, â ìÿãêîé îêðóãë¸ííîñòè ñïóñêîâ è ïðè÷àëîâ, â îáëèêå ïåðâûõ êàìåííûõ ìîñòîâ (Ïðà÷å÷íûé, Ýðìèòàæíûé, Âåðõíå-Ëåáÿæèé è äð.), â ðèñóíêå ÷óãóííûõ îãðàæäåíèé, ñðåäè êîòîðûõ ñîâåðøåíñòâîì ïðîïîðöèé, ñî÷åòàíèåì ìîíóìåíòàëüíîñòè è ë¸ãêîñòè âûäåëÿåòñÿ îãðàäà Ëåòíåãî ñàäà (1773-84, àðõèòåêòîðû Þ. Ì. Ôåëüòåí, Ï. Å. Åãîðîâ), âûðàçèëèñü ÷åðòû íîâîãî àðõèòåêòóðíîãî ñòèëÿ — êëàññèöèçìà.  1782 íà Ñåíàòñêîé ïëîùàäè áûë îòêðûò ïàìÿòíèê Ïåòðó I (ñêóëüïòîð Ý. Ì. Ôàëüêîíå).
        Ñ 1760-õ ãã. îáëèê ãîðîäà è õàðàêòåð åãî çàñòðîéêè íà÷èíàþò îïðåäåëÿòü êðóïíûå îáùåñòâåííûå ñîîðóæåíèÿ è äâîðöû, åù¸ ñîõðàíÿâøèå ïëàñòè÷åñêîå áîãàòñòâî ôîðì, ïðèñóùåå ïîçäíåìó áàðîêêî, íî îòëè÷àâøèåñÿ ÿñíîñòüþ ïîñòðîåíèÿ, ñòðåìëåíèåì âûÿâèòü àðõèòåêòîíèêó ïîñòðîéêè: çäàíèå Àêàäåìèè õóäîæåñòâ (1764-88, àðõèòåêòîð À. Ô. Êîêîðèíîâ, ïðè ó÷àñòèè Æ. Á. È. Âàëëåí-Äåëàìîòà), Ìðàìîðíûé äâîðåö (1768-85, àðõèòåêòîð À. Ðèíàëüäè), Ìàëûé Ýðìèòàæ (1764-67, àðõèòåêòîð Âàëëåí-Äåëàìîò), ëåñíûå ñêëàäû íà îñòðîâå Íîâàÿ Ãîëëàíäèÿ (1765-80-å ãã., àðõèòåêòîðû Ñ. È. ×åâàêèíñêèé, Âàëëåí-Äåëàìîò), Ãîñòèíûé äâîð íà Íåâñêîì ïðîñïåêòå (1761-85, àðõèòåêòîð Âàëëåí-Äåëàìîò, ïðè ó÷àñòèè Êîêîðèíîâà). Ñ êîíöà 1770-õ ãã. àðõèòåêòóðà îáùåñòâåííûõ çäàíèé ïðèîáðåòàåò âñ¸ áîëüøóþ ëàïèäàðíîñòü, ñâîéñòâåííóþ ñòðîãîìó êëàññèöèçìó: çäàíèå Àêàäåìèè íàóê (1783-85, àðõèòåêòîð Äæ. Êâàðåíãè), Ïî÷òàìò (1782-89, àðõèòåêòîð Í. À. Ëüâîâ), Ýðìèòàæíûé òåàòð (1783-87, àðõèòåêòîð Êâàðåíãè), óãëîâîé êîðïóñ çäàíèÿ Ïóáëè÷íîé áèáëèîòåêè (1796-1801, àðõèòåêòîð Å. È. Ñîêîëîâ; íûíå — Ðîññèéñêàÿ íàöèîíàëüíàÿ áèáëèîòåêà). Ïî íàáåðåæíûì Ìîéêè è Ôîíòàíêè âûðàñòàëè áîëüøèå ãîðîäñêèå óñàäüáû: ãðàôà Ê. Ã. Ðàçóìîâñêîãî (1762-66, àðõèòåêòîðû Êîêîðèíîâ, Âàëëåí-Äåëàìîò), ãðàôîâ Áîáðèíñêèõ (1790-å ãã., àðõèòåêòîð Ë. Ðóñêà), êíÿçåé Þñóïîâûõ (íàäñòðîåí è ðàñøèðåí â 1760-õ ãã. àðõèòåêòîð Âàëëåí-Äåëàìîòîì).  1783-89 íà Øïàëåðíîé óëèöå äëÿ êíÿçÿ Ã. À. Ïîò¸ìêèíà-Òàâðè÷åñêîãî ñîîðóæ¸í Òàâðè÷åñêèé äâîðåö (àðõèòåêòîð È. Å. Ñòàðîâ). Ñðåäè õðàìîâ, ïîñòðîåííûõ â Ñ.-Ï. â ýòó ýïîõó, âûäåëÿþòñÿ ïàìÿòíèêè, èãðàþùèå ðîëü âûñîòíûõ äîìèíàíò Ñ.-Ï.: ñîîðóæ¸ííûé â ïåðåõîäíûõ îò áàðîêêî ê êëàññèöèçìó ôîðìàõ Êíÿçü-Âëàäèìèðñêèé ñîáîð (ñòðîèëñÿ â 1741-42 ïî ïðîåêòó Ì. Ã. Çåìöîâà ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì Ï. Òðåçèíè, äîñòðàèâàëñÿ â 1766-72 àðõèòåêòîðîì À. Ðèíàëüäè, ïîñëå ïîæàðà 1772 ïåðåñòðàèâàëñÿ â 1783-89 àðõèòåêòîðîì Ñòàðîâûì), Òðîèöêèé ñîáîð Àëåêñàíäðî-Íåâñêîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ â ñòèëå êëàññèöèçìà (1776-90, àðõèòåêòîð Ñòàðîâ); â 1777-80 â ñòèëå íåîãîòèêè ñîîðóæåíà ×åñìåíñêàÿ öåðêîâü (àðõèòåêòîð Þ. È. Ôåëüòåí). Îñíîâíàÿ ÷àñòü ñòðîåíèé ãîðîäà ïðîäîëæàëà îñòàâàòüñÿ äåðåâÿííîé; êàê è â íà÷àëå XVIII â., áåäñòâèåì Ñ.-Ï. áûëè ïîæàðû.
        Âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XVIII â. áûñòðî ðîñëî íàñåëåíèå Ñ.-Ï. — 150 òûñÿ÷ ÷åëîâåê â 1764, 192 òûñÿ÷è â 1784, 220 òûñÿ÷ ê íà÷àëó XIX â. Ñåâåðíàÿ ñòîëèöà çàêðåïëÿåò çà ñîáîé ðîëü êðóïíåéøåãî ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî è êóëüòóðíîãî öåíòðà Ðîññèéñêîé èìïåðèè.
        Ïî èíèöèàòèâå è ïëàíó È. È. Áåöêîãî â Ñ.-Ï. áûëè ó÷ðåæäåíû: â 1764 — Ñìîëüíûé èíñòèòóò äëÿ äî÷åðåé ïîòîìñòâåííûõ äâîðÿí (Âîñïèòàòåëüíîå îáùåñòâî áëàãîðîäíûõ äåâèö), ïîëîæèâøèé íà÷àëî æåíñêîìó îáðàçîâàíèþ â Ðîññèè; Âîñïèòàòåëüíîå ó÷èëèùå ïðè Àêàäåìèè õóäîæåñòâ; â 1765 — Ìåùàíñêîå îòäåëåíèå Ñìîëüíîãî èíñòèòóòà (äëÿ äî÷åðåé ìåùàí; âïîñëåäñòâèè — Àëåêñàíäðîâñêèé èíñòèòóò); â 1770 — Âîñïèòàòåëüíûé äîì ïðèçðåíèÿ äåòåé-ñèðîò è äåòåé áåäíÿêîâ è äð.  1773 îñíîâàíî Ãîðíîå ó÷èëèùå (ñ 1866 — íûíå ñóùåñòâóþùèé Ãîðíûé èíñòèòóò).
        Ïî èíèöèàòèâå äèðåêòîðà Èìïåðàòîðñêîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Å. Ð. Äàøêîâîé â 1783 â Ñ.-Ï. ó÷ðåæäåíà Ðîññèéñêàÿ àêàäåìèÿ (ïî èçó÷åíèþ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, ñëîâåñíîñòè è èñòîðèè; ïåðâûì ïðåçèäåíòîì áûëà Äàøêîâà).  1783 áûë îòêðûò Êàìåííûé (Áîëüøîé) òåàòð, íà ñöåíå êîòîðîãî âûñòóïàëè äðàìàòè÷åñêàÿ, îïåðíàÿ è áàëåòíàÿ òðóïïû.
        Â öàðñòâîâàíèå Ïàâëà I (1796-1801) èçìåíèëñÿ îáëèê Ñ.-Ï.: íà óëèöàõ ïîÿâèëèñü ïîëîñàòûå êàðàóëüíûå áóäêè è ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå øëàãáàóìû; ìíîãèå ïîñòðîéêè åêàòåðèíèíñêîãî âðåìåíè (â òîì ÷èñëå Òàâðè÷åñêèé äâîðåö) áûëè îòäàíû ïîä êàçàðìû.  1798 îòêðûòà Ìåäèêî-õèðóðãè÷åñêàÿ àêàäåìèÿ (íà áàçå Ìåäèêî-õèðóðãè÷åñêîãî ó÷èëèùà, îñíîâàííîãî â 1733; íûíå — Âîåííî-ìåäèöèíñêàÿ àêàäåìèÿ).  1797-1800 ñîîðóæ¸í Ìèõàéëîâñêèé (Èíæåíåðíûé) çàìîê (àðõèòåêòîð Â. Ô. Áðåííà) â ñòèëå êëàññèöèçìà, ñòàâøèé ðåçèäåíöèåé èìïåðàòîðà (â 1800 ïåðåä çàìêîì óñòàíîâëåí ïàìÿòíèê Ïåòðó I, îòëèòûé â 1746 ïî ìîäåëè Á. Ê. Ðàñòðåëëè); â 1798-1800 ïîñòðîåí Ìèõàéëîâñêèé ìàíåæ (àðõèòåêòîð Áðåííà); â 1798 íà÷àòî ñòðîèòåëüñòâî íàáåðåæíûõ Ìîéêè.
        Â ïåðâûå ãîäû öàðñòâîâàíèÿ Àëåêñàíäðà I (1801-25) â Ñ.-Ï. ïðîäîëæèëîñü ñîîðóæåíèå îáùåñòâåííûõ çäàíèé â ñòèëå êëàññèöèçìà, â òîì ÷èñëå Êîííîãâàðäåéñêîãî ìàíåæà (1804-07, àðõèòåêòîð Äæ. Êâàðåíãè; íûíå — Öåíòðàëüíûé âûñòàâî÷íûé çàë), çäàíèÿ Ñìîëüíîãî èíñòèòóòà (1806-08, àðõèòåêòîð Êâàðåíãè; íûíå — Ìýðèÿ Ñ.-Ï.), ðàñïîëîæåííîãî áëèç Ñìîëüíîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ.
