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Tupac Shakur
A black and white photo of Tupac Shakur staring at the viewer

Shakur in 1991
Born

Lesane Parish Crooks

June 16, 1971

New York City, New York, U.S.
Died September 13, 1996 (aged 25)

Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
Cause of death Drive-by homicide (gunshot wounds)
Other names
  • 2Pac
  • Tupac
  • Pac
  • Makaveli
  • MC New York
Occupations
  • Rapper
  • songwriter
  • actor
Years active 1989–1996
Spouse

Keisha Morris

​

​

(m. 1995; ann. 1996)​
Parents
  • Afeni Shakur
  • Billy Garland
Relatives
  • Mutulu Shakur (step-father)
  • Assata Shakur (step-aunt)
  • Mopreme Shakur (step-brother)
  • Kastro (cousin)
Awards Full list
Musical career
Origin Marin City, California, U.S.
Genres
  • Hip hop
  • political hip hop
  • West Coast hip hop
  • gangsta rap
Labels
  • Interscope
  • Jive
  • Amaru
  • Death Row
Formerly of
  • Digital Underground
  • Thug Life
  • Outlawz
Website www.2pac.com Edit this at Wikidata
Signature
Tupac Shakur's signature.svg

Tupac Amaru Shakur (; born Lesane Parish Crooks, June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor. He is widely considered one of the most influential rappers of all time.[1][2] Shakur is among the best-selling music artists, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide. Much of Shakur’s music has been noted for addressing contemporary social issues that plagued inner cities, and he is considered a symbol of activism against inequality.

Shakur was born in New York City to parents who were both political activists and Black Panther Party members. Raised by his mother, Afeni Shakur, he relocated to Baltimore in 1984 and to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1988. With the release of his debut album 2Pacalypse Now in 1991, he became a central figure in West Coast hip hop for his conscious rap lyrics.[3][4] Shakur achieved further critical and commercial success with his follow-up albums Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z… (1993) and Me Against the World (1995).[5] His Diamond certified album All Eyez on Me (1996), the first double-length album in hip-hop history, abandoned his introspective lyrics for volatile gangsta rap.[6] In addition to his music career, Shakur also found considerable success as an actor, with his starring roles in Juice (1992), Poetic Justice (1993), Above the Rim (1994), Bullet (1996), Gridlock’d (1997), and Gang Related (1997).

During the later part of his career, Shakur was shot five times in the lobby of a New York recording studio and experienced legal troubles, including incarceration. In 1995, Shakur served eight months in prison on sexual abuse charges, but was released pending an appeal of his conviction. Following his release, he signed to Marion «Suge» Knight’s label Death Row Records and became heavily involved in the growing East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry.[7] On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot four times by an unidentified assailant in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas; he died six days later. Following his murder, Shakur’s friend-turned-rival, the Notorious B.I.G., was at first considered a suspect due to their public feud; he was also murdered in another drive-by shooting six months later in March 1997 while visiting Los Angeles.[8][9]

Shakur’s double-length posthumous album Greatest Hits (1998) is one of his two releases—and one of only nine hip hop albums—to have been certified Diamond in the United States.[10] Five more albums have been released since Shakur’s death, including his critically acclaimed posthumous album The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory (1996)[11] under his stage name Makaveli, all of which have been certified Platinum in the United States.[12] In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame.[13] In 2017, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility.[14] Rolling Stone ranked Shakur among the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[15]

Early life

Shakur was born on June 16, 1971, in the East Harlem section of Upper Manhattan, New York City.[16] While born Lesane Parish Crooks,[17][18][19] at age one he was renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur.[20] He was named after Túpac Amaru II, the descendant of the last Incan ruler, who was executed in Peru in 1781 after his failed revolt against Spanish rule.[21] Shakur’s mother Afeni Shakur explained, «I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world. I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood.»[20]

Shakur had an older stepbrother, Mopreme «Komani» Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa Shakur, two years his junior.[22]

Panther heritage

Shakur’s parents, Afeni Shakur—born Alice Faye Williams in North Carolina—and his biological father, Billy Garland, had been active Black Panther Party members in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[23] A month before Shakur’s birth, his mother was tried in New York City as part of the Panther 21 criminal trial. She was acquitted of over 150 charges.[24][25]

Other family members who were involved in the Black Panthers’ Black Liberation Army were convicted of serious crimes and imprisoned, including Shakur’s stepfather, Mutulu Shakur, who spent four years among the FBI’s Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Mutulu Shakur was apprehended in 1986 and subsequently convicted for a 1981 robbery of a Brinks armored truck, during which police officers and a guard were killed.[26]

Shakur’s godfather, Elmer «Geronimo» Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was convicted of murdering a school teacher during a 1968 robbery. After spending 27 years in prison, his conviction was overturned due to the prosecution’s having concealed evidence that proved his innocence.[27][28]

Shakur’s godmother, Assata Shakur, is a former member of the Black Liberation Army, who was convicted of the first-degree murder of a New Jersey State Trooper and is still wanted by the FBI.[29]

A bird's-eye view of New York City, looking north from 96th Street, along Second Avenue, towards East Harlem. The intersection in view is 97th Street.

The East Harlem neighborhood of New York City where Shakur was born

Education

In the 1980s, Shakur’s mother found it difficult to find work and she struggled with drug addiction.[30] In 1984, his family moved from New York City to Baltimore, Maryland.[31] He attended eighth grade at Roland Park Middle School, then ninth grade at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School.[31] He transferred to the Baltimore School for the Arts in the tenth grade, where he studied acting, poetry, jazz, and ballet.[32][33] He performed in Shakespeare’s plays—depicting timeless themes, now seen in gang warfare, he would recall[34]—and as the Mouse King role in The Nutcracker ballet.[26]

At the Baltimore School for the Arts, Shakur befriended actress Jada Pinkett, who became a subject of some of his poems.[35] With his friend Dana «Mouse» Smith as beatbox, he won competitions as reputedly the school’s best rapper.[36] Also known for his humor, he could mix with all crowds.[37] He listened to a diverse range of music that included Kate Bush, Culture Club, Sinéad O’Connor, and U2.[38]

Upon connecting with the Baltimore Young Communist League USA,[39][40][41] Shakur dated the daughter of the director of the local chapter of the Communist Party USA.[42]

In 1988, Shakur moved to Marin City, California, an impoverished community in the San Francisco Bay Area.[43][44] In nearby Mill Valley, he attended Tamalpais High School,[45] where he performed in several theater productions.[46] Shakur did not graduate from high school, but he later earned his GED.[47]

Music career

MC New York

Shakur began recording under the stage name MC New York in 1989.[48] That year, he began attending the poetry classes of Leila Steinberg, and she soon became his manager.[49][43] Steinberg organized a concert for Shakur and his rap group Strictly Dope. Steinberg managed to get Shakur signed by Atron Gregory, manager of the rap group Digital Underground.[43] In 1990, Gregory placed him with the Underground as a roadie and backup dancer.[43][50]

Digital Underground

In January 1991 Shakur debuted under the stage name 2Pac on Digital Underground, under a new record label, Interscope Records, on the group’s January 1991 single «Same Song». The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1991 film Nothing but Trouble, starring Dan Aykroyd, John Candy, Chevy Chase, and Demi Moore.[43] The song opened the group’s January 1991 EP titled This Is an EP Release,[43] while Shakur appeared in the music video.

Shakur’s early days with Digital Underground made him acquainted with Randy «Stretch» Walker, who along with his brother, dubbed Majesty, and a friend debuted with an EP as a rap group and production team, Live Squad, in the Queens, New York.[51] Stretch was featured on a track of the Digital Underground’s 1991 album Sons of the P. Becoming fast friends, Shakur and Stretch recorded and performed together often.[51]

2Pacalypse Now

Shakur’s debut album, 2Pacalypse Now—alluding to the 1979 film Apocalypse Now—arrived in November 1991. Some prominent rappers—like Nas, Eminem, Game, and Talib Kweli—cite it as an inspiration.[52] Aside from «If My Homie Calls», the singles «Trapped» and «Brenda’s Got a Baby» poetically depict individual struggles under socioeconomic disadvantage.[53]

US Vice President Dan Quayle said, «There’s no reason for a record like this to be released. It has no place in our society.» Tupac, finding himself misunderstood,[34] explained, in part;

«I just wanted to rap about things that affected young Black males. When I said that, I didn’t know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young Black males, to be the media’s kicking post for young Black males.»[54][55]

In any case, 2Pacalypse Now was certified Gold, half a million copies sold. The album addresses urban Black concerns said to remain relevant to the present day.[43]

Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z…

Shakur’s second album, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z…, was released in February 1993.[56] A critical and commercial advance, it debuted at No. 24 on the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200.[57] An overall more hardcore album, it emphasizes Tupac’s sociopolitical views, and has a metallic production quality. The song «Last Wordz» features Ice Cube, co-writer of N.W.A’s «Fuck tha Police», who in his own solo albums had newly gone militantly political, and gangsta rapper Ice-T, who in June 1992 had sparked controversy with his band Body Count’s track «Cop Killer».[56]

In its vinyl release, side A, tracks 1 to 8, is labeled the «Black Side», while side B, tracks 9 to 16, is the «Dark Side».[citation needed] Nonetheless, the album carries the single «I Get Around», a party anthem featuring Digital Underground’s Shock G and Money-B, which became Shakur’s breakthrough, reaching No. 11 on the pop singles chart, the Billboard Hot 100.[57] And it carries the optimistic compassion of another hit, «Keep Ya Head Up», an anthem for women’s empowerment.[58] The album was certified Platinum, with a million copies sold. As of 2004, among Shakur albums, including posthumous and compilation albums, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z… was 10th in sales at about 1,366,000 copies.[59]

Thug Life

The test pressing single for «Dear Mama»: the Platinum single is among the top-ranked songs in hip-hop history.

In late 1993, Shakur formed the group Thug Life with Tyrus «Big Syke» Himes, Diron «Macadoshis» Rivers, his stepbrother Mopreme Shakur, and Walter «Rated R» Burns.[60] Thug Life released its only album, Thug Life: Volume 1, on October 11, 1994, which is certified Gold. It carries the single «Pour Out a Little Liquor», produced by Johnny «J» Jackson, who would also produce much of Shakur’s album All Eyez on Me. Usually, Thug Life performed live without Tupac.[61]

The track also appears on the 1994 film Above the Rim‘s soundtrack. Due to gangsta rap being under heavy criticism at the time, the album’s original version was scrapped, and the album redone with mostly new tracks. Still, along with Stretch, Tupac would perform the first planned single, «Out on Bail», which was never released, at the 1994 Source Awards.[62][unreliable source?]

The Notorious B.I.G.and Junior M.A.F.I.A.

In 1993, while visiting Los Angeles, the Notorious B.I.G. asked a local drug dealer to introduce him to Shakur and they quickly became friends. The pair would socialize when Shakur went to New York or B.I.G. to Los Angeles.[63] During this period, at his own live shows, Shakur would call B.I.G. onto stage to rap with him and Stretch.[63] Together, they recorded the songs «Runnin’ from tha Police» and «House of Pain».

Reportedly, B.I.G. asked Shakur to manage him, whereupon Shakur advised him that Sean Combs would make him a star.[63] Yet in the meantime, Shakur’s lifestyle was comparatively lavish to B.I.G. who had not yet established himself.[63] Shakur welcomed B.I.G. to join his side group Thug Life, but he would instead form his own side group, the Junior M.A.F.I.A., with his Brooklyn friends Lil’ Cease and Lil’ Kim. Shakur had a falling out with B.I.G. after he was shot at Quad Studios in 1994.[64]

Me Against the World

Shakur’s third album, Me Against the World, was released while he was incarcerated in March 1995.[65] It is now hailed as his magnum opus, and commonly ranks among the greatest, most influential rap albums.[65] The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a then record for highest first-week sales for a solo male rapper.[66][67]

The lead single, «Dear Mama», was released in February 1995 with «Old School» as the B-side.[68] It is the album’s most successful single, topping the Hot Rap Singles chart, and peaking at No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100.[6] In July, it was certified Platinum.[69] It ranked No. 51 on the year-end charts. The second single, «So Many Tears», was released in June 1995,[70] reaching No. 6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and No. 44 on Hot 100.[6] The final single, «Temptations», was released in August 1995.[71] It reached No. 68 on the Hot 100, No. 35 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, and No. 13 on the Hot Rap Singles.[6] Several celebrities showed their support for Shakur by appearing in the music video for «Temptations.»[72]

Shakur won best rap album at the 1996 Soul Train Music Awards.[73] In 2001, it ranked 4th among his total albums in sales, with about 3 million copies sold in the US.[74]

All Eyez on Me

While Shakur was imprisoned in 1995, his mother was about to lose her house. Shakur had his wife Keisha Morris contact Death Row Records founder Suge Knight in Los Angeles.[63] Reportedly, Shakur’s mother promptly received $15,000.[63] After an August visit to Clinton Correctional Facility in northern New York state, Knight traveled southward to New York City to attend the 2nd Annual Source Awards ceremony. Meanwhile, an East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry was brewing between Death Row and Bad Boy Records.[75] In October 1995, Knight visited Shakur in prison again and posted $1.4 million bond.[76] Shakur returned to Los Angeles and joined Death Row with the appeal of his December 1994 conviction pending.[76]

Shakur’s fourth album, All Eyez on Me, arrived on February 13, 1996. It was rap’s first double album—meeting two of the three albums due in Shakur’s contract with Death Row—and bore five singles.[77] The album shows Shakur rapping about the gangsta lifestyle, leaving behind his previous political messages. With standout production, the album has more party tracks and often a triumphant tone.[6] Music journalist Kevin Powell noted that Shakur, once released from prison, became more aggressive, and «seemed like a completely transformed person».[78]

As Shakur’s second album to hit No. 1 on both the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200,[6] it sold 566,000 copies in its first week and was it was certified 5× Multi-Platinum in April.[79] The singles «How Do U Want It» and «California Love» reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.[80] Death Row released Shakur’s diss track «Hit ‘Em Up» as the non-album B-side to «How Do U Want It.» In this venomous tirade, the proclaimed «Bad Boy killer» threatens violent payback on all things Bad Boy — B.I.G., Sean Combs, Junior M.A.F.I.A., the company — and on any in the East Coast rap scene, like rap duo Mobb Deep and rapper Chino XL, who allegedly had commented against Shakur about the dispute.[81]

All Eyez on Me won R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year at the 1997 Soul Train Music Awards.[82] At the 1997 American Music Awards, Shakur won Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist.[83] The album was certified 9× Multi-Platinum in June 1998,[84] and 10× in July 2014.[85]

Posthumous albums

At the time of his death, a fifth and final solo album was already finished, The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli. It had been recorded in one week in August 1996 and released that year.[86][87] The lyrics were written and recorded in three days, and mixing took another four days. In 2005, MTV.com ranked The 7 Day Theory at No. 9 among hip hop’s greatest albums ever,[88] and by 2006 a classic album.[89] Its singular poignance, through hurt and rage, contemplation and vendetta, resonate with many fans.[90]

