Столица бразилии на английском как пишется

Brasília
Federal capital
Região Administrativa de Brasília Administrative Region of Brasília
Monumental Axis seen from the TV Tower Metropolitan Cathedral Alvorada Palace Juscelino Kubitschek bridge National Congress of Brazil Panoramic view of the Pilot Plan of Brasilia
Flag Seal
Nicknames:  Capital Federal, BSB, Capital da Esperança
Motto(s):  «Venturis ventis»(Latin) «To the coming winds»
Location in the Federal District
Brasília Location in Brazil Brasília Brasília (South America)
Coordinates: 15°47′38″S 47°52′58″W / 15.79389°S 47.88278°WCoordinates: 15°47′38″S 47°52′58″W / 15.79389°S 47.88278°W
Country	Brazil
Region	Central-West
District	Federal District
Founded	21 April 1960
Area
• Federal capital	5,802 km2 (2,240.164 sq mi)
Elevation	1,172 m (3,845 ft)
Population  (2017)
• Density	480.827/km2 (1,245.34/sq mi)
• Urban	3,039,444[2][note 1]
• Metro	4,291,577 (3rd)[1] (4th)
	population of the Federal District[citation needed]
Demonym	Brasiliense
GDP
• Year	2015 estimate
• Total	$65.338 billion (8th)
• Per capita	$21,779 (1st)
HDI
• Year	2014
Time zone	UTC−03:00 (BRT)
Postal code	70000-000
Area code	+55 61
HDI (2010)	0.824 – very high[3]
Website	www.brasilia.df.gov.br (in Portuguese)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Brasilia
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, iv
Designated	1987 (11th session)
Reference no.	445
Region	Latin America and the Caribbean

Brasília (;^[4][5] Portuguese: [bɾaˈziljɐ]) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located high in the Brazilian highlands in the country’s Central-West region. It was founded by President Juscelino Kubitschek on 21 April 1960, to serve as the new national capital. Brasília is estimated to be Brazil’s third-most populous city.^[1] Among major Latin American cities, it has the highest GDP per capita.^[6]

Brasília was a planned city developed by Lúcio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer and Joaquim Cardozo in 1956 in a scheme to move the capital from Rio de Janeiro to a more central location. The landscape architect was Roberto Burle Marx.^[7][8] The city’s design divides it into numbered blocks as well as sectors for specified activities, such as the Hotel Sector, the Banking Sector, and the Embassy Sector. Brasília was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 due to its modernist architecture and uniquely artistic urban planning.^[9] It was named «City of Design» by UNESCO in October 2017 and has been part of the Creative Cities Network since then.^[10]

All three branches of Brazil’s federal government are centered in the city: executive, legislative and judiciary. Brasília also hosts 124 foreign embassies.^[11] The city’s international airport connects it to all other major Brazilian cities and some international destinations, and it is the third-busiest airport in Brazil. It was one of the main host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and hosted some of the football matches during the 2016 Summer Olympics; it also hosted the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.

The city has a unique status in Brazil, as it is an administrative division rather than a legal municipality like other cities in Brazil. Although Brasília is used as a synonym for the Federal District through synecdoche, the Federal District is composed of 33 administrative regions, only one of which is the area of the originally planned city, also called Plano Piloto. The rest of the Federal District is considered by IBGE to make up Brasília’s metro area.^[1]

History[edit]

Background[edit]

Brazil’s first capital was Salvador; in 1763 Rio de Janeiro became Brazil’s capital and remained so until 1960. During this period, resources tended to be centered in Brazil’s southeastern region, and most of the country’s population was concentrated near its Atlantic coast.^[12] Brasilia’s geographically central location fostered a more regionally neutral federal capital. An article of the country’s first republican constitution, dated 1891, states that the capital should be moved from Rio de Janeiro to a place close to the country’s center.

The plan was conceived in 1827 by José Bonifácio, an advisor to Emperor Pedro I. He presented a plan to the General Assembly of Brazil for a new city called Brasilia, with the idea of moving the capital westward from the heavily populated southeastern corridor. The bill was not enacted because Pedro I dissolved the Assembly.

According to the legend, Italian saint Don Bosco in 1883 had a dream in which he described a futuristic city that roughly fitted Brasilia’s location.^[13] In Brasilia today, many references to Bosco, who founded the Salesian order, are found throughout the city and one church parish in the city bears his name.^[14]

Costa plan[edit]

Juscelino Kubitschek was elected President of Brazil in 1955. Upon taking office in January 1956, in fulfilment of his campaign pledge, he initiated the planning and construction of the new capital. The following year an international jury selected Lúcio Costa’s plan to guide the construction of Brazil’s new capital, Brasilia. Costa was a student of the famous modernist architect Le Corbusier, and some of modernism’s architecture features can be found in his plan. Costa’s plan was not as detailed as some of the plans presented by other architects and city planners. It did not include land use schedules, models, population charts or mechanical drawings; however, it was chosen by five out of six jurors because it had the features required to align the growth of a capital city.^[15] Even though the initial plan was transformed over time, it oriented much of the construction and most of its features survived.

Brasilia’s accession as the new capital and its designation for the development of an extensive interior region inspired the symbolism of the plan. Costa used a cross-axial design indicating the possession and conquest of this new place with a cross,^[16] often likened to a dragonfly, an airplane or a bird.^[15] Costa’s plan included two principal components, the Monumental Axis (east to west) and the Residential Axis (north to south). The Monumental Axis was assigned political and administrative activities, and is considered the body of the city with the style and simplicity of its buildings, oversized scales, and broad vistas and heights, producing the idea of Monumentality. This axis includes the various ministries, national congress, presidential palace, supreme court building and the television and radio tower.^[16] The Residential Axis was intended to contain areas with intimate character and is considered the most important achievement of the plan; it was designed for housing and associated functions such as local commerce, schooling, recreations and churches, constituted of 96 superblocks [pt] limited to six-story buildings and 12 additional superblocks limited to three-story buildings;^[15] Costa’s intention with superblocks was to have small self-contained and self-sufficient neighborhoods and uniform buildings with apartments of two or three different categories, where he envisioned the integration of upper and middle classes sharing the same residential area.^[16]

The urban design of the communal apartment blocks was based on Le Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse of 1935, and the superblocks on the North American Radburn layout from 1929.^[17] Visually, the blocks were intended to appear absorbed by the landscape because they were isolated by a belt of tall trees and lower vegetation. Costa attempted to introduce a Brazil that was more equitable, he also designed housing for the working classes that was separated from the upper- and middle-class housing and was visually different, with the intention of avoiding slums (favelas) in the urban periphery.^[15][18] The superquadra has been accused of being a space where individuals are oppressed and alienated to a form of spatial segregation.^[19]

One of the main objectives of the plan was to allow the free flow of automobile traffic, the plan included lanes of traffic in a north–south direction (seven for each direction) for the Monumental Axis and three arterials (the W3, the Eixo and the L2) for the residential Axis;^[16] the cul-de-sac access roads of the superblocks were planned to be the end of the main flow of traffic. And the reason behind the heavy emphasis on automobile traffic is the architect’s desire to establish the concept of modernity in every level.

Though automobiles were invented prior to the 20th century, mass production of vehicles in the early 20th made them widely available; thus, they became a symbol of modernity. The two small axes around the Monumental axis provide loops and exits for cars to enter small roads. Some argue that his emphasis of the plan on automobiles caused the lengthening of distances between centers and it attended only the necessities of a small segment of the population who owned cars.^[15] But one can not ignore the bus transportation system in the city. The buses routes inside the city operate heavily on W3 and L2. Almost anywhere, including satellite cities, can be reached just by taking the bus and most of the Plano Piloto can be reached without transferring to other buses.

Later, as the population of the city increased, the transportation system also played an important role in mediating the relationship between the Pilot plan and the satellite cities. Due to the larger influx of vehicles, traffic lights were introduced to the Momument Axis, which violates the concept of modernity and advancement the architect first employed. Additionally, the metro system in Brasilia was mainly built for inhabitants of satellite cities. Though this growth has made Brasilia no longer a pure utopia with incomparable modernity, the later development of traffic management, bus routes to satellite cities, and the metro system all serve as a remedy to the dystopia, enabling the citizens to enjoy the kind of modernity that was not carefully planned.