        Â ïåðâîé ÷åòâåðòè XIX â. Ñ.-Ï. ñòàíîâèòñÿ ãîðîäîì êðóïíûõ çäàíèé îáùåñòâåííîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ, îðãàíè÷åñêè ñâÿçàííûõ â ïàðàäíûå àíñàìáëè: ïîñòðîåííûå À. Í. Âîðîíèõèíûì Ãîðíûé èíñòèòóò íà Âàñèëüåâñêîì îñòðîâå (1806-11) è Êàçàíñêèé ñîáîð (1801-11) — âàæíàÿ äîìèíàíòà Íåâñêîãî ïðîñïåêòà (â 1813 çäåñü ïîõîðîíåí Ì. È. Êóòóçîâ, â 1837 íà ïëîùàäè ïåðåä ñîáîðîì óñòàíîâëåíû ïàìÿòíèêè Ì. È. Êóòóçîâó è Ì. Á. Áàðêëàþ-äå-Òîëëè ðàáîòû ñêóëüïòîðà Á. È. Îðëîâñêîãî è àðõèòåêòîðà Â. Ï. Ñòàñîâà); ðåêîíñòðóèðîâàííîå àðõèòåêòîðîì À. Ä. Çàõàðîâûì Ãëàâíîå Àäìèðàëòåéñòâî (1806-23) — îäèí èç âàæíåéøèõ àíñàìáëåé öåíòðà Ñ.-Ï.; çàñòðîéêà Ñòðåëêè Âàñèëüåâñêîãî îñòðîâà (ïî ïëàíó Çàõàðîâà, 1803-04), â êîòîðîé äîìèíèðóåò çäàíèå Áèðæè ñ åãî âåëè÷åñòâåííûìè êîëîííàäàìè (1805-10, àðõèòåêòîð Æ. Òîìà äå Òîìîí) è ìîùíûìè âåðòèêàëÿìè Ðîñòðàëüíûõ êîëîíí (1806, àðõèòåêòîð Òîìà äå Òîìîí). Äëÿ ðóêîâîäñòâà ñòðîèòåëüíûìè ðàáîòàìè áûë â 1816 ó÷ðåæä¸í Êîìèòåò äëÿ ñòðîåíèé è ãèäðàâëè÷åñêèõ ðàáîò.
        Ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû öàðñòâîâàíèÿ Àëåêñàíäðà I è ïåðâîå äåñÿòèëåòèå ïðàâëåíèÿ Íèêîëàÿ I (ðîññèéñêèé èìïåðàòîð â 1825-55) ñîâïàëè ñ ãëàâíûì ïåðèîäîì òâîð÷åñòâà ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ ñòèëÿ àìïèð Ê. È. Ðîññè. Ãðàíäèîçíàÿ ñèñòåìà ìîíóìåíòàëüíûõ àíñàìáëåé, ñîçäàííàÿ ïî åãî çàìûñëó, ïðèäàëà ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûé ðàçìàõ, êîìïîçèöèîííóþ öåëîñòíîñòü è àðõèòåêòóðíîå åäèíñòâî öåíòðó Ñ.-Ï. Äóãîîáðàçíîå â ïëàíå çäàíèå Ãëàâíîãî øòàáà (1819-29) ñ öåíòðàëüíîé àðêîé è ìîíóìåíòàëüíàÿ Àëåêñàíäðîâñêàÿ êîëîííà (1830-34, àðõèòåêòîð À. À. Ìîíôåððàí) ïîä÷åðêíóëè ïàðàäíûé õàðàêòåð Äâîðöîâîé ïëîùàäè è çàêðåïèëè å¸ ãëàâåíñòâóþùåå çíà÷åíèå â öåíòðå ãîðîäà. Ïðèíöèï ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ïëîùàäåé, ñîïðÿæ¸ííûõ ñ ãèãàíòñêèì ïî ñâîèì ìàñøòàáàì îáùåñòâåííûì çäàíèåì, Ðîññè ïðèìåíèë ïðè ñîîðóæåíèè àíñàìáëÿ Àëåêñàíäðèéñêîãî òåàòðà (1828-32), Àëåêñàíäðèéñêîé ïëîùàäè (íûíå ïëîùàäü Îñòðîâñêîãî), îòêðûâàþùåéñÿ íà Íåâñêèé ïðîñïåêò (íà ïëîùàäè — êîðïóñ Ïóáëè÷íîé áèáëèîòåêè, 1828-34), Òåàòðàëüíîé (íûíå — Çîä÷åãî Ðîññè) óëèöû ñ òîæäåñòâåííûìè ôàñàäàìè äâóõ 3-ýòàæíûõ ïàðàäíûõ êîðïóñîâ. Íà÷àëîì õóäîæåñòâåííîé òðàíñôîðìàöèè áîëüøîãî ðàéîíà ïîñëóæèëè ñòðîèòåëüñòâî Ìèõàéëîâñêîãî äâîðöà (1819-25, ïîñòðîåí äëÿ âåëèêîãî êíÿçÿ Ìèõàèëà Ïàâëîâè÷à, íûíå — çäàíèå Ðóññêîãî ìóçåÿ) è ðàçáèâêà Ìèõàéëîâñêîãî ñàäà (1825). Àíñàìáëü Èíæåíåðíîãî çàìêà ïîëó÷èë ÷¸òêèå êîìïîçèöèîííûå ãðàíèöû, à ñâÿçàííûé ñ íèì Ìèõàéëîâñêèé ìàíåæ (ïåðåñòðîåí Ðîññè â 1823-24; íûíå — Çèìíèé ñòàäèîí) ñòàë öåíòðîì Ìàíåæíîé ïëîùàäè. Ðîññè ñôîðìèðîâàë òàêæå ñîâðåìåííûé îáëèê Ñåíàòñêîé ïëîùàäè: âåëè÷àâûé ñòðîé äâóåäèíîãî ôàñàäà âûñøèõ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ ó÷ðåæäåíèé — Ñåíàòà è Ñèíîäà (ñîîðóæåíû â 1828-34), óñèëåííûé âñòðîåííîé ìåæäó íèìè àðêîé, ïðèäàë ïëîùàäè ñ ïàìÿòíèêîì Ïåòðó I îñîáî òîðæåñòâåííûé âèä. Ñ Ñåíàòñêîé ïëîùàäüþ ñâÿçàíî âûñòóïëåíèå äåêàáðèñòîâ â 1825.
        Êðóïíûå àðõèòåêòóðíûå àíñàìáëè Ñ.-Ï. ñîçäàíû â 1820-30-å ãã. Â. Ï. Ñòàñîâûì: êàçàðìû ëåéá-ãâàðäèè Ïàâëîâñêîãî ïîëêà (1817-21) ïðèäàëè ïàðàäíîñòü Ìàðñîâó ïîëþ, Òðîèöêèé (Èçìàéëîâñêèé) ñîáîð (1826-35) è Ñïàñî-Ïðåîáðàæåíñêèé ñîáîð (1828-29) âêëþ÷èëèñü â öåïü îñíîâíûõ äîìèíàíò ãîðîäà. Íàðâñêèå (1827-34; ïîñòðîåíû â ïàìÿòü Îòå÷åñòâåííîé âîéíû 1812) è Ìîñêîâñêèå (1834-38; ïîñòðîåíû â ïàìÿòü î ïîáåäå â ðóññêî-òóðåöêîé âîéíå 1828-29) òðèóìôàëüíûå âîðîòà îôîðìèëè ãëàâíûå ãîðîäñêèå çàñòàâû. Âàæíîå ìåñòî â êîìïîçèöèè ãîðîäà çàíÿë Èñààêèåâñêèé ñîáîð (1818-58, àðõèòåêòîð À. À. Ìîíôåððàí). Íàðÿäó ñ ðàáîòîé íàä êðóïíûìè àíñàìáëÿìè â ðàçíûõ ðàéîíàõ ãîðîäà ïðîäîëæàëîñü èíòåíñèâíîå ñòðîèòåëüñòâî îáùåñòâåííûõ çäàíèé è õðàìîâ.
        Íàðî÷èòàÿ òîðæåñòâåííîñòü è ïàðàäíîñòü, ñâîéñòâåííûå ýïîõå Íèêîëàÿ I, íàøëè îòðàæåíèå è â àðõèòåêòóðíîì îáëèêå ñîîðóæåíèé Ñ.-Ï. 1840-50-õ ãã. — çäàíèÿ Ãâàðäåéñêîãî êîðïóñà íà Äâîðöîâîé ïëîùàäè (1837-43, àðõèòåêòîð À. Ï. Áðþëëîâ), Ìàðèèíñêîãî äâîðöà íà Èñààêèåâñêîé ïëîùàäè (1839-44, àðõèòåêòîð À. È. Øòàêåíøíåéäåð), Íîâîãî Ýðìèòàæà (1839-52, àðõèòåêòîð Ë. ôîí Êëåíöå) è äð.; â 1849 íà óñòîÿõ Àíè÷êîâà ìîñòà ÷åðåç Ôîíòàíêó (íà Íåâñêîì ïðîñïåêòå) óñòàíîâëåíû ñêóëüïòóðíûå ãðóïïû Ï. Ê. Êëîäòà «Óêðîùåíèå êîíÿ».  àðõèòåêòóðå ýòîãî ïåðèîäà âñ¸ ÷àùå ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ ñòèëèçàòîðñêèå òå÷åíèÿ: â äóõå íåîáàðîêêî ïîñòðîåíû äâîðåö êíÿçåé Áåëîñåëüñêèõ-Áåëîçåðñêèõ íà ïåðåñå÷åíèè Íåâñêîãî ïðîñïåêòà è íàáåðåæíîé Ôîíòàíêè (1846, àðõèòåêòîð Øòàêåíøíåéäåð, ñêóëüïòîð Ä. È. Èåíñåí), îñîáíÿê êíÿãèíè Ç. È. Þñóïîâîé íà Ëèòåéíîì ïðîñïåêòå (1852-58, àðõèòåêòîðû Ã. À. Áîññå è Ë. Ë. Áîíøòåäò); â ñòèëå íåîðåíåññàíñà ñîîðóæåíû çäàíèå Ìîñêîâñêîãî âîêçàëà (1844-51, àðõèòåêòîð Ê. À. Òîí), äîì ãðàôà Í. À. Êóøåëåâà-Áåçáîðîäêî (1840-å ãã., àðõèòåêòîð Áîññå), äâîðåö âåëèêîãî êíÿçÿ Âëàäèìèðà Àëåêñàíäðîâè÷à íà Äâîðöîâîé íàáåðåæíîé (1867-72, àðõèòåêòîð À. È. Ðåçàíîâ) è äð.
        Ïîñëå èçäàíèÿ «Ïîëîæåíèÿ î ðàçìåùåíèè è óñòðîéñòâå ÷àñòíûõ çàâîäîâ â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãå» (1833), à òàêæå â ñâÿçè ñ âîçðàñòàíèåì çåìåëüíîé ðåíòû ïðîìûøëåííûå ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ íà÷èíàþò ïåðåìåùàòüñÿ èç öåíòðàëüíûõ ðàéîíîâ ãîðîäà íà îêðàèíû (â òîì ÷èñëå þæíûå, ãäå â 1835 áûëî çàâåðøåíî ñîîðóæåíèå Îáâîäíîãî êàíàëà, à ñ ñåðåäèíû XIX â. ïðîêëàäûâàëèñü îñíîâíûå æåëåçíîäîðîæíûå ìàãèñòðàëè).  1800 â ðàéîí óñòüÿ Ôîíòàíêè ïåðåíåñåíû âåðôè Ãëàâíîãî Àäìèðàëòåéñòâà (âïîñëåäñòâèè — Àäìèðàëòåéñêèé ñóäîñòðîèòåëüíûé çàâîä); â 1801 â Ñ.-Ï., çà Íàðâñêóþ çàñòàâó, ïåðåâåä¸í èç Êðîíøòàäòà êàç¸ííûé ÷óãóíîëèòåéíûé çàâîä (îñíîâàí â 1789, ñ 1868 — Ïóòèëîâñêèé çàâîä); â 1825 íà Øëèññåëüáóðãñêîì òðàêòå (íà þãî-âîñòî÷íîé îêðàèíå Ñ.