According to George «Papa G» Pryce, Death Row Records’ then director of public relations, the album was meant to be «underground», and was not intended for release before the artist was murdered.[91][unreliable source?] It peaked at No. 1 on Billboard‘s Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and on the Billboard 200,[92] with the second-highest debut-week sales total of any album that year.[93] On June 15, 1999, it was certified 4× Multi-Platinum.[94]

Later posthumous albums are archival productions, these albums are:

  • R U Still Down? (1997)
  • Greatest Hits (1998)
  • Still I Rise (1999)
  • Until the End of Time (2001)
  • Better Dayz (2002)
  • Loyal to the Game (2004)
  • Pac’s Life (2006)[95]

Film career

Shakur’s first film appearance was in the 1991 film Nothing but Trouble, a cameo by the Digital Underground. In 1992, he starred in Juice, where he plays the fictional Roland Bishop, a militant and haunting individual. Rolling Stone‘s Peter Travers calls him «the film’s most magnetic figure».[96]

In 1993, Shakur starred alongside Janet Jackson in John Singleton’s romance film, Poetic Justice.[97] Singleton later fired Shakur from the 1995 film Higher Learning because the studio would not finance the film following his arrest.[98][99] For the lead role in the eventual 2001 film Baby Boy, a role played by Tyrese Gibson, Singleton originally had Shakur in mind.[100] Ultimately, the set design includes a Shakur mural in the protagonist’s bedroom, and the film’s score includes Shakur’s song «Hail Mary».[101]

Director Allen Hughes had cast Shakur as Sharif in the 1993 film Menace II Society, but replaced him once Shakur assaulted him on set due to a discrepancy with the script. Nonetheless, in 2013, Hughes appraises that Shakur would have outshone the other actors «because he was bigger than the movie».[102]

Shakur played a gangster called Birdie in the 1994 film Above the Rim.[103] By some accounts, that character had been modeled after former New York drug dealer Jacques «Haitian Jack» Agnant,[104] who managed and promoted rappers.[105] Shakur was introduced to him at a Queens nightclub.[63] Reportedly, B.I.G. advised Shakur to avoid him, but Shakur disregarded the warning.[63] Through Haitian Jack, Shakur met James «Jimmy Henchman» Rosemond, also a drug dealer who doubled as music manager.[104]

Soon after Shakur’s death, three more films starring him were released, Bullet (1996), Gridlock’d (1997), and Gang Related (1997).[106][107]

Personal life

In his 1995 interview with Vibe magazine, Shakur listed Jada Pinkett, Jasmine Guy, Treach and Mickey Rourke among the people who were looking out for him while he was in prison.[98] Shakur also mentioned that Madonna was a supportive friend.[98] Madonna later revealed that they had dated in 1994.[108][109]

Shakur met Jada Pinkett while attending the Baltimore School for the Arts.[110] She appeared in his music videos «Keep Ya Head Up» and «Temptations.»[111][72] She also came up with the concept for his «California Love» music video and had intended to direct it, but she removed herself from the project.[112] In 1995, Pinkett contributed $100,000 towards Shakur’s bail as he awaited an appeal on his sexual abuse conviction.[113] Speaking about Pinkett, Shakur stated: «Jada is my heart. She will be my friend for my whole life»; and Pinkett said he was «one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime.»[114]

After Shakur was shot in 1994, he recuperated at Jasmine Guy’s home.[115] They had met during his guest appearance on the sitcom A Different World in 1993.[115] Guy appeared in his music video «Temptations» and later wrote his mother’s 2004 biography, Afeni Shakur: Evolution of a Revolutionary.[116][72]

Shakur befriended Treach when they were both roadies on Public Enemy’s tour in 1990.[117] He made a cameo in Naughty by Nature’s music video «Uptown Anthem» in 1992.[118] Treach collaborated with Shakur on his song «5 Deadly Venomz» and appeared in his music video «Temptations.»[72] Treach was also a speaker at a public memorial service for Shakur in 1996.[119]

Shakur and Mickey Rourke formed a bond while filming the movie Bullet in 1994.[120] Rourke recalled that Shakur «was there for me during some very hard times.»[121]

Shakur had friendships with other celebrities, including Mike Tyson[122] Chuck D,[123] Jim Carrey,[124] and Alanis Morissette. In April 1996, Shakur said that he, Morrissette, Snoop Dogg, and Suge Knight were planning to open a restaurant together.[125][126]

On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his then girlfriend Keisha Morris, a pre-law student.[127][128] Their marriage was annulled ten months later.[129]

In a 1993 interview published in The Source, Shakur criticized record producer Quincy Jones for his interracial marriage to actress Peggy Lipton.[130] Their daughter Rashida Jones responded with an irate open letter.[131] Shakur later apologized to her sister Kidada Jones, who he began dating in 1996.[132] Shakur and Jones attended Men’s Fashion Week in Milan and walked the runway together for a Versace fashion show.[133] Jones was at their hotel in Las Vegas when Shakur was shot.[134]

Legal issues

Sexual assault case, prison sentence, appeal and release

In November 1993, Shakur and two other men were charged in New York with sodomizing a woman in Shakur’s hotel room. The woman, Ayanna Jackson, alleged that after she performed oral sex on Shakur at the public dance floor of a Manhattan nightclub, she went to his hotel room a later day, when Shakur, record executive Jacques «Haitian Jack» Agnant, Shakur’s road manager Charles Fuller and an unidentified fourth man apprehended forced her to perform non-consensual oral sex on each of them.[135][136] Shakur was also charged with illegal possession of a firearm as two guns were found in the hotel room.[137] Interviewed on The Arsenio Hall Show, Shakur said he was hurt that «a woman would accuse me of taking something from her», as he had been raised in a female household and surrounded by women his whole life.[138]

On December 1, 1994, Shakur was acquitted of three counts of sodomy and the associated gun charges, but convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse for «forcibly touching the woman’s buttocks» in his hotel room.[135][34] Jurors have said the lack of evidence stymied a sodomy conviction.[139]
In February 1995, he was sentenced to 18 months to 4+1⁄2 years in prison by a judge who decried «an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman».[137][140] Shakur’s lawyer characterized the sentence as «out of line» with the groping conviction and the setting of bail at $3 million as «inhumane». Shakur’s accuser later filed a civil suit against Shakur seeking $10 million for punitive damages which was subsequently settled.[141][142]

After Shakur had been convicted of sexual abuse, Jacques Agnant’s case was separated and closed via misdemeanor plea without incarceration.[63][143] A. J. Benza reported in New York Daily News Shakur’s new disdain for Agnant who Shakur theorized had set him up with the case.[63][104] Shakur reportedly believed his accuser was connected to and had sexual relations with Agnant and James Rosemond behind his 1994 Quad Studios shooting.[144]

Shakur began serving his prison sentence on sexual abuse charges at Clinton Correctional Facility on February 14, 1995; he also spent a few months recuperating at Rikers Island.[145] While imprisoned, he began reading again, which he had been unable to do as his career progressed due to his marijuana and alcohol habits. Works such as The Prince by Italian philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and The Art of War by Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu sparked Shakur’s interest in philosophy, philosophy of war and military strategy.[146] On April 4, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris; the marriage was later annulled.[147] While in prison, Shakur exchanged letters with celebrities such as Jim Carrey and Tony Danza among others.[148][149] He was also visited by Al Sharpton, who helped Shakur get released from solitary confinement.[150]

By October 1995, pending judicial appeal, Shakur was incarcerated in New York.[113] On October 12, he bonded out of the maximum security Dannemora Clinton Correctional Facility in the process of appealing his conviction,[34] once Suge Knight, CEO of Death Row Records, arranged for posting of his $1.4 million bond.[47]

1993 shooting in Atlanta

On October 31, 1993, Shakur was arrested in Atlanta for shooting two off-duty police officers, brothers Mark Whitwell and Scott Whitwell.[151] The Atlanta police claimed the shooting occurred after the brothers were almost struck by a car carrying Shakur while they were crossing the street with their wives.[152] As they argued with the driver, Shakur’s car pulled up and he shot the Whitwells in the buttocks and the abdomen.[153][154] However, there are conflicting accounts that the Whitwells were harassing a black motorist and uttered racial slurs.[153][152] According to some witnesses, Shakur and his entourage had fired in self-defense as Mark Whitwell shot at them first.[139]

Shakur was charged with two counts of aggravated assault.[151] Mark Whitwell was charged with firing at Shakur’s car and later with making false statements to investigators. Scott Whitwell admitted to possessing a gun he had taken from a Henry County police evidence room.[153] Prosecutors ultimately dropped all charges against both parties.[154] Mark Whitwell resigned from the force seven months after the shooting.[139] Both brothers filed civil suits against Shakur; Mark Whitwell’s suit was settled out of court, while Scott Whitwell’s $2 million lawsuit resulted in a default judgment entered against the rapper’s estate in 1998.[154]

1994 Quad Studios shooting

On November 30, 1994, while in New York recording verses for a mixtape of Ron G, Shakur was repeatedly distracted by his beeper.[155] Music manager James «Jimmy Henchman» Rosemond, reportedly offered Shakur $7,000 to stop by Quad Studios, in Times Square, that night to record a verse for his client Little Shawn.[63][155] Shakur was unsure, but agreed to the session as he needed the cash to offset legal costs. He arrived with Stretch and one or two others. In the lobby, three men robbed and beat him at gunpoint; Shakur resisted and was shot.[156] Shakur speculated that the shooting had been a set-up.[156][157]

Against doctor’s advice, Shakur checked out of Metropolitan Hospital Center a few hours after surgery and secretly went to the house of the actress Jasmine Guy to recuperate.[115][158] The next day, Shakur arrived at a Manhattan courthouse bandaged in a wheelchair to receive the jury’s verdict for his sexual abuse case.[158] Shakur posted a $25,000 bond and spent the next few weeks being cared for by his mother and a private doctor at Guy’s home.[115] The Fruit of Islam and former members of the Black Panther Party stood guard to protect him.[115]

Setup accusations involving the Notorious B.I.G.

In a 1995 interview with Vibe, Shakur accused Sean Combs,[159] Jimmy Henchman,[156] and the Notorious B.I.G, — who were at Quad Studios at the time — among others, of setting up or being privy to the November 1994 robbery and shooting. Vibe alerted the names of the accused. The accusations were significant to the East-West Coast rivalry in hip-hop; in 1995, months after the robbery, Combs and B.I.G. released the track «Who Shot Ya?», which Shakur took as a mockery of his shooting and thought they could be responsible, so he released a diss song, «Hit ‘Em Up», in which he targeted B.I.G., Combs, their record label, Junior M.A.F.I.A., and at the end of «Hit ‘Em Up», he mentions rivals Mobb Deep and Chino XL.[161][162][163][164][165]

In March 2008, Chuck Philips, in the Los Angeles Times, reported on the 1994 ambush and shooting.[166] The newspaper later retracted the article since it relied partially on FBI documents later discovered forged, supplied by a man convicted of fraud.[167] In June 2011, convicted murderer Dexter Isaac, incarcerated in Brooklyn, issued a confession that he had been one of the gunmen who had robbed and shot Shakur at Henchman’s order.[168][169][170] Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article’s unnamed sources.[171]

Other criminal or civil cases

1991 Oakland Police Department lawsuit

In October 1991, one month before the release of 2Pacalypse Now, two Oakland Police Department officers stopped Shakur for jaywalking. The officers allegedly asked for his name since it did not sound American, he answered them and they brutalized him scratching his face over the street.[172] Shakur filed a $10 million lawsuit against the Oakland Police Department. The case was settled for about $43,000.[47]

Misdemeanor assault convictions

On April 5, 1993, charged with felonious assault, Shakur allegedly threw a microphone and swung a baseball bat at rapper Chauncey Wynn, of the group M.A.D., at a concert at Michigan State University. Shakur claimed the bat was a part of his show and there was no criminal intent.[173] Nonetheless, on September 14, 1994, Shakur pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor, and was sentenced to 30 days in jail, twenty of them suspended, and ordered to 35 hours of community service.[174][173]

Slated to star as Sharif in the 1993 Hughes Brothers’ film Menace II Society, Shakur was replaced by actor Vonte Sweet after allegedly assaulting one of the film’s directors, Allen Hughes. In early 1994, Shakur served 15 days in jail after being found guilty of the assault.[175][176] The prosecution’s evidence included a Yo! MTV Raps interview where Shakur boasts that he had «beat up the director of Menace II Society«.[177]

Concealed weapon case

In 1994, Shakur was arrested in Los Angeles, when he was stopped by police on suspicion of speeding. Police found a semiautomatic pistol in the car, a felony offense because a prior conviction in 1993 in Los Angeles for carrying a concealed firearm.[178] On April 4, 1996, Shakur was sentenced to 120 days in jail for violating his release terms and failing to appear for a road cleanup job,[179] but was allowed to remain free awaiting appeal. On June 7, his sentence was deferred via appeals pending in other cases.[180]

1995 wrongful death suit

On August 22, 1992, in Marin City, Shakur performed outdoors at a festival. For about an hour after the performance, he signed autographs and posed for photos. A conflict broke out and Shakur allegedly drew a legally carried Colt Mustang but dropped it on the ground. Shakur claimed that someone with him then picked it up when it accidentally discharged.[181][182]

About 100 yards (90 meters) away in a schoolyard, Qa’id Walker-Teal, a boy aged 6 on his bicycle, was fatally shot in the forehead. Police matched the bullet to a .38-caliber pistol registered to Shakur. His stepbrother Maurice Harding was arrested in suspicion of having fired the gun, but no charges were filed. Lack of witnesses stymied prosecution. In 1995, Qa’id’s mother filed a wrongful death suit against Shakur, which was settled for about $300,000 to $500,000.[181][182]

C. Delores Tucker lawsuit

Civil rights activist and fierce rap critic C. Delores Tucker sued Shakur’s estate in federal court, claiming that lyrics in «How Do U Want It» and «Wonda Why They Call U Bitch» inflicted emotional distress, were slanderous, and invaded her privacy.[183] The case was later dismissed.[184]

Death

On the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur was in Las Vegas, Nevada, to celebrate his business partner Tracy Danielle Robinson’s birthday[185] and attended the Bruce Seldon vs. Mike Tyson boxing match with Suge Knight at the MGM Grand. Afterward in the lobby, someone in their group spotted Orlando «Baby Lane» Anderson, an alleged Southside Compton Crip, whom the individual accused of having recently tried to snatch his neck chain with a Death Row Records medallion in a shopping mall. The hotel’s surveillance footage shows the ensuing assault on Anderson. Shakur soon stopped by his hotel room and then headed with Knight to his Death Row nightclub, Club 662, in a black BMW 750iL sedan, part of a larger convoy.[186]

At about 11 pm on Las Vegas Boulevard, bicycle-mounted police stopped the car for its loud music and lack of license plates. The plates were found in the trunk and the car was released without a ticket.[187] At about 11:15 pm at a stop light, a white, four-door, late-model Cadillac sedan pulled up to the passenger side and an occupant rapidly fired into the car. Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chest[188] with one bullet entering his right lung.[189] Shards hit Knight’s head. Frank Alexander, Shakur’s bodyguard, was not in the car at the time. He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur’s girlfriend, Kidada Jones.[190]