At the intersection of the Monumental and Residential Axis Costa planned the city center with the transportation center (Rodoviaria), the banking sector and the hotel sector,^[16] near to the city center, he proposed an amusement center with theaters, cinemas and restaurants. Costa’s Plan is seen as a plan with a sectoral tendency, segregating all the banks, the office buildings, and the amusement center.^[15]

One of the main features of Costa’s plan was that he presented a new city with its future shape and patterns evident from the beginning. This meant that the original plan included paving streets that were not immediately put into use; the advantage of this was that the original plan is hard to undo because he provided for an entire street network, but on the other hand, is difficult to adapt and mold to other circumstances in the future.^[15] In addition, there has been controversy with the monumental aspect of Lúcio Costa’s Plan, because it appeared to some as 19th century city planning, not modern 20th century in urbanism.^[20]

An interesting analysis can be made of Brasilia within the context of Cold War politics and the association of Lúcio Costa’s plan to the symbolism of aviation. From an architectural perspective, the airplane-shaped plan was certainly an homage to Le Corbusier and his enchantment with the aircraft as an architectural masterpiece. However, it is important to also note that Brasilia was constructed soon after the end of World War II. Despite Brazil’s minor participation in the conflict, the airplane shape of the city was key in envisioning the country as part of the newly globalized world, together with the victorious Allies.^[21] Furthermore, Brasilia is a unique example of modernism both as a guideline for architectural design but also as a principle for organizing society. Modernism in Brasilia is explored in James Holston’s book, The Modernist City.^[22]

Construction[edit]

Juscelino Kubitschek, president of Brazil from 1956 to 1961, ordered Brasilia’s construction, fulfilling the promise of the Constitution and his own political campaign promise. Building Brasilia was part of Juscelino’s «fifty years of prosperity in five» plan. Already in 1892, the astronomer Louis Cruls, in the service of the Brazilian government, had investigated the site for the future capital. Lúcio Costa won a contest and was the main urban planner^[23] in 1957, with 5550 people competing. Oscar Niemeyer was the chief architect of most public buildings, Joaquim Cardozo was the structural engineer, and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. Brasilia was built in 41 months, from 1956 to 21 April 1960, when it was officially inaugurated.

Geography[edit]

The city sits at an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and more, high on the Brazilian Highlands in the country’s center-western region. Paranoá Lake, a large artificial lake, was built to increase the amount of water available and to maintain the region’s humidity. It has a marina, and hosts wakeboarders and windsurfers. Diving can also be practiced and one of the main attractions is Vila Amaury, an old village submerged in the lake. This is where the first construction workers of Brasilia used to live.^[24]

Climate[edit]

Brasilia has a tropical savanna climate (Aw, according to the Köppen climate classification), milder due to the elevation and with two distinct seasons: the rainy season, from October to April, and the dry season, from May to September.^[25] The average temperature is 21.4 °C (70.5 °F).^[26] September, at the end of the dry season, has the highest average maximum temperature, 29.1 °C (84.4 °F), and July has major and minor lower maximum average temperature, of 25.6 °C (78.1 °F) and 13.9 °C (57.0 °F), respectively.^[27][28] Average temperatures from September through March are a consistent 22 °C (72 °F).^[26] With 253.1 mm (10.0 in), November is the month with the highest rainfall of the year, while July is the lowest, with only 1.5 mm (0.1 in).^[29] During the dry season, the city can have very low relative humidity levels, often below 30%.^[30]

According to Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), the record low temperature was 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) on 18 July 1975, and the record high was 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) on 18 October 2015 ^[31] and 8 October 2020.^[32][33] The highest accumulated rainfall in 24 hours was 132.8 mm (5.2 in) on 15 November 1963.^[34]

Demographics[edit]

Ethnic groups[edit]

According to the 2010 IBGE Census, 2,469,489 people resided in Brasilia and its metropolitan area,^[39] of whom 1,239,882 were Pardo (Multiracial) (48.2%), 1,084,418 White (42.2%), 198,072 Black (7.7%), 41,522 Asian (1.6%), and 6,128 Amerindian (0.2%).^[40]

In 2010, Brasilia was ranked the fourth-most populous city in Brazil after São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Salvador.^[41] In 2010, the city had 474,871 opposite-sex couples and 1,241 same-sex couples. The population of Brasilia was 52.2% female and 47.8% male.^[40]

In the 1960 census there were almost 140,000 residents in the new Federal district. By 1970 this figure had grown to 537,000. By 2010 the population of the Federal District had surpassed 2,5 million. The city of Brasilia proper, the plano piloto was planned for about 500,000 inhabitants, a figure the plano piloto never surpassed, with a current population of only 214,529,^[42] but its metropolitan area within the Federal District has grown past this figure.^[43]

From the beginning, the growth of Brasilia was greater than original estimates. According to the original plans, Brasilia would be a city for government authorities and staff. However, during its construction, Brazilians from all over the country migrated to the satellite cities of Brasilia, seeking public and private employment.^[44]

At the close of the 20th century, Brasilia was the largest city in the world which had not existed at the beginning of the century.^[45] Brasilia has one of the highest population growth rates in Brazil, with annual growth of 2.82%, mostly due to internal migration.

Brasilia’s inhabitants include a foreign population of mostly embassy workers as well as large numbers of Brazilian internal migrants. Today, the city has important communities of immigrants and refugees. The city’s Human Development Index was 0.936 in 2000 (developed level), and the city’s literacy rate was around 95.65%.

Religion[edit]

Christianity is by far the most prevalent religion in Brasília, with Roman Catholicism being the largest denomination.

Religion	Percentage	Number
Catholic	56.62%	1,455,134
Protestant	26.88%	690,982
No religion	9.20%	236,528
Other	3.72%	95,605
Spiritist	3.50%	89,836
Jewish	0.04%	1,103
Muslim	0.04%	972
Total	100.00%	2,570,160

Source: IBGE 2010.^[46]

Government[edit]

Brasília does not have a mayor or councillors, because article 32 of the Constitution of Brazil expressly prohibits the Federal District being divided into municipalities.

The Federal District is a legal entity of internal public law, which is part of the political-administrative structure of Brazil of a sui generis nature, because it is neither a state nor a municipality, but rather a special entity that incorporates the legislative powers reserved to the states and municipalities, as provided in Article 32, § 1º of the Constitution, which gives it a hybrid nature, both state and municipal.^[47]

The executive power of the Federal District was represented by the mayor of the Federal District until 1969, when the position was transformed into governor of the Federal District.^[48][49]

The legislative power of the Federal District is represented by the Legislative Chamber of the Federal District, whose nomenclature includes a mixture of legislative assembly (legislative power of the other units of the federation) and of municipal chamber (legislative of the municipalities). The Legislative Chamber is made up of 24 district deputies.^[50]

The judicial power which serves the Federal District also serves federal territories as it is constituted, but Brazil does not have any territories. Therefore, the Court of Justice of the Federal District and of the Territories only serves the Federal District.

Part of the budget of the Federal District Government comes from the Constitutional Fund of the Federal District. In 2012, the fund totaled 9.6 billion reais.^[51] By 2015, the forecast is 12.4 billion reais, of which more than half (6.4 billion) is spent on public security spending.^[52]

International relations[edit]

Twin towns and sister cities

Brasilia is twinned with:^[53]

Of these, Abuja and Washington, D.C. were also cities specifically planned as the seat of government of their respective countries.

Brasília Declarations

Brasília is associated with several significant declarations in the international political and social field, including:

• The Brasília Declaration of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (2003), signed by the foreign ministers of India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA) regarding representation at the United Nations Security Council
• Brasília Declaration on the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons in the Americas (2010)^[57]
• Brasília Declaration on Child Labour (2013), issued by the Third Global Conference on Child Labour – hosted in Brasília by the Brazilian Government^[58]
• Brasília Declaration of Judges on Water Justice (2018), adopted in 2018 during the Conference of Judges and Prosecutors on Water Justice at the 8th World Water Forum, described as «a landmark in [the] development of water justice jurisprudence»^[59]
• The 15th Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas, meeting in Brasília in 2022, issued a Declaration condemning Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.^[60]

Economy[edit]

The major roles of construction and of services (government, communications, banking and finance, food production, entertainment, and legal services) in Brasilia’s economy reflect the city’s status as a governmental rather than an industrial center.

Industries connected with construction, food processing, and furnishings are important, as are those associated with publishing, printing, and computer software. The gross domestic product (GDP) is divided in Public Administration 54.8%, Services 28.7%, Industry 10.2%, Commerce 6.1%, Agrobusiness 0.2%.^[61]

Besides being the political center, Brasilia is an important economic center. In 2018, it has the third highest GDP of cities in Brazil, R$254 billion reais,^[62] representing 3.6% of the total Brazilian GDP. Most economic activity in the federal capital results from its administrative function.