-Ï.) îñíîâàí Àëåêñàíäðîâñêèé ÷óãóíîëèòåéíûé çàâîä (ñ 1922 — Ïðîëåòàðñêèé). Ïîÿâèëèñü õëîï÷àòîáóìàæíûå ôàáðèêè (Àëåêñàíäðî-Íåâñêàÿ ìàíóôàêòóðà íà Øëèññåëüáóðãñêîì òðàêòå, 1837; ñèòöåíàáèâíàÿ ôàáðèêà íà Âàñèëüåâñêîì îñòðîâå, 1834; Ðîññèéñêàÿ áóìàãîïðÿäèëüíÿ â Íàðâñêîé ÷àñòè Ñ.-Ï., 1835; Íîâàÿ áóìàãîïðÿäèëüíÿ, 1844; Ñïàññêàÿ áóìàãîïðÿäèëüíÿ è òêàöêàÿ ìàíóôàêòóðà íà Øëèññåëüáóðãñêîì òðàêòå, 1852, è äð.), âîçíèêàëè ñóêîííûå ôàáðèêè, êîæåâåííûå çàâîäû, ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ äðóãèõ îòðàñëåé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè. Ñ ñåðåäèíû XIX â. ñðåäè íîâûõ ïðîìûøëåííûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé ïðåîáëàäàëè ìåòàëëîîáðàáàòûâàþùèå è ìåõàíè÷åñêèå çàâîäû, â òîì ÷èñëå ýëåêòðîìåõàíè÷åñêèé çàâîä «Ñèìåíñ è Ãàëüñêå» (îñíîâàí â 1853 îäíîèì¸ííûì íåìåöêèì òîðãîâûì äîìîì) è ìåòàëëè÷åñêèé çàâîä Ìàêôåðñîíà (îñíîâàí â 1856; ñ 1880-õ ãã. — ñóäîñòðîèòåëüíûé Áàëòèéñêèé çàâîä) íà Âàñèëüåâñêîì îñòðîâå; Íåâñêèé ëèòåéíûé è ìåõàíè÷åñêèé çàâîä (îñíîâàí â 1857 èíæåíåðàìè Ï. Ô. Ñåìÿííèêîâûì è Â. À. Ïîëåòèêîé) è Îáóõîâñêèé ñòàëåëèòåéíûé çàâîä (îñíîâàí â 1863 òîâàðèùåñòâîì Ï. Ì. Îáóõîâà, Ã. Ñ. Êóäðÿâöåâà è Í. È. Ïóòèëîâà; ñ 1922 — çàâîä «Áîëüøåâèê») íà Øëèññåëüáóðãñêîì òðàêòå; ìåõàíè÷åñêèé çàâîä Ëåññíåðà, Ìåòàëëè÷åñêèé çàâîä (îñíîâàí â 1857) è ÷óãóíî-ìåäíî-ñòàëåëèòåéíûé çàâîä Ë. Íîáåëÿ (îñíîâàí â 1862, ñ 1919 — «Ðóññêèé äèçåëü») íà Âûáîðãñêîé ñòîðîíå.  1833 â Ñ.-Ï. íàñ÷èòûâàëîñü 137 ñðåäíèõ è êðóïíûõ çàâîäîâ è ôàáðèê, íà êîòîðûõ áûëî çàíÿòî îêîëî 5,5 òûñÿ÷ ðàáî÷èõ, â 1862 èõ ÷èñëî âûðîñëî äî 347 (ñâûøå 20 òûñÿ÷ ðàáî÷èõ).  1837 ïîñòðîåíà ïåðâàÿ â ñòðàíå æåëåçíàÿ äîðîãà Ñ.-Ï. — Öàðñêîå Ñåëî (â 1838 ïðîäëåíà äî Ïàâëîâñêà); â 1843-51 ñîîðóæåíà äâóõêîëåéíàÿ æåëåçíàÿ äîðîãà Ñ.-Ï. — Ìîñêâà ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòüþ 647,9 êì (â 1855-1923 — Íèêîëàåâñêàÿ æåëåçíàÿ äîðîãà).
        Â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå XIX â. íàñåëåíèå Ñ.-Ï. óâåëè÷èëîñü â 2,5 ðàçà (523 òûñÿ÷ ÷åëîâåê â 1853).  1828 ïëîùàäü Ñ.-Ï. äîñòèãëà 54 êì2.  1833 ê ãîðîäó áûëè ïðèñîåäèíåíû áûâøèå çàãîðîäíûå ó÷àñòêè: îñòðîâà Åëàãèí, Êðåñòîâñêèé è Êàìåííûé, Ãóòóåâñêèé è Ðåçâûé è äðóãèå òåððèòîðèè.  1803 îðãàíèçîâàíû ïåðâûå ïîæàðíûå êîìàíäû.  1832 íàñòëàíû òîðöåâûå ìîñòîâûå íà Íåâñêîì ïðîñïåêòå, çàòåì ïîÿâèëèñü áóëûæíûå ìîñòîâûå.  1835 óñòàíîâëåíû óëè÷íûå ãàçîííûå ôîíàðè.  1850 çàêîí÷åíî ñîîðóæåíèå ïåðâîãî ïîñòîÿííîãî ìîñòà ÷åðåç Áîëüøóþ Íåâó — Áëàãîâåùåíñêîãî (â 1855-1918 — Íèêîëàåâñêîãî, íûíå — Ëåéòåíàíòà Øìèäòà).  1847 ïîÿâèëèñü ìàðøðóòíûå îáùåñòâåííûå êàðåòû, â ïðèãîðîäû õîäèëè äèëèæàíñû; â 1848 îðãàíèçîâàíû ïåðåâîçêè ïàññàæèðîâ ïàðîõîäàìè ïî Íåâå.
        Â ïåðâîé ïîëîâèíå XIX â. â. Ñ.-Ï. óâåëè÷èëîñü ÷èñëî îáùåîáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ øêîë.  1804 Ó÷èòåëüñêàÿ ñåìèíàðèÿ (îñíîâàíà â 1783) áûëà ïðåîáðàçîâàíà â Ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò (ñ 1816 — Ãëàâíûé ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò), íà áàçå êîòîðîãî â 1819 îñíîâàí Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò.  Ñ.-Ï. áûëè ñîçäàíû ïåðâûå ðîññèéñêèå òåõíè÷åñêèå âûñøèå ó÷åáíûå çàâåäåíèÿ: Èíñòèòóò êîðïóñà èíæåíåðîâ ïóòåé ñîîáùåíèÿ (1809; íûíå — Èíñòèòóò èíæåíåðîâ æåëåçíîäîðîæíîãî òðàíñïîðòà), Ëåñíîé èíñòèòóò (1811; íûíå — Ëåñîòåõíè÷åñêàÿ àêàäåìèÿ), Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêèé ïðàêòè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò (1828; ñ 1896 — Òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò); Ó÷èëèùå ãðàæäàíñêèõ èíæåíåðîâ (1832; ñ 1882 — Èíñòèòóò ãðàæäàíñêèõ èíæåíåðîâ, íûíå — Èíæåíåðíî-ñòðîèòåëüíûé èíñòèòóò).
        Ïîðåôîðìåííûé Ñ.-Ï. áûñòðî ðàçâèâàëñÿ ñ 1860-õ ãã. êàê êðóïíåéøèé öåíòð ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è òîðãîâëè; ïîñòåïåííî ñîçäàâàëñÿ óíèâåðñàëüíûé è âûñîêîêâàëèôèöèðîâàííûé õàðàêòåð Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè.  1875-85 â Ñ.-Ï. ñîîðóæ¸í íîâûé ìîðñêîé ïîðò (â óñòüå Åêàòåðèíãîôêè, íà Ãóòóåâñêîì, Âîëüíîì è Êàíîíåðñêîì îñòðîâàõ) è ãëóáîêîâîäíûé Ìîðñêîé êàíàë, ñîåäèíÿþùèé óñòüå ð. Íåâà ñ Ôèíñêèì çàëèâîì. Ïåðâàÿ ýëåêòðîñòàíöèÿ Ñ.-Ï. äàëà òîê äëÿ îñâåùåíèÿ Íåâñêîãî ïðîñïåêòà â 1883, ê 1900 â ãîðîäå áûëî óæå 294 ýëåêòðîñòàíöèè.  1913 íàñ÷èòûâàëîñü 1012 êðóïíûõ è ñðåäíèõ ïðîìûøëåííûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé ñ 234 òûñÿ÷àìè ðàáî÷èõ.
        Â 1854 áûë ó÷ðåæä¸í ïåðâûé Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêèé ÷àñòíûé êîììåð÷åñêèé áàíê, â 1860 — Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé áàíê; ê êîíöó XIX â. Ñ.-Ï. ñòàíîâèòñÿ êðóïíåéøèì â Ðîññèè è îäíèì èç âàæíåéøèõ ìèðîâûõ êðåäèòíûõ è áèðæåâûõ öåíòðîâ. Ñ 1875 ïî 1914 ñåòü ïåòåðáóðãñêèõ áàíêîâñêèõ ó÷ðåæäåíèé âûðîñëà â 23 ðàçà (ñ 25 äî 567).
        Ñ 1863 ïî 1900 íàñåëåíèå ñòîëèöû âûðîñëî ñ 539,4 òûñÿ÷ äî 1439,6 òûñÿ÷ ÷åëîâåê.  1914 â ãîðîäå íàñ÷èòûâàëîñü 2218 òûñÿ÷ æèòåëåé, â 1917 — 2420 òûñÿ÷. Ê 1917 ïëîùàäü Ñ.-Ï. äîñòèãëà 105,4 êì2.