Shakur was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada where he was heavily sedated and put on life support.[9] In the intensive-care unit on the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died from internal bleeding.[9] He was pronounced dead at 4:03 pm.[9] The official causes of death are respiratory failure and cardiopulmonary arrest associated with multiple gunshot wounds.[9] Shakur’s body was cremated the next day. Members of the Outlawz, recalling a line in his song «Black Jesus», (although uncertain of the artist’s attempt at a literal meaning chose to interpret the request seriously) smoked some of his body’s ashes after mixing them with marijuana.[191][192]

In 2002, investigative journalist Chuck Philips,[193][194] after a year of work, reported in the Los Angeles Times that Anderson, a Southside Compton Crip, having been attacked by Suge and Shakur’s entourage at the MGM Hotel after the boxing match, had fired the fatal gunshots, but that Las Vegas police had interviewed him only once, briefly, before his death in an unrelated shooting. Philips’s 2002 article also alleges the involvement of Christopher «Notorious B.I.G.» Wallace and several within New York City’s criminal underworld. Both Anderson and Wallace denied involvement, while Wallace offered a confirmed alibi.[195][unreliable source?] Music journalist John Leland, in The New York Times, called the evidence «inconclusive».[196]

In 2011, via the Freedom of Information Act, the FBI released documents related to its investigation which described an extortion scheme by the Jewish Defense League (classified as «a right wing terrorist group» by the FBI[197]) that included making death threats against Shakur and other rappers, but did not indicate a direct connection to his murder.[198][199]

Legacy and remembrance

A stone statue of Shakur standing on a tall stone pillar in front of the MARTa Herford museum

Shakur is considered one of the most influential rappers of all time.[200][201] He is widely credited as an important figure in hip hop culture, and his prominence in pop culture in general has been noted.[202] Dotdash, formerly About.com, while ranking him fifth among the greatest rappers, nonetheless notes, «Tupac Shakur is the most influential hip-hop artist of all time. Even in death, 2Pac remains a transcendental rap figure.»[203] Yet to some, he was a «father figure» who, said rapper YG, «makes you want to be better—at every level.»[204]

AllMusic’s Stephen Thomas Erlewine described Shakur as «the unlikely martyr of gangsta rap», with Shakur paying the ultimate price of a criminal lifestyle. Shakur was described as one of the top two American rappers in the 1990s, along with Snoop Dogg.[205] The online rap magazine AllHipHop held a 2007 roundtable at which New York rappers Cormega, citing tour experience with New York rap duo Mobb Deep, commented that B.I.G. ran New York, but Shakur ran America.[206]

In 2010, writing Rolling Stone magazine’s entry on Shakur at No. 86 among the «100 greatest artists», New York rapper 50 Cent appraised;

«Every rapper who grew up in the Nineties owes something to Tupac. He didn’t sound like anyone who came before him.»[207]

According to music journalist Chuck Philips, Shakur «had helped elevate rap from a crude street fad to a complex art form, setting the stage for the current global hip-hop phenomenon.»[208] Philips writes, «The slaying silenced one of modern music’s most eloquent voices—a ghetto poet whose tales of urban alienation captivated young people of all races and backgrounds.»[208] Via numerous fans perceiving him, despite his questionable conduct, as a martyr, «the downsizing of martyrdom cheapens its use», Michael Eric Dyson concedes.[209] But Dyson adds, «Some, or even most, of that criticism can be conceded without doing damage to Tupac’s martyrdom in the eyes of those disappointed by more traditional martyrs.»[209]

In 2014, BET explained that «his confounding mixture of ladies’ man, thug, revolutionary and poet has forever altered our perception of what a rapper should look like, sound like and act like. In 50 Cent, Ja Rule, Lil Wayne, newcomers like Freddie Gibbs and even his friend-turned-rival B.I.G., it’s easy to see that Pac is the most copied MC of all time. There are murals bearing his likeness in New York, Brazil, Sierra Leone, Bulgaria and countless other places; he even has statues in Atlanta and Germany. Quite simply, no other rapper has captured the world’s attention the way Tupac did and still does.»[210] More simply, his writings, published after his death, inspired rapper YG to return to school and get his GED.[204] In 2020, former California Senator and current Vice-president Kamala Harris called Shakur the «best rapper alive», which she explained because «West Coast girls think 2Pac lives on».[211][212]

Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation

In 1997, Shakur’s mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation. Later renamed the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation, or TASF, it launched with a stated mission to «provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents.» The TASF sponsors essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers, and undergraduate scholarships. In June 2005, the TASF opened the Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts, or TASCA, in Stone Mountain, Georgia. It closed in 2015.

Academic appraisal

In 1997, the University of California, Berkeley, offered a course led by a student titled «History 98: Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur».[213] In April 2003, Harvard University cosponsored the symposium «All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero».[214] The papers presented cover his ranging influence from entertainment to sociology.[214] Calling him a «Thug Nigga Intellectual», an «organic intellectual»,[215] English scholar Mark Anthony Neal assessed his death as leaving a «leadership void amongst hip-hop artists»,[216] as this «walking contradiction» helps, Neal explained, «make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people.»[217]

Tracing Shakur’s mythical status, Murray Forman discussed him as «O.G.», or «Ostensibly Gone», with fans, using digital mediums, «resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force.»[218] Music scholar Emmett Price, calling him a «Black folk hero», traced his persona to Black American folklore’s tricksters, which, after abolition, evolved into the urban «bad-man». Yet in Shakur’s «terrible sense of urgency», Price identified instead a quest to «unify mind, body, and spirit.»[218]

Multimedia releases

In 2005, Death Row released on DVD, Tupac: Live at the House of Blues, his final recorded live performance, an event on July 4, 1996. In August 2006, Tupac Shakur Legacy, an «interactive biography» by Jamal Joseph, arrived with previously unpublished family photographs, intimate stories, and over 20 detachable copies of his handwritten song lyrics, contracts, scripts, poetry, and other papers. In 2006, the Shakur album Pac’s Life was released and, like the previous, was among the recording industry’s most popular releases.[219] In 2008, his estate made about $15 million.[220]

On April 15, 2012, at the Coachella Music Festival, rappers Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre joined a Shakur «hologram» (Although the media referred to the technology as a hologram, technically it was a projection created with the Musion Eyeliner),[221][222][223] and, as a partly virtual trio, performed the Shakur songs «Hail Mary» and «2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted».[224][225] There were talks of a tour,[226] but Dre refused.[227] Meanwhile, the Greatest Hits album, released in 1998, and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200, returned to the chart and reached No. 129, while also other Shakur albums and singles drew sales gains.[228]

Film and stage

The documentary film Tupac: Resurrection was released in November 2003. It was nominated for Best Documentary at the 2005 Academy Awards.[229]

In 2014, the play Holler If Ya Hear Me, based on Shakur’s lyrics, played on Broadway, but, among Broadway’s worst-selling musicals in recent years, ran only six weeks.[230] In development since 2013, a Shakur biopic, All Eyez on Me, began filming in Atlanta in December 2015.[231] It was released on June 16, 2017, on Shakur’s 46th birthday,[232] albeit to generally negative reviews.

In August 2019, a docuseries directed by Allen Hughes, Outlaw: The Saga of Afeni and Tupac Shakur, was announced.[233]

Unpublished works

On March 30, 2022, one of Shakur’s earliest pieces of writing, an unpublished booklet of haiku poetry, was auctioned by Sotheby’s estimated at $200,000 to $300,000 and hammered down at $302,400 plus buyer premium.[234] Shakur was 11 years old when he wrote and illustrated the booklet for Jamal Joseph and three other Black Panther Party members while they were incarcerated at Leavenworth Prison. Even at his young age, Shakur’s writing dealt with themes such as black liberation, mass incarceration, race, and masculinity. The booklet features a self-portrait of Shakur sleeping, pen in hand, dreaming of the Black Panthers being freed from prison, and signed with a heart and the phrase “Tupac Shakur, Future Freedom Fighter.»[235]

A dream is lovely.
You drift to another land.
I dream in the night.[236]

Awards and honors

In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame. In 2004, Shakur was among the honorees at the first Hip Hop Honors.[237]

In 2006, Shakur’s close friend and classmate Jada Pinkett Smith donated $1 million to their high school alma mater, the Baltimore School for the Arts, and named the new theater in his honor.[238][239] In 2021, Pinkett Smith honored Shakur’s 50th birthday by releasing a never before seen poem she had received from him.[110]

In 2009, drawing praise, the Vatican added «Changes», a 1998 posthumous track, to its online playlist.[240] On June 23, 2010, the Library of Congress added «Dear Mama» to the National Recording Registry, the third rap song.[241][242]

In 2015, the Grammy Museum opened an exhibition dedicated to Shakur.[243]

In his first year of eligibility, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017.[14][244][245]

In January 2022, the exhibition Tupac Shakur: Wake Me When I’m Free opened at The Canvas at L.A. Live in Los Angeles.[246]

Rankings

  • 2002: Forbes magazine ranked Shakur at 10th among top-earning dead celebrities.[247]
  • 2003: MTV’s viewers voted Shakur the greatest MC.[248]
  • 2005: Shakur was voted No.1 on Vibe’s online poll of «Top 10 Best of All Time».[249]
  • 2006: MTV staff placed him second on its list of «The Greatest MCs Of All Time».[89]
  • 2012: The Source magazine ranked him No. 5 among «The Top 50 Lyricists».[250]
  • 2007: the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame placed All Eyez on Me at No. 90 and Me Against the World at No. 170.[251]
  • 2010: Rolling Stone magazine placed Shakur at No. 86 among the «100 Greatest Artists».[207]
  • 2020: All Eyez on Me was ranked No. 436 on Rolling Stone‘s list of the «500 Greatest Albums Of All Time.»[252]

Discography

Studio albums
  • 2Pacalypse Now (1991)
  • Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z… (1993)
  • Me Against the World (1995)
  • All Eyez on Me (1996)
Posthumous studio albums
  • The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory (1996) (as Makaveli)
  • R U Still Down? (Remember Me) (1997)
  • Until the End of Time (2001)
  • Better Dayz (2002)
  • Loyal to the Game (2004)
  • Pac’s Life (2006)
Collaboration albums
  • This Is an EP Release with Digital Underground (1991)
  • Thug Life: Volume 1 with Thug Life (1994)
Posthumous collaboration album
  • Still I Rise with Outlawz (1999)

Filmography

Year Title Role Notes
1991 Nothing but Trouble Himself (in a fictional context) Brief appearance as part of the group Digital Underground
1992 Juice Roland Bishop First starring role
1993 Poetic Justice Lucky Co-starred with Janet Jackson
1993 A Different World Piccolo Episode: Homie Don’t Ya Know Me?
1993 In Living Color Himself Season 5, Episode: 3
1994 Above the Rim Birdie Co-starred with Duane Martin. Final film release during his lifetime
1995 Murder Was the Case: The Movie Sniper Uncredited; segment: «Natural Born Killaz»
1996 Saturday Night Special Himself (guest host) 1 episode
1996 Saturday Night Live Himself (musical guest) Episode: «Tom Arnold/Tupac Shakur»
1996 Bullet Tank Released one month after Shakur’s death
1997 Gridlock’d Ezekiel «Spoon» Whitmore Released four months after Shakur’s death
1997 Gang Related Detective Jake Rodriguez Shakur’s last performance in a film
2001 Baby Boy Himself Archive footage
2003 Tupac: Resurrection Himself Archive footage
2009 Notorious Himself Archive footage
2015 Straight Outta Compton Himself Archive footage
2017 All Eyez on Me Himself Archive footage

Portrayals in film

Year Title Portrayed by Notes
2001 Too Legit: The MC Hammer Story Lamont Bentley Biographical film about MC Hammer
2009 Notorious Anthony Mackie Biographical film about the Notorious B.I.G.
2015 Straight Outta Compton Marcc Rose[253] Biographical film about N.W.A
2016 Surviving Compton: Dre, Suge & Michel’le Adrian Arthur Biographical film about Michel’le
2017 All Eyez on Me Demetrius Shipp, Jr.[254] Biographical film about Tupac Shakur[255]

Documentaries

Shakur’s life has been explored in several documentaries, most notably the Academy Award-nominated Tupac: Resurrection (2003).

  • 1997: Tupac Shakur: Thug Immortal
  • 1997: Tupac Shakur: Words Never Die (TV)
  • 2001: Tupac Shakur: Before I Wake…
  • 2001: Welcome to Deathrow
  • 2002: Tupac Shakur: Thug Angel
  • 2002: Biggie & Tupac
  • 2002: Tha Westside
  • 2003: 2Pac 4 Ever
  • 2003: Tupac: Resurrection
  • 2004: Tupac vs.
  • 2004: Tupac: The Hip Hop Genius (TV)
  • 2006: So Many Years, So Many Tears
  • 2015: Murder Rap: Inside the Biggie and Tupac Murders
  • 2017: Who killed Tupac?
  • 2017: Who Shot Biggie & Tupac?
  • 2018: Unsolved: Murders of Biggie and Tupac?
  • 2021: The Life & Death of Tupac Shakur[256]

See also

  • List of best-selling music artists
  • List of best-selling music artists in the United States
  • List of murdered hip hop musicians
  • List of number-one albums (United States)
  • List of number-one hits (United States)
  • List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur
  • List of artists who reached number one in the United States

Notes

References

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External links

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Amaru Shakur Foundation for the Arts
  • «Expressing Myself, Silencing the Demons» Archived September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, interview with Chuck Philips
  • Tupac Shakur at IMDb
  • FBI Records: The Vault – Tupac Shakur at FBI.gov
Источник

Tupac Shakur
A black and white photo of Tupac Shakur staring at the viewer

Shakur in 1991
Born

Lesane Parish Crooks

June 16, 1971

New York City, New York, U.S.
Died September 13, 1996 (aged 25)

Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
Cause of death Drive-by homicide (gunshot wounds)
Other names
  • 2Pac
  • Tupac
  • Pac
  • Makaveli
  • MC New York
Occupations
  • Rapper
  • songwriter
  • actor
Years active 1989–1996
Spouse

Keisha Morris

​

​

(m. 1995; ann. 1996)​
Parents
  • Afeni Shakur
  • Billy Garland
Relatives
  • Mutulu Shakur (step-father)
  • Assata Shakur (step-aunt)
  • Mopreme Shakur (step-brother)
  • Kastro (cousin)
Awards Full list
Musical career
Origin Marin City, California, U.S.
Genres
  • Hip hop
  • political hip hop
  • West Coast hip hop
  • gangsta rap
Labels
  • Interscope
  • Jive
  • Amaru
  • Death Row
Formerly of
  • Digital Underground
  • Thug Life
  • Outlawz
Website www.2pac.com Edit this at Wikidata
Signature
Tupac Shakur's signature.svg

Tupac Amaru Shakur (; born Lesane Parish Crooks, June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor. He is widely considered one of the most influential rappers of all time.[1][2] Shakur is among the best-selling music artists, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide. Much of Shakur’s music has been noted for addressing contemporary social issues that plagued inner cities, and he is considered a symbol of activism against inequality.