Its industrial planning is studied carefully by the Government of the Federal District. Being a city registered by UNESCO,^[63] the government in Brasilia has opted to encourage the development of non-polluting industries such as software, film, video, and gemology among others, with emphasis on environmental preservation and maintaining ecological balance, preserving the city property.

According to Mercer’s city rankings of cost of living for expatriate employees, Brasilia ranks 45th among the most expensive cities in the world in 2012, up from the 70th position in 2010, ranking behind São Paulo (12th) and Rio de Janeiro (13th).

Industries[edit]

Industries in the city include construction (Paulo Octavio, Via Construções, and Irmãos Gravia among others); food processing (Perdigão, Sadia); furniture making; recycling (Novo Rio, Rexam, Latasa and others); pharmaceuticals (União Química); and graphic industries. The main agricultural products produced in the city are coffee, guavas, strawberries, oranges, lemons, papayas, soybeans, and mangoes. It has over 110,000 cows and it exports wood products worldwide.

The Federal District, where Brasilia is located, has a GDP of R$133,4 billion (about US$64.1 billion), about the same as Belarus according to The Economist. Its share of the total Brazilian GDP is about 3.8%.^[64] The Federal District has the largest GDP per capita income of Brazil US$25,062, slightly higher than Belarus.^[64]

The city’s planned design included specific areas for almost everything, including accommodation, Hotels Sectors North and South. New hotel facilities are being developed elsewhere, such as the hotels and tourism Sector North, located on the shores of Lake Paranoá.

Culture[edit]

As a venue for political events, music performances and movie festivals, Brasilia is a cosmopolitan city, with around 124 embassies, a wide range of restaurants and a complete infrastructure ready to host any kind of event. Not surprisingly, the city stands out as an important business/tourism destination, which is an important part of the local economy, with dozens of hotels spread around the federal capital. Traditional parties take place throughout the year.

In June, large festivals known as «festas juninas» are held celebrating Catholic saints such as Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Peter. On 7 September, the traditional Independence Day parade is held on the Ministries Esplanade. Throughout the year, local, national, and international events are held throughout the city. Christmas is widely celebrated, and New Year’s Eve usually hosts major events celebrated in the city.^[65]

The city also hosts a varied assortment of art works from artists like Bruno Giorgi, Alfredo Ceschiatti, Athos Bulcão, Marianne Peretti, Alfredo Volpi, Di Cavalcanti, Dyllan Taxman, Victor Brecheret and Burle Marx, whose works have been integrated into the city’s architecture, making it a unique landscape. The cuisine in the city is very diverse. Many of the best restaurants in the city can be found in the Asa Sul district.^[66]

The city is the birthplace of Brazilian rock and place of origin of bands like: Legião Urbana, Capital Inicial, Aborto Elétrico, Plebe Rude and Raimundos. Brasilia has the Rock Basement Festival which brings new bands to the national scene. The festival is held in the parking Brasilia National Stadium Mané Garrincha.

Since 1965, the annual Brasilia Festival of Brazilian Cinema is one of the most traditional cinema festivals in Brazil, being compared only to the Brazilian Cinema Festival of Gramado, in Rio Grande do Sul. The difference between both is that the festival in Brasilia still preserves the tradition to only submit and reward Brazilian movies.

The International Dance Seminar in Brasilia has brought top-notch dance to the Federal Capital since 1991. International teachers, shows with choreographers and guest groups and scholarships abroad are some of the hallmarks of the event. The Seminar is the central axis of the DANCE BRAZIL program and is promoted by the DF State Department of Culture in partnership with the Cultural Association Claudio Santoro. [1]

Brasilia has also been the focus of modern-day literature. Published in 2008, The World In Grey: Dom Bosco’s Prophecy, by author Ryan J. Lucero, tells an apocalyptical story based on the famous prophecy from the late 19th century by the Italian saint Don Bosco.^[67] According to Don Bosco’s prophecy:^[68] «Between parallels 15 and 20, around a lake which shall be formed; A great civilization will thrive, and that will be the Promised Land». Brasilia lies between the parallels 15° S and 20° S, where an artificial lake (Paranoá Lake) was formed. Don Bosco is Brasilia’s patron saint.

American Flagg!, the First Comics comic book series created by Howard Chaykin, portrays Brasilia as a cosmopolitan world capital of culture and exotic romance. In the series, it is a top vacation and party destination. The 2015 Rede Globo series Felizes para Sempre? was set in Brasilia.^[69]

Architecture and urbanism[edit]

At the Square of Three Powers, Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and Brazilian structural engineer Joaquim Cardozo made buildings in the style of modern Brazilian architecture.^[70] The Congress also occupies various other surrounding buildings, some connected by tunnels.

The National Congress building is located in the middle of the Eixo Monumental, the city’s main avenue. In front lies a large lawn and reflecting pool. The building faces the Praça dos Três Poderes where the Palácio do Planalto and the Supreme Federal Court are located. The Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx designed landmark modernist gardens for some of the principal buildings. In residential areas, buildings were built that were inspired in French modernist and bauhaus design.^[71]

Although not fully accomplished, the «Brasilia utopia» has produced a city of relatively high quality of life, in which the citizens live in forested areas with sporting and leisure structure (the superquadras) surrounded by small commercial areas, bookstores and cafés; the city is famous for its cuisine and efficiency of transit.^[72] Even these positive features have sparked controversy, expressed in the nickname «ilha da fantasia» («fantasy island»), indicating the sharp contrast between the city and surrounding regions, marked by poverty and disorganization in the cities of the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais, around Brasilia.^[72]

Critics of Brasilia’s grand scale have characterized it as a modernist bauhaus platonic fantasy about the future:

Nothing dates faster than people’s fantasies about the future. This is what you get when perfectly decent, intelligent, and talented men start thinking in terms of space rather than place; and single rather than multiple meanings. It’s what you get when you design for political aspirations rather than real human needs. You get miles of jerry-built platonic nowhere infested with Volkswagens. This, one may fervently hope, is the last experiment of its kind. The utopian buck stops here.

Notable structures[edit]

The Cathedral of Brasilia in the capital of the Federative Republic of Brazil, is an expression of the atheist architect Oscar Niemeyer and the structural engineer Joaquim Cardozo. This concrete-framed hyperboloid structure, seems with its glass roof reaching up, open, to the heavens.

The cathedral’s structure was finished on 31 May 1970, and only the 70 m (229.66 ft) diameter of the circular area were visible. Niemeyer’s and Cardozo’s project of Cathedral of Brasilia is based in the hyperboloid of revolution which sections are asymmetric. The hyperboloid structure itself is a result of 16 identical assembled concrete columns. There is controversy as to what these columns, having hyperbolic section and weighing 90 t, represent, some say they are two hands moving upwards to heaven, others associate it to the chalice Jesus used in the last supper and some claim it represent his crown of thorns. The cathedral was dedicated on 31 May 1970.

At the end of the Eixo Monumental («Monumental Axis») lies the Esplanada dos Ministérios («Ministries Esplanade»),^[73] an open area in downtown Brasilia. The rectangular lawn is surrounded by two eight-lane avenues where many government buildings, monuments and memorials are located. On Sundays and holidays, the Eixo Monumental is closed to cars so that locals may use it as a place to walk, bike, and have picnics under the trees.

Praça dos Três Poderes (Portuguese for Square of the Three Powers) is a plaza in Brasilia. The name is derived from the encounter of the three federal branches around the plaza: the Executive, represented by the Palácio do Planalto (presidential office); the Legislative, represented by the National Congress (Congresso Nacional); and the Judiciary branch, represented by the Supreme Federal Court (Supremo Tribunal Federal). It is a tourist attraction in Brasilia, designed by Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer as a place where the three branches would meet harmoniously.

The Palácio da Alvorada is the official residence of the president of Brazil. The palace was designed, along with the rest of the city of Brasilia, by Oscar Niemeyer and inaugurated in 1958. One of the first structures built in the republic’s new capital city, the «Alvorada» lies on a peninsula at the shore of Lake Paranoá.

The principles of simplicity and modernity that in the past characterized the great works of architecture motivated Niemeyer. The viewer has an impression of looking at a glass box, softly landing on the ground with the support of thin external columns. The building has an area of 7,000 m² with three floors consisting of the basement, landing, and second floor.