        Â ïîñëåäíåé òðåòè XIX — íà÷àëå XX ââ. áûñòðî ìåíÿëñÿ îáëèê Ñ.-Ï. Öåíòðàëüíûå ðàéîíû ãîðîäà áëàãîóñòðàèâàëèñü, îáåñïå÷èâàëèñü êàíàëèçàöèåé è âîäîïðîâîäîì. Ìåæäó Ôîíòàíêîé è Îáâîäíûì êàíàëîì, íà ïðåæíèõ îêðàèíàõ ñîîðóæàëèñü áîëüøèå äîõîäíûå äîìà ñ äâîðàìè-êîëîäöàìè. Ïîèñêè â ðóñëå «ðóññêîãî ñòèëÿ»âîïëîòèëèñü ïðè ñîçäàíèè õðàìà Âîñêðåñåíèÿ Õðèñòîâà («Ñïàñ íà êðîâè») íà íàáåðåæíîé Åêàòåðèíèíñêîãî (Ãðèáîåäîâà) êàíàëà (1887-1907, àðõèòåêòîðû È. Â. Ìàêàðîâ, À. À. Ïàðëàíä; õðàì-ïàìÿòíèê íà ìåñòå, ãäå 1 ìàðòà 1881 íàðîäîâîëüöåì È. È. Ãðèíåâèöêèì áûë ñìåðòåëüíî ðàíåí èìïåðàòîð Àëåêñàíäð II). Ñ 1870-õ ãã. ñîçäàþòñÿ íîâûå òèïû ñîîðóæåíèé: êðûòûå ðûíêè, âîêçàëû, çäàíèÿ áàíêîâ, ñòðàõîâûõ êîíòîð, ãîñòèíèö, êîðïóñà ïðîìûøëåííûõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé. Ïîñëåäíÿÿ òðåòü XIX â. îòìå÷åíà èíòåíñèâíûì ñòðîèòåëüñòâîì ìîñòîâ ÷åðåç Íåâó (Ëèòåéíûé ìîñò, 1875-79; Òðîèöêèé ìîñò, 1897-1903), ÷òî ñòèìóëèðîâàëî çàñòðîéêó ïðàâîãî áåðåãà íà Âûáîðãñêîé è Ïåòåðáóðãñêîé ñòîðîíàõ.  ñòàðûõ, èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ðàéîíàõ Ñ.-Ï. ïðîäîëæàëîñü âîçâåäåíèå çäàíèé îáùåãîðîäñêîãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ, ðàçáèâàëèñü ñàäû è ñêâåðû, óñòàíàâëèâàëèñü ïàìÿòíèêè: Íèêîëàþ I (1859, ñêóëüïòîð Ï. Ê. Êëîäò, àðõèòåêòîð À. À. Ìîíôåððàí) íà Èñààêèåâñêîé ïëîùàäè, È. À. Êðûëîâó (1855, ñêóëüïòîð Êëîäò) â Ëåòíåì ñàäó, Åêàòåðèíå II (1873, ñêóëüïòîðû Ì. À. ×èæîâ, À. Ì. Îïåêóøèí, õóäîæíèê Ì. Î. Ìèêåøèí) â ñêâåðå ïåðåä Àëåêñàíäðèéñêèì òåàòðîì. Ñ íà÷àëà XX â. ñòðîÿòñÿ îñîáíÿêè è äîõîäíûå äîìà â ñòèëå ìîäåðí, äëÿ êîòîðûõ õàðàêòåðíà ïëàñòè÷åñêàÿ òåêó÷åñòü ôîðì, ñòèëèçîâàííàÿ èçûñêàííîñòü äåêîðà (îñîáíÿê áàëåðèíû Ì. Ô. Êøåñèíñêîé; 1904-06, àðõèòåêòîð À. È. Ãîãåí, è äð.).  äðóãîì, òèïè÷íîì äëÿ Ñ.-Ï. âàðèàíòå ñòèëÿ ìîäåðí åãî êîìïîçèöèîííûå ïðè¸ìû ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ýëåìåíòàìè îðäåðíîé àðõèòåêòóðû: çäàíèÿ Òîðãîâîãî äîìà Ìåðòåíñà íà Íåâñêîì ïðîñïåêòå (1911-12, àðõèòåêòîð Ì. Ñ. Ëÿëåâè÷), Àçîâñêî-Äîíñêîãî êîììåð÷åñêîãî áàíêà (1907-13, àðõèòåêòîð Ô. È. Ëèäâàëü) è äð.  1910-õ ãã. àðõèòåêòîðû âíîâü îáðàòèëèñü ê òðàäèöèÿì ïðîøëîãî. Íàèáîëåå ïëîäîòâîðíûìè îêàçàëèñü ðåøåíèÿ â äóõå íåîêëàññèöèçìà (æèëûå äîìà íà Êàìåííîîñòðîâñêîì ïðîñïåêòå, àðõèòåêòîðû Â. À. Ùóêî, À. Í., Þ. Þ. è Ë. Í. Áåíóà).  òå æå ãîäû àðõèòåêòîðû îáðàùàëèñü ê ìîòèâàì ïåòðîâñêîãî áàðîêêî (Ãîðîäñêîé ó÷èëèùíûé äîì èìåíè Ïåòðà Âåëèêîãî, 1910-12, àðõèòåêòîð À. È. Äìèòðèåâ), äðåâíåðóññêîãî çîä÷åñòâà (çäàíèå Ìóçåÿ À. Â. Ñóâîðîâà, 1901-04, àðõèòåêòîð Ãîãåí, ïðè ó÷àñòèè Ã. Ä. Ãðèììà). Èäåÿ ïîñòðîéêè æèëûõ êîìïëåêñîâ, â êîòîðûõ ïðåäóñìàòðèâàëèñü è çäàíèÿ îáñëóæèâàþùåãî õàðàêòåðà (äåòñêèå ó÷ðåæäåíèÿ, ñòîëîâûå, áèáëèîòåêè), áûëà îñóùåñòâëåíà ïðè ñîçäàíèè Ãàâàíñêîãî ðàáî÷åãî ãîðîäêà â ðàéîíå Ãàâàíè, â çàïàäíîé ÷àñòè Âàñèëüåâñêîãî îñòðîâà (1904-06, àðõèòåêòîðû Í. Â. Äìèòðèåâ è Â. À. Ô¸äîðîâ).  1909 íà Çíàìåíñêîé ïëîùàäè (íûíå — Ïëîùàäü Âîññòàíèÿ) óñòàíîâëåí ïàìÿòíèê Àëåêñàíäðó III — ðîññèéñêîìó èìïåðàòîðó â 1881-94 (ñêóëüïòîð Ï. Ï. Òðóáåöêîé; â 1937 ïàìÿòíèê áûë ñíÿò, õðàíèòñÿ â Ðóññêîì ìóçåå).
        Â 1852 â Ñ.-Ï. íà÷àë äåéñòâîâàòü òåëåãðàô (áûëà îòêðûòà ïåðâàÿ ìåæäóãîðîäíàÿ ëèíèÿ ñâÿçè Ñ.-Ï. — Ìîñêâà); â 1855 ñîîðóæåíà Ãëàâíàÿ òåëåãðàôíàÿ ñòàíöèÿ (äî 1862 ðàçìåùàëàñü â çäàíèè Ãëàâíîãî Àäìèðàëòåéñòâà).  1882 ïîÿâèëàñü òåëåôîííàÿ ñâÿçü; â 1895 ãîðîäñêàÿ òåëåôîííàÿ ñåòü íàñ÷èòûâàëà îêîëî 3 òûñÿ÷ àáîíåíòîâ, â 1911 — ñâûøå 50 òûñÿ÷.  1905-07 â Ñ.-Ï. ïîñòðîåíà 1-ÿ î÷åðåäü òðàìâàéíîé ñåòè; â 1908 ðàáîòàëî 9 òðàìâàéíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ, åæåäíåâíî íà ëèíèþ âûõîäèëî 187 âàãîíîâ, ïåðåâîçèâøèõ 230 òûñÿ÷ ïàññàæèðîâ; â 1917 îáùàÿ ïðîòÿæ¸ííîñòü òðàìâàéíûõ ìàðøðóòîâ ñîñòàâëÿëà îêîëî 200 êì, íà ëèíèè âûõîäèëî 710 âàãîíîâ.  1907 ïî ãîðîäó íà÷àëè êóðñèðîâàòü àâòîáóñû.
        Â ïîñëåäíåé òðåòè XIX — íà÷àëå XX ââ. â Ñ.-Ï. îòêðûâàëèñü íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå èíñòèòóòû, ó÷¸íûå îáùåñòâà, ðàñøèðÿëàñü ñåòü âûñøèõ ó÷åáíûõ çàâåäåíèé.  1845 îñíîâàíî Ðóññêîå Ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîå îáùåñòâî, â 1866 — Íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêîå îáùåñòâî Ðîññèè, â 1882 — Ãåîëîãè÷åñêèé êîìèòåò ïðè Ãîðíîì äåïàðòàìåíòå.  1895 â Ñ.-Ï. íàñ÷èòûâàëñÿ 21 âóç, â 1914-35 (îêîëî 40 òûñÿ÷ ñòóäåíòîâ) â òîì ÷èñëå: Ïîëèòåõíè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò (îñíîâàí â 1899, îòêðûò â 1902, íûíå — Òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò), Ïñèõîíåâðîëîãè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò (ñîçäàí Â. Ì. Áåõòåðåâûì â 1907, íûíå — íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíñòèòóò åãî èìåíè), Âîëüíàÿ âûñøàÿ øêîëà Ï. Ô. Ëåñòãàôòà (îñíîâàíà â 1905-06). Áûëè ñîçäàíû Ïåòåðáóðãñêèå âûñøèå æåíñêèå (Áåñòóæåâñêèå) êóðñû (1878), Æåíñêèé ìåäèöèíñêèé èíñòèòóò (1897), Æåíñêèé ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò (1903).  1914/15 ó÷åáíîì ãîäó â Ñ.-Ï. áûëî 897 îáùåîáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ øêîë, â òîì ÷èñëå 679 íà÷àëüíûõ (âñåãî 138,5 òûñÿ÷ ó÷àùèõñÿ), ñâûøå 200 ñðåäíèõ è íèçøèõ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûõ øêîë è êóðñîâ (îêîëî 20 òûñÿ÷ ó÷àùèõñÿ).  1914 èìåëîñü 92 áîëüíè÷íûõ ó÷ðåæäåíèÿ (19,9 òûñÿ÷ êîåê), â Ñ.-Ï. ïðàêòèêîâàëè 2,9 òûñÿ÷è âðà÷åé âñåõ ñïåöèàëüíîñòåé.
        Â 1855 â Ñ.-Ï. íàñ÷èòûâàëîñü 40 òèïîãðàôèé, â 1894 — 215.  1910 áûëî îòïå÷àòàíî ñâûøå 8 òûñÿ÷ íàèìåíîâàíèé êíèã îáùèì òèðàæîì 29,6 òûñÿ÷ ýêçåìïëÿðîâ.  1898 â Ñ.-Ï. âûõîäèëî 309 ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ èçäàíèé (38% âñåé ïåðèîäèêè Ðîññèè), â 1914 — 530 èçäàíèé (24,5%).
        Âàæíûì ñîáûòèåì õóäîæåñòâåííîé æèçíè Ñ.-Ï. áûëî îòêðûòèå äâóõ êðóïíåéøèõ ìóçååâ èçîáðàçèòåëüíûõ èñêóññòâ — Ýðìèòàæà (1852) è Ðóññêîãî ìóçåÿ èìïåðàòîðà Àëåêñàíäðà III (1898; íûíå — Ðóññêèé ìóçåé).  1870 îáðàçîâàíî Òîâàðèùåñòâî ïåðåäâèæíûõ õóäîæåñòâåííûõ âûñòàâîê, ÷ëåíàìè êîòîðîãî áûëè êðóïíåéøèå ðóññêèå ìàñòåðà æèâîïèñè âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû XIX â.  êîíöå 1890-õ ãã. îôîðìèëîñü õóäîæåñòâåííîå îáúåäèíåíèå «Ìèð èñêóññòâà».