Shakur was born in New York City to parents who were both political activists and Black Panther Party members. Raised by his mother, Afeni Shakur, he relocated to Baltimore in 1984 and to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1988. With the release of his debut album 2Pacalypse Now in 1991, he became a central figure in West Coast hip hop for his conscious rap lyrics.[3][4] Shakur achieved further critical and commercial success with his follow-up albums Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z… (1993) and Me Against the World (1995).[5] His Diamond certified album All Eyez on Me (1996), the first double-length album in hip-hop history, abandoned his introspective lyrics for volatile gangsta rap.[6] In addition to his music career, Shakur also found considerable success as an actor, with his starring roles in Juice (1992), Poetic Justice (1993), Above the Rim (1994), Bullet (1996), Gridlock’d (1997), and Gang Related (1997).

During the later part of his career, Shakur was shot five times in the lobby of a New York recording studio and experienced legal troubles, including incarceration. In 1995, Shakur served eight months in prison on sexual abuse charges, but was released pending an appeal of his conviction. Following his release, he signed to Marion «Suge» Knight’s label Death Row Records and became heavily involved in the growing East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry.[7] On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot four times by an unidentified assailant in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas; he died six days later. Following his murder, Shakur’s friend-turned-rival, the Notorious B.I.G., was at first considered a suspect due to their public feud; he was also murdered in another drive-by shooting six months later in March 1997 while visiting Los Angeles.[8][9]

Shakur’s double-length posthumous album Greatest Hits (1998) is one of his two releases—and one of only nine hip hop albums—to have been certified Diamond in the United States.[10] Five more albums have been released since Shakur’s death, including his critically acclaimed posthumous album The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory (1996)[11] under his stage name Makaveli, all of which have been certified Platinum in the United States.[12] In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame.[13] In 2017, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility.[14] Rolling Stone ranked Shakur among the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[15]

Early life

Shakur was born on June 16, 1971, in the East Harlem section of Upper Manhattan, New York City.[16] While born Lesane Parish Crooks,[17][18][19] at age one he was renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur.[20] He was named after Túpac Amaru II, the descendant of the last Incan ruler, who was executed in Peru in 1781 after his failed revolt against Spanish rule.[21] Shakur’s mother Afeni Shakur explained, «I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world. I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood.»[20]

Shakur had an older stepbrother, Mopreme «Komani» Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa Shakur, two years his junior.[22]

Panther heritage

Shakur’s parents, Afeni Shakur—born Alice Faye Williams in North Carolina—and his biological father, Billy Garland, had been active Black Panther Party members in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[23] A month before Shakur’s birth, his mother was tried in New York City as part of the Panther 21 criminal trial. She was acquitted of over 150 charges.[24][25]

Other family members who were involved in the Black Panthers’ Black Liberation Army were convicted of serious crimes and imprisoned, including Shakur’s stepfather, Mutulu Shakur, who spent four years among the FBI’s Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Mutulu Shakur was apprehended in 1986 and subsequently convicted for a 1981 robbery of a Brinks armored truck, during which police officers and a guard were killed.[26]

Shakur’s godfather, Elmer «Geronimo» Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was convicted of murdering a school teacher during a 1968 robbery. After spending 27 years in prison, his conviction was overturned due to the prosecution’s having concealed evidence that proved his innocence.[27][28]

Shakur’s godmother, Assata Shakur, is a former member of the Black Liberation Army, who was convicted of the first-degree murder of a New Jersey State Trooper and is still wanted by the FBI.[29]

A bird's-eye view of New York City, looking north from 96th Street, along Second Avenue, towards East Harlem. The intersection in view is 97th Street.

The East Harlem neighborhood of New York City where Shakur was born

Education

In the 1980s, Shakur’s mother found it difficult to find work and she struggled with drug addiction.[30] In 1984, his family moved from New York City to Baltimore, Maryland.[31] He attended eighth grade at Roland Park Middle School, then ninth grade at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School.[31] He transferred to the Baltimore School for the Arts in the tenth grade, where he studied acting, poetry, jazz, and ballet.[32][33] He performed in Shakespeare’s plays—depicting timeless themes, now seen in gang warfare, he would recall[34]—and as the Mouse King role in The Nutcracker ballet.[26]

At the Baltimore School for the Arts, Shakur befriended actress Jada Pinkett, who became a subject of some of his poems.[35] With his friend Dana «Mouse» Smith as beatbox, he won competitions as reputedly the school’s best rapper.[36] Also known for his humor, he could mix with all crowds.[37] He listened to a diverse range of music that included Kate Bush, Culture Club, Sinéad O’Connor, and U2.[38]

Upon connecting with the Baltimore Young Communist League USA,[39][40][41] Shakur dated the daughter of the director of the local chapter of the Communist Party USA.[42]

In 1988, Shakur moved to Marin City, California, an impoverished community in the San Francisco Bay Area.[43][44] In nearby Mill Valley, he attended Tamalpais High School,[45] where he performed in several theater productions.[46] Shakur did not graduate from high school, but he later earned his GED.[47]

Music career

MC New York

Shakur began recording under the stage name MC New York in 1989.[48] That year, he began attending the poetry classes of Leila Steinberg, and she soon became his manager.[49][43] Steinberg organized a concert for Shakur and his rap group Strictly Dope. Steinberg managed to get Shakur signed by Atron Gregory, manager of the rap group Digital Underground.[43] In 1990, Gregory placed him with the Underground as a roadie and backup dancer.[43][50]

Digital Underground

In January 1991 Shakur debuted under the stage name 2Pac on Digital Underground, under a new record label, Interscope Records, on the group’s January 1991 single «Same Song». The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1991 film Nothing but Trouble, starring Dan Aykroyd, John Candy, Chevy Chase, and Demi Moore.[43] The song opened the group’s January 1991 EP titled This Is an EP Release,[43] while Shakur appeared in the music video.

Shakur’s early days with Digital Underground made him acquainted with Randy «Stretch» Walker, who along with his brother, dubbed Majesty, and a friend debuted with an EP as a rap group and production team, Live Squad, in the Queens, New York.[51] Stretch was featured on a track of the Digital Underground’s 1991 album Sons of the P. Becoming fast friends, Shakur and Stretch recorded and performed together often.[51]

2Pacalypse Now

Shakur’s debut album, 2Pacalypse Now—alluding to the 1979 film Apocalypse Now—arrived in November 1991. Some prominent rappers—like Nas, Eminem, Game, and Talib Kweli—cite it as an inspiration.[52] Aside from «If My Homie Calls», the singles «Trapped» and «Brenda’s Got a Baby» poetically depict individual struggles under socioeconomic disadvantage.[53]

US Vice President Dan Quayle said, «There’s no reason for a record like this to be released. It has no place in our society.» Tupac, finding himself misunderstood,[34] explained, in part;

«I just wanted to rap about things that affected young Black males. When I said that, I didn’t know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young Black males, to be the media’s kicking post for young Black males.»[54][55]

In any case, 2Pacalypse Now was certified Gold, half a million copies sold. The album addresses urban Black concerns said to remain relevant to the present day.[43]

Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z…

Shakur’s second album, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z…, was released in February 1993.[56] A critical and commercial advance, it debuted at No. 24 on the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200.[57] An overall more hardcore album, it emphasizes Tupac’s sociopolitical views, and has a metallic production quality. The song «Last Wordz» features Ice Cube, co-writer of N.W.A’s «Fuck tha Police», who in his own solo albums had newly gone militantly political, and gangsta rapper Ice-T, who in June 1992 had sparked controversy with his band Body Count’s track «Cop Killer».[56]

In its vinyl release, side A, tracks 1 to 8, is labeled the «Black Side», while side B, tracks 9 to 16, is the «Dark Side».[citation needed] Nonetheless, the album carries the single «I Get Around», a party anthem featuring Digital Underground’s Shock G and Money-B, which became Shakur’s breakthrough, reaching No. 11 on the pop singles chart, the Billboard Hot 100.[57] And it carries the optimistic compassion of another hit, «Keep Ya Head Up», an anthem for women’s empowerment.[58] The album was certified Platinum, with a million copies sold. As of 2004, among Shakur albums, including posthumous and compilation albums, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z… was 10th in sales at about 1,366,000 copies.[59]

Thug Life

The test pressing single for «Dear Mama»: the Platinum single is among the top-ranked songs in hip-hop history.

In late 1993, Shakur formed the group Thug Life with Tyrus «Big Syke» Himes, Diron «Macadoshis» Rivers, his stepbrother Mopreme Shakur, and Walter «Rated R» Burns.[60] Thug Life released its only album, Thug Life: Volume 1, on October 11, 1994, which is certified Gold. It carries the single «Pour Out a Little Liquor», produced by Johnny «J» Jackson, who would also produce much of Shakur’s album All Eyez on Me. Usually, Thug Life performed live without Tupac.[61]

The track also appears on the 1994 film Above the Rim‘s soundtrack. Due to gangsta rap being under heavy criticism at the time, the album’s original version was scrapped, and the album redone with mostly new tracks. Still, along with Stretch, Tupac would perform the first planned single, «Out on Bail», which was never released, at the 1994 Source Awards.[62][unreliable source?]

The Notorious B.I.G.and Junior M.A.F.I.A.

In 1993, while visiting Los Angeles, the Notorious B.I.G. asked a local drug dealer to introduce him to Shakur and they quickly became friends. The pair would socialize when Shakur went to New York or B.I.G. to Los Angeles.[63] During this period, at his own live shows, Shakur would call B.I.G. onto stage to rap with him and Stretch.[63] Together, they recorded the songs «Runnin’ from tha Police» and «House of Pain».

Reportedly, B.I.G. asked Shakur to manage him, whereupon Shakur advised him that Sean Combs would make him a star.[63] Yet in the meantime, Shakur’s lifestyle was comparatively lavish to B.I.G. who had not yet established himself.[63] Shakur welcomed B.I.G. to join his side group Thug Life, but he would instead form his own side group, the Junior M.A.F.I.A., with his Brooklyn friends Lil’ Cease and Lil’ Kim. Shakur had a falling out with B.I.G. after he was shot at Quad Studios in 1994.[64]

Me Against the World

Shakur’s third album, Me Against the World, was released while he was incarcerated in March 1995.[65] It is now hailed as his magnum opus, and commonly ranks among the greatest, most influential rap albums.[65] The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a then record for highest first-week sales for a solo male rapper.[66][67]

The lead single, «Dear Mama», was released in February 1995 with «Old School» as the B-side.[68] It is the album’s most successful single, topping the Hot Rap Singles chart, and peaking at No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100.[6] In July, it was certified Platinum.[69] It ranked No. 51 on the year-end charts. The second single, «So Many Tears», was released in June 1995,[70] reaching No. 6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and No. 44 on Hot 100.[6] The final single, «Temptations», was released in August 1995.[71] It reached No. 68 on the Hot 100, No. 35 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, and No. 13 on the Hot Rap Singles.[6] Several celebrities showed their support for Shakur by appearing in the music video for «Temptations.»[72]

Shakur won best rap album at the 1996 Soul Train Music Awards.[73] In 2001, it ranked 4th among his total albums in sales, with about 3 million copies sold in the US.[74]

All Eyez on Me

While Shakur was imprisoned in 1995, his mother was about to lose her house. Shakur had his wife Keisha Morris contact Death Row Records founder Suge Knight in Los Angeles.[63] Reportedly, Shakur’s mother promptly received $15,000.[63] After an August visit to Clinton Correctional Facility in northern New York state, Knight traveled southward to New York City to attend the 2nd Annual Source Awards ceremony. Meanwhile, an East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry was brewing between Death Row and Bad Boy Records.[75] In October 1995, Knight visited Shakur in prison again and posted $1.4 million bond.[76] Shakur returned to Los Angeles and joined Death Row with the appeal of his December 1994 conviction pending.[76]

Shakur’s fourth album, All Eyez on Me, arrived on February 13, 1996. It was rap’s first double album—meeting two of the three albums due in Shakur’s contract with Death Row—and bore five singles.[77] The album shows Shakur rapping about the gangsta lifestyle, leaving behind his previous political messages. With standout production, the album has more party tracks and often a triumphant tone.[6] Music journalist Kevin Powell noted that Shakur, once released from prison, became more aggressive, and «seemed like a completely transformed person».[78]

As Shakur’s second album to hit No. 1 on both the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200,[6] it sold 566,000 copies in its first week and was it was certified 5× Multi-Platinum in April.[79] The singles «How Do U Want It» and «California Love» reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.[80] Death Row released Shakur’s diss track «Hit ‘Em Up» as the non-album B-side to «How Do U Want It.» In this venomous tirade, the proclaimed «Bad Boy killer» threatens violent payback on all things Bad Boy — B.I.G., Sean Combs, Junior M.A.F.I.A., the company — and on any in the East Coast rap scene, like rap duo Mobb Deep and rapper Chino XL, who allegedly had commented against Shakur about the dispute.[81]

All Eyez on Me won R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year at the 1997 Soul Train Music Awards.[82] At the 1997 American Music Awards, Shakur won Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist.[83] The album was certified 9× Multi-Platinum in June 1998,[84] and 10× in July 2014.[85]

Posthumous albums

At the time of his death, a fifth and final solo album was already finished, The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli. It had been recorded in one week in August 1996 and released that year.[86][87] The lyrics were written and recorded in three days, and mixing took another four days. In 2005, MTV.com ranked The 7 Day Theory at No. 9 among hip hop’s greatest albums ever,[88] and by 2006 a classic album.[89] Its singular poignance, through hurt and rage, contemplation and vendetta, resonate with many fans.[90]

According to George «Papa G» Pryce, Death Row Records’ then director of public relations, the album was meant to be «underground», and was not intended for release before the artist was murdered.[91][unreliable source?] It peaked at No. 1 on Billboard‘s Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and on the Billboard 200,[92] with the second-highest debut-week sales total of any album that year.[93] On June 15, 1999, it was certified 4× Multi-Platinum.[94]

Later posthumous albums are archival productions, these albums are:

  • R U Still Down? (1997)
  • Greatest Hits (1998)
  • Still I Rise (1999)
  • Until the End of Time (2001)
  • Better Dayz (2002)
  • Loyal to the Game (2004)
  • Pac’s Life (2006)[95]

Film career

Shakur’s first film appearance was in the 1991 film Nothing but Trouble, a cameo by the Digital Underground. In 1992, he starred in Juice, where he plays the fictional Roland Bishop, a militant and haunting individual. Rolling Stone‘s Peter Travers calls him «the film’s most magnetic figure».[96]

In 1993, Shakur starred alongside Janet Jackson in John Singleton’s romance film, Poetic Justice.[97] Singleton later fired Shakur from the 1995 film Higher Learning because the studio would not finance the film following his arrest.[98][99] For the lead role in the eventual 2001 film Baby Boy, a role played by Tyrese Gibson, Singleton originally had Shakur in mind.[100] Ultimately, the set design includes a Shakur mural in the protagonist’s bedroom, and the film’s score includes Shakur’s song «Hail Mary».[101]

Director Allen Hughes had cast Shakur as Sharif in the 1993 film Menace II Society, but replaced him once Shakur assaulted him on set due to a discrepancy with the script. Nonetheless, in 2013, Hughes appraises that Shakur would have outshone the other actors «because he was bigger than the movie».[102]