The auditorium, kitchen, laundry, medical center, and administration offices are at basement level. The rooms used by the presidency for official receptions are on the landing. The second floor has four suites, two apartments, and various private rooms which make up the residential part of the palace. The building also has a library, a heated Olympic-sized swimming pool, a music room, two dining rooms and various meeting rooms. A chapel and heliport are in adjacent buildings.

The Palácio do Planalto is the official workplace of the president of Brazil. It is located at the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasilia. As the seat of government, the term «Planalto» is often used as a metonym for the executive branch of government. The main working office of the President of the Republic is in the Palácio do Planalto.

The President and his or her family do not live in it, rather in the official residence, the Palácio da Alvorada. Besides the President, senior advisors also have offices in the «Planalto», including the Vice-President of Brazil and the Chief of Staff. The other Ministries are along the Esplanada dos Ministérios. The architect of the Palácio do Planalto was Oscar Niemeyer, creator of most of the important buildings in Brasilia. The idea was to project an image of simplicity and modernity using fine lines and waves to compose the columns and exterior structures. The Palace is four stories high, and has an area of 36,000 m². Four other adjacent buildings are also part of the complex.

Education[edit]

The city has six international schools: American School of Brasilia, Brasilia International School (BIS), Escola das Nações, Swiss International School (SIS), Lycée français François-Mitterrand (LfFM) and Maple Bear Canadian School.^[74] August 2016 will see the opening of a new international school – the British School of Brasilia. Brasilia has two universities, three university centers, and many private colleges.

The main tertiary educational institutions are: Universidade de Brasilia – University of Brasilia (UnB) (public); Universidade Católica de Brasilia – Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB); Centro Universitário de Brasilia (UniCEUB); Centro Universitário Euroamaricano (Unieuro); Centro Universitário do Distrito Federal [pt] (UDF); Universidade Paulista [pt] (UNIP); and Instituto de Educação Superior de Brasilia (IESB).

Transportation[edit]

The average commute time on public transit in Brasilia, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 96 min. 31% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 28 min, while 61% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 15.1 km (9.4 mi), while 50% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.^[75]

Airport[edit]

Brasilia–Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport serves the metropolitan area with major domestic and international flights. It is the third busiest Brazilian airport based on passengers and aircraft movements.^[76] Because of its strategic location it is a civil aviation hub for the rest of the country. This results in a large number of takeoffs and landings and it is not unusual for flights to be delayed in a holding pattern before landing. Following the airport’s master plan, Infraero built a second runway, which was finished in 2006. In 2007, the airport handled 11,119,872 passengers.^[76] The main building’s third floor, with 12 thousand square meters, has a panoramic deck, a food court, shops, four movie theaters with total capacity of 500 people, and space for exhibitions. Brasilia Airport has 136 vendor spaces. The airport is located about 11 km (6.8 mi) from the central area of Brasilia, outside the metro system. The area outside the airport’s main gate is lined with taxis as well as several bus line services that connect the airport to Brasilia’s central district. The parking lot accommodates 1,200 cars.^[77]

The airport is serviced by domestic and regional airlines (TAM, GOL, Azul, WebJET, Trip and Avianca), in addition to a number of international carriers. In 2012, Brasilia’s International Airport was won by the InfraAmerica consortium, formed by the Brazilian engineering company ENGEVIX and the Argentine Corporacion America holding company, with a 50% stake each.^[78] During the 25-year concession, the airport may be expanded to up to 40 million passengers a year.^[79]

In 2014 the airport received 15 new boarding bridges, totaling 28 in all. This was the main requirement made by the federal government, which transferred the operation of the terminal to the Inframerica Group after an auction. The group invested R$750 million in the project. In the same year, the number of parking spaces doubled, reaching three thousand. The airport’s entrance has a new rooftop cover and a new access road. Furthermore, a VIP room was created on Terminal 1’s third floor. The investments resulted an increase the capacity of Brasilia’s airport from approximately 15 million passengers per year to 21 million by 2014.^[80] Brasília Air Force Base — ALA1, one of their most important bases of the Brazilian Air Force, is located in Brasília.

Road transport[edit]

Like most Brazilian cities, Brasilia has a good network of taxi companies. Taxis from the airport are available outside the terminal, but at times there can be quite a queue of people. Although the airport is not far from the downtown area, taxi prices do seem to be higher than in other Brazilian cities. Booking in advance can be advantageous, particularly if time is limited, and local companies should be able to assist airport transfer or transport requirements.

The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge, also known as the ‘President JK Bridge’ or the ‘JK Bridge’, crosses Lake Paranoá in Brasilia. It is named after Juscelino Kubitschek, former president of Brazil. It was designed by architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer Mário Vila Verde. Chan won the Gustav Lindenthal Medal^[81] for this project at the 2003 International Bridge Conference in Pittsburgh due to «…outstanding achievement demonstrating harmony with the environment, aesthetic merit and successful community participation». It consists of three 60 m (200 ft) tall asymmetrical steel arches that crisscross diagonally. With a length of 1,200 m (0.75 miles), it was completed in 2002 at a cost of US$56.8 million. The bridge has a pedestrian walkway and is accessible to bicyclists and skaters.

The main bus hub in Brasilia is the Central Bus Station, located in the crossing of the Eixo Monumental and the Eixão, about 2 km (1.2 mi) from the Three Powers Plaza. The original plan was to have a bus station as near as possible to every corner of Brasilia. Today, the bus station is the hub of urban buses only, some running within Brasilia and others connecting Brasilia to the satellite cities. In the original city plan, the interstate buses would also stop at the Central Station. Because of the growth of Brasilia (and corresponding growth in the bus fleet), today the interstate buses leave from the older interstate station (called Rodoferroviária) located at the western end of the Eixo Monumental. The Central Bus Station also contains a main metro station. A new bus station was opened in July 2010. It is on Saída Sul (South Exit) near Parkshopping Mall with its metro station, and is also an inter-state bus station, used only to leave the Federal District.

Metro[edit]

There is no passenger rail service in Brasilia, but the Expresso Pequi rail line is planned to link Brasilia and Goiânia. A 22 km light rail line is planned, estimated to cost between 1 billion reais (US$258 million) and 1.5 billion reais with capacity to transport around 200,000 passengers per day.^[82]

The Federal District Metro is Federal District’s underground metro system. The system has 24 stations on two lines, the Orange and Green lines, along a total network of 43 km (27 mi), covering some of the Federal District. Both lines begin at the Central Station and run parallel until the Águas Claras Station. The Federal District Metro is not comprehensive so buses may provide better access to the center. The metro leaves the Rodoviária (bus station) and goes south, avoiding most of the political and tourist areas. The main purpose of the metro is to serve cities, such as Samambaia, Taguatinga and Ceilândia, as well as Guará and Águas Claras. The satellite cities served are more populated in total than the Plano Piloto itself (the census of 2000 indicated that Ceilândia had 344,039 inhabitants, Taguatinga had 243,575, and the Plano Piloto had approximately 400,000 inhabitants), and most residents of the satellite cities depend on public transportation.^[83]

A high-speed railway was planned between Brasilia and Goiânia, the capital of the state of Goias, but it will probably be turned into a regional service linking the capital cities and cities in between, like Anápolis and Alexânia.^[84]

Sport[edit]

The main stadiums are the Brasilia National Stadium Mané Garrincha (which was re-inaugurated on 18 May 2013), the Serejão Stadium (home for Brasiliense) and the Bezerrão Stadium (home for Gama).

Brasilia was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, for which Brazil is the host nation. Brasilia hosted the opening of the Confederations Cup and hosted 7 World Cup games.^[85] Brasilia also hosted the football tournaments during the 2016 Summer Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro.

Brasilia is known as a departing point for the practice of unpowered air sports, sports that may be practiced with hang gliding or paragliding wings. Practitioners of such sports reveal that, because of the city’s dry weather, the city offers strong thermal winds and great «cloud-streets», which is also the name for a maneuver quite appreciated by practitioners. In 2003, Brasilia hosted the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship, one of the categories of free flying. In August 2005, the city hosted the second stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship.

Brasilia is the site of the Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet which hosted a non-championship round of the 1974 Formula One Grand Prix season. An IndyCar race was cancelled at the last minute in 2015.

