Сунь цзы как правильно пишется

СУНЬ-ЦЗЫ

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

«Master Sun» and «Sun Zi» redirect here. For the Three Kingdoms period state, see Eastern Wu. For other masters surnamed Sun, see Sun (surname).

Sun Tzu
Qing-era representation of Sun Tzu
Native name	孫子
Born	Sun Wu 544 BC (traditional) Qi or Wu
Died	496 BC (traditional; aged 47–48) Gusu, Wu State
Pen name	Sun Tzu
Occupation	Military general, strategist, philosopher, writer
Language	Chinese
Period	Spring and Autumn
Subject	Military strategy
Notable works	The Art of War
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	孫子
Simplified Chinese	孙子
Wade–Giles	Sun¹ Tzŭ³
Hanyu Pinyin	Sūnzǐ
Literal meaning	«Master Sun»
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūnzǐ Bopomofo ㄙㄨㄣ   ㄗˇ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Suentzyy Wade–Giles Sun¹ Tzŭ³ Yale Romanization Swūndž MPS2 Suēntž IPA [swə́n.tsɹ̩̀] Wu Suzhounese Sen-tsỳ Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūnjí Jyutping Syun1zi2 IPA [sýːn.tsǐː] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Sun-chú Tâi-lô Sun-tsú Middle Chinese Middle Chinese suən t͡sɨX Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *[s]ˤu[n] tsəʔ
Sun Wu
Traditional Chinese	孫武
Simplified Chinese	孙武
Wade–Giles	Sun¹ Wu³
Hanyu Pinyin	Sūn Wǔ
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūn Wǔ Bopomofo ㄙㄨㄣ   ㄨˇ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Suen Wuu Wade–Giles Sun¹ Wu³ Yale Romanization Swūn Wǔ MPS2 Suēn Wǔ IPA [swə́n ù] Middle Chinese Middle Chinese suən mɨoX Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *[s]ˤu[n] m(r)aʔ
Changqing
Traditional Chinese	長卿
Simplified Chinese	长卿
Wade–Giles	Ch’ang²-chʻing¹
Hanyu Pinyin	Chángqīng
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chángqīng Bopomofo ㄔㄤˊ   ㄑㄧㄥ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Charngching Wade–Giles Ch’ang²-chʻing¹ Yale Romanization Chángchīng MPS2 Chángchīng IPA [ʈʂʰǎŋ.tɕʰíŋ] Middle Chinese Middle Chinese ɖɨɐŋ kʰˠiæŋ Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *Cə-[N]-traŋ C.qʰraŋ
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese	Tôn Vũ Tôn Tử
Hán-Nôm	孫武 孫子
Korean name
Hangul	손무 손자
Hanja	孫武 孫子
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Sonmu Sonja
Japanese name
Kanji	孫武 孫子
Hiragana	そんぶ そんし
Transcriptions Romanization Sonbu Sonshi

Sun Tzu ( soon DZOO, soon SOO;^[1][2] traditional Chinese: 孫子; simplified Chinese: 孙子; pinyin: Sūnzǐ) was a Chinese military general, strategist, philosopher, and writer who lived during the Eastern Zhou period of 771 to 256 BCE. Sun Tzu is traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War, an influential work of military strategy that has affected both Western and East Asian philosophy and military thinking. Sun Tzu is revered in Chinese and East Asian culture as a legendary historical and military figure. His birth name was Sun Wu (traditional Chinese: 孫武; simplified Chinese: 孙武) and he was known outside of his family by his courtesy name Changqing (Chinese: 長卿).^{[citation needed]} The name Sun Tzu by which he is more popularly known is an honorific which means «Master Sun».

Sun Tzu’s historicity is uncertain. The Han dynasty historian Sima Qian and other traditional Chinese historians placed him as a minister to King Helü of Wu and dated his lifetime to 544–496 BCE. Modern scholars accepting his historicity place the extant text of The Art of War in the later Warring States period of 475 to 221 BCE – based on its style of composition and its descriptions of warfare.^[3] Traditional accounts state that the general’s descendant Sun Bin wrote a treatise on military tactics, also titled The Art of War. Since both Sun Wu and Sun Bin were referred to as «Sun Tzu» in classical Chinese texts, some historians believed them identical, prior to the rediscovery of Sun Bin’s treatise in 1972.

Sun Tzu’s work has been praised and employed in East Asian warfare since its composition. During the twentieth century, The Art of War grew in popularity and saw practical use in the Western world as well. It remains influential in many contemporary competitive endeavors across the modern world beyond military strategy and warfare, including espionage,^[4]
culture, politics, business, and sports.^[5][6][7][8]

Life[edit]

The oldest available sources disagree as to where Sun Tzu was born. The Spring and Autumn Annals and Sima Qian’s later Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) state that Sun Tzu was born in Qi.^[9] Both sources also agree that Sun Tzu was born in the late Spring and Autumn period and that he was active as a general and strategist, serving King Helü of Wu in the sixth century BCE, beginning around 512 BCE. Sun Tzu’s victories then inspired him to write The Art of War. The Art of War was one of the most widely read military treatises in the subsequent Warring States period, a time of constant war among seven ancient Chinese states–Zhao, Qi, Qin, Chu, Han, Wei, and Yan–who fought to control the vast expanse of fertile territory in Eastern China.^[10]

One of the better-known stories about Sun Tzu, taken from Sima Qian, illustrates Sun Tzu’s temperament as follows: Before hiring Sun Tzu, the King of Wu tested Sun Tzu’s skills by commanding him to train a harem of 180 concubines into soldiers. Sun Tzu divided them into two companies, appointing the two concubines most favored by the king as the company commanders. When Sun Tzu first ordered the concubines to face right, they giggled. In response, Sun Tzu said that the general, in this case himself, was responsible for ensuring that soldiers understood the commands given to them. Then, he reiterated the command, and again the concubines giggled. Sun Tzu then ordered the execution of the king’s two favored concubines, to the king’s protests. He explained that if the general’s soldiers understood their commands but did not obey, it was the fault of the officers. Sun Tzu also said that, once a general was appointed, it was his duty to carry out his mission, even if the king protested. After both concubines were killed, new officers were chosen to replace them. Afterward, both companies, now well aware of the costs of further frivolity, performed their maneuvers flawlessly.^[11]