Shakur played a gangster called Birdie in the 1994 film Above the Rim.[103] By some accounts, that character had been modeled after former New York drug dealer Jacques «Haitian Jack» Agnant,[104] who managed and promoted rappers.[105] Shakur was introduced to him at a Queens nightclub.[63] Reportedly, B.I.G. advised Shakur to avoid him, but Shakur disregarded the warning.[63] Through Haitian Jack, Shakur met James «Jimmy Henchman» Rosemond, also a drug dealer who doubled as music manager.[104]

Soon after Shakur’s death, three more films starring him were released, Bullet (1996), Gridlock’d (1997), and Gang Related (1997).[106][107]

Personal life

In his 1995 interview with Vibe magazine, Shakur listed Jada Pinkett, Jasmine Guy, Treach and Mickey Rourke among the people who were looking out for him while he was in prison.[98] Shakur also mentioned that Madonna was a supportive friend.[98] Madonna later revealed that they had dated in 1994.[108][109]

Shakur met Jada Pinkett while attending the Baltimore School for the Arts.[110] She appeared in his music videos «Keep Ya Head Up» and «Temptations.»[111][72] She also came up with the concept for his «California Love» music video and had intended to direct it, but she removed herself from the project.[112] In 1995, Pinkett contributed $100,000 towards Shakur’s bail as he awaited an appeal on his sexual abuse conviction.[113] Speaking about Pinkett, Shakur stated: «Jada is my heart. She will be my friend for my whole life»; and Pinkett said he was «one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime.»[114]

After Shakur was shot in 1994, he recuperated at Jasmine Guy’s home.[115] They had met during his guest appearance on the sitcom A Different World in 1993.[115] Guy appeared in his music video «Temptations» and later wrote his mother’s 2004 biography, Afeni Shakur: Evolution of a Revolutionary.[116][72]

Shakur befriended Treach when they were both roadies on Public Enemy’s tour in 1990.[117] He made a cameo in Naughty by Nature’s music video «Uptown Anthem» in 1992.[118] Treach collaborated with Shakur on his song «5 Deadly Venomz» and appeared in his music video «Temptations.»[72] Treach was also a speaker at a public memorial service for Shakur in 1996.[119]

Shakur and Mickey Rourke formed a bond while filming the movie Bullet in 1994.[120] Rourke recalled that Shakur «was there for me during some very hard times.»[121]

Shakur had friendships with other celebrities, including Mike Tyson[122] Chuck D,[123] Jim Carrey,[124] and Alanis Morissette. In April 1996, Shakur said that he, Morrissette, Snoop Dogg, and Suge Knight were planning to open a restaurant together.[125][126]

On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his then girlfriend Keisha Morris, a pre-law student.[127][128] Their marriage was annulled ten months later.[129]

In a 1993 interview published in The Source, Shakur criticized record producer Quincy Jones for his interracial marriage to actress Peggy Lipton.[130] Their daughter Rashida Jones responded with an irate open letter.[131] Shakur later apologized to her sister Kidada Jones, who he began dating in 1996.[132] Shakur and Jones attended Men’s Fashion Week in Milan and walked the runway together for a Versace fashion show.[133] Jones was at their hotel in Las Vegas when Shakur was shot.[134]

Legal issues

Sexual assault case, prison sentence, appeal and release

In November 1993, Shakur and two other men were charged in New York with sodomizing a woman in Shakur’s hotel room. The woman, Ayanna Jackson, alleged that after she performed oral sex on Shakur at the public dance floor of a Manhattan nightclub, she went to his hotel room a later day, when Shakur, record executive Jacques «Haitian Jack» Agnant, Shakur’s road manager Charles Fuller and an unidentified fourth man apprehended forced her to perform non-consensual oral sex on each of them.[135][136] Shakur was also charged with illegal possession of a firearm as two guns were found in the hotel room.[137] Interviewed on The Arsenio Hall Show, Shakur said he was hurt that «a woman would accuse me of taking something from her», as he had been raised in a female household and surrounded by women his whole life.[138]

On December 1, 1994, Shakur was acquitted of three counts of sodomy and the associated gun charges, but convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse for «forcibly touching the woman’s buttocks» in his hotel room.[135][34] Jurors have said the lack of evidence stymied a sodomy conviction.[139]
In February 1995, he was sentenced to 18 months to 4+1⁄2 years in prison by a judge who decried «an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman».[137][140] Shakur’s lawyer characterized the sentence as «out of line» with the groping conviction and the setting of bail at $3 million as «inhumane». Shakur’s accuser later filed a civil suit against Shakur seeking $10 million for punitive damages which was subsequently settled.[141][142]

After Shakur had been convicted of sexual abuse, Jacques Agnant’s case was separated and closed via misdemeanor plea without incarceration.[63][143] A. J. Benza reported in New York Daily News Shakur’s new disdain for Agnant who Shakur theorized had set him up with the case.[63][104] Shakur reportedly believed his accuser was connected to and had sexual relations with Agnant and James Rosemond behind his 1994 Quad Studios shooting.[144]

Shakur began serving his prison sentence on sexual abuse charges at Clinton Correctional Facility on February 14, 1995; he also spent a few months recuperating at Rikers Island.[145] While imprisoned, he began reading again, which he had been unable to do as his career progressed due to his marijuana and alcohol habits. Works such as The Prince by Italian philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and The Art of War by Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu sparked Shakur’s interest in philosophy, philosophy of war and military strategy.[146] On April 4, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris; the marriage was later annulled.[147] While in prison, Shakur exchanged letters with celebrities such as Jim Carrey and Tony Danza among others.[148][149] He was also visited by Al Sharpton, who helped Shakur get released from solitary confinement.[150]

By October 1995, pending judicial appeal, Shakur was incarcerated in New York.[113] On October 12, he bonded out of the maximum security Dannemora Clinton Correctional Facility in the process of appealing his conviction,[34] once Suge Knight, CEO of Death Row Records, arranged for posting of his $1.4 million bond.[47]

1993 shooting in Atlanta

On October 31, 1993, Shakur was arrested in Atlanta for shooting two off-duty police officers, brothers Mark Whitwell and Scott Whitwell.[151] The Atlanta police claimed the shooting occurred after the brothers were almost struck by a car carrying Shakur while they were crossing the street with their wives.[152] As they argued with the driver, Shakur’s car pulled up and he shot the Whitwells in the buttocks and the abdomen.[153][154] However, there are conflicting accounts that the Whitwells were harassing a black motorist and uttered racial slurs.[153][152] According to some witnesses, Shakur and his entourage had fired in self-defense as Mark Whitwell shot at them first.[139]

Shakur was charged with two counts of aggravated assault.[151] Mark Whitwell was charged with firing at Shakur’s car and later with making false statements to investigators. Scott Whitwell admitted to possessing a gun he had taken from a Henry County police evidence room.[153] Prosecutors ultimately dropped all charges against both parties.[154] Mark Whitwell resigned from the force seven months after the shooting.[139] Both brothers filed civil suits against Shakur; Mark Whitwell’s suit was settled out of court, while Scott Whitwell’s $2 million lawsuit resulted in a default judgment entered against the rapper’s estate in 1998.[154]

1994 Quad Studios shooting

On November 30, 1994, while in New York recording verses for a mixtape of Ron G, Shakur was repeatedly distracted by his beeper.[155] Music manager James «Jimmy Henchman» Rosemond, reportedly offered Shakur $7,000 to stop by Quad Studios, in Times Square, that night to record a verse for his client Little Shawn.[63][155] Shakur was unsure, but agreed to the session as he needed the cash to offset legal costs. He arrived with Stretch and one or two others. In the lobby, three men robbed and beat him at gunpoint; Shakur resisted and was shot.[156] Shakur speculated that the shooting had been a set-up.[156][157]

Against doctor’s advice, Shakur checked out of Metropolitan Hospital Center a few hours after surgery and secretly went to the house of the actress Jasmine Guy to recuperate.[115][158] The next day, Shakur arrived at a Manhattan courthouse bandaged in a wheelchair to receive the jury’s verdict for his sexual abuse case.[158] Shakur posted a $25,000 bond and spent the next few weeks being cared for by his mother and a private doctor at Guy’s home.[115] The Fruit of Islam and former members of the Black Panther Party stood guard to protect him.[115]

Setup accusations involving the Notorious B.I.G.

In a 1995 interview with Vibe, Shakur accused Sean Combs,[159] Jimmy Henchman,[156] and the Notorious B.I.G, — who were at Quad Studios at the time — among others, of setting up or being privy to the November 1994 robbery and shooting. Vibe alerted the names of the accused. The accusations were significant to the East-West Coast rivalry in hip-hop; in 1995, months after the robbery, Combs and B.I.G. released the track «Who Shot Ya?», which Shakur took as a mockery of his shooting and thought they could be responsible, so he released a diss song, «Hit ‘Em Up», in which he targeted B.I.G., Combs, their record label, Junior M.A.F.I.A., and at the end of «Hit ‘Em Up», he mentions rivals Mobb Deep and Chino XL.[161][162][163][164][165]

In March 2008, Chuck Philips, in the Los Angeles Times, reported on the 1994 ambush and shooting.[166] The newspaper later retracted the article since it relied partially on FBI documents later discovered forged, supplied by a man convicted of fraud.[167] In June 2011, convicted murderer Dexter Isaac, incarcerated in Brooklyn, issued a confession that he had been one of the gunmen who had robbed and shot Shakur at Henchman’s order.[168][169][170] Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article’s unnamed sources.[171]

Other criminal or civil cases

1991 Oakland Police Department lawsuit

In October 1991, one month before the release of 2Pacalypse Now, two Oakland Police Department officers stopped Shakur for jaywalking. The officers allegedly asked for his name since it did not sound American, he answered them and they brutalized him scratching his face over the street.[172] Shakur filed a $10 million lawsuit against the Oakland Police Department. The case was settled for about $43,000.[47]

Misdemeanor assault convictions

On April 5, 1993, charged with felonious assault, Shakur allegedly threw a microphone and swung a baseball bat at rapper Chauncey Wynn, of the group M.A.D., at a concert at Michigan State University. Shakur claimed the bat was a part of his show and there was no criminal intent.[173] Nonetheless, on September 14, 1994, Shakur pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor, and was sentenced to 30 days in jail, twenty of them suspended, and ordered to 35 hours of community service.[174][173]

Slated to star as Sharif in the 1993 Hughes Brothers’ film Menace II Society, Shakur was replaced by actor Vonte Sweet after allegedly assaulting one of the film’s directors, Allen Hughes. In early 1994, Shakur served 15 days in jail after being found guilty of the assault.[175][176] The prosecution’s evidence included a Yo! MTV Raps interview where Shakur boasts that he had «beat up the director of Menace II Society«.[177]

Concealed weapon case

In 1994, Shakur was arrested in Los Angeles, when he was stopped by police on suspicion of speeding. Police found a semiautomatic pistol in the car, a felony offense because a prior conviction in 1993 in Los Angeles for carrying a concealed firearm.[178] On April 4, 1996, Shakur was sentenced to 120 days in jail for violating his release terms and failing to appear for a road cleanup job,[179] but was allowed to remain free awaiting appeal. On June 7, his sentence was deferred via appeals pending in other cases.[180]

1995 wrongful death suit

On August 22, 1992, in Marin City, Shakur performed outdoors at a festival. For about an hour after the performance, he signed autographs and posed for photos. A conflict broke out and Shakur allegedly drew a legally carried Colt Mustang but dropped it on the ground. Shakur claimed that someone with him then picked it up when it accidentally discharged.[181][182]

About 100 yards (90 meters) away in a schoolyard, Qa’id Walker-Teal, a boy aged 6 on his bicycle, was fatally shot in the forehead. Police matched the bullet to a .38-caliber pistol registered to Shakur. His stepbrother Maurice Harding was arrested in suspicion of having fired the gun, but no charges were filed. Lack of witnesses stymied prosecution. In 1995, Qa’id’s mother filed a wrongful death suit against Shakur, which was settled for about $300,000 to $500,000.[181][182]

C. Delores Tucker lawsuit

Civil rights activist and fierce rap critic C. Delores Tucker sued Shakur’s estate in federal court, claiming that lyrics in «How Do U Want It» and «Wonda Why They Call U Bitch» inflicted emotional distress, were slanderous, and invaded her privacy.[183] The case was later dismissed.[184]

Death

On the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur was in Las Vegas, Nevada, to celebrate his business partner Tracy Danielle Robinson’s birthday[185] and attended the Bruce Seldon vs. Mike Tyson boxing match with Suge Knight at the MGM Grand. Afterward in the lobby, someone in their group spotted Orlando «Baby Lane» Anderson, an alleged Southside Compton Crip, whom the individual accused of having recently tried to snatch his neck chain with a Death Row Records medallion in a shopping mall. The hotel’s surveillance footage shows the ensuing assault on Anderson. Shakur soon stopped by his hotel room and then headed with Knight to his Death Row nightclub, Club 662, in a black BMW 750iL sedan, part of a larger convoy.[186]

At about 11 pm on Las Vegas Boulevard, bicycle-mounted police stopped the car for its loud music and lack of license plates. The plates were found in the trunk and the car was released without a ticket.[187] At about 11:15 pm at a stop light, a white, four-door, late-model Cadillac sedan pulled up to the passenger side and an occupant rapidly fired into the car. Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chest[188] with one bullet entering his right lung.[189] Shards hit Knight’s head. Frank Alexander, Shakur’s bodyguard, was not in the car at the time. He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur’s girlfriend, Kidada Jones.[190]

Shakur was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada where he was heavily sedated and put on life support.[9] In the intensive-care unit on the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died from internal bleeding.[9] He was pronounced dead at 4:03 pm.[9] The official causes of death are respiratory failure and cardiopulmonary arrest associated with multiple gunshot wounds.[9] Shakur’s body was cremated the next day. Members of the Outlawz, recalling a line in his song «Black Jesus», (although uncertain of the artist’s attempt at a literal meaning chose to interpret the request seriously) smoked some of his body’s ashes after mixing them with marijuana.[191][192]

In 2002, investigative journalist Chuck Philips,[193][194] after a year of work, reported in the Los Angeles Times that Anderson, a Southside Compton Crip, having been attacked by Suge and Shakur’s entourage at the MGM Hotel after the boxing match, had fired the fatal gunshots, but that Las Vegas police had interviewed him only once, briefly, before his death in an unrelated shooting. Philips’s 2002 article also alleges the involvement of Christopher «Notorious B.I.G.» Wallace and several within New York City’s criminal underworld. Both Anderson and Wallace denied involvement, while Wallace offered a confirmed alibi.[195][unreliable source?] Music journalist John Leland, in The New York Times, called the evidence «inconclusive».[196]

In 2011, via the Freedom of Information Act, the FBI released documents related to its investigation which described an extortion scheme by the Jewish Defense League (classified as «a right wing terrorist group» by the FBI[197]) that included making death threats against Shakur and other rappers, but did not indicate a direct connection to his murder.[198][199]

Legacy and remembrance

A stone statue of Shakur standing on a tall stone pillar in front of the MARTa Herford museum