        Â êîíöå 1850-õ — íà÷àëå 60-õ ãã. â Ñ.-Ï. ñëîæèëîñü òâîð÷åñêîå ñîäðóæåñòâî ìóçûêàíòîâ «Ìîãó÷àÿ êó÷êà».  1859 îñíîâàíî Ðóññêîå ìóçûêàëüíîå îáùåñòâî, â 1862 îòêðûòà ïåðâàÿ ðîññèéñêàÿ êîíñåðâàòîðèÿ (äî 1866 — Ìóçûêàëüíîå ó÷èëèùå).  1860 îòêðûëñÿ Ìàðèèíñêèé òåàòð.  êîíöå XIX â. ñ îòìåíîé ìîíîïîëèè èìïåðàòîðñêèõ òåàòðîâ (1882) âîçíèêàþò ÷àñòíûå äðàìàòè÷åñêèå òðóïïû, â òîì ÷èñëå òåàòð Ëèòåðàòóðíî-õóäîæåñòâåííîãî îáùåñòâà ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì À. Ñ. Ñóâîðèíà (ñóùåñòâîâàëà â 1895-1917), òåàòð Êîìèññàðæåâñêîé (â 1904-09) è äð.
        Ñ Ñ.-Ï. ñâÿçàíû òðàãè÷åñêèå ñîáûòèÿ íà÷àëà ïåðâîé ðóññêîé Ðåâîëþöèè 1905-07: âñåîáùàÿ çàáàñòîâêà ïåòåðáóðãñêèõ ðàáî÷èõ â íà÷àëå ÿíâàðÿ 1905, ðàññòðåë âîéñêàìè ìèðíîé äåìîíñòðàöèè ðàáî÷èõ, øåäøèõ ê Çèìíåìó äâîðöó ñ ïåòèöèåé ê öàðþ Íèêîëàþ II (ïîñëåäíèé ðîññèéñêèé èìïåðàòîð, 1894-1917) 9(22) ÿíâàðÿ 1905.
        Ïîñëå âñòóïëåíèÿ Ðîññèè â 1-þ ìèðîâóþ âîéíó 18 àâãóñòà 1914 áûëî ïðèíÿòî íîâîå îôèöèàëüíîå íàçâàíèå ãîðîäà — «Ïåòðîãðàä».
        Â 1917 Ïåòðîãðàä ñòàë ãëàâíûì ìåñòîì ñîáûòèé Ôåâðàëüñêîé è Îêòÿáðüñêîé ðåâîëþöèé. 10 ìàðòà 1918 ñ îòúåçäîì ñîâåòñêîãî ïðàâèòåëüñòâà â Ìîñêâó Ïåòðîãðàä ïåðåñòàë áûòü ñòîëèöåé ñòðàíû. 26 ÿíâàðÿ 1924 ãîðîä áûë ïåðåèìåíîâàí â Ëåíèíãðàä.
        Îáùàÿ õîçÿéñòâåííàÿ ðàçðóõà â ñòðàíå, âûçâàííàÿ Ãðàæäàíñêîé âîéíîé, ïðèâåëà ê ðåçêîìó ñïàäó ïðîèçâîäñòâà.  1921 âûïóñê ïðîìûøëåííîé ïðîäóêöèè â ãîðîäå ñîñòàâèë 13% äîâîåííîãî óðîâíÿ, êîòîðûé áûë äîñòèãíóò âíîâü ëèøü â 1929. Ïîñòåïåííî âîññòàíàâëèâàëîñü ãîðîäñêîå õîçÿéñòâî; â 1926 íà óëèöàõ ãîðîäà ïîÿâèëèñü ìàðøðóòíûå àâòîáóñû. Ñ ñåðåäèíû 1920-õ ãã. íà÷àëîñü ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå ðàáî÷èõ îêðàèí, ñîîðóæàëèñü æèëûå ìàññèâû íà Òðàêòîðíîé óëèöå (1925-27, àðõèòåêòîðû À. Ñ. Íèêîëüñêèé, À. È. Ãåãåëëî, Ã. À. Ñèìîíîâ), íà óëèöå Òêà÷åé (1920-å ãã., àðõèòåêòîðû Ä. Ë. Áóðûøêèí, Ë. Ì. Òâåðñêîé, Ñ. Î. Îâñÿíèêîâ) è äð. Äëÿ ïîñòðîåííûõ â äóõå êîíñòðóêòèâèçìà æèëûõ è îáùåñòâåííûõ çäàíèé õàðàêòåðíû ïðîñòîòà ãåîìåòðè÷åñêèõ îáú¸ìîâ, ðàöèîíàëüíîñòü êîíñòðóêöèè, âûðàçèòåëüíîå ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ãëóõèõ è îñòåêë¸ííûõ ïîâåðõíîñòåé: áûâøèé Äîì ïîëèòêàòîðæàí (1929-31, àðõèòåêòîðû Ñèìîíîâ, Ï. Â. Àáðîñèìîâ, À. Ô. Õðÿêîâ), øêîëà â Ëåñíîì (1927-29, àðõèòåêòîðû Íèêîëüñêèé, Â. Ì. Ãàëüïåðèí) è äð.  êîíöå 20-õ — íà÷àëå 30-õ ãã. îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ ëåíèíãðàäñêèõ ïðåäïðèÿòèé. Ðàçâèâàëàñü ë¸ãêàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü, íà êîòîðóþ â 1932 ïðèõîäèëîñü îêîëî 14% âñåé ïðîäóêöèè îòðàñëè â ÑÑÑÐ, âûðîñ îáú¸ì îáîðîííîé ïðîäóêöèè.  1920-30-å ãã. ðîñëà ñåòü íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ è ïðîåêòíûõ èíñòèòóòîâ, âîçíèêàëè íîâûå âûñøèå ó÷åáíûå çàâåäåíèÿ.  1940/41 ó÷åáíîì ãîäó â 62 âóçàõ Ëåíèíãðàäà îáó÷àëîñü 85,1 òûñÿ÷ ñòóäåíòîâ.
        Ñ 1917 ïî 1926 íàñåëåíèå ãîðîäà óìåíüøèëîñü íà 44%; ñ 1926 ïî 1939 ÷èñëåííîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ ïî÷òè óäâîèëàñü, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì çà ñ÷¸ò ïðèòîêà ðàáî÷åé ñèëû ñî ñòîðîíû.  1935 ïëîùàäü ãîðîäà (âêëþ÷àÿ àêâàòîðèþ Íåâû è ÷àñòü Ôèíñêîãî çàëèâà) äîñòèãëà 313,8 êì2.
        Â 1932-35 è 1935-37 ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì àðõèòåêòîðà Ë. À. Èëüèíà áûë ðàçðàáîòàí ãåíåðàëüíûé ïëàí ðàçâèòèÿ ãîðîäà; íà Ìîñêîâñêîì ïðîñïåêòå â 1936 áûëî íà÷àòî ñîîðóæåíèå Äîìà Ñîâåòîâ (àðõèòåêòîð Í. À. Òðîöêèé è äð., ñêóëüïòîðû Í. Â. Òîìñêèé, È. Â. Êðåñòèíñêèé), ãèãàíòñêîãî çäàíèÿ, êîòîðîå äîëæíî áûëî äîìèíèðîâàòü â íîâîì îáùåãîðîäñêîì öåíòðå.  àðõèòåêòóðå ýòîãî ïåðèîäà íàìå÷àåòñÿ îòõîä îò ïðèíöèïîâ êîíñòðóêòèâèçìà, óâëå÷åíèå ìîíóìåíòàëüíûìè, ÷àñòî ãèïåðòðîôèðîâàííûìè ïî ìàñøòàáó ôîðìàìè êëàññè÷åñêîãî çîä÷åñòâà: çäàíèÿ Äâîðöà êóëüòóðû èì. Ñ. Ì. Êèðîâà (1930-37, àðõèòåêòîðû Òðîöêèé, Ñ. Í. Êîçàê), êèíîòåàòðîâ «Ãèãàíò» (1933-35, àðõèòåêòîðû À. Í. Ãåãåëëî, Ä. Ë. Êðè÷åâñêèé) è «Ìîñêâà» (1937-39, àðõèòåêòîð Ë. Ì. Õèäåêåëü) è äð.
        Â ãîäû Âåëèêîé Îòå÷åñòâåííîé âîéíû 1941-45 ãîðîäó áûë íàíåñ¸í îãðîìíûé óðîí. Çà âðåìÿ áëîêàäû Ëåíèíãðàäà íåìåöêî-ôàøèñòñêèìè è ôèíñêèìè âîéñêàìè (ñ 8 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1941 ïî 27 ÿíâàðÿ 1944), òîëüêî ïî îôèöèàëüíûì äàííûì, îò ãîëîäà óìåðëà 641 òûñÿ÷à ãîðîæàí (ïî ïîäñ÷¸òàì èñòîðèêîâ, íå ìåíåå 800 òûñÿ÷ ÷åëîâåê), ïîãèáëî îò áîìá¸æåê è îáñòðåëîâ îêîëî 17 òûñÿ÷ æèòåëåé, ðàíåíî îêîëî 34 òûñÿ÷ æèòåëåé; ê èþëþ 1942 íàñåëåíèå Ëåíèíãðàäà ñîêðàòèëîñü äî 1,05 ìëí. ÷åëîâåê, âñëåäñòâèå èíòåíñèâíîé ýâàêóàöèè ê ÿíâàðþ 1944 — äî 576 òûñÿ÷ ÷åëîâåê (ïî äðóãèì äàííûì, äî 560 òûñÿ÷). Áûëè ïîâðåæäåíû 30 òûñÿ÷ ïðîìûøëåííûõ çäàíèé öåõîâ è ó÷àñòêîâ, 840 ðàçðóøåíû ïîëíîñòüþ; ïîâðåæäåíî îêîëî 5 ìëí. ì2 æèëîé ïëîùàäè (â òîì ÷èñëå 2,8 ìëí. ì2 ðàçðóøåíî ïîëíîñòüþ), 500 øêîë, 170 ëå÷åáíûõ ó÷ðåæäåíèé. Ñèëüíî ïîñòðàäàëè çäàíèÿ Ýðìèòàæà, Ðóññêîãî ìóçåÿ, Èíæåíåðíûé çàìîê, Ãëàâíîå Àäìèðàëòåéñòâî, Êàçàíñêèé ñîáîð, Ãîðíûé èíñòèòóò, Ñìîëüíûé è Åëàãèí äâîðöû, Àêàäåìèÿ õóäîæåñòâ.
        Âîññòàíîâëåíèå Ëåíèíãðàäà íà÷àëîñü ñðàçó ïîñëå ñíÿòèÿ áëîêàäû. Ïî ðàññ÷èòàííîìó íà 10 ëåò ãåíåðàëüíîìó ïëàíó 1944-48 (àðõèòåêòîðû Í. Â. Áàðàíîâ, À. Í. Íàóìîâ) áûëè âîññòàíîâëåíû ïàìÿòíèêè àðõèòåêòóðû, ñîçäàíû ïàðêè Ïîáåäû — Ïðèìîðñêèé íà Êðåñòîâñêîì îñòðîâå (1945, àðõèòåêòîð Íèêîëüñêèé è äð.) è Ìîñêîâñêèé íà ìåñòå áûâøåãî ïóñòûðÿ â þæíîé ÷àñòè ãîðîäà (1945, àðõèòåêòîð Â. Ä. Êèðõîãëàíè), ñôîðìèðîâàëèñü íîâûå æèëûå ðàéîíû (Àâòîâî è äð.), çàñòðàèâàëèñü íîâûå ïðîñïåêòû, â òîì ÷èñëå Ïðèìîðñêèé (1946-51, àðõèòåêòîðû Áàðàíîâ, Î. È. Ãóðüåâ è äð.).  1957 íà ïëîùàäè Èñêóññòâ ïåðåä çäàíèåì Ðóññêîãî ìóçåÿ áûë óñòàíîâëåí ïàìÿòíèê À. Ñ. Ïóøêèíó (ñêóëüïòîðû Ì. Ê. Àíèêóøèí, àðõèòåêòîð À. Ñ. Ïåòðîâ).  1955 ââåäåíà â ýêñïëóàòàöèþ ïåðâàÿ Êèðîâî-Âûáîðãñêàÿ ëèíèÿ Ëåíèíãðàäñêîãî ìåòðîïîëèòåíà (10,8 êì).