The city is also home to Uniceub BRB, one of Brazil’s best basketball clubs, who became NBB champion in 2010, 2011 and 2012. The club hosts some of its games at the 16,000 all-seat Nilson Nelson Gymnasium.

See also[edit]

• List of purpose-built national capitals

Purpose-built Brazilian state capitals

• Aracaju
• Belo Horizonte
• Boa Vista
• Palmas
• Teresina

Explanatory notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Regional Administration of Brasilia website
• Government of the Federal District website
• Geographic data related to Brasília at OpenStreetMap
• Explore Brasilia in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts & Culture
• «The airport: About Inframerica». Aeroporto de Brasíla. 2020.

(столица Бразилии)

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Перевод «столица Бразилии» на английский

capital of Brazil

capital city of Brazil

Brazil’s capital

Brazilian capital

Brasilia

Рио-де-Жанейро — культурная столица Бразилии, постоянно привлекающая туристов со всего мира.

Rio de Janeiro is the cultural capital of Brazil and is considered a permanent attraction for tourists from all over the world.

Этот мегаполис с 15 миллионами жителей — не только финансовая столица Бразилии, а также и ее культурная столица.

This megalopolis of 15 million inhabitants is not only the financial capital of Brazil, but also the country’s cultural capital.

Это первая португальская столица Бразилии.

Столица Бразилии — Бразилиа, расположенная на бразильском плато.

Это была столица Бразилии до 1960, когда Brasília занял свое место.

It was Brazil’s capital until 1960, when Brasília took its place.

Бразилиа расположена в Бразильском нагорье и в 1960 году была установлена как столица Бразилии.

Located in the Brazilian Highlands, Brasilia was installed in 1960 as Brazil’s capital.

Это первая колониальная столица Бразилии, город является одним из старейших в Америке.

The first colonial capital of Brazil, the city is one of the oldest in the Americas.

Бразилиа, столица Бразилии, расположена на Центральном плато на высоте 1000 м над уровнем моря в окрестностях искусственного озера Параноа.

Brasilia, capital of Brazil, located on the Central plateau at an altitude of 1000 m above sea level in the vicinity of the artificial lake Paranoá.

Сальвадор — Первая столица Бразилии, где уникально сочетаются культуры коренных народов Африки и Европы.

Salvador — The first capital of Brazil is home to a unique blend of indigenous, African and European cultures.

Куритиба — бесспорная «зеленая» столица Бразилии и, по версии Siemens, самая «зеленая» метрополия Латинской Америки.

Curitiba is the undisputed green capital of Brazil and was ranked by Siemens as Latin America’s greenest metropolis.

Космополитический город, столица Бразилии на протяжении почти 200 лет, Рио-де-Жанейро — один из главных центров культуры в стране, с большим количеством кинозалов, театров, музеев, концертных залов, зданий выставочных центров, художественных галерей и библиотек.

Cosmopolitan city, Brazil’s capital for almost 200 years, Rio de Janeiro is one of the most main culture centers on the country, with a lot of cinemas, theaters, museums, rooms of concert, show houses, art galleries and libraries.

Город Рио-де-Жанейро, бывшая столица Бразилии (1764-1960), расположен на побережье Атлантического океана у залива Гуанабара.

City of Rio de Janeiro, the former capital of Brazil (1764-1960), is located on the Atlantic coast in Guanabara Bay.

Как первая столица Бразилии, с 1549 по 1763 годы, Сальвадор де Баия стал свидетелем смешения европейской, африканской и индейской культур.

Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia — as the first capital of Brazil, from 1549 to 1763, Salvador de Bahia witnessed the blending of European, African and Amerindian cultures.

Город Рио-де-Жанейро, столица штата Рио-де-Жанейро, а также столица Бразилии с 1763 по 1961 г.г, укрыт между горами и морем.

Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro — Capital of the State of Rio de Janeiro, and also Brazil’s capital from 1763 to 1961, is nestled between the mountains and the sea.

Это экономическая столица Бразилии.

Сан-Паулу — культурная столица Бразилии.

Столица Бразилии Бразилиа, мастер запланированных город, построенный в конце 1950-х годов, где не существовало ранее в плато Мату-Грассо.

The capital city of Brazil is Brasilia, a master-planned city built in the late 1950s where nothing existed before in the Mato Grasso plateaus.

1960: Столица Бразилии переносится из Рио-де-Жанейро в Бразилиа.

До 1763 года это была столица Бразилии.

До 1763 года это была столица Бразилии.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 67. Точных совпадений: 67. Затраченное время: 95 мс

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Страны и их столицы на английском языке

На этой странице представлены названия стран и их столиц с переводом на английский язык.