Shakur is considered one of the most influential rappers of all time.[200][201] He is widely credited as an important figure in hip hop culture, and his prominence in pop culture in general has been noted.[202] Dotdash, formerly About.com, while ranking him fifth among the greatest rappers, nonetheless notes, «Tupac Shakur is the most influential hip-hop artist of all time. Even in death, 2Pac remains a transcendental rap figure.»[203] Yet to some, he was a «father figure» who, said rapper YG, «makes you want to be better—at every level.»[204]

AllMusic’s Stephen Thomas Erlewine described Shakur as «the unlikely martyr of gangsta rap», with Shakur paying the ultimate price of a criminal lifestyle. Shakur was described as one of the top two American rappers in the 1990s, along with Snoop Dogg.[205] The online rap magazine AllHipHop held a 2007 roundtable at which New York rappers Cormega, citing tour experience with New York rap duo Mobb Deep, commented that B.I.G. ran New York, but Shakur ran America.[206]

In 2010, writing Rolling Stone magazine’s entry on Shakur at No. 86 among the «100 greatest artists», New York rapper 50 Cent appraised;

«Every rapper who grew up in the Nineties owes something to Tupac. He didn’t sound like anyone who came before him.»[207]

According to music journalist Chuck Philips, Shakur «had helped elevate rap from a crude street fad to a complex art form, setting the stage for the current global hip-hop phenomenon.»[208] Philips writes, «The slaying silenced one of modern music’s most eloquent voices—a ghetto poet whose tales of urban alienation captivated young people of all races and backgrounds.»[208] Via numerous fans perceiving him, despite his questionable conduct, as a martyr, «the downsizing of martyrdom cheapens its use», Michael Eric Dyson concedes.[209] But Dyson adds, «Some, or even most, of that criticism can be conceded without doing damage to Tupac’s martyrdom in the eyes of those disappointed by more traditional martyrs.»[209]

In 2014, BET explained that «his confounding mixture of ladies’ man, thug, revolutionary and poet has forever altered our perception of what a rapper should look like, sound like and act like. In 50 Cent, Ja Rule, Lil Wayne, newcomers like Freddie Gibbs and even his friend-turned-rival B.I.G., it’s easy to see that Pac is the most copied MC of all time. There are murals bearing his likeness in New York, Brazil, Sierra Leone, Bulgaria and countless other places; he even has statues in Atlanta and Germany. Quite simply, no other rapper has captured the world’s attention the way Tupac did and still does.»[210] More simply, his writings, published after his death, inspired rapper YG to return to school and get his GED.[204] In 2020, former California Senator and current Vice-president Kamala Harris called Shakur the «best rapper alive», which she explained because «West Coast girls think 2Pac lives on».[211][212]

Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation

In 1997, Shakur’s mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation. Later renamed the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation, or TASF, it launched with a stated mission to «provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents.» The TASF sponsors essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers, and undergraduate scholarships. In June 2005, the TASF opened the Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts, or TASCA, in Stone Mountain, Georgia. It closed in 2015.

Academic appraisal

In 1997, the University of California, Berkeley, offered a course led by a student titled «History 98: Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur».[213] In April 2003, Harvard University cosponsored the symposium «All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero».[214] The papers presented cover his ranging influence from entertainment to sociology.[214] Calling him a «Thug Nigga Intellectual», an «organic intellectual»,[215] English scholar Mark Anthony Neal assessed his death as leaving a «leadership void amongst hip-hop artists»,[216] as this «walking contradiction» helps, Neal explained, «make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people.»[217]

Tracing Shakur’s mythical status, Murray Forman discussed him as «O.G.», or «Ostensibly Gone», with fans, using digital mediums, «resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force.»[218] Music scholar Emmett Price, calling him a «Black folk hero», traced his persona to Black American folklore’s tricksters, which, after abolition, evolved into the urban «bad-man». Yet in Shakur’s «terrible sense of urgency», Price identified instead a quest to «unify mind, body, and spirit.»[218]

Multimedia releases

In 2005, Death Row released on DVD, Tupac: Live at the House of Blues, his final recorded live performance, an event on July 4, 1996. In August 2006, Tupac Shakur Legacy, an «interactive biography» by Jamal Joseph, arrived with previously unpublished family photographs, intimate stories, and over 20 detachable copies of his handwritten song lyrics, contracts, scripts, poetry, and other papers. In 2006, the Shakur album Pac’s Life was released and, like the previous, was among the recording industry’s most popular releases.[219] In 2008, his estate made about $15 million.[220]

On April 15, 2012, at the Coachella Music Festival, rappers Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre joined a Shakur «hologram» (Although the media referred to the technology as a hologram, technically it was a projection created with the Musion Eyeliner),[221][222][223] and, as a partly virtual trio, performed the Shakur songs «Hail Mary» and «2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted».[224][225] There were talks of a tour,[226] but Dre refused.[227] Meanwhile, the Greatest Hits album, released in 1998, and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200, returned to the chart and reached No. 129, while also other Shakur albums and singles drew sales gains.[228]

Film and stage

The documentary film Tupac: Resurrection was released in November 2003. It was nominated for Best Documentary at the 2005 Academy Awards.[229]

In 2014, the play Holler If Ya Hear Me, based on Shakur’s lyrics, played on Broadway, but, among Broadway’s worst-selling musicals in recent years, ran only six weeks.[230] In development since 2013, a Shakur biopic, All Eyez on Me, began filming in Atlanta in December 2015.[231] It was released on June 16, 2017, on Shakur’s 46th birthday,[232] albeit to generally negative reviews.

In August 2019, a docuseries directed by Allen Hughes, Outlaw: The Saga of Afeni and Tupac Shakur, was announced.[233]

Unpublished works

On March 30, 2022, one of Shakur’s earliest pieces of writing, an unpublished booklet of haiku poetry, was auctioned by Sotheby’s estimated at $200,000 to $300,000 and hammered down at $302,400 plus buyer premium.[234] Shakur was 11 years old when he wrote and illustrated the booklet for Jamal Joseph and three other Black Panther Party members while they were incarcerated at Leavenworth Prison. Even at his young age, Shakur’s writing dealt with themes such as black liberation, mass incarceration, race, and masculinity. The booklet features a self-portrait of Shakur sleeping, pen in hand, dreaming of the Black Panthers being freed from prison, and signed with a heart and the phrase “Tupac Shakur, Future Freedom Fighter.»[235]

A dream is lovely.
You drift to another land.
I dream in the night.[236]

Awards and honors

In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame. In 2004, Shakur was among the honorees at the first Hip Hop Honors.[237]

In 2006, Shakur’s close friend and classmate Jada Pinkett Smith donated $1 million to their high school alma mater, the Baltimore School for the Arts, and named the new theater in his honor.[238][239] In 2021, Pinkett Smith honored Shakur’s 50th birthday by releasing a never before seen poem she had received from him.[110]

In 2009, drawing praise, the Vatican added «Changes», a 1998 posthumous track, to its online playlist.[240] On June 23, 2010, the Library of Congress added «Dear Mama» to the National Recording Registry, the third rap song.[241][242]

In 2015, the Grammy Museum opened an exhibition dedicated to Shakur.[243]

In his first year of eligibility, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017.[14][244][245]

In January 2022, the exhibition Tupac Shakur: Wake Me When I’m Free opened at The Canvas at L.A. Live in Los Angeles.[246]

Rankings

  • 2002: Forbes magazine ranked Shakur at 10th among top-earning dead celebrities.[247]
  • 2003: MTV’s viewers voted Shakur the greatest MC.[248]
  • 2005: Shakur was voted No.1 on Vibe’s online poll of «Top 10 Best of All Time».[249]
  • 2006: MTV staff placed him second on its list of «The Greatest MCs Of All Time».[89]
  • 2012: The Source magazine ranked him No. 5 among «The Top 50 Lyricists».[250]
  • 2007: the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame placed All Eyez on Me at No. 90 and Me Against the World at No. 170.[251]
  • 2010: Rolling Stone magazine placed Shakur at No. 86 among the «100 Greatest Artists».[207]
  • 2020: All Eyez on Me was ranked No. 436 on Rolling Stone‘s list of the «500 Greatest Albums Of All Time.»[252]

Discography

Studio albums
  • 2Pacalypse Now (1991)
  • Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z… (1993)
  • Me Against the World (1995)
  • All Eyez on Me (1996)
Posthumous studio albums
  • The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory (1996) (as Makaveli)
  • R U Still Down? (Remember Me) (1997)
  • Until the End of Time (2001)
  • Better Dayz (2002)
  • Loyal to the Game (2004)
  • Pac’s Life (2006)
Collaboration albums
  • This Is an EP Release with Digital Underground (1991)
  • Thug Life: Volume 1 with Thug Life (1994)
Posthumous collaboration album
  • Still I Rise with Outlawz (1999)

Filmography

Year Title Role Notes
1991 Nothing but Trouble Himself (in a fictional context) Brief appearance as part of the group Digital Underground
1992 Juice Roland Bishop First starring role
1993 Poetic Justice Lucky Co-starred with Janet Jackson
1993 A Different World Piccolo Episode: Homie Don’t Ya Know Me?
1993 In Living Color Himself Season 5, Episode: 3
1994 Above the Rim Birdie Co-starred with Duane Martin. Final film release during his lifetime
1995 Murder Was the Case: The Movie Sniper Uncredited; segment: «Natural Born Killaz»
1996 Saturday Night Special Himself (guest host) 1 episode
1996 Saturday Night Live Himself (musical guest) Episode: «Tom Arnold/Tupac Shakur»
1996 Bullet Tank Released one month after Shakur’s death
1997 Gridlock’d Ezekiel «Spoon» Whitmore Released four months after Shakur’s death
1997 Gang Related Detective Jake Rodriguez Shakur’s last performance in a film
2001 Baby Boy Himself Archive footage
2003 Tupac: Resurrection Himself Archive footage
2009 Notorious Himself Archive footage
2015 Straight Outta Compton Himself Archive footage
2017 All Eyez on Me Himself Archive footage

Portrayals in film

Year Title Portrayed by Notes
2001 Too Legit: The MC Hammer Story Lamont Bentley Biographical film about MC Hammer
2009 Notorious Anthony Mackie Biographical film about the Notorious B.I.G.
2015 Straight Outta Compton Marcc Rose[253] Biographical film about N.W.A
2016 Surviving Compton: Dre, Suge & Michel’le Adrian Arthur Biographical film about Michel’le
2017 All Eyez on Me Demetrius Shipp, Jr.[254] Biographical film about Tupac Shakur[255]

Documentaries

Shakur’s life has been explored in several documentaries, most notably the Academy Award-nominated Tupac: Resurrection (2003).

  • 1997: Tupac Shakur: Thug Immortal
  • 1997: Tupac Shakur: Words Never Die (TV)
  • 2001: Tupac Shakur: Before I Wake…
  • 2001: Welcome to Deathrow
  • 2002: Tupac Shakur: Thug Angel
  • 2002: Biggie & Tupac
  • 2002: Tha Westside
  • 2003: 2Pac 4 Ever
  • 2003: Tupac: Resurrection
  • 2004: Tupac vs.
  • 2004: Tupac: The Hip Hop Genius (TV)
  • 2006: So Many Years, So Many Tears
  • 2015: Murder Rap: Inside the Biggie and Tupac Murders
  • 2017: Who killed Tupac?
  • 2017: Who Shot Biggie & Tupac?
  • 2018: Unsolved: Murders of Biggie and Tupac?
  • 2021: The Life & Death of Tupac Shakur[256]

See also

  • List of best-selling music artists
  • List of best-selling music artists in the United States
  • List of murdered hip hop musicians
  • List of number-one albums (United States)
  • List of number-one hits (United States)
  • List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur
  • List of artists who reached number one in the United States

Notes

References

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  4. ^ Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C., eds. (February 28, 2010). Encyclopedia of African American History. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 254–257. ISBN 9781851097692.
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  27. ^ «Geronimo Pratt: Black Panther leader who spent 27 years in jail for a crime he did not commit». The Independent. October 23, 2011.
  28. ^ Martin, Douglas (June 3, 2011). «Elmer G. Pratt, Jailed Panther Leader, Dies at 63». The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  29. ^ Shakur, Assata (1987). An Autobiography of Assata Shakur. Lennox S. Hinds (foreword). Lawrence Hill Books. ISBN 0-88208-221-3.
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  227. ^ Greatest Hits sold 4 000 copies in the week, up 571% above the prior week. All Eyez On Me did 2 000 units, up 95%, and Me Against the World, 1 000 copies, up 53%. The single «Hail Mary», which opened at Coachella, was second, behind his No. 1 Billboard Hot 100 hit «California Love» (featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman), shifting 11,000 downloads (119% increase). His third best-seller was the second Shakur song that was performed at Coachella—»2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted» (with Snoop Dogg). It sold 9,000 (up 881%). See «Tupac’s virtual Coachella appearance spurs huge sales bump», Billboard.com, archived elsewhere January 21, 2015.
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External links

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Amaru Shakur Foundation for the Arts
  • «Expressing Myself, Silencing the Demons» Archived September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, interview with Chuck Philips
  • Tupac Shakur at IMDb
  • FBI Records: The Vault – Tupac Shakur at FBI.gov
Источник

Tupac Shakur
A black and white photo of Tupac Shakur staring at the viewer

Shakur in 1991
Born

Lesane Parish Crooks

June 16, 1971

New York City, New York, U.S.
Died September 13, 1996 (aged 25)

Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
Cause of death Drive-by homicide (gunshot wounds)
Other names
  • 2Pac
  • Tupac
  • Pac
  • Makaveli
  • MC New York
Occupations
  • Rapper
  • songwriter
  • actor
Years active 1989–1996
Spouse

Keisha Morris

​

​

(m. 1995; ann. 1996)​
Parents
  • Afeni Shakur
  • Billy Garland
Relatives
  • Mutulu Shakur (step-father)
  • Assata Shakur (step-aunt)
  • Mopreme Shakur (step-brother)
  • Kastro (cousin)
Awards Full list
Musical career
Origin Marin City, California, U.S.
Genres
  • Hip hop
  • political hip hop
  • West Coast hip hop
  • gangsta rap
Labels
  • Interscope
  • Jive
  • Amaru
  • Death Row
Formerly of
  • Digital Underground
  • Thug Life
  • Outlawz
Website www.2pac.com Edit this at Wikidata
Signature
Tupac Shakur's signature.svg

Tupac Amaru Shakur (; born Lesane Parish Crooks, June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor. He is widely considered one of the most influential rappers of all time.[1][2] Shakur is among the best-selling music artists, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide. Much of Shakur’s music has been noted for addressing contemporary social issues that plagued inner cities, and he is considered a symbol of activism against inequality.

Shakur was born in New York City to parents who were both political activists and Black Panther Party members. Raised by his mother, Afeni Shakur, he relocated to Baltimore in 1984 and to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1988. With the release of his debut album 2Pacalypse Now in 1991, he became a central figure in West Coast hip hop for his conscious rap lyrics.[3][4] Shakur achieved further critical and commercial success with his follow-up albums Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z… (1993) and Me Against the World (1995).[5] His Diamond certified album All Eyez on Me (1996), the first double-length album in hip-hop history, abandoned his introspective lyrics for volatile gangsta rap.[6] In addition to his music career, Shakur also found considerable success as an actor, with his starring roles in Juice (1992), Poetic Justice (1993), Above the Rim (1994), Bullet (1996), Gridlock’d (1997), and Gang Related (1997).