Sima Qian claimed that Sun Tzu later proved on the battlefield that his theories were effective (for example, at the Battle of Boju), that he had a successful military career, and that he wrote The Art of War based on his tested expertise.^[11] However, the Zuozhuan, a historical text written centuries earlier than the Shiji, provides a much more detailed account of the Battle of Boju, but does not mention Sun Tzu at all.^[12]

Historicity[edit]

Around the 12th century AD, some Chinese scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sun Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic Zuo zhuan, which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period.^[13] The name «Sun Wu» (孫武) does not appear in any text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian,^[14] and may have been a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning «the fugitive warrior»—the surname «Sun» can be glossed as the related term «fugitive» (xùn 遜), while «Wu» is the ancient Chinese virtue of «martial, valiant» (wǔ 武), which corresponds to Sun Tzu’s role as the hero’s doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.^[15] The only historical battle attributed to Sun Tzu, the Battle of Boju, has no record of him fighting in that battle.^[16]

Skeptics cite possible historical inaccuracies and anachronisms in the text, and that the book was actually a compilation from different authors and military strategists. Attribution of the authorship of The Art of War varies among scholars and has included people and movements including Sun; Chu scholar Wu Zixu; an anonymous author; a school of theorists in Qi or Wu; Sun Bin; and others.^[17] Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure «Sun Tzu» through a form of euhemerism.^[15] The name Sun Wu does appear in later sources such as the Shiji and the Wu Yue Chunqiu, but were written centuries after Sun Tzu’s era.^[18]

The use of the strips in other works however, such as The Methods of the Sima is considered proof of Sun Tzu’s historical priority.^[19] According to Ralph Sawyer, it is very likely Sun Tzu did exist and not only served as a general but also wrote the core of the book that bears his name.^[20] It is argued that there is a disparity between the large-scale wars and sophisticated techniques detailed in the text and the more primitive small-scale battles that many believe predominated in China during the 6th century BCE. Against this, Sawyer argues that the teachings of Sun Wu were probably taught to succeeding generations in his family or a small school of disciples, which eventually included Sun Bin. These descendants or students may have revised or expanded upon certain points in the original text.^[20]

Skeptics who identify issues with the traditionalist view point to possible anachronisms in The Art of War including terms, technology (such as anachronistic crossbows), philosophical ideas, events, and military techniques that should not have been available to Sun Wu.^[21][22] Additionally, there are no records of professional generals during the Spring and Autumn period; these are only extant from the Warring States period, so there is doubt as to Sun Tzu’s rank and generalship.^[22] This caused much confusion as to when The Art of War was actually written. The first traditional view is that it was written in 512 BCE by the historical Sun Wu, active in the last years of the Spring and Autumn period (c. 722–481 BCE). A second view, held by scholars such as Samuel Griffith, places The Art of War during the middle to late Warring States period (c. 481–221 BCE). Finally, a third school claims that the slips were published in the last half of the 5th century BCE; this is based on how its adherents interpret the bamboo slips discovered at Yinque Shan in AD 1972.^[23]

The Art of War[edit]

The Art of War is traditionally ascribed to Sun Tzu. It presents a philosophy of war for managing conflicts and winning battles. It is accepted as a masterpiece on strategy and has been frequently cited and referred to by generals and theorists since it was first published, translated, and distributed internationally.^[24]

There are numerous theories concerning when the text was completed and concerning the identity of the author or authors, but archeological recoveries show The Art of War had taken roughly its current form by at least the early Han period.^[25] Because it is impossible to prove definitively when the Art of War was completed before this date, the differing theories concerning the work’s author or authors and date of completion are unlikely to be completely resolved.^[26] Some modern scholars believe that it contains not only the thoughts of its original author but also commentary and clarifications from later military theorists, such as Li Quan and Du Mu.

Of the military texts written before the unification of China and Shi Huangdi’s subsequent book burning in the second century BCE, six major works have survived. During the much later Song dynasty, these six works were combined with a Tang text into a collection called the Seven Military Classics. As a central part of that compilation, The Art of War formed the foundations of orthodox military theory in early modern China. Illustrating this point, the book was required reading to pass the tests for imperial appointment to military positions.^[27]

Sun Tzu’s The Art of War uses language that may be unusual in a Western text on warfare and strategy.^[28] For example, the eleventh chapter states that a leader must be «serene and inscrutable» and capable of comprehending «unfathomable plans». The text contains many similar remarks that have long confused Western readers lacking an awareness of the East Asian context. The meanings of such statements are clearer when interpreted in the context of Taoist thought and practice. Sun Tzu viewed the ideal general as an enlightened Taoist master, which has led to The Art of War being considered a prime example of Taoist strategy.^{[citation needed]}

The book has also become popular among political leaders and those in business management. Despite its title, The Art of War addresses strategy in a broad fashion, touching upon public administration and planning. The text outlines theories of battle, but also advocates diplomacy and the cultivation of relationships with other nations as essential to the health of a state.^[24]

On 10 April 1972, the Yinqueshan Han Tombs were accidentally unearthed by construction workers in Shandong.^[29][30]
Scholars uncovered a collection of ancient texts written on unusually well-preserved bamboo slips. Among them were The Art of War and Sun Bin’s Military Methods.^[30] Although Han dynasty bibliographies noted the latter publication as extant and written by a descendant of Sun, it had previously been lost. The rediscovery of Sun Bin’s work is regarded as extremely important by scholars, both because of Sun Bin’s relationship to Sun Tzu and because of the work’s addition to the body of military thought in Chinese late antiquity.^[31]
The discovery as a whole significantly expanded the body of surviving Warring States military theory. Sun Bin’s treatise is the only known military text surviving from the Warring States period discovered in the twentieth century and bears the closest similarity to The Art of War of all surviving texts.