        Â 1960-õ ãã. â Ëåíèíãðàäå áûëè âîçâåäåíû êðóïíûå îáùåñòâåííûå çäàíèÿ (Áîëüøîé êîíöåðòíûé çàë «Îêòÿáðüñêèé» 1967, àðõèòåêòîð Â. À. Êàìåíñêèé è äð., ñêóëüïòîð Àíèêóøèí; Äâîðåö ñïîðòà «Þáèëåéíûé» 1967, àðõèòåêòîð Ã. Ï. Ìîðîçîâ, èíæåíåð À. Ï. Ìîðîçîâ), çàâåðøèëîñü ôîðìèðîâàíèå ìåìîðèàëüíûõ àíñàìáëåé íà Ïèñêàð¸âñêîì (1960, àðõèòåêòîðû À. Â. Âàñèëüåâ, Å. À. Ëåâèíñîí, ñêóëüïòîð Â. Â. Èñàåâà è äð.) è Ñåðàôèìîâñêîì (1957-64, àðõèòåêòîð ß. Í. Ëóêèí, ñêóëüïòîð Ð. Ê. Òàóðèò è äð.) êëàäáèùàõ.  1966 áûë óòâåðæä¸í íîâûé ãåíåðàëüíûé ïëàí ãîðîäà (àðõèòåêòîðû Êàìåíñêèé, Ã. Í. Áóëäàêîâ è äð.), ïî êîòîðîìó â 1960-80-õ ãã. ñîîðóæàëèñü æèëûå ìàññèâû íà îêðàèíàõ Ñ.-Ï. è ãðàäîñòðîèòåëüíûå àíñàìáëè íà áåðåãàõ Ôèíñêîãî çàëèâà, ðåêîíñòðóèðîâàëèñü ñòàðûå ðàéîíû. Ñðåäè íàèáîëåå çíà÷èòåëüíûõ ïîñòðîåê ýòîãî âðåìåíè — Äâîðåö ìîëîä¸æè (1969-80, àðõèòåêòîð Ï. Ñ. Ïðîõîðîâ è äð.), ñïîðòèâíî-êîíöåðòíûé êîìïëåêñ èì. Â. È. Ëåíèíà (1980, àðõèòåêòîð È. Ì. ×àéêî è äð.), ãîñòèíèöû «Ïóëêîâñêàÿ» (1981, àðõèòåêòîð Ñ. Á. Ñïåðàíñêèé è äð.) è «Áàëòèéñêàÿ» (1980-å ãã., àðõèòåêòîð Í. Í. Áàðàíîâ è äð.).  àíñàìáëü Ìîñêîâñêîãî ïðîñïåêòà âîøëà ïëîùàäü Ïîáåäû ñ Ìîíóìåíòîì ãåðîè÷åñêèì çàùèòíèêàì Ëåíèíãðàäà (1975, àðõèòåêòîðû Ñïåðàíñêèé, Êàìåíñêèé, ñêóëüïòîð Àíèêóøèí).
        Â 1979 äëÿ ïðåäîòâðàùåíèÿ íàãîííûõ íàâîäíåíèé íà ãðàíèöå Íåâñêîé ãóáû è Ôèíñêîãî çàëèâà áûëî íà÷àòî ñòðîèòåëüñòâî êîìïëåêñà çàùèòíûõ ñîîðóæåíèé. Ê ñåðåäèíå 1980-õ ãã. ñåâåðíàÿ ÷àñòü êîìïëåêñà (îò ñòàíöèè Ãîðñêàÿ íà ñåâåðíîì áåðåãó Ôèíñêîãî çàëèâà äî îñòðîâà Êîòëèí) áûëà â îñíîâíîì ïîñòðîåíà, ÷òî ïðèâåëî ê îáîñòðåíèþ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé îáñòàíîâêè â ñåâåðíûõ âîðîòàõ Íåâñêîé ãóáû.  êîíöå 1980-õ ãã. ñòðîèòåëüñòâî çàêîíñåðâèðîâàíî.
        Â èþíå 1991 ïî èòîãàì ïðîâåä¸ííîãî ñðåäè ãîðîæàí îïðîñà (12 èþíÿ) ãîðîäó âîçâðàùåíî åãî èñòîðè÷åñêîå èìÿ Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã.
        Âåäóùåå ìåñòî â ñòðóêòóðå ýêîíîìèêè ñîâðåìåííîãî Ñ.-Ï. ïî-ïðåæíåìó ïðèíàäëåæèò ïðîìûøëåííîñòè (â 1989 â ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è ñòðîèòåëüñòâå áûëî çàíÿòî 44,7% âñåõ ðàáî÷èõ è ñëóæàùèõ ãîðîäà, â 1970 — 52,4%), ãëàâíîå ìåñòî â êîòîðîé çàíèìàåò ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå (îêîëî 40%), âûäåëÿþòñÿ ñóäîñòðîåíèå, ýíåðãî- ìàøèíîñòðîåíèå, ïðèáîðîñòðîåíèå, ðàäèîýëåêòðîííàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü. Ñ.-Ï. — êðóïíûé öåíòð âîåííî-ïðîìûøëåííîãî êîìïëåêñà Ðîññèè.
        Â Ñ.-Ï. ðàçâèòà òàêæå õèìè÷åñêàÿ è íåôòåõèìè÷åñêàÿ, ëåñíàÿ, äåðåâîîáðàáàòûâàþùàÿ è öåëëþëîçíî-áóìàæíàÿ, ïîëèãðàôè÷åñêàÿ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü. Õàðàêòåðíàÿ ÷åðòà ïåòåðáóðãñêîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè — ñî÷åòàíèå ïðîèçâîäñòâ, òðåáóþùèõ âûñîêîé êâàëèôèêàöèè òðóäà, ñ ìíîãîïðîôèëüíîé íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîé áàçîé.
        Èç Ñ.-Ï. ðàñõîäÿòñÿ 12 æåëåçíîäîðîæíûõ ëèíèé è àâòîìîáèëüíûõ äîðîã. Ñ.-Ï. — êðóïíûé ðå÷íîé ïîðò, à òàêæå êðóïíåéøèé ìîðñêîé ïîðò Ðîññèè íà Áàëòèéñêîì ìîðå; â 1993 â óñòüå ð. Ëóãà, â 100 êì ê çàïàäó îò Ñ.-Ï., íà÷àëîñü ñòðîèòåëüñòâî íîâîãî ìîðñêîãî ïîðòà. Ïåòåðáóðãñêèé ìåæäóíàðîäíûé àýðîïîðò Ïóëêîâî — êðóïíûé öåíòð âîçäóøíûõ ñîîáùåíèé ñòðàíû. Íà íà÷àëî 90-õ ãã. Ïåòåðáóðãñêèé ìåòðîïîëèòåí (îêîëî 90 êì) èìåë 51 ñòàíöèþ.
        Â ãîðîäå ðàñïîëîæåí Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêèé íàó÷íûé öåíòð Ðîññèéñêîé ÀÍ, â 1990 îáúåäèíÿâøèé 36 àêàäåìè÷åñêèõ èíñòèòóòîâ è äðóãèõ íàó÷íî-èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ ó÷ðåæäåíèé.  1993 â Ñ.-Ï. äåéñòâîâàëî 43 âûñøèõ ó÷åáíûõ çàâåäåíèÿ: Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò, òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò, Ðîññèéñêèé ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò èì. À. È. Ãåðöåíà, ëåñîòåõíè÷åñêàÿ àêàäåìèÿ; èíñòèòóòû — òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèé, ãîðíûé, èíæåíåðíî- ñòðîèòåëüíûé, èíæåíåðîâ æåëåçíîäîðîæíîãî òðàíñïîðòà, èíæåíåðîâ âîäíîãî òðàíñïîðòà, êîðàáëåñòðîèòåëüíûé, ýëåêòðîòåõíè÷åñêèé è äð.; êîíñåðâàòîðèÿ; èíñòèòóò æèâîïèñè, ñêóëüïòóðû è àðõèòåêòóðû èì. È. Å. Ðåïèíà; 22 âûñøèõ âîåííî-ó÷åáíûõ çàâåäåíèÿ, â òîì ÷èñëå Âîåííî-ìåäèöèíñêàÿ àêàäåìèÿ, Âîåííî-ìîðñêîå âûñøåå ó÷èëèùå èì. Ì. Â. Ôðóíçå, Âîåííî-ìîðñêîå âûñøåå èíæåíåðíîå ó÷èëèùå.
        Â Ñ.-Ï. 18 òåàòðîâ (1990): Ìàðèèíñêèé òåàòð, Ìàëûé òåàòð îïåðû è áàëåòà èì. Ì. Ï. Ìóñîðãñêîãî, Òåàòð äðàìû èì. À. Ñ. Ïóøêèíà (Àëåêñàíäðèéñêèé), Áîëüøîé äðàìàòè÷åñêèé òåàòð èì. Ì. Ãîðüêîãî è äð. Öèðê. Ôèëàðìîíèÿ èì. Ä. Ä. Øîñòàêîâè÷à.
        Â 1990 â Ñ.-Ï. íàñ÷èòûâàëîñü ñâûøå 120 ìóçååâ è èõ ôèëèàëîâ, ïîñòîÿííî äåéñòâóþùèõ âûñòàâîê; Êóíñòêàìåðà (îñíîâàíà â 1714 èç ëè÷íûõ êîëëåêöèé Ïåòðà I; íûíå — Ìóçåé àíòðîïîëîãèè è ýòíîãðàôèè èì. Ïåòðà Âåëèêîãî), Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé Ýðìèòàæ (îäèí èç êðóïíåéøèõ ìóçååâ ìèðà), Ðóññêèé ìóçåé (íàðÿäó ñ Òðåòüÿêîâñêîé ãàëåðååé â Ìîñêâå — êðóïíåéøèé â Ðîññèè ìóçåé ðóññêîãî èñêóññòâà) è äð. Áèáëèîòåêè: Ðîññèéñêàÿ íàöèîíàëüíàÿ áèáëèîòåêà, Íàó÷íàÿ áèáëèîòåêà Àêàäåìèè Õóäîæåñòâ, Íàó÷íàÿ áèáëèîòåêà Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, Áèáëèîòåêà Ðîññèéñêîé ÀÍ è äð.