Страна	Столица
Afghanistan [æf’gænɪstæn]	Афганистан	Kabul         [‘kɑ:bul]	Кабул
Albania           [æl’beɪnɪə]	Албания	Tirana           [tɪ’rɑːnə]	Тирана
Algeria         [æl’ʤɪ(ə)rɪə]	Алжир	Algeries            [ælˈʤɪəz]	Алжир
Andorra          [æn’dɔ:rə]	Андорра	Andorra  [æn’dɔ:rə]	Андорра
Angola             [æŋ’gəulə]	Ангола	Luanda    [lʊ’ændə]	Луанда
Argentina  [‘ɑ:ʤən’ti:nə]	Аргентина	Buenos Aires [ˌbweɪnɒs’aɪrɪs]	Буэнос-Айрес
Armenia         [ɑ:’mi:nɪə]	Армения	Yerevan  [,jere’va:n]	Ереван
Australia        [ɔ:’streɪlɪə]	Австралия	Canberra  [ˈkænbərə]	Канберра
Austria                [‘ɔ:strɪə]	Австрия	Vienna      [vɪ’enə]	Вена
Azerbaijan [æzəbaɪ’dʒɔ:n	Азербайджан	Baku           [bɑ:’ku:]	Баку
(the) Bahamas [bə’hɑ:məz]	Багамские острова	Nassau       [‘næsɔ:]	Нассау
Bahrain              [bɑ:’reɪn]	Бахрейн	Manama [mə’næmə]	Манама
Bangladesh [‘bæŋglə’deʃ]	Бангладеш	Dhaka	Дакка
Barbados    [bɑ:’beɪdəuz]	Барбадос	Bridgetown [‘brɪʤtaun]	Бриджтаун
Belgium            [‘belʤəm]	Бельгия	Brussels         [brʌslz]	Брюссель
Belize                     [bə’li:z]	Белиз	Belmopan	Бельмопан
Belorussia	Белоруссия	Minsk	Минск
Benin                    [be’ni:n]	Бенин	Porto-Novo [‘pɔ:təu’nəuvəu]	Порто-Ново
Bolivia                 [bə’lɪvɪə]	Боливия	Sucre        [‘su:kreɪ]	Сукре
Bosnia and Herzegovina [‘bɔznɪəənd’heətsə’gɔvɪnə]	Босния и Герцеговина	Sarajevo [‘særəjevəu]	Сараево
Botswana          [bɔt’swɑ:nə]	Ботсвана	Gaborone	Габороне
Bulgaria      [bʌl’ge(ə)rɪə]	Болгария	Sofia            [‘səufɪə]	София
Canada              [‘kænədə]	Канада	Ottawa        [‘ɔtəwə]	Оттава
Central African Republic [‘sentrəl’æfrɪkənrɪ’pʌblɪk]	Центральная Африканская Республика	Bangui       [bɑ:ŋ’gi:]	Банги
Chile                            [‘ʧɪlɪ]	Чили	Santiago [ˌsæntɪ’ɑːgəu]	Сантьяго
China                      [‘ʧaɪnə]	Китай	Beijing  [‘beɪ’dʒɪŋ]	Пекин
Colombia          [kə’lɔmbɪə]	Колумбия	Bogota          [bəʊgəˈtɑː]	Богота
Costa Rica        [‘kɔstə’ri:kə]	Коста-Рика	San Jose [‘sænhə(u)’zeɪ]	Сан-Хосе
Croatia         [krəu’eɪʃ(ɪ)ə]	Хорватия	Zagreb      [‘zɑːgreb]	Загреб
Cuba                      [‘kju:bə]	Куба	Havana    [hə’vænə]	Гавана
Czech Republic	Чехия	Prague        [prɑ:g]	Прага
Denmark          [‘denmɑ:k]	Дания	Copenhagen [ˌkəupən’heɪgən]	Копенгаген
Dominica        [‘dɔmɪ’ni:kə]	Доминика	Roseau	Роза
Ecuador            [‘ekwədɔː]	Эквадор	Quito          [‘kiːtəu]	Кито
Egypt                     [‘iːʤɪpt]	Египет	Cairo        [‘kaɪrəu]	Каир
Estonia             [e’stəunɪə]	Эстония	Tallin       [ˈtælɪn]	Таллин
Ethiopia         [ˌiːθɪ’əupɪə]	Эфиопия	Addis Ababa [‘ædɪs’æbəbə]	Аддис-Абеба
Finland                   [fɪnlənd]	Финляндия	Helsinki [hel’sɪŋkɪ]	Хельсинки
France                    [frɑːns]	Франция	Paris          [‘pærɪs]	Париж
Germany        [‘ʤɜːmənɪ]	Германия	Berlin     [bɜ:’lɪn]	Берлин
Georgia              [‘ʤɔ:ʤjə]	Грузия	Tbilisi        [təbɪ’liːsɪ]	Тбилиси
Greece	Греция	Athens	Афины
Guatemala  [‘gwɑ:tɪ’mɑ:lə]	Гватемала	Guatemala [‘gwɑ:tɪ’mɑ:lə]	Гватемала
Guinea                      [‘gɪnɪ]	Гвинея	Conakry    [ˌkɒnə’krɪ]	Конакри
Hungary            [‘hʌŋgərɪ]	Венгрия	Budapest [ˌbjuːdə’pest]	Будапешт
Iceland               [‘aɪslənd]	Исландия	Reykjavik [‘reɪkjəvɪk]	Рейкьявик
India                       [‘ɪndɪə]	Индия	New Delhi [ˌnjuː’delɪ]	Дели
Indonesia  [‘ɪndə(u)’ni:ʒə]	Индонезия	Jakarta    [ʤə’kɑːtə]	Джакарта
Italia	Италия	Rome           [rəum]	Рим
Iran                          [ɪ’rɑːn]	Иран	Tehran    [ˌteə’rɑːn]	Тегеран
Iraq                          [ɪ’rɑːk]	Ирак	Baghdad  [‘bægdæd]	Багдад
Ireland               [‘aɪələnd]	Ирландия	Dublin      [‘dʌblɪn]	Дублин
Israel                     [‘ɪzreɪəl]	Израиль	Jerusalem [ʤə’ruːsələm]	Иерусалим
Jamaica             [ʤə’meɪkə]	Ямайка	Kingston  [‘kɪŋstən]
Jordan                  [ʤɔ:dn]	Иордания	Amman           [ə’mɑ:n]	Амман
Kenya                     [‘kenɪə]	Кения	Nairobi  [naɪ’rəubɪ]	Найроби
Korea North          [kə’rɪə nɔ:θ]	Северная Корея	Pyongyang [ˌpjɒŋ’jæŋ]	Пхеньян
Korea South          [kə’rɪə sauθ]	Южная Корея	Seoul                 [səul]	Сеул
Kosovo              [‘kɒsǝvǝʊ]	Косово	Pristina	Приштина
Kuwait                [ku’waɪt]	Кувейт	Kuwait        [ku’waɪt]	Кувейт
Kyrgystan          [ˈkɪgɪstən]	Киргистан	Bishkek             [bɪʃˈkek]	Бишкек
Latvia                    [‘lætvɪə]	Латвия	Riga                [‘riːgə]	Рига
Lebanon            [‘lebənən]	Ливан	Beirut        [ˌbeɪ’ruːt]	Бейрут
Liberia              [laɪ’bɪərɪə]	Либерия	Monrovia [mən’rəuvɪə]	Монровия
Libya                        [‘lɪbɪə]	Ливия	Tripoli             [‘tripəli]	Триполи
Liechtenstein [‘lɪktənstaɪn]	Лихтенштейн	Vaduz [vɑːˈduːts]	Вадуц
Lithuania     [ˌlɪθjʊ’eɪnɪə]	Литва	Vilnius           [‘vɪlnɪəs]	Вильнюс
Luxemburg	Люксембург	Luxemburg	Люксембург
Macedonia [ˌmæsɪ’dəunɪə]	Македония	Skopje          [‘skəupje]	Скопье
Malaysia             [mə’leɪʒə]	Малайзия	Kuala Lumpur [ˌkwɑːlə’lʊmpuə]	Куала-Лумпур
Maldives.       [‘mældaɪvz]	Мальдивские о-ва	Male                 [meɪl]	Мале
Mali                         [mɔ:li:]	Мали	Bamako [‘bɑ:mɑ:’kəu]	Бамако
Malta                      [‘mɔ:ltə]	Мальта	Valletta           [və’letə]	Валлетта
Moldova                     [mɒl’dɔːvɑː]	Молдавия	Chisinau           [ʧaɪzɪˈnɔː]	Кишинев
Mongolia      [mɒŋ’gəulɪə]	Монголия	Ulaanbaatar	Улан-Батор
Montenegro	Черногория	Podgorica         [pəˈʤɒrɪk]	Подгорица
Morocco              [mə’rɔkəu]	Марокко	Rabat              [rə’bɑːt]	Рабат
Netherlands [‘neðələndz]	Нидерланды	Amsterdam [‘æmstədæm]	Амстердам
New Zealand [‘nju:’zi:lənd]	Новая Зеландия	Wellington [‘welɪŋtən]	Веллингтон
Nigeria            [naɪ’ʤɪərɪə]	Нигерия	Abuja                 [əˈbuːjə]	Абуджа
Norway                [‘nɔːweɪ]	Норвегия	Oslo              [‘ɒzləu]	Осло
Pakistan        [ˌpɑːkɪs’tɑːn]	Пакистан	Islamabad [ɪz’lɑːməbæd]	Исламабад
Peru                            [pə’ruː]	Перу	Lima         [‘liːmə]	Лима
Poland                  [‘pəulənd]	Польша	Warsaw [‘wɔːsɔː]	Варшава
Portugal          [‘pɔ:tjug(ə)l]	Португалия	Lisbon        [‘lɪzbən]	Лиссабон
Qatar                      [‘kætɑː]	Катар	Doha         [‘dəuhɑː]	Доха
Romania          [ruː’meɪnɪə]	Румыния	Bucharest [ˌbuːkə’rest]	Бухарест
Saudi Arabia [‘saudɪə’reɪbɪə]	Саудовская Аравия	Riyadh          [‘riːæd]	Эр-Рияд
Serbia                    [‘sɜːbɪə]	Сербия	Belgrade [ˌbel’greɪd]	Белград
Slovakia          [sləu’vækɪə]	Словакия	Bratislava [ˌbrætɪ’slɑːvə]	Братислава
Slovenia           [sləu’viːnɪə]	Словения	Ljubljana [ˌljuː’bljɑːnə]	Любляна
Somalia                [sə’mɑːlɪə]	Сомали	Mogadishu [ˌmɒɡǝ’dɪʃuː]	Могадишо
Spain                         [speɪn]	Испания	Madrid [mə’drɪd]	Мадрид
Sri Lanka             [‘sri:’læŋkə]	Шри-Ланка	Colombo [kə’lʌmbəu]	Коломбо
Sudan                       [sʊ’dɑːn]	Судан	Khartoum [kɑː’tuːm]	Хартум
Swaziland          [swɑːzɪ’lænd]	Свазиленд	Mbabane [əmˌbɑː’bɑːnɪ]	Мбабане
Sweden                     [‘swiːdn]	Швеция	Stockholm [‘stɒkhǝʊm]	Стокгольм
Switzerland       [‘swɪtsələnd]	Швейцария	Bern             [bɜːn]	Берн
Syria                           [‘sɪrɪə]	Сирия	Damascus [də’mæskəs]	Дамаск
Tajikistan [tɑːdʒɪkɪs’tɑːn]	Таджикистан	Dushanbe [djuː’ʃɑːmbə]	Душанбе
Thailand            [‘taɪlænd]	Тайланд	Bangkok [bæŋ’kɔk]	Бангог
Turkey                     [‘tɜ:kɪ]	Турция	Ankara     [‘æŋkərə]	Анкара
Turkmenistan [ˌtɜːkmenɪ’stɑːn]	Туркменистан	Ashgabat [ˈæʃgæbət]	Ашхабад
Ukraine                  [jʊ’kreɪn]	Украина	Kiev	Киев
United Arab Emirates	Объединенные Арабские Эмираты	Abu Dhabi [‘ɑ:bu:’dɑ:bɪ]	Абу-Даби
Uruguay        [‘ju(ə)rəgwaɪ]	Уругвай	Montevideo [ˌmɒntɪvɪ’deɪəu]	Монтевидео
Uzbekistan [ˌʊzbekɪ’stɑːn]	Узбекистан	Tashkent [tæʃ’kent]	Ташкент
Vatican              [‘vætıkən]	Ватикан	Vatican [‘vætıkən]	Ватикан
Venezuela [ˌvenə’zweɪlə]	Венесуэла	Caracas [kə’rækəs]	Каракас
Vietnam          [ˌvjet’nɑːm]	Вьетнам	Hanoi                 [hæˈnɔɪ]	Ханой
Yemen                  [‘jemən]	Йемен	Sanaa                [‘sæˌnɑː]	Сана
Zambia                [‘zæmbɪə]	Замбия	Lusaka [lʊ’sɑːkə]	Лусака
Zimbabwe          [zɪm’bɑːbwɪ]	Зимбабве	Harare.         [hɑːˈrɑːreɪ]	Хараре