Legacy[edit]

Sun Tzu’s Art of War has influenced many notable figures. The Chinese historian Sima Qian recounted that China’s first historical emperor, Qin’s Shi Huangdi, considered the book invaluable in ending the time of the Warring States. In the 20th century, the Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong partially credited his 1949 victory over Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang to The Art of War. The work strongly influenced Mao’s writings about guerrilla warfare, which further influenced communist insurgencies around the world.^[32]

The Art of War was introduced into Japan c. AD 760 and the book quickly became popular among Japanese generals. Through its later influence on the Sengoku period «Great Unifiers» of Japan, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu,^[32] it significantly affected the unification of Japan in the early modern era. The mastery of its teachings was honored among the samurai and its teachings were both exhorted and exemplified by influential daimyōs and shōguns. After the Meiji Restoration, it remained popular among the Imperial Japanese armed forces. The Admiral of the Fleet Tōgō Heihachirō, who led Japan’s forces to victory in the Russo-Japanese War, was an avid reader of Sun Tzu.^[33]

Ho Chi Minh translated the work for his Vietnamese officers to study. His general Võ Nguyên Giáp, the strategist behind victories over the French, and wearing down American forces in Vietnam, was likewise an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu’s ideas.^[34][35][36]

America’s Asian conflicts against Japan, North Korea, and North Vietnam brought Sun Tzu to the attention of American military leaders. The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, has directed all units to maintain libraries within their respective headquarters for the continuing education of personnel in the art of war. The Art of War is mentioned as an example of works to be maintained at each facility, and staff duty officers are obliged to prepare short papers for presentation to other officers on their readings.^[37] Similarly, Sun Tzu’s Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program.^[38] During the Gulf War in the 1990s, both Generals Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. and Colin Powell employed principles from Sun Tzu related to deception, speed, and striking one’s enemy’s weak points.^[32] However, the United States and other Western countries have been criticised for not truly understanding Sun Tzu’s work and not appreciating The Art of War within the wider context of Chinese society.^[39]

In the 1987 film Wall Street, the protagonist Gordon Gekko frequently cites passages from The Art of War as guiding principles for his aggressive trading techniques.^[40]

Daoist rhetoric is a component incorporated in the Art of War. According to Steven C. Combs in «Sun-zi and the Art of War: The Rhetoric of Parsimony»,^[41] warfare is «used as a metaphor for rhetoric, and that both are philosophically based arts.»^[41] Combs writes: «Warfare is analogous to persuasion, as a battle for hearts and minds.»^[41] The application of The Art of War strategies throughout history is attributed to its philosophical rhetoric. Daoism is the central principle in the Art of War. Combs compares ancient Daoist Chinese to traditional Aristotelian rhetoric, notably for the differences in persuasion. Daoist rhetoric in The Art of War warfare strategies is described as «peaceful and passive, favoring silence over speech».^[41] This form of communication is parsimonious. Parsimonious behavior, which is highly emphasized in The Art of War as avoiding confrontation and being spiritual in nature, shapes basic principles in Daoism.^[42]

Mark McNeilly writes in Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare that a modern interpretation of Sun and his importance throughout Chinese history is critical in understanding China’s push to becoming a superpower in the twenty-first century. Modern Chinese scholars explicitly rely on historical strategic lessons and The Art of War in developing their theories, seeing a direct relationship between their modern struggles and those of China in Sun Tzu’s time. There is a great perceived value in Sun Tzu’s teachings and other traditional Chinese writers, which are used regularly in developing the strategies of the Chinese state and its leaders.^[43]

In 2008, the Chinese television producer Zhang Jizhong adapted Sun Tzu’s life story into a 40-episode historical drama television series entitled Bing Sheng, starring Zhu Yawen as Sun Tzu.^[44]

The video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains challenge missions based on Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, which explains the military tactics and strategies.^[45]

In the video game Team Fortress 2 the soldier quotes Sun Tzu in a very misinformed manner in the meet the soldier video.

See also[edit]

• Sun Bin
• The Art of War
• Confucius
• Li Shizhen

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

Translations

• Works by Sun Tzu in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
• Works by Sun Tzu at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Sun Tzu at Internet Archive
• Works by Sun Tzu at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Sun Tzu and Information Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense University
• Sun Tzu’s Art of War Resource Original translation, reviews of Art of War versions, interviews with translators

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

«Master Sun» and «Sun Zi» redirect here. For the Three Kingdoms period state, see Eastern Wu. For other masters surnamed Sun, see Sun (surname).

Sun Tzu
Qing-era representation of Sun Tzu
Native name	孫子
Born	Sun Wu 544 BC (traditional) Qi or Wu
Died	496 BC (traditional; aged 47–48) Gusu, Wu State
Pen name	Sun Tzu
Occupation	Military general, strategist, philosopher, writer
Language	Chinese
Period	Spring and Autumn
Subject	Military strategy
Notable works	The Art of War
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	孫子
Simplified Chinese	孙子
Wade–Giles	Sun¹ Tzŭ³
Hanyu Pinyin	Sūnzǐ
Literal meaning	«Master Sun»
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūnzǐ Bopomofo ㄙㄨㄣ   ㄗˇ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Suentzyy Wade–Giles Sun¹ Tzŭ³ Yale Romanization Swūndž MPS2 Suēntž IPA [swə́n.tsɹ̩̀] Wu Suzhounese Sen-tsỳ Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūnjí Jyutping Syun1zi2 IPA [sýːn.tsǐː] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Sun-chú Tâi-lô Sun-tsú Middle Chinese Middle Chinese suən t͡sɨX Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *[s]ˤu[n] tsəʔ
Sun Wu
Traditional Chinese	孫武
Simplified Chinese	孙武
Wade–Giles	Sun¹ Wu³
Hanyu Pinyin	Sūn Wǔ
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūn Wǔ Bopomofo ㄙㄨㄣ   ㄨˇ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Suen Wuu Wade–Giles Sun¹ Wu³ Yale Romanization Swūn Wǔ MPS2 Suēn Wǔ IPA [swə́n ù] Middle Chinese Middle Chinese suən mɨoX Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *[s]ˤu[n] m(r)aʔ
Changqing
Traditional Chinese	長卿
Simplified Chinese	长卿
Wade–Giles	Ch’ang²-chʻing¹
Hanyu Pinyin	Chángqīng
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Chángqīng Bopomofo ㄔㄤˊ   ㄑㄧㄥ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Charngching Wade–Giles Ch’ang²-chʻing¹ Yale Romanization Chángchīng MPS2 Chángchīng IPA [ʈʂʰǎŋ.tɕʰíŋ] Middle Chinese Middle Chinese ɖɨɐŋ kʰˠiæŋ Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *Cə-[N]-traŋ C.qʰraŋ
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese	Tôn Vũ Tôn Tử
Hán-Nôm	孫武 孫子
Korean name
Hangul	손무 손자
Hanja	孫武 孫子
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Sonmu Sonja
Japanese name
Kanji	孫武 孫子
Hiragana	そんぶ そんし
Transcriptions Romanization Sonbu Sonshi

Sun Tzu ( soon DZOO, soon SOO;^[1][2] traditional Chinese: 孫子; simplified Chinese: 孙子; pinyin: Sūnzǐ) was a Chinese military general, strategist, philosopher, and writer who lived during the Eastern Zhou period of 771 to 256 BCE. Sun Tzu is traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War, an influential work of military strategy that has affected both Western and East Asian philosophy and military thinking. Sun Tzu is revered in Chinese and East Asian culture as a legendary historical and military figure. His birth name was Sun Wu (traditional Chinese: 孫武; simplified Chinese: 孙武) and he was known outside of his family by his courtesy name Changqing (Chinese: 長卿).^{[citation needed]} The name Sun Tzu by which he is more popularly known is an honorific which means «Master Sun».