During the later part of his career, Shakur was shot five times in the lobby of a New York recording studio and experienced legal troubles, including incarceration. In 1995, Shakur served eight months in prison on sexual abuse charges, but was released pending an appeal of his conviction. Following his release, he signed to Marion «Suge» Knight’s label Death Row Records and became heavily involved in the growing East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry.[7] On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot four times by an unidentified assailant in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas; he died six days later. Following his murder, Shakur’s friend-turned-rival, the Notorious B.I.G., was at first considered a suspect due to their public feud; he was also murdered in another drive-by shooting six months later in March 1997 while visiting Los Angeles.[8][9]

Shakur’s double-length posthumous album Greatest Hits (1998) is one of his two releases—and one of only nine hip hop albums—to have been certified Diamond in the United States.[10] Five more albums have been released since Shakur’s death, including his critically acclaimed posthumous album The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory (1996)[11] under his stage name Makaveli, all of which have been certified Platinum in the United States.[12] In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame.[13] In 2017, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility.[14] Rolling Stone ranked Shakur among the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[15]

Early life

Shakur was born on June 16, 1971, in the East Harlem section of Upper Manhattan, New York City.[16] While born Lesane Parish Crooks,[17][18][19] at age one he was renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur.[20] He was named after Túpac Amaru II, the descendant of the last Incan ruler, who was executed in Peru in 1781 after his failed revolt against Spanish rule.[21] Shakur’s mother Afeni Shakur explained, «I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world. I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood.»[20]

Shakur had an older stepbrother, Mopreme «Komani» Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa Shakur, two years his junior.[22]

Panther heritage

Shakur’s parents, Afeni Shakur—born Alice Faye Williams in North Carolina—and his biological father, Billy Garland, had been active Black Panther Party members in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[23] A month before Shakur’s birth, his mother was tried in New York City as part of the Panther 21 criminal trial. She was acquitted of over 150 charges.[24][25]

Other family members who were involved in the Black Panthers’ Black Liberation Army were convicted of serious crimes and imprisoned, including Shakur’s stepfather, Mutulu Shakur, who spent four years among the FBI’s Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Mutulu Shakur was apprehended in 1986 and subsequently convicted for a 1981 robbery of a Brinks armored truck, during which police officers and a guard were killed.[26]

Shakur’s godfather, Elmer «Geronimo» Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was convicted of murdering a school teacher during a 1968 robbery. After spending 27 years in prison, his conviction was overturned due to the prosecution’s having concealed evidence that proved his innocence.[27][28]

Shakur’s godmother, Assata Shakur, is a former member of the Black Liberation Army, who was convicted of the first-degree murder of a New Jersey State Trooper and is still wanted by the FBI.[29]

A bird's-eye view of New York City, looking north from 96th Street, along Second Avenue, towards East Harlem. The intersection in view is 97th Street.

The East Harlem neighborhood of New York City where Shakur was born

Education

In the 1980s, Shakur’s mother found it difficult to find work and she struggled with drug addiction.[30] In 1984, his family moved from New York City to Baltimore, Maryland.[31] He attended eighth grade at Roland Park Middle School, then ninth grade at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School.[31] He transferred to the Baltimore School for the Arts in the tenth grade, where he studied acting, poetry, jazz, and ballet.[32][33] He performed in Shakespeare’s plays—depicting timeless themes, now seen in gang warfare, he would recall[34]—and as the Mouse King role in The Nutcracker ballet.[26]

At the Baltimore School for the Arts, Shakur befriended actress Jada Pinkett, who became a subject of some of his poems.[35] With his friend Dana «Mouse» Smith as beatbox, he won competitions as reputedly the school’s best rapper.[36] Also known for his humor, he could mix with all crowds.[37] He listened to a diverse range of music that included Kate Bush, Culture Club, Sinéad O’Connor, and U2.[38]

Upon connecting with the Baltimore Young Communist League USA,[39][40][41] Shakur dated the daughter of the director of the local chapter of the Communist Party USA.[42]

In 1988, Shakur moved to Marin City, California, an impoverished community in the San Francisco Bay Area.[43][44] In nearby Mill Valley, he attended Tamalpais High School,[45] where he performed in several theater productions.[46] Shakur did not graduate from high school, but he later earned his GED.[47]

Music career

MC New York

Shakur began recording under the stage name MC New York in 1989.[48] That year, he began attending the poetry classes of Leila Steinberg, and she soon became his manager.[49][43] Steinberg organized a concert for Shakur and his rap group Strictly Dope. Steinberg managed to get Shakur signed by Atron Gregory, manager of the rap group Digital Underground.[43] In 1990, Gregory placed him with the Underground as a roadie and backup dancer.[43][50]

Digital Underground

In January 1991 Shakur debuted under the stage name 2Pac on Digital Underground, under a new record label, Interscope Records, on the group’s January 1991 single «Same Song». The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1991 film Nothing but Trouble, starring Dan Aykroyd, John Candy, Chevy Chase, and Demi Moore.[43] The song opened the group’s January 1991 EP titled This Is an EP Release,[43] while Shakur appeared in the music video.

Shakur’s early days with Digital Underground made him acquainted with Randy «Stretch» Walker, who along with his brother, dubbed Majesty, and a friend debuted with an EP as a rap group and production team, Live Squad, in the Queens, New York.[51] Stretch was featured on a track of the Digital Underground’s 1991 album Sons of the P. Becoming fast friends, Shakur and Stretch recorded and performed together often.[51]

2Pacalypse Now

Shakur’s debut album, 2Pacalypse Now—alluding to the 1979 film Apocalypse Now—arrived in November 1991. Some prominent rappers—like Nas, Eminem, Game, and Talib Kweli—cite it as an inspiration.[52] Aside from «If My Homie Calls», the singles «Trapped» and «Brenda’s Got a Baby» poetically depict individual struggles under socioeconomic disadvantage.[53]

US Vice President Dan Quayle said, «There’s no reason for a record like this to be released. It has no place in our society.» Tupac, finding himself misunderstood,[34] explained, in part;

«I just wanted to rap about things that affected young Black males. When I said that, I didn’t know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young Black males, to be the media’s kicking post for young Black males.»[54][55]

In any case, 2Pacalypse Now was certified Gold, half a million copies sold. The album addresses urban Black concerns said to remain relevant to the present day.[43]

Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z…

Shakur’s second album, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z…, was released in February 1993.[56] A critical and commercial advance, it debuted at No. 24 on the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200.[57] An overall more hardcore album, it emphasizes Tupac’s sociopolitical views, and has a metallic production quality. The song «Last Wordz» features Ice Cube, co-writer of N.W.A’s «Fuck tha Police», who in his own solo albums had newly gone militantly political, and gangsta rapper Ice-T, who in June 1992 had sparked controversy with his band Body Count’s track «Cop Killer».[56]

In its vinyl release, side A, tracks 1 to 8, is labeled the «Black Side», while side B, tracks 9 to 16, is the «Dark Side».[citation needed] Nonetheless, the album carries the single «I Get Around», a party anthem featuring Digital Underground’s Shock G and Money-B, which became Shakur’s breakthrough, reaching No. 11 on the pop singles chart, the Billboard Hot 100.[57] And it carries the optimistic compassion of another hit, «Keep Ya Head Up», an anthem for women’s empowerment.[58] The album was certified Platinum, with a million copies sold. As of 2004, among Shakur albums, including posthumous and compilation albums, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z… was 10th in sales at about 1,366,000 copies.[59]

Thug Life

The test pressing single for «Dear Mama»: the Platinum single is among the top-ranked songs in hip-hop history.

In late 1993, Shakur formed the group Thug Life with Tyrus «Big Syke» Himes, Diron «Macadoshis» Rivers, his stepbrother Mopreme Shakur, and Walter «Rated R» Burns.[60] Thug Life released its only album, Thug Life: Volume 1, on October 11, 1994, which is certified Gold. It carries the single «Pour Out a Little Liquor», produced by Johnny «J» Jackson, who would also produce much of Shakur’s album All Eyez on Me. Usually, Thug Life performed live without Tupac.[61]

The track also appears on the 1994 film Above the Rim‘s soundtrack. Due to gangsta rap being under heavy criticism at the time, the album’s original version was scrapped, and the album redone with mostly new tracks. Still, along with Stretch, Tupac would perform the first planned single, «Out on Bail», which was never released, at the 1994 Source Awards.[62][unreliable source?]

The Notorious B.I.G.and Junior M.A.F.I.A.

In 1993, while visiting Los Angeles, the Notorious B.I.G. asked a local drug dealer to introduce him to Shakur and they quickly became friends. The pair would socialize when Shakur went to New York or B.I.G. to Los Angeles.[63] During this period, at his own live shows, Shakur would call B.I.G. onto stage to rap with him and Stretch.[63] Together, they recorded the songs «Runnin’ from tha Police» and «House of Pain».

Reportedly, B.I.G. asked Shakur to manage him, whereupon Shakur advised him that Sean Combs would make him a star.[63] Yet in the meantime, Shakur’s lifestyle was comparatively lavish to B.I.G. who had not yet established himself.[63] Shakur welcomed B.I.G. to join his side group Thug Life, but he would instead form his own side group, the Junior M.A.F.I.A., with his Brooklyn friends Lil’ Cease and Lil’ Kim. Shakur had a falling out with B.I.G. after he was shot at Quad Studios in 1994.[64]

Me Against the World

Shakur’s third album, Me Against the World, was released while he was incarcerated in March 1995.[65] It is now hailed as his magnum opus, and commonly ranks among the greatest, most influential rap albums.[65] The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a then record for highest first-week sales for a solo male rapper.[66][67]

The lead single, «Dear Mama», was released in February 1995 with «Old School» as the B-side.[68] It is the album’s most successful single, topping the Hot Rap Singles chart, and peaking at No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100.[6] In July, it was certified Platinum.[69] It ranked No. 51 on the year-end charts. The second single, «So Many Tears», was released in June 1995,[70] reaching No. 6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and No. 44 on Hot 100.[6] The final single, «Temptations», was released in August 1995.[71] It reached No. 68 on the Hot 100, No. 35 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, and No. 13 on the Hot Rap Singles.[6] Several celebrities showed their support for Shakur by appearing in the music video for «Temptations.»[72]

Shakur won best rap album at the 1996 Soul Train Music Awards.[73] In 2001, it ranked 4th among his total albums in sales, with about 3 million copies sold in the US.[74]

All Eyez on Me

While Shakur was imprisoned in 1995, his mother was about to lose her house. Shakur had his wife Keisha Morris contact Death Row Records founder Suge Knight in Los Angeles.[63] Reportedly, Shakur’s mother promptly received $15,000.[63] After an August visit to Clinton Correctional Facility in northern New York state, Knight traveled southward to New York City to attend the 2nd Annual Source Awards ceremony. Meanwhile, an East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry was brewing between Death Row and Bad Boy Records.[75] In October 1995, Knight visited Shakur in prison again and posted $1.4 million bond.[76] Shakur returned to Los Angeles and joined Death Row with the appeal of his December 1994 conviction pending.[76]

Shakur’s fourth album, All Eyez on Me, arrived on February 13, 1996. It was rap’s first double album—meeting two of the three albums due in Shakur’s contract with Death Row—and bore five singles.[77] The album shows Shakur rapping about the gangsta lifestyle, leaving behind his previous political messages. With standout production, the album has more party tracks and often a triumphant tone.[6] Music journalist Kevin Powell noted that Shakur, once released from prison, became more aggressive, and «seemed like a completely transformed person».[78]

As Shakur’s second album to hit No. 1 on both the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200,[6] it sold 566,000 copies in its first week and was it was certified 5× Multi-Platinum in April.[79] The singles «How Do U Want It» and «California Love» reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.[80] Death Row released Shakur’s diss track «Hit ‘Em Up» as the non-album B-side to «How Do U Want It.» In this venomous tirade, the proclaimed «Bad Boy killer» threatens violent payback on all things Bad Boy — B.I.G., Sean Combs, Junior M.A.F.I.A., the company — and on any in the East Coast rap scene, like rap duo Mobb Deep and rapper Chino XL, who allegedly had commented against Shakur about the dispute.[81]

All Eyez on Me won R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year at the 1997 Soul Train Music Awards.[82] At the 1997 American Music Awards, Shakur won Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist.[83] The album was certified 9× Multi-Platinum in June 1998,[84] and 10× in July 2014.[85]

Posthumous albums

At the time of his death, a fifth and final solo album was already finished, The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli. It had been recorded in one week in August 1996 and released that year.[86][87] The lyrics were written and recorded in three days, and mixing took another four days. In 2005, MTV.com ranked The 7 Day Theory at No. 9 among hip hop’s greatest albums ever,[88] and by 2006 a classic album.[89] Its singular poignance, through hurt and rage, contemplation and vendetta, resonate with many fans.[90]

According to George «Papa G» Pryce, Death Row Records’ then director of public relations, the album was meant to be «underground», and was not intended for release before the artist was murdered.[91][unreliable source?] It peaked at No. 1 on Billboard‘s Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and on the Billboard 200,[92] with the second-highest debut-week sales total of any album that year.[93] On June 15, 1999, it was certified 4× Multi-Platinum.[94]

Later posthumous albums are archival productions, these albums are:

  • R U Still Down? (1997)
  • Greatest Hits (1998)
  • Still I Rise (1999)
  • Until the End of Time (2001)
  • Better Dayz (2002)
  • Loyal to the Game (2004)
  • Pac’s Life (2006)[95]

Film career

Shakur’s first film appearance was in the 1991 film Nothing but Trouble, a cameo by the Digital Underground. In 1992, he starred in Juice, where he plays the fictional Roland Bishop, a militant and haunting individual. Rolling Stone‘s Peter Travers calls him «the film’s most magnetic figure».[96]

In 1993, Shakur starred alongside Janet Jackson in John Singleton’s romance film, Poetic Justice.[97] Singleton later fired Shakur from the 1995 film Higher Learning because the studio would not finance the film following his arrest.[98][99] For the lead role in the eventual 2001 film Baby Boy, a role played by Tyrese Gibson, Singleton originally had Shakur in mind.[100] Ultimately, the set design includes a Shakur mural in the protagonist’s bedroom, and the film’s score includes Shakur’s song «Hail Mary».[101]

Director Allen Hughes had cast Shakur as Sharif in the 1993 film Menace II Society, but replaced him once Shakur assaulted him on set due to a discrepancy with the script. Nonetheless, in 2013, Hughes appraises that Shakur would have outshone the other actors «because he was bigger than the movie».[102]

Shakur played a gangster called Birdie in the 1994 film Above the Rim.[103] By some accounts, that character had been modeled after former New York drug dealer Jacques «Haitian Jack» Agnant,[104] who managed and promoted rappers.[105] Shakur was introduced to him at a Queens nightclub.[63] Reportedly, B.I.G. advised Shakur to avoid him, but Shakur disregarded the warning.[63] Through Haitian Jack, Shakur met James «Jimmy Henchman» Rosemond, also a drug dealer who doubled as music manager.[104]