---

Страны и столицы на английском с переводом и звуком

Вы изучаете английский для того, чтобы путешествовать или заниматься политикой, а может вы просто увлекаетесь географией? В таком случае на этой странице вы найдёте для себя много интересного. Послушайте названия стран и их столиц по-английски, ведь у каждой страны, как известно, должен быть один самый главный город. В мире, однако, существуют государства, у которых не одна, а две, а то и три столицы. Есть на нашей планете и одно маленькое государство, у которого столицы нет совсем. Что это за страны и города вы узнаете из этой таблицы.

Обратите внимание на то, что названия многих государств и городов произносятся по-английски не так как по-русски и не по правилам английского произношения (хотя и к самим правилам есть немало вопросов), а ближе к языку оригинала. Страны в таблице расположены в порядке английского алфавита.

¹ООН установила статус Иерусалима как муниципалитета (в частности, резолюция ГА ООН № 194 от 11 декабря 1948 года), находящегося под международным управлением. Израиль провозгласил Иерусалим своей столицей в 1949 году сразу после окончания Войны за независимость. В 1967 году после Шестидневной войны Израиль аннексировал Восточный Иерусалим и объединил его с Западным в единое муниципальное образование. Это объединение не признано Организацией Объединённых Наций (Резолюция Совета Безопасности ООН 478). Посольства большинства стран, имеющих дипломатические отношения с Израилем, расположены за пределами Иерусалима, в основном в Тель-Авиве, Рамат-Гане и Герцлии.

In English, we use «the» if a country has a political title in its name, or if it refers a group of islands.