Sun Tzu’s historicity is uncertain. The Han dynasty historian Sima Qian and other traditional Chinese historians placed him as a minister to King Helü of Wu and dated his lifetime to 544–496 BCE. Modern scholars accepting his historicity place the extant text of The Art of War in the later Warring States period of 475 to 221 BCE – based on its style of composition and its descriptions of warfare.^[3] Traditional accounts state that the general’s descendant Sun Bin wrote a treatise on military tactics, also titled The Art of War. Since both Sun Wu and Sun Bin were referred to as «Sun Tzu» in classical Chinese texts, some historians believed them identical, prior to the rediscovery of Sun Bin’s treatise in 1972.

Sun Tzu’s work has been praised and employed in East Asian warfare since its composition. During the twentieth century, The Art of War grew in popularity and saw practical use in the Western world as well. It remains influential in many contemporary competitive endeavors across the modern world beyond military strategy and warfare, including espionage,^[4]
culture, politics, business, and sports.^[5][6][7][8]

Life[edit]

The oldest available sources disagree as to where Sun Tzu was born. The Spring and Autumn Annals and Sima Qian’s later Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) state that Sun Tzu was born in Qi.^[9] Both sources also agree that Sun Tzu was born in the late Spring and Autumn period and that he was active as a general and strategist, serving King Helü of Wu in the sixth century BCE, beginning around 512 BCE. Sun Tzu’s victories then inspired him to write The Art of War. The Art of War was one of the most widely read military treatises in the subsequent Warring States period, a time of constant war among seven ancient Chinese states–Zhao, Qi, Qin, Chu, Han, Wei, and Yan–who fought to control the vast expanse of fertile territory in Eastern China.^[10]

One of the better-known stories about Sun Tzu, taken from Sima Qian, illustrates Sun Tzu’s temperament as follows: Before hiring Sun Tzu, the King of Wu tested Sun Tzu’s skills by commanding him to train a harem of 180 concubines into soldiers. Sun Tzu divided them into two companies, appointing the two concubines most favored by the king as the company commanders. When Sun Tzu first ordered the concubines to face right, they giggled. In response, Sun Tzu said that the general, in this case himself, was responsible for ensuring that soldiers understood the commands given to them. Then, he reiterated the command, and again the concubines giggled. Sun Tzu then ordered the execution of the king’s two favored concubines, to the king’s protests. He explained that if the general’s soldiers understood their commands but did not obey, it was the fault of the officers. Sun Tzu also said that, once a general was appointed, it was his duty to carry out his mission, even if the king protested. After both concubines were killed, new officers were chosen to replace them. Afterward, both companies, now well aware of the costs of further frivolity, performed their maneuvers flawlessly.^[11]

Sima Qian claimed that Sun Tzu later proved on the battlefield that his theories were effective (for example, at the Battle of Boju), that he had a successful military career, and that he wrote The Art of War based on his tested expertise.^[11] However, the Zuozhuan, a historical text written centuries earlier than the Shiji, provides a much more detailed account of the Battle of Boju, but does not mention Sun Tzu at all.^[12]

Historicity[edit]

Around the 12th century AD, some Chinese scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sun Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic Zuo zhuan, which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period.^[13] The name «Sun Wu» (孫武) does not appear in any text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian,^[14] and may have been a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning «the fugitive warrior»—the surname «Sun» can be glossed as the related term «fugitive» (xùn 遜), while «Wu» is the ancient Chinese virtue of «martial, valiant» (wǔ 武), which corresponds to Sun Tzu’s role as the hero’s doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.^[15] The only historical battle attributed to Sun Tzu, the Battle of Boju, has no record of him fighting in that battle.^[16]

Skeptics cite possible historical inaccuracies and anachronisms in the text, and that the book was actually a compilation from different authors and military strategists. Attribution of the authorship of The Art of War varies among scholars and has included people and movements including Sun; Chu scholar Wu Zixu; an anonymous author; a school of theorists in Qi or Wu; Sun Bin; and others.^[17] Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure «Sun Tzu» through a form of euhemerism.^[15] The name Sun Wu does appear in later sources such as the Shiji and the Wu Yue Chunqiu, but were written centuries after Sun Tzu’s era.^[18]

The use of the strips in other works however, such as The Methods of the Sima is considered proof of Sun Tzu’s historical priority.^[19] According to Ralph Sawyer, it is very likely Sun Tzu did exist and not only served as a general but also wrote the core of the book that bears his name.^[20] It is argued that there is a disparity between the large-scale wars and sophisticated techniques detailed in the text and the more primitive small-scale battles that many believe predominated in China during the 6th century BCE. Against this, Sawyer argues that the teachings of Sun Wu were probably taught to succeeding generations in his family or a small school of disciples, which eventually included Sun Bin. These descendants or students may have revised or expanded upon certain points in the original text.^[20]

Skeptics who identify issues with the traditionalist view point to possible anachronisms in The Art of War including terms, technology (such as anachronistic crossbows), philosophical ideas, events, and military techniques that should not have been available to Sun Wu.^[21][22] Additionally, there are no records of professional generals during the Spring and Autumn period; these are only extant from the Warring States period, so there is doubt as to Sun Tzu’s rank and generalship.^[22] This caused much confusion as to when The Art of War was actually written. The first traditional view is that it was written in 512 BCE by the historical Sun Wu, active in the last years of the Spring and Autumn period (c. 722–481 BCE). A second view, held by scholars such as Samuel Griffith, places The Art of War during the middle to late Warring States period (c. 481–221 BCE). Finally, a third school claims that the slips were published in the last half of the 5th century BCE; this is based on how its adherents interpret the bamboo slips discovered at Yinque Shan in AD 1972.^[23]

The Art of War[edit]

The Art of War is traditionally ascribed to Sun Tzu. It presents a philosophy of war for managing conflicts and winning battles. It is accepted as a masterpiece on strategy and has been frequently cited and referred to by generals and theorists since it was first published, translated, and distributed internationally.^[24]

There are numerous theories concerning when the text was completed and concerning the identity of the author or authors, but archeological recoveries show The Art of War had taken roughly its current form by at least the early Han period.^[25] Because it is impossible to prove definitively when the Art of War was completed before this date, the differing theories concerning the work’s author or authors and date of completion are unlikely to be completely resolved.^[26] Some modern scholars believe that it contains not only the thoughts of its original author but also commentary and clarifications from later military theorists, such as Li Quan and Du Mu.