, ,

Êàðòà

Ëèòåðàòóðà: Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã. Ïåòðîãðàä. Ëåíèíãðàä. Ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé ñïðàâî÷íèê, Ì., 1992; Áîãäàíîâ À. È., Èñòîðè÷åñêîå, ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîå è òîïîãðàôè÷åñêîå îïèñàíèå Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãà, ÑÏá., 1779; Ïûëÿåâ Ì. È., Ñòàðûé Ïåòåðáóðã, 3 èçä., ÑÏá., 1903, 2 ðåïðèíò. èçä., Ì., 1991; Äàðèíñêèé À. Â., Ãåîãðàôèÿ Ëåíèíãðàäà, Ë., 1982; Êëèìàò Ëåíèíãðàäà, Ë., 1982; Î÷åðêè èñòîðèè Ëåíèíãðàäà, ò. 1-7, Ì. — Ë., 1955-89; Ôèçèîëîãèÿ Ïåòåðáóðãà, Ì., 1991; Àíöèôåðîâ Í. Ï., «Íåïîñòèæèìûé ãîðîä…». Äóøà Ïåòåðáóðãà. Ïåòåðáóðã Äîñòîåâñêîãî. Ïåòåðáóðã Ïóøêèíà, Ë., 1991; Çàñîñîâ Ä. À., Ïûçèí Â. È., Èç æèçíè Ïåòåðáóðãà 1890-1910-õ ãã. Çàïèñêè î÷åâèäöåâ, Ë., 1991; Êóëèáàíîâ Â. Ñ., ×èñòîáàåâ À. È., Ëåíèíãðàä, Ì., 1990; Êàìåíñêèé Â. À., Ëåíèíãðàä. Ãåíåðàëüíûé ïëàí ðàçâèòèÿ ãîðîäà, Ë., 1972; Ïàìÿòíèêè àðõèòåêòóðû Ëåíèíãðàäà, 4 èçä., Ë., 1975; Ëåíèíãðàä. Àðõèòåêòóðíûå àíñàìáëè è ïàìÿòíèêè, 3 èçä., Ë., 1980; Çàõàðîâ Î. Í., Àðõèòåêòóðíûå ïàíîðàìû íåâñêèõ áåðåãîâ, Ë., 1984; Áóíèí Ì. Ñ., Ìîñòû Ëåíèíãðàäà, Ë., 1986; Òèõîíîâ Ë. Ï., Ìóçåè Ëåíèíãðàäà, Ë., 1989.

Компания ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» зарегистрирована 11.10.1993 г.

Краткое наименование: ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ.

При регистрации организации присвоен ОГРН 1037800006089, ИНН 7801002274 и КПП 780101001.
Юридический адрес: ГОРОД САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ НАБ. УНИВЕРСИТЕТСКАЯ Д.7/9.

Кропачев Николай Михайлович является генеральным директором организации.
Учредители компании — ПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВО РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ.

В соответствии с данными ЕГРЮЛ, основной вид деятельности компании ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» по ОКВЭД: 85.22 Образование высшее.
Общее количество направлений деятельности — 167.

На 06 марта 2023 организация действует.

У компании ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» есть торговые марки, общее количество — 13, среди них SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY 1724 SAINT PETERSBURG, UNIPAT SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY SAINT PETERSBURG, КРИПТОВЕЧЕ, САНКТ ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ, UNIPAT, HIC TUTA PERENNAT UNIVERSITAS PETROPOLITANA MDCCXXIV, САНКТ ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ 1724 САНКТ ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ, САНКТПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ САНКТ ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ.
Первая торговая марка зарегистрирована 6 июня 1988 г. — действительна до 16 марта 2028 г.
Последняя торговая марка зарегистрирована 24 июня 2021 г. и действительна до 28 декабря 2030 г.

Юридический адрес ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ, выписка ЕГРЮЛ, аналитические данные и бухгалтерская отчетность организации доступны в системе.

Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет
(СПбГУ)
Девиз	Hic tuta perennat (Здесь в безопасности пребывает)
Год основания	1724 или 1819
Президент	Л. А. Вербицкая
Ректор	Н. М. Кропачев
Расположение	Санкт-Петербург
Юридический адрес	Санкт-Петербург, 199034, Университетская наб., 7/9
Сайт	http://www.spbu.ru

Санкт-Петербу́ргский госуда́рственный университе́т — один из крупнейших и старейших университетов России. В состав университетского учебно-научного комплекса входит 19 специальных факультетов, 13 научно-исследовательских институтов, Канадский колледж, а также факультет Военного обучения и Общеуниверситетская кафедра физической культуры и спорта.

Президент СПбГУ — академик РАО Вербицкая, Людмила Алексеевна.

Здания университета расположены в разных районах города. Наибольшая концентрация наблюдается на Васильевском острове (так называемый Василеостровский учебно-научный комплекс), где расположено историческое главное здание университета (здание Двенадцати коллегий), и в Старом Петергофе (Петродворцовый учебно-научный комплекс).

История

Основание и изменение названий

Вопрос о дате основания университета вызвал оживлённые дискуссии в 1990-е гг. в преддверие празднования юбилея в 1999 году.

Согласно одной из версий, современный СПбГУ — преемник так называемого Академического университета, который был учреждён одновременно с Академией наук указом Петра I от 28 января 1724 года. В настоящее время эта версия официально принята руководством университета.