№	Страна	Столица	Country	Capital
1	Австралия	Канберра	Australia	Canberra
2	Австрия	Вена	Austria	Vienna
3	Азербайджан	Баку	Azerbaijan	Baku
4	Албания	Тирана	Albania	Tirana
5	Алжир	Алжир	Algeria	Algiers
6	Ангола	Луанда	Angola	Luanda
7	Андорра	Андорра-ла-Велья	Andorra	Andorra la Vella
8	Антигуа и Барбуда	Сент-Джонс	Antigua and Barbuda	St. John’s
9	Аргентина	Буэнос-Айрес	Argentina	Buenos Aires
10	Армения	Ереван	Armenia	Yerevan
11	Афганистан	Кабул	Afghanistan	Kabul
12	Багамы	Нассау	Bahamas	Nassau
13	Бангладеш	Дакка	Bangladesh	Dacca
14	Барбадос	Бриджтаун	Barbados	Bridgetown
15	Бахрейн	Манама	Bahrain	Manama
16	Беларусь	Минск	Belarus	Minsk
17	Белиз	Бельмопан	Belize	Belmopan
18	Бельгия	Брюссель	Belgium	Brussels
19	Бенин	Порто-Ново	Benin	Porto-Nova
20	Болгария	София	Bulgaria	Sofia
21	Боливия	Сукре	Bolivia	Sucre
22	Босния и Герцеговина	Сараево	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo
23	Ботсвана	Габороне	Botswana	Gaborone
24	Бразилия	Бразилиа	Brazil	Brasilia
25	Бруней	Бандар-Сери-Бегаван	Brunei	Bandar Seri Begawan
26	Буркина Фасо	Уагадугу	Burkina Faso	Ouagadougou
27	Бурунди	Бужумбура	Burundi	Bujumbura
28	Бутан	Тхимпху	Bhutan	Thimphu
29	Вануату	Порт-Вила	Vanuatu	Port Vila
30	Ватикан	Ватикан	Vatican	Vatican
31	Великобритания	Лондон	Great Britain	London
32	Венгрия	Будапешт	Hungary	Budapest
33	Венесуэла	Каракас	Venezuela	Caracas
34	Восточный Тимор	Дили	East Timor	Dili
35	Вьетнам	Ханой	Vietnam	Hanoi
36	Габон	Либревиль	Gabon	Libreville
37	Гаити	Порт-о-Пренс	Haiti	Port-au-Prince
38	Гайана	Джорджтаун	Guyana	Georgetown
39	Гамбия	Банжул	Gambia	Banjul
40	Гана	Аккра	Ghana	Accra
41	Гватемала	Гватемала	Guatemala	Guatemala
42	Гвинея	Конакри	Guinea	Conakry
43	Гвинея-Бисау	Бисау	Guinea-Bissau	Bissau
44	Германия	Берлин	Germany	Berlin
45	Гондурас	Тегусигальпа	Honduras	Tegucigalpa
46	Гренада	Сент-Джорджес	Grenada	St. George’s
47	Греция	Афины	Greece	Athens
48	Грузия	Тбилиси	Georgia	Tbilisi
49	Дания	Копенгаген	Denmark	Copenhagen
50	Джибути	Джибути	Djibouti	Djibouti
51	Доминика	Розо	Dominica	Roseau
52	Доминиканская Республика	Санто-Доминго	Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo
53	Египет	Каир	Egypt	Cairo
54	Замбия	Лусака	Zambia	Lusaka
55	Зимбабве	Хараре	Zimbabwe	Harare
56	Израиль	Иерусалим	Israel	Jerusalem
57	Индия	Нью-Дели	India	New Delhi
58	Индонезия	Джакарта	Indonesia	Jakarta
59	Иордания	Амман	Jordan	Amman
60	Ирак	Багдад	Iraq	Baghdad
61	Иран	Тегеран	Iran	Tehran
62	Ирландия	Дублин	Ireland	Dublin
63	Исландия	Рейкьявик	Iceland	Reykjavik
64	Испания	Мадрид	Spain	Madrid
65	Италия	Рим	Italy	Rome
66	Йемен	Сана	Yemen	San’a, Sanaa
67	Кабо-Верде	Прая	Cape Verde	Praia
68	Казахстан	Астана	Kazakhstan	Astana
69	Камбоджа	Пномпень	Cambodia	Pnompenh
70	Камерун	Яунде	Cameroon	Yaounde
71	Канада	Оттава	Canada	Ottawa
72	Катар	Доха	Qatar	Doha
73	Кения	Найроби	Kenya	Nairobi
74	Кипр	Никосия	Cyprus	Nicosia
75	Киргизия	Бишкек	Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek
76	Кирибати	Южная Тарава	Kiribati	South Tarawa
77	Китай	Пекин	China	Peking
78	Колумбия	Санта-Фе-де-Богота	Colombia	Santа Fe de Bogota
79	Коморы	Морони	Comoros	Moroni
80	Конго, демократическая республика	Киншаса	Democratic Republic of Congo	Kinshasa
81	Конго, республика	Браззавиль	Republic of the Congo	Brazzaville
82	Коста-Рика	Сан-Хосе	Costa Rica	San Jose
83	Кот-д’Ивуар	Ямусукро	Ivory Coast	Yamoussoukro
84	Куба	Гавана	Cuba	Havana
85	Кувейт	Эль-Кувейт	Kuwait	Kuwait City
86	Лаос	Вьентьян	Laos	Vientiane
87	Латвия	Рига	Latvia	Riga
88	Лесото	Масеру	Lesotho	Maseru
89	Либерия	Монровия	Liberia	Monrovia
90	Ливан	Бейрут	Lebanon	Beirut
91	Ливия	Триполи	Libya	Tripoli
92	Литва	Вильнюс	Lithuania	Vilnius
93	Лихтенштейн	Вадуц	Liechtenstein	Vaduz
94	Люксембург	Люксембург	Luxembourg	Luxembourg
95	Маврикий	Порт-Луи	Mauritius	Port Louis
96	Мавритания	Нуакшот	Mauritania	Nouakchott
97	Мадагаскар	Антананариву	Madagascar	Antananarivo
98	Македония	Скопье	Macedonia	Skopje
99	Малави	Лилонгве	Malawi	Lilongwe
100	Малайзия	Куала-Лумпур	Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur
101	Мали	Бамако	Mali	Bamako
102	Мальдивы	Мале	Maldives	Male
103	Мальта	Валлетта	Malta	Valletta
104	Марокко	Рабат	Morocco	Rabat
105	Маршалловы Острова	Маджуро	the Marshall Islands	Majuro
106	Мексика	Мехико	Mexico	Mexico City
107	Мозамбик	Мапуту	Mozambique	Maputo
108	Молдавия	Кишинев	Moldavia	Chisinau (Kishinev)
109	Монако	Монако	Monaco	Monaco
110	Монголия	Улан-Батор	Mongolia	Ulaanbaatar (Ulan Bator)
111	Мьянма	Нейпьидо	Myanmar	Naypyidaw
112	Намибия	Виндхук	Namibia	Windhoek
113	Науру	официальной столицы не имеет / Ярен	Nauru	Yaren
114	Непал	Катманду	Nepal	Katmandu
115	Нигер	Ниамей	Niger	Niamey
116	Нигерия	Абуджа	Nigeria	Abuja
117	Нидерланды	Амстердам	The Netherlands	Amsterdam
118	Никарагуа	Манагуа	Nicaragua	Managua
119	Новая Зеландия	Веллингтон	New Zealand	Wellington
120	Норвегия	Осло	Norway	Oslo
121	Объединенные Арабские Эмираты	Абу-Даби	United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi
122	Оман	Маскат	Oman	Muscat
123	Пакистан	Исламабад	Pakistan	Islamabad
124	Палау	Мелекеок	Palau	Melekeok
125	Панама	Панама	Panama	Panama
126	Папуа — Новая Гвинея	Порт-Морсби	Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby
127	Парагвай	Асунсьон	Paraguay	Asuncion
128	Перу	Лима	Peru	Lima
129	Польша	Варшава	Poland	Warsaw
130	Португалия	Лиссабон	Portugal	Lisbon
131	Россия	Москва	Russia	Moscow
132	Руанда	Кигали	Rwanda	Kigali
133	Румыния	Бухарест	Romania	Bucharest
134	Сальвадор	Сан-Сальвадор	Salvador	San Salvador
135	Самоа	Апиа	Samoa Islands	Apia
136	Сан-Марино	Сан-Марино	San Marino	San Marino
137	Сан-Томе и Принсипи	Сан-Томе	Sao Tome and Principe	Sao Tome
138	Саудовская Аравия	Эр-Рияд	Saudi Arabia	Riyadh
139	Свазиленд	Мбабане	Swaziland	Mbabane
140	Северная Корея	Пхеньян	North Korea	Pyongyang
141	Сейшелы	Виктория	Seychelles	Victoria
142	Сенегал	Дакар	Senegal	Dakar
143	Сент-Винсент и Гренадины	Кингстаун	St. Vincent and the Grenadines	Kingstown
144	Сент-Китс и Невис	Бастер	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre
145	Сент-Люсия	Кастри	Saint Lucia	Castries
146	Сербия	Белград	Serbia	Belgrade
147	Сингапур	Сингапур	Singapore	Singapore
148	Сирия	Дамаск	Syria	Damascus
149	Словакия	Братислава	Slovakia	Bratislava
150	Словения	Любляна	Slovenia	Ljubljana
151	Соединенные Штаты Америки	Вашингтон	The United States of America	Washington
152	Соломоновы Острова	Хониара	Solomon Islands	Honiara
153	Сомали	Могадишо	Somalia	Mogadishu
154	Судан	Хартум	Sudan	Khartoum
155	Суринам	Парамарибо	Suriname	Paramaribo
156	Сьерра-Леоне	Фритаун	Sierra Leone	Freetown
157	Таджикистан	Душанбе	Tajikistan	Dushanbe
158	Таиланд	Бангкок	Thailand	Bangkok
159	Танзания	Додома	Tanzania	Dodoma
160	Того	Ломе	Togo	Lome
161	Тонга	Нукуалофа	Tonga	Nukuʻalofa
162	Тринидад и Тобаго	Порт-оф-Спейн	Trinidad and Tobago	Port of Spain
163	Тувалу	Фунафути	Tuvalu	Funafuti
164	Тунис	Тунис	Tunisia	Tunis
165	Туркмения	Ашхабад	Turkmenistan	Ashgabat
166	Турция	Анкара	Turkey	Ankara
167	Уганда	Кампала	Uganda	Kampala
168	Узбекистан	Ташкент	Uzbekistan	Tashkent
169	Украина	Киев	Ukraine	Kiev
170	Уругвай	Монтевидео	Uruguay	Montevideo
171	Федеративные штаты Микронезии	Паликир	Federated States of Micronesia	Palikir
172	Фиджи	Сува	Fiji Islands	Suva
173	Филиппины	Манила	The Philippines	Manila
174	Финляндия	Хельсинки	Finland	Helsinki
175	Франция	Париж	France	Paris
176	Хорватия	Загреб	Croatia	Zagreb
177	Центрально-Африканская Республика (ЦАР)	Банги	Central African Republic	Bangui
178	Чад	Нджамена	Chad	N’Djamena
179	Черногория	Подгорица	Montenegro	Cetinje
180	Чехия	Прага	Czech Republic	Prague
181	Чили	Сантьяго	Chile	Santiago (Santiago de Chile)
182	Швейцария	Берн	Switzerland	Bern
183	Швеция	Стокгольм	Sweden	Stockholm
184	Шри-Ланка	Коломбо	Sri Lanka	Colombo
185	Эквадор	Кито	Ecuador	Quito
186	Экваториальная Гвинея	Малабо	Equatorial Guinea	Malabo
187	Эритрея	Асмэра	Eritrea	Asmara
188	Эстония	Таллин	Estonia	Tallinn
189	Эфиопия	Аддис-Абеба	Ethiopia	Addis Ababa (Addis Abeba)
190	Южная Корея	Сеул	South Korea	Seoul
191	Южно-Африканская Республика (ЮАР)	Претория	Republic of South Africa	Pretoria
192	Ямайка	Кингстон	Jamaica	Kingston
193	Япония	Токио	Japan	Tokyo

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: «Capitals of Brazil» – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

The current capital of Brazil, since its construction in 1960, is Brasilia. Rio de Janeiro was the country’s capital between 1763 and 1960. The city of Salvador served as the seat for the Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil for its first two centuries and is usually called the «first capital of Brazil.»

History[edit]

Salvador was established in 1549 by the first Governor-General of Portuguese South America shortly after colonization began. The city became the seat of the first Catholic bishopric of Brazil in 1552 and is still the center of Brazilian Catholicism.
In the 17th century, Rio de Janeiro became a far more practical export port than Salvador, and the colonial administration was moved in 1763. In 1808 the Portuguese royal family and most of the aristocracy in the Portuguese capital Lisbon fled Portugal ahead of Napoleon’s invasion. The Portuguese capital was temporarily transferred from Europe to Rio de Janeiro. The city remained the capital after the independence of Brazil in 1822 and after the abolition of the monarchy in 1889.

In the 1950s plans were considered for moving the federal capital from the east coast to the interior; the interior was sparsely populated and it was hoped that moving the capital to the region would help populate the area. The new capital, Brasília, was inaugurated as the federal capital on 21 April 1960 after being purpose built for $2 trillion U.S.

National capitals of Brazil[edit]

• São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos (1534–1763)
  • Salvador (1572–1578/1581) – capital city of the State of Maranhão
  • Salvador (1621–1640) – capital city of the State of Bahia under the Iberian Union
• São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro (1572–1578/1581) – capital city of the State of Brazil
• Rio de Janeiro (1763–1815) – capital city of the Viceroyalty of Brazil
• Rio de Janeiro (1815–1822) – capital city of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
• Rio de Janeiro (1822–1889) – capital city of the Empire of Brazil
• Rio de Janeiro (1889–1960) – capital city of the Republic of the United States of Brazil
• Brasília (1960–present) – capital city of the Republic of the United States of Brazil, and since 1967 the Federative Republic of Brazil

References[edit]