Of the military texts written before the unification of China and Shi Huangdi’s subsequent book burning in the second century BCE, six major works have survived. During the much later Song dynasty, these six works were combined with a Tang text into a collection called the Seven Military Classics. As a central part of that compilation, The Art of War formed the foundations of orthodox military theory in early modern China. Illustrating this point, the book was required reading to pass the tests for imperial appointment to military positions.^[27]

Sun Tzu’s The Art of War uses language that may be unusual in a Western text on warfare and strategy.^[28] For example, the eleventh chapter states that a leader must be «serene and inscrutable» and capable of comprehending «unfathomable plans». The text contains many similar remarks that have long confused Western readers lacking an awareness of the East Asian context. The meanings of such statements are clearer when interpreted in the context of Taoist thought and practice. Sun Tzu viewed the ideal general as an enlightened Taoist master, which has led to The Art of War being considered a prime example of Taoist strategy.^{[citation needed]}

The book has also become popular among political leaders and those in business management. Despite its title, The Art of War addresses strategy in a broad fashion, touching upon public administration and planning. The text outlines theories of battle, but also advocates diplomacy and the cultivation of relationships with other nations as essential to the health of a state.^[24]

On 10 April 1972, the Yinqueshan Han Tombs were accidentally unearthed by construction workers in Shandong.^[29][30]
Scholars uncovered a collection of ancient texts written on unusually well-preserved bamboo slips. Among them were The Art of War and Sun Bin’s Military Methods.^[30] Although Han dynasty bibliographies noted the latter publication as extant and written by a descendant of Sun, it had previously been lost. The rediscovery of Sun Bin’s work is regarded as extremely important by scholars, both because of Sun Bin’s relationship to Sun Tzu and because of the work’s addition to the body of military thought in Chinese late antiquity.^[31]
The discovery as a whole significantly expanded the body of surviving Warring States military theory. Sun Bin’s treatise is the only known military text surviving from the Warring States period discovered in the twentieth century and bears the closest similarity to The Art of War of all surviving texts.

Legacy[edit]

Sun Tzu’s Art of War has influenced many notable figures. The Chinese historian Sima Qian recounted that China’s first historical emperor, Qin’s Shi Huangdi, considered the book invaluable in ending the time of the Warring States. In the 20th century, the Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong partially credited his 1949 victory over Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang to The Art of War. The work strongly influenced Mao’s writings about guerrilla warfare, which further influenced communist insurgencies around the world.^[32]

The Art of War was introduced into Japan c. AD 760 and the book quickly became popular among Japanese generals. Through its later influence on the Sengoku period «Great Unifiers» of Japan, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu,^[32] it significantly affected the unification of Japan in the early modern era. The mastery of its teachings was honored among the samurai and its teachings were both exhorted and exemplified by influential daimyōs and shōguns. After the Meiji Restoration, it remained popular among the Imperial Japanese armed forces. The Admiral of the Fleet Tōgō Heihachirō, who led Japan’s forces to victory in the Russo-Japanese War, was an avid reader of Sun Tzu.^[33]

Ho Chi Minh translated the work for his Vietnamese officers to study. His general Võ Nguyên Giáp, the strategist behind victories over the French, and wearing down American forces in Vietnam, was likewise an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu’s ideas.^[34][35][36]

America’s Asian conflicts against Japan, North Korea, and North Vietnam brought Sun Tzu to the attention of American military leaders. The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, has directed all units to maintain libraries within their respective headquarters for the continuing education of personnel in the art of war. The Art of War is mentioned as an example of works to be maintained at each facility, and staff duty officers are obliged to prepare short papers for presentation to other officers on their readings.^[37] Similarly, Sun Tzu’s Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program.^[38] During the Gulf War in the 1990s, both Generals Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. and Colin Powell employed principles from Sun Tzu related to deception, speed, and striking one’s enemy’s weak points.^[32] However, the United States and other Western countries have been criticised for not truly understanding Sun Tzu’s work and not appreciating The Art of War within the wider context of Chinese society.^[39]

In the 1987 film Wall Street, the protagonist Gordon Gekko frequently cites passages from The Art of War as guiding principles for his aggressive trading techniques.^[40]

Daoist rhetoric is a component incorporated in the Art of War. According to Steven C. Combs in «Sun-zi and the Art of War: The Rhetoric of Parsimony»,^[41] warfare is «used as a metaphor for rhetoric, and that both are philosophically based arts.»^[41] Combs writes: «Warfare is analogous to persuasion, as a battle for hearts and minds.»^[41] The application of The Art of War strategies throughout history is attributed to its philosophical rhetoric. Daoism is the central principle in the Art of War. Combs compares ancient Daoist Chinese to traditional Aristotelian rhetoric, notably for the differences in persuasion. Daoist rhetoric in The Art of War warfare strategies is described as «peaceful and passive, favoring silence over speech».^[41] This form of communication is parsimonious. Parsimonious behavior, which is highly emphasized in The Art of War as avoiding confrontation and being spiritual in nature, shapes basic principles in Daoism.^[42]

Mark McNeilly writes in Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare that a modern interpretation of Sun and his importance throughout Chinese history is critical in understanding China’s push to becoming a superpower in the twenty-first century. Modern Chinese scholars explicitly rely on historical strategic lessons and The Art of War in developing their theories, seeing a direct relationship between their modern struggles and those of China in Sun Tzu’s time. There is a great perceived value in Sun Tzu’s teachings and other traditional Chinese writers, which are used regularly in developing the strategies of the Chinese state and its leaders.^[43]

In 2008, the Chinese television producer Zhang Jizhong adapted Sun Tzu’s life story into a 40-episode historical drama television series entitled Bing Sheng, starring Zhu Yawen as Sun Tzu.^[44]

The video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains challenge missions based on Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, which explains the military tactics and strategies.^[45]

In the video game Team Fortress 2 the soldier quotes Sun Tzu in a very misinformed manner in the meet the soldier video.