Согласно другой версии, современный СПбГУ — преемник Санкт-Петербургского университета, который был создан в 1819 году в результате переименования и последующей реорганизации Главного педагогического института (при этом следует иметь в виду, что Главный педагогический институт был восстановлен независимым от Университета уже в 1828 году). За дату основания в этом случае принимается 8 (20) февраля 1819 года, стоящая на докладе министра духовных дел и народного просвещения, князя Александра Николаевича Голицына, озаглавленном «Об учреждении Университета в Санкт-Петербурге» и содержащем проект «Первоначальное образование С.-Петербургского Университета», составленный попечителем Санкт-Петербургского учебного округа, действительным статским советником С. С. Уваровым.^[1] Первое время Университет жил по Уставу Главного педагогического института, пока 4 (16) января 1824 года в нём не был введён в действие изменённый по обстоятельствам Устав Московского университета.^[2] 31 октября (12 ноября) 1821 года Санкт-Петербургскому университету было присвоено звание Императорского.^[3] После этого на протяжении своей истории университет сменил множество названий.

• С 1821 по 1914 г. он назывался Санкт-Петербургский Императорский университет;
• 1914 г. — февраль 1917 г. — Петроградский Императорский университет;
• февраль 1917 г. — июнь 1918 г. — Петроградский университет;
• июнь 1918 г. — октябрь 1919 г. — Первый Петроградский университет;
• октябрь 1919 г. — январь 1921 г. — Петроградский университет;
• январь 1921 г. — январь 1924 г. — Петроградский государственный университет;
• январь 1924 г. — апрель 1933 г. — Ленинградский государственный университет;
• апрель 1933 г. — октябрь 1937 г. — Ленинградский государственный университет имени А. С. Бубнова;
• октябрь 1937 г. — февраль 1944 г. — Ленинградский государственный университет;
• февраль 1944 г. — октябрь 1948 г. — Ленинградский ордена Ленина государственный университет;
• октябрь 1948 г. — 1969 г. — Ленинградский ордена Ленина государственный университет имени А. А. Жданова;
• 1969 г. — январь 1989 г. — Ленинградский ордена Ленина и ордена Трудового Красного Знамени государственный университет имени А. А. Жданова;
• январь 1989 г. — 1991 г. — Ленинградский ордена Ленина и ордена Трудового Красного Знамени государственный университет;
• с 1991 г. по н. в.— Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет.

Статистика

В настоящее время в университете обучается более 20 тысяч студентов на очной форме обучения и порядка 9 тысяч на очно-заочной и заочной.

В 2007 году было подано 13 773 заявления о приёме, конкурс составил^[4] 2,3 человека на место. На I курс зачислено 6015 студентов, из них 1063 — медалисты. 2666 первокурсников — жители стран СНГ^[5].

По данным на 2004 год преподавательский состав насчитывал 4055 человек, из них 714 профессоров и 1240 доцентов.

Праздник посвящения в студенты

Праздник посвящения в студенты проводится 31 августа на площади академика Сахарова.

Программа праздника^[5]:

1. Обращение к первокурсникам, от лица ректора университета, а с недавних времён ещё и губернатора Санкт-Петербурга, также зачитываются обращения президента Российской Федерации и других знаменитых людей.
2. Новые студенты приносят Торжественную клятву первокурсника.
3. Торжественное зажжение Огня знаний.

Историческое развитие структуры университета

На момент реорганизации университет состоял из трёх отделений или факультетов: I. Отделение наук Философических и Юридических, II. Отделение наук Физических и математических, III. Отделение наук Исторических и Словесных.^[6]

Ректоры Университета

• Миллер, Герард Фридрих (1747 — 1750)
• Крашенинников, Степан Петрович (1750 — 1755)
• Ломоносов, Михаил Васильевич (1758 — 1765)
• Балугьянский, Михаил Андреевич (1819 — 1821)
• Зябловский, Евдоким Филиппович (1823 — 1825)
• Дегуров, Антон Антонович (1825 — 1836)
• Шульгин, Иван Петрович (1836 — 1840)
• Плетнёв, Пётр Александрович (1840 — 1861)
• Воскресенский, Александр Абрамович (1861 — 1863)
• Ленц, Эмилий Христианович (1863 — 1865)
• Воскресенский, Александр Абрамович (1865 — 1867)
• Кесслер, Карл Федорович (1867 — 1873)
• Редкин, Пётр Григорьевич (1873 — 1876)
• Бекетов, Андрей Николаевич (1876 — 1883)
• Андреевский, Иван Ефимович (1883 — 1887)
• Владиславлев, Михаил Иванович (1887 — 1890)
• Никитин, Пётр Васильевич (1890 — 1897)
• Сергеевич, Василий Иванович (1897 — 1899)
• Гольмстен, Адольф Христианович (1899 — 1903)
• Жданов, Александр Маркеллович (1903 — 1905)
• Боргман, Иван Иванович (1905 — 1910)
• Гримм, Давид Давидович (1910 — 1918)
• Иванов, Александр Александрович (1918 — 1919)
• Жебелев, Сергей Александрович (1919 — 1919)
• Шимкевич, Владимир Михайлович (1919 — 1922)
• Державин, Николай Севастьянович (1922 — 1925)
• Томашевский, Борис Викторович (1926 — 1927)
• Серебряков, Михаил Васильевич (1927 — 1930)
• Никич, Юрий Н. (1930 — 1932)
• Серёжников, Виктор Константинович (1932 — 1933)
• Лазуркин, Михаил Семёнович (1933 — 1937)
• Лукашёв, Константин Игнатьевич (1938 — 1939)
• Золотухин, П. В. (1939 — 1941)
• Вознесенский, Александр Васильевич (1941 — 1948)
• Домнин, Никита Андреевич (1948 — 1950)
• Ильюшин, Алексей Антонович (1950 — 1952)
• Александров, Александр Данилович (1952 — 1964)
• Кондратьев, Кирилл Яковлевич (1964 — 1970)
• Макаров, Глеб Иванович (1970 — 1975)
• Алесковский, Валентин Борисович (1975 — 1986)
• Меркурьев, Станислав Петрович (1986 — 1994)
• Вербицкая, Людмила Алексеевна (1994 — 2008)
• Кропачев, Николай Михайлович (2008 — по настоящее время)

Знаменитые преподаватели Университета

• Фрейденберг, Ольга Михайловна

Знаменитые студенты Университета

• Александров, Александр Данилович
• Амбарцумян, Виктор Амазаспович
• Блок, Александр Александрович
• Бобринский, Александр Алексеевич
• Борисковский, Павел Иосифович
• Брюнелли, Борис Евгеньевич
• Вернадский, Владимир Иванович
• Виноградский, Сергей Николаевич
• Гамов, Георгий Антонович
• Гоголь, Николай Васильевич
• Горелик, Александр Соломонович
• Гребенщиков, Борис Борисович
• Гумилёв, Лев Николаевич
• Дебольский, Николай Григорьевич
• Довлатов, Сергей Донатович
• Докучаев, Василий Васильевич
• Ермолаев, Михаил Михайлович
• Зданевич, Илья Михайлович
• Ивановский, Дмитрий Иосифович
• Илларионов, Андрей Николаевич
• Канторович, Леонид Витальевич
• Каргер, Михаил Константинович
• Карпов, Анатолий Евгеньевич
• Керенский Александр Фёдорович
• Кирпичников, Моисей Эльевич
• Кузнецов, Николай Иванович
• Кугель, Александр Рафаилович
• Ландау, Лев Давидович
• Ленин, Владимир Ильич
• Леонтьев, Василий Васильевич
• Лихачёв, Дмитрий Сергеевич
• Ляпунов, Александр Михайлович
• Марков, Владимир Федорович
• Масленникова, Наталья Николаевна
• Матиясевич, Юрий Владимирович
• Медведев, Дмитрий Анатольевич
• Менделеев, Дмитрий Иванович
• Перельман, Григорий Яковлевич
• Пиотровский, Борис Борисович
• Платонов, Сергей Фёдорович
• Половцов, Валериан Викторович
• Попов, Александр Степанович
• Попов, Иван Васильевич
• Путин, Владимир Владимирович
• Рерих, Николай Константинович
• Рождественский, Дмитрий Сергеевич
• Айн Рэнд
• Семёнов, Николай Николаевич
• Семёнов-Тян-Шанский, Пётр Петрович
• Соболев, Сергей Львович
• Термен, Лев Сергеевич
• Фасмер, Макс
• Фок, Владимир Александрович
• Фрейденберг, Ольга Михайловна
• Хлебников, Велимир
• Цыбиков, Гомбожаб Цэбекович
• Шевяков, Владимир Тимофеевич
• Шумовский, Теодор Адамович
• Щербатской, Фёдор Ипполитович

В 2000 году коллективом Математико-Механического факультета был создан сайт выпускников СПБГУ/ЛГУ, на котором уже зарегистрировано более 12 000 выпускников всех годов выпуска.

Факультеты

• биолого-почвенный (*)
• восточный (*)
• высшая школа менеджмента (*)
• географии и геоэкологии (*)
• геологический(*)
• журналистики(*)
• исторический (*)
• математико-механический (*)
• медицинский(*)
• международных отношений(*)
• прикладной математики — процессов управления (*)
• психологии (*)
• социологии (*)
• физический (*)
• филологии и искусств (*)
• философии и политологии (*)
• химический (*)
• экономический (*)
• юридический (*)

Интересные факты

• 30 июля 2007 года новый минерал, найденный в Хибинах, получил имя профессора Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета. Найденный минерал был назван кривовичевитом — в честь заведующего кафедрой кристаллографии геологического факультета СПбГУ Сергея Кривовичева^[7].
• 13 сентября 2007 года состоялся торжественный акт принятия Её Королевским Высочеством Дианой, герцогиней Вюртембергской и принцессой Французской патроната над Смольным институтом свободных искусств и наук филологического факультета Петербургского госуниверситета. Герцогиня будет курировать Немецкую библиотеку по искусству и культуре.

Также планом патроната предусмотрено регулярное посещение Смольного института Её Королевским Высочеством для развития российско-германских культурных и научных связей^[8].

Примечания

Ссылки

• Официальный сайт университета
• Сайт выпускников СПбГУ/ЛГУ
• Сайт студентов СПбГУ
• Бочарова Е. Северная столица знаний // Вокруг Света. — 2006. — № 10.
• Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет в DMOZ

Санкт-Петербургский Государственный Университет, Санкт-Петербургский Университет или СПБГУ — руководитель:
Кропачев Николай Михайлович (ИНН 780100865103).
ИНН 7801002274, ОГРН 1037800006089.
ОКПО 02068516, зарегистрировано 14.09.1993 по юридическому адресу 199034, город Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., д.7/9.
Статус:
действующая с 19.01.2018.
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