See also[edit]

• Sun Bin
• The Art of War
• Confucius
• Li Shizhen

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

Translations

• Works by Sun Tzu in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
• Works by Sun Tzu at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Sun Tzu at Internet Archive
• Works by Sun Tzu at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Sun Tzu and Information Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense University
• Sun Tzu’s Art of War Resource Original translation, reviews of Art of War versions, interviews with translators

Сунь-цзы – древнекитайский стратег и мыслитель, автор знаменитого трактата «Искусство войны».

Биография великого полководца

Сунь-цзы (имя при рождении Сунь У, второе имя – Чжанцин) жил в VI в. до н.э. Он служил наемным полководцем князя Хэлюю. На этой должности Сунь-цзы разгромил сильное царство Чу, захватив его столицу – город Ин, а также нанес поражение царствам Ци и Цзинь. Благодаря его победам царство У усилило свое могущество, войдя в число царств цивилизованного Китая, которые возглавляли цари династии Чжоу. А Хэлюй стал одним из «чжухоу» – официально признаваемых правителей самостоятельных владений.

По просьбе князя Хэлюя Сунь-цзы написал трактат, который традиционно называется «Искусство войны». После этого он вернулся в родное царство Ци, где вскоре умер.

Идеология военного стратега

Великий полководец считал войну вынужденным злом, которого следует избегать. Он утверждал, что интенсивные и сжатые во времени боевые действия помогут избежать экономических потерь. Идеология его трактата совмещает конфуцианские устои поддержания социального гомеостазиса с даосской диалектикой вселенского Дао, космическим циклизмом школы инь-ян, легистской «политологией», а также управленческим прагматизмом моистов.

Свои идеи Сунь-цзы выразил в пяти принципах:

• «пути» (единодушия народа и правителей);
• «неба» (соответствия времени);
• «земли» (соответствия месту);
• «полководца» (правильного руководства, характеризующегося благонадежностью и гуманностью);
• «закона» (организованности и дисциплинированности).

Автор рассматривает войну как органическое целое, а также уверяет, что никогда нельзя забывать о главной цели – сделать население процветающим и лояльным к правителю.

ЛитРес предоставляет возможность скачать книги Сунь-цзы, чтобы познакомиться с его идеологией. Выбирайте подходящий формат (fb2, txt, epub, pdf) и загружайте книгу на смартфон, ридер, ноутбук или другое электронное устройство.

Сунь — цзы или ВС Цзе или ВС Zi или ВС — Цзы ( китайский  :孫子, пиньинь  : Вс zǐ , Wade-Giles  : вс ¹ тцу ³ , произносится / suən.ts̩ / средства «Master Sun»), чье настоящее имя Сунь У (孫武, вс Wǔ , вс ¹ в ³ , Wǔ значение «военная», «военный») является общей китайским VI — ^го  века  до нашей эры. AD (544-496 до н.э.).

Он наиболее известен как автор старейшего известного труда по военной стратегии : Искусство войны . Основная идея его работы заключается в том, что цель войны — заставить противника отказаться от боя, в том числе без боя, с помощью хитрости, шпионажа, большой мобильности и адаптации к стратегии противника. Поэтому необходимо использовать все эти средства, чтобы обеспечить победу с наименьшими затратами (человеческими, материальными). Таким образом, он открывает теорию косвенного подхода .

Идеи «Искусства войны» были подхвачены и адаптированы различными авторами для стратегии и, в частности, корпоративной стратегии . В более широком смысле «Искусство войны» можно интерпретировать как метод разрешения конфликтов.

Источники

Две книги, подробно описывающие подвиги Сунь Цзы, — это «Исторические воспоминания» (или « Шиджи» ) Сыма Цяня и « Анналы весны и осени » Чжао Е. Он представлен там как военный стратег конца весенне-осеннего периода , генерал штата У во время правления короля Хэ Лу . Именно он разработал атаку Ву на государство Чу . Более старые авторы из династии Хань также упоминают Сунь Цзы как военного стратега ( Сюньцзы и Хань Фэй ), но без конкретных подробностей об авторе.

Тайна Сунь Цзы

Если «Искусство войны» авторитетно, жизнь его автора, тем не менее, остается загадкой и состоит, прежде всего, из гипотез. Первый считает, что Сунь Цзы никогда не существовало: это миф, который возник бы ближе к концу Весны и Осени и с тех пор набирал силу.

Вторая гипотеза видит в Сунь Цзы другого персонажа из Воюющих царств  : Сунь Бин (содержание и форма «Искусства войны» сделали бы его более поздним по сравнению с Весной и Осенью ). Обнаружение двух гробниц Хань в 1972 году, содержащих « Искусство войны» Сунь Бина , делает эту гипотезу недействительной: Сунь Цзы и Сунь Бин будут разными (поскольку есть две разные работы). Но второй, возможно, был бы потомком первого.

Мутин ( династия Цин ) в « Исправлениях на Сунь Цзы» видел в Сунь Цзы, У Цзысю . Последний, уроженец Ву, ушел из-за Ци и взял бы имя Сунь . Одним из его потомков будет Сунь Бин. Однако классические произведения, такие как « Шиджи» , отвергают эту гипотезу.

Последняя гипотеза предполагает, что Сунь Цзы действительно существовал, и что он был из Ци, от которого он сбежал бы от неприятностей, чтобы укрыться в У.

Подделка и псевдоэпиграфия

В эпоху Весны и Осени и Сражающихся царств авторы не подписывали свои работы и использовали вымышленное имя. Это была очень распространенная практика, цель которой заключалась в том, чтобы отдать предпочтение их работе и, таким образом, придать ей определенный престиж, используя имена персонажей из фольклора. Мы можем оценить, что объектами такого процесса были Сунцзи Бинфа ( Искусство войны ), Даодэцзин , Чжуанцзы и Лиези , что предполагает, что псевдоавторы, возможно, никогда не существовали. Однако, как и большинство авторов, взявших вымышленное имя для продвижения своих работ, всегда можно подумать, что персонажи, которые их вдохновили, вполне реальны. Говорят, что вдохновленные персонажами из легендарного фольклора, они подписывали свои произведения именами древних персонажей, чья мудрость была авторитетной. Другая возможность приводит к выводу, что рассматриваемые произведения были бы написаны посмертно духовным преемником великого мастера или мастеров, которые подписали бы их своим именем.

Легенда о Сунь-Цзы

Сунь-Цзы изначально был дворянином королевства Ци, который, как говорят, родился около 535-544 гг. До н.э. После распада этого королевства он переехал в королевство Ву. Великий ученый, он жил вдали от мира и изучал искусство войны. Результатом является договор под названием «искусство войны», который Сунь-Цзы представляет королю У, который первоначально считает свой договор интересным, но имеющим только теоретическую ценность.

Сунь-цзы предложил королю продемонстрировать реалистичность своей работы, благодаря военным упражнениям, проводимым с помощью 180 королевских слуг. Таким образом, королевский посох был разделен на две команды, две наложницы короля играли роль капитанов, обе брали на себя руководство командой.

К сожалению, это упражнение не было воспринято всерьез, и Сунь-Цзы приказал казнить наложниц короля, возложив на них ответственность за общий провал. Упрямый Сунь-Цзы прибыл в конце своей демонстрации: король позволил себе убедиться в своей ценности и назначил его генералом. Как генерал Сунь-Цзы добился множества завоеваний. В частности, он захватил запад Чу и север Средиземья.

Сунь-цзы не только сиял как генерал, но и оставил 13 глав для будущих поколений, чтобы подвести итог искусству войны. В этом трактате говорится не только о стратегии, но и о психологии врага или об использовании погодных и топографических условий для получения наилучшего преимущества. Раскрытый фундаментальный новаторский принцип — «завоевание противостоящих армий без боя».

Искусство войны — это также мудрое соглашение, в котором лидерам советуют начинать только войны, которые считаются необходимыми для защиты людей, не руководствоваться гневом при принятии решений и как можно больше избегать сражений, стараться понять истинное смысл жизни и больше не использовать оружие. некоторые авторы даже находят из него приложения для современной жизни и делового мира.

Историческая личность: Сунь Бин

Сунь Бин родился около 316 года до JC, примерно через два столетия после Сунь Цзы. Он считается одним из величайших стратегов Китая и может быть потомком Сунь-Цзы. С детства у него были невероятные таланты: он умел дословно декламировать военное искусство Сунь-цзы, а также многие другие книги классической китайской культуры.

Философия Сунь-цзы

Сунь-Цзы — невероятный военный стратег, и, как упоминалось выше, он сделал себе имя своей боевой тактикой. Забыв о морали и справедливости по отношению к врагу, Сунь-Цзы считает победу слишком важной, чтобы вести войну справедливо. Как он объясняет в этом отрывке из «Искусства войны», заставить врага поверить в то, что у него есть преимущество, и быть плохим стратегом — лучший способ выиграть битву. «Когда мы находимся рядом с противником, мы должны делать вид, будто мы далеко. Далеко-далеко, убеди его, что мы рядом … Дразни врага: притворись беспорядком и раздави его … » .

Сунь-цзы защищает размышления и подготовку, а не реакцию, основанную на чувстве превосходства или неполноценности. Эта доктрина дисциплины позволила одержать подавляющие победы и доминировать на полях сражений, как показано в его книге «Искусство войны» . Кроме того, Сунь-Цзы считает командира существом, которое должно быть образцовым. Например, он говорит, что командующий армией должен быть спокойным и непроницаемым.

Использование философии Сунь-цзы в наше время

Доктрина Сунь-Цзы была написана и использовалась в период Воюющих царств, когда подавляющее большинство военных столкновений происходило между различными фракциями из одного и того же королевства. Итак, между соседями, которые разделяют одни и те же амбиции, ценности и традиции и которые ставили своей целью восстановление утраченного единства. Однако в наше время применяется только один тип конфликта: асимметричная война .

Понятие, уже изученное Сунь-Цзы, оно описывает большую часть революционной борьбы, например, в Колумбии, где «Искусство войны» использовалось колумбийскими партизанами . В основном они сохранили понятия интеллекта, шпионов и хитрости. Именно благодаря Китаю, который в 60-х и 70-х годах перевел сочинения Сунь Цзы на испанский язык и энергично обеспечил их распространение во всех странах Латинской Америки, чтобы поддержать революционеров, близких к США, во время холодной войны .

Библиография

• Сыма Цянь ( перевод  Жака Пимпано), Исторические воспоминания, Жизни выдающихся китайцев , Арль, Издания Филиппа Пикье , колл.  «Пикье Поше»,2002 г., «Биография Сунзи», с.  47-53
• Янн Кудерк, Сунь-Цзы во Франции , Париж, Нувис, 2012.
• Янн Кудерк, Сун-Цзы , Пэрис, Пардес, сб. » Кто я ? », 2017.
• Янн Кудерк , Relire Sun Tzu , Париж, Amiot, 2020.
• Пьер Файяр , Сунь-Цзы. Стратегия и соблазнение , Париж, Данод, 2009.
• Пьер Файяр , Понимание и применение Сунь-Цзы. Китайская стратегическая мысль: мудрость в действии , Париж, Данод, 2004 г. (тростник, 2007 г.).
• Сэмюэл Б. Гриффит  (англ.) (Перев. Фрэнсис Ван), Сунь-Цзы: Искусство войны , Париж, Фламмарион, колл. «Чемпионы», 1978.
• Валери Нике , Искусство войны Сунь Цзы, перевод и критическое издание , Париж, Economica, 1988.
• Валери Нике , Основы китайской стратегии , Париж, Economica, 2000;
• Жан Леви и Ален Тот , Сунь-Цзы: искусство де ля герр , Париж, Nouveau monde, колл.  «Содис»,2013.

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Толковый словарь русского языка. Поиск по слову, типу, синониму, антониму и описанию. Словарь ударений.

сунь-цзы

«[Трактат] Учителя Суня», полное назв. «Сунь-цзы бин фа» — «Сунь-цзы о военном искусстве» («Законы войны Учителя Суня»). Древнейший в мире трактат по военной теории из 13 глав (пянь), основополагающий текст «школы военной [философии]» (бин-цзя), главный в ее «Семикнижии военного канона» («У цзин ци шу»). Традиционно приписывается полководцу, стратегу и теоретику военного искусства VI–V вв. до н.э. Сунь-цзы, чьим именем озаглавлен, и соответственно датируется кон. VI — нач. V в. до н.э.

Сунь-цзы («Учитель Сунь»), или Сунь У («Воинственный»), по имени Чжан-цин был потомком правителей «срединного» царства Чэнь, родился также в «срединном» царстве Ци (совр. Хуйминь пров. Шаньдун) и прославился победоносными боевыми действиями во главе войска «варварского» южн. царства У. Скудные биографич. данные о нем, прежде всего состоящие в трагикомич. анекдоте о жестоком обучении им военной дисциплине наложниц правителя, содержатся в цз. 65 «Ши цзи» («Исторические записки») Сыма Цяня.

Найденный в 1972 в захоронении нач. эпохи Хань (ок. 140 до н.э.) в Иньцюэшане уезда Линьи пров. Шаньдун новый расширенный вариант «Сунь-цзы» дает основания датировать его создание 2-й пол. V в. до н.э. (453–403), хотя нек-рые специалисты считают его написанным еще поз-же — в 1-й пол. или даже сер. IV в. до н.э. Совр. канонич. текст был сформирован на рубеже II–III вв. н.э. Первый комментарий к нему — «Вэй У-ди чжу Сунь-цзы» («„Сунь-цзы“, прокомментированный вэйским государем Воинственным») написал знаменитый полководец, политик и поэт Цао Цао (155–220). Базовым является офиц. издание трак-тата в эпоху Сун (XI в.) со сводным комментарием десяти авторов II–XI вв., связанное с введением «Семикнижия военного канона» в систему гос. экзаменов: «Ши и цзя чжу Сунь-цзы» («„Сунь-цзы“, прокомментированный одиннадцатью знатоками», где одиннадцатый — историк VIII — нач. IX в. Ду Ю (735–812), отразивший текст в энциклопедии «Тун дянь» («Всепроницающий свод»; факсим. изд.: Шанхай, 1961). Трактат был переведен на тангутский и маньчж. языки, в 1772 его перевел на франц. яз. миссионер-иезуит Ж.-Ж.М. Амио, что позволило ознакомиться с ним Наполеону. Первые англ. пер. опубликовали Э. Калтроп (1905) и Л. Джайлз (1910), первые рус. — Н.И. Конрад (1950) и Е.И. Сидоренко (1955). Имеются многочисленные совр. переводы на рус. (К.Б.Кепинг, 1979; В.В. Малявин, 2002), совр. кит. (Го Хуа-жо, 1962; Тан Мань-сянь, 1985), англ. (R. Ames, 1993; R.D. Sawyer, 1994), франц. (V. Niquel-Cabestan, 1990; J. Levi, 2000), нем., итал., чешский, япон., вьетнамский и др. языки.

Общая идеология «Сунь-цзы» совмещает в себе конф. устои (см. Конфуцианство) поддержания социального гомеостазиса с даос. диалектикой (см. Даосизм) вселенского дао, космич. циклизмом школы инь–ян, легистской «политологией» (см. Легизм) и управленческим прагматиз-мом моистов (см. Мо-цзя). Этот синтез, представляющий войну (бин), с одной стороны, как «великое дело гос-ва», «почву жизни и смерти, Путь (дао) существования и гибели», а с другой — как «Путь обмана», обобщен в пяти принципах: «Пути» (единодушия народа и верхов), «Неба» (тянь [1] — соответствия времени), «Земли» (соответствия месту), «Полководца» (правильного руководства, в частности характеризующегося «благонадежностью» — синь [2] и «гуманностью» — жэнь [2]), «Закона» (фа [1] — организованности и дисциплинированности). Данные принципы должны быть реализуемы посредством семи «расчетов» (цзи [12] — стратагем): наличия у правителя дао, наличия у полководца способностей, постижения особенностей неба и земли, осуществимости законов и приказов, силы войска, обученности командиров и солдат, ясности наград и наказаний.

В дальнейшем эта диалектика верности и обмана, силы и слабости, воинственности и миролюбия стала одной из основных методологем традиц. кит. культуры.

Источники:
Сунь-цзы ши цзя чжу («Сунь-цзы» с комментарием десяти знатоков) // ЧЦЦЧ. Т. 6; Иньцюэшань Хань му чжу цзянь Сунь-цзы бин фа («Сунь-цзы о военном искусстве» на бамбуковых планках из могилы [эпохи] Хань в Иньцюэшане). Пекин, 1976; Сунь-цзы цзяо ши (Сверенный и растолкованный «Сунь-цзы» [с пер. на англ., франц., рус., япон. и итал. яз]). Пекин, 1992; Сунь-цзы / Пер. Е.И. Сидоренко. М., 1955; Конрад Н.И. Избранные труды. Синология. М., 1977, с. 5–304; «Сунь-цзы» в тангутском переводе / Пер. К.Б. Кепинг. М., 1979; У-цзин. Семь военных канонов Древнего Китая. СПб., 1998, с. 131–166; Сунь-цзы. Китайская военная стратегия / Сост., пер. В.В. Малявина. М., 2002, с. 118–210; Giles L. Sun Tzü on the Art of War. Pennsylvania, 1944; Sun Tzu. The Art of War / Tr. by S.B. Griffith. Oxf., 1963; Sun Tsu, L`art de la guerre / Tr. par J.Levi. P., 2000.

Литература:
Кауфман С. Сунь-цзы. «Искусство войны»: Современное толкование древнего трактата. М., 2004; Китайская философия: Энциклопедический словарь. М., 1994. С. 285; Конрад H.И. Избранные труды. Синология. М., 1977. С. 5–304; Синицын Е.П. Об авторстве и датировке трактата «Сунь-цзы» // НАА. 1964, № 4; У Жусун, Ван Хунту, Хуан Ин. «Искусство войны Сунь-цзы» и искусство исцеления. М.–СПб., 2004; Сунь-цзы синь тань: чжун вай сюэчжэ лунь Сунь-цзы (Новые исследования «Сунь-цзы»: китайские и зарубежные ученые о «Сунь-цзы»). Пекин, 1990.

Ст. опубл.: Духовная культура Китая: энциклопедия: в 5 т. / Гл. ред. М.Л.Титаренко; Ин-т Дальнего Востока. — М.: Вост. лит., 2006. Т. 1. Философия / ред. М.Л.Титаренко, А.И.Кобзев, А.Е.Лукьянов. — 2006. — 727 с. С. 395-396.