Soon after Shakur’s death, three more films starring him were released, Bullet (1996), Gridlock’d (1997), and Gang Related (1997).[106][107]

Personal life

In his 1995 interview with Vibe magazine, Shakur listed Jada Pinkett, Jasmine Guy, Treach and Mickey Rourke among the people who were looking out for him while he was in prison.[98] Shakur also mentioned that Madonna was a supportive friend.[98] Madonna later revealed that they had dated in 1994.[108][109]

Shakur met Jada Pinkett while attending the Baltimore School for the Arts.[110] She appeared in his music videos «Keep Ya Head Up» and «Temptations.»[111][72] She also came up with the concept for his «California Love» music video and had intended to direct it, but she removed herself from the project.[112] In 1995, Pinkett contributed $100,000 towards Shakur’s bail as he awaited an appeal on his sexual abuse conviction.[113] Speaking about Pinkett, Shakur stated: «Jada is my heart. She will be my friend for my whole life»; and Pinkett said he was «one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime.»[114]

After Shakur was shot in 1994, he recuperated at Jasmine Guy’s home.[115] They had met during his guest appearance on the sitcom A Different World in 1993.[115] Guy appeared in his music video «Temptations» and later wrote his mother’s 2004 biography, Afeni Shakur: Evolution of a Revolutionary.[116][72]

Shakur befriended Treach when they were both roadies on Public Enemy’s tour in 1990.[117] He made a cameo in Naughty by Nature’s music video «Uptown Anthem» in 1992.[118] Treach collaborated with Shakur on his song «5 Deadly Venomz» and appeared in his music video «Temptations.»[72] Treach was also a speaker at a public memorial service for Shakur in 1996.[119]

Shakur and Mickey Rourke formed a bond while filming the movie Bullet in 1994.[120] Rourke recalled that Shakur «was there for me during some very hard times.»[121]

Shakur had friendships with other celebrities, including Mike Tyson[122] Chuck D,[123] Jim Carrey,[124] and Alanis Morissette. In April 1996, Shakur said that he, Morrissette, Snoop Dogg, and Suge Knight were planning to open a restaurant together.[125][126]

On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his then girlfriend Keisha Morris, a pre-law student.[127][128] Their marriage was annulled ten months later.[129]

In a 1993 interview published in The Source, Shakur criticized record producer Quincy Jones for his interracial marriage to actress Peggy Lipton.[130] Their daughter Rashida Jones responded with an irate open letter.[131] Shakur later apologized to her sister Kidada Jones, who he began dating in 1996.[132] Shakur and Jones attended Men’s Fashion Week in Milan and walked the runway together for a Versace fashion show.[133] Jones was at their hotel in Las Vegas when Shakur was shot.[134]

Legal issues

Sexual assault case, prison sentence, appeal and release

In November 1993, Shakur and two other men were charged in New York with sodomizing a woman in Shakur’s hotel room. The woman, Ayanna Jackson, alleged that after she performed oral sex on Shakur at the public dance floor of a Manhattan nightclub, she went to his hotel room a later day, when Shakur, record executive Jacques «Haitian Jack» Agnant, Shakur’s road manager Charles Fuller and an unidentified fourth man apprehended forced her to perform non-consensual oral sex on each of them.[135][136] Shakur was also charged with illegal possession of a firearm as two guns were found in the hotel room.[137] Interviewed on The Arsenio Hall Show, Shakur said he was hurt that «a woman would accuse me of taking something from her», as he had been raised in a female household and surrounded by women his whole life.[138]

On December 1, 1994, Shakur was acquitted of three counts of sodomy and the associated gun charges, but convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse for «forcibly touching the woman’s buttocks» in his hotel room.[135][34] Jurors have said the lack of evidence stymied a sodomy conviction.[139]
In February 1995, he was sentenced to 18 months to 4+1⁄2 years in prison by a judge who decried «an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman».[137][140] Shakur’s lawyer characterized the sentence as «out of line» with the groping conviction and the setting of bail at $3 million as «inhumane». Shakur’s accuser later filed a civil suit against Shakur seeking $10 million for punitive damages which was subsequently settled.[141][142]

After Shakur had been convicted of sexual abuse, Jacques Agnant’s case was separated and closed via misdemeanor plea without incarceration.[63][143] A. J. Benza reported in New York Daily News Shakur’s new disdain for Agnant who Shakur theorized had set him up with the case.[63][104] Shakur reportedly believed his accuser was connected to and had sexual relations with Agnant and James Rosemond behind his 1994 Quad Studios shooting.[144]

Shakur began serving his prison sentence on sexual abuse charges at Clinton Correctional Facility on February 14, 1995; he also spent a few months recuperating at Rikers Island.[145] While imprisoned, he began reading again, which he had been unable to do as his career progressed due to his marijuana and alcohol habits. Works such as The Prince by Italian philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and The Art of War by Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu sparked Shakur’s interest in philosophy, philosophy of war and military strategy.[146] On April 4, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris; the marriage was later annulled.[147] While in prison, Shakur exchanged letters with celebrities such as Jim Carrey and Tony Danza among others.[148][149] He was also visited by Al Sharpton, who helped Shakur get released from solitary confinement.[150]

By October 1995, pending judicial appeal, Shakur was incarcerated in New York.[113] On October 12, he bonded out of the maximum security Dannemora Clinton Correctional Facility in the process of appealing his conviction,[34] once Suge Knight, CEO of Death Row Records, arranged for posting of his $1.4 million bond.[47]

1993 shooting in Atlanta

On October 31, 1993, Shakur was arrested in Atlanta for shooting two off-duty police officers, brothers Mark Whitwell and Scott Whitwell.[151] The Atlanta police claimed the shooting occurred after the brothers were almost struck by a car carrying Shakur while they were crossing the street with their wives.[152] As they argued with the driver, Shakur’s car pulled up and he shot the Whitwells in the buttocks and the abdomen.[153][154] However, there are conflicting accounts that the Whitwells were harassing a black motorist and uttered racial slurs.[153][152] According to some witnesses, Shakur and his entourage had fired in self-defense as Mark Whitwell shot at them first.[139]

Shakur was charged with two counts of aggravated assault.[151] Mark Whitwell was charged with firing at Shakur’s car and later with making false statements to investigators. Scott Whitwell admitted to possessing a gun he had taken from a Henry County police evidence room.[153] Prosecutors ultimately dropped all charges against both parties.[154] Mark Whitwell resigned from the force seven months after the shooting.[139] Both brothers filed civil suits against Shakur; Mark Whitwell’s suit was settled out of court, while Scott Whitwell’s $2 million lawsuit resulted in a default judgment entered against the rapper’s estate in 1998.[154]

1994 Quad Studios shooting

On November 30, 1994, while in New York recording verses for a mixtape of Ron G, Shakur was repeatedly distracted by his beeper.[155] Music manager James «Jimmy Henchman» Rosemond, reportedly offered Shakur $7,000 to stop by Quad Studios, in Times Square, that night to record a verse for his client Little Shawn.[63][155] Shakur was unsure, but agreed to the session as he needed the cash to offset legal costs. He arrived with Stretch and one or two others. In the lobby, three men robbed and beat him at gunpoint; Shakur resisted and was shot.[156] Shakur speculated that the shooting had been a set-up.[156][157]

Against doctor’s advice, Shakur checked out of Metropolitan Hospital Center a few hours after surgery and secretly went to the house of the actress Jasmine Guy to recuperate.[115][158] The next day, Shakur arrived at a Manhattan courthouse bandaged in a wheelchair to receive the jury’s verdict for his sexual abuse case.[158] Shakur posted a $25,000 bond and spent the next few weeks being cared for by his mother and a private doctor at Guy’s home.[115] The Fruit of Islam and former members of the Black Panther Party stood guard to protect him.[115]

Setup accusations involving the Notorious B.I.G.

In a 1995 interview with Vibe, Shakur accused Sean Combs,[159] Jimmy Henchman,[156] and the Notorious B.I.G, — who were at Quad Studios at the time — among others, of setting up or being privy to the November 1994 robbery and shooting. Vibe alerted the names of the accused. The accusations were significant to the East-West Coast rivalry in hip-hop; in 1995, months after the robbery, Combs and B.I.G. released the track «Who Shot Ya?», which Shakur took as a mockery of his shooting and thought they could be responsible, so he released a diss song, «Hit ‘Em Up», in which he targeted B.I.G., Combs, their record label, Junior M.A.F.I.A., and at the end of «Hit ‘Em Up», he mentions rivals Mobb Deep and Chino XL.[161][162][163][164][165]

In March 2008, Chuck Philips, in the Los Angeles Times, reported on the 1994 ambush and shooting.[166] The newspaper later retracted the article since it relied partially on FBI documents later discovered forged, supplied by a man convicted of fraud.[167] In June 2011, convicted murderer Dexter Isaac, incarcerated in Brooklyn, issued a confession that he had been one of the gunmen who had robbed and shot Shakur at Henchman’s order.[168][169][170] Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article’s unnamed sources.[171]

Other criminal or civil cases

1991 Oakland Police Department lawsuit

In October 1991, one month before the release of 2Pacalypse Now, two Oakland Police Department officers stopped Shakur for jaywalking. The officers allegedly asked for his name since it did not sound American, he answered them and they brutalized him scratching his face over the street.[172] Shakur filed a $10 million lawsuit against the Oakland Police Department. The case was settled for about $43,000.[47]

Misdemeanor assault convictions

On April 5, 1993, charged with felonious assault, Shakur allegedly threw a microphone and swung a baseball bat at rapper Chauncey Wynn, of the group M.A.D., at a concert at Michigan State University. Shakur claimed the bat was a part of his show and there was no criminal intent.[173] Nonetheless, on September 14, 1994, Shakur pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor, and was sentenced to 30 days in jail, twenty of them suspended, and ordered to 35 hours of community service.[174][173]

Slated to star as Sharif in the 1993 Hughes Brothers’ film Menace II Society, Shakur was replaced by actor Vonte Sweet after allegedly assaulting one of the film’s directors, Allen Hughes. In early 1994, Shakur served 15 days in jail after being found guilty of the assault.[175][176] The prosecution’s evidence included a Yo! MTV Raps interview where Shakur boasts that he had «beat up the director of Menace II Society«.[177]

Concealed weapon case

In 1994, Shakur was arrested in Los Angeles, when he was stopped by police on suspicion of speeding. Police found a semiautomatic pistol in the car, a felony offense because a prior conviction in 1993 in Los Angeles for carrying a concealed firearm.[178] On April 4, 1996, Shakur was sentenced to 120 days in jail for violating his release terms and failing to appear for a road cleanup job,[179] but was allowed to remain free awaiting appeal. On June 7, his sentence was deferred via appeals pending in other cases.[180]

1995 wrongful death suit

On August 22, 1992, in Marin City, Shakur performed outdoors at a festival. For about an hour after the performance, he signed autographs and posed for photos. A conflict broke out and Shakur allegedly drew a legally carried Colt Mustang but dropped it on the ground. Shakur claimed that someone with him then picked it up when it accidentally discharged.[181][182]

About 100 yards (90 meters) away in a schoolyard, Qa’id Walker-Teal, a boy aged 6 on his bicycle, was fatally shot in the forehead. Police matched the bullet to a .38-caliber pistol registered to Shakur. His stepbrother Maurice Harding was arrested in suspicion of having fired the gun, but no charges were filed. Lack of witnesses stymied prosecution. In 1995, Qa’id’s mother filed a wrongful death suit against Shakur, which was settled for about $300,000 to $500,000.[181][182]

C. Delores Tucker lawsuit

Civil rights activist and fierce rap critic C. Delores Tucker sued Shakur’s estate in federal court, claiming that lyrics in «How Do U Want It» and «Wonda Why They Call U Bitch» inflicted emotional distress, were slanderous, and invaded her privacy.[183] The case was later dismissed.[184]

Death

On the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur was in Las Vegas, Nevada, to celebrate his business partner Tracy Danielle Robinson’s birthday[185] and attended the Bruce Seldon vs. Mike Tyson boxing match with Suge Knight at the MGM Grand. Afterward in the lobby, someone in their group spotted Orlando «Baby Lane» Anderson, an alleged Southside Compton Crip, whom the individual accused of having recently tried to snatch his neck chain with a Death Row Records medallion in a shopping mall. The hotel’s surveillance footage shows the ensuing assault on Anderson. Shakur soon stopped by his hotel room and then headed with Knight to his Death Row nightclub, Club 662, in a black BMW 750iL sedan, part of a larger convoy.[186]

At about 11 pm on Las Vegas Boulevard, bicycle-mounted police stopped the car for its loud music and lack of license plates. The plates were found in the trunk and the car was released without a ticket.[187] At about 11:15 pm at a stop light, a white, four-door, late-model Cadillac sedan pulled up to the passenger side and an occupant rapidly fired into the car. Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chest[188] with one bullet entering his right lung.[189] Shards hit Knight’s head. Frank Alexander, Shakur’s bodyguard, was not in the car at the time. He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur’s girlfriend, Kidada Jones.[190]

Shakur was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada where he was heavily sedated and put on life support.[9] In the intensive-care unit on the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died from internal bleeding.[9] He was pronounced dead at 4:03 pm.[9] The official causes of death are respiratory failure and cardiopulmonary arrest associated with multiple gunshot wounds.[9] Shakur’s body was cremated the next day. Members of the Outlawz, recalling a line in his song «Black Jesus», (although uncertain of the artist’s attempt at a literal meaning chose to interpret the request seriously) smoked some of his body’s ashes after mixing them with marijuana.[191][192]

In 2002, investigative journalist Chuck Philips,[193][194] after a year of work, reported in the Los Angeles Times that Anderson, a Southside Compton Crip, having been attacked by Suge and Shakur’s entourage at the MGM Hotel after the boxing match, had fired the fatal gunshots, but that Las Vegas police had interviewed him only once, briefly, before his death in an unrelated shooting. Philips’s 2002 article also alleges the involvement of Christopher «Notorious B.I.G.» Wallace and several within New York City’s criminal underworld. Both Anderson and Wallace denied involvement, while Wallace offered a confirmed alibi.[195][unreliable source?] Music journalist John Leland, in The New York Times, called the evidence «inconclusive».[196]

In 2011, via the Freedom of Information Act, the FBI released documents related to its investigation which described an extortion scheme by the Jewish Defense League (classified as «a right wing terrorist group» by the FBI[197]) that included making death threats against Shakur and other rappers, but did not indicate a direct connection to his murder.[198][199]

Legacy and remembrance

A stone statue of Shakur standing on a tall stone pillar in front of the MARTa Herford museum

Shakur is considered one of the most influential rappers of all time.[200][201] He is widely credited as an important figure in hip hop culture, and his prominence in pop culture in general has been noted.[202] Dotdash, formerly About.com, while ranking him fifth among the greatest rappers, nonetheless notes, «Tupac Shakur is the most influential hip-hop artist of all time. Even in death, 2Pac remains a transcendental rap figure.»[203] Yet to some, he was a «father figure» who, said rapper YG, «makes you want to be better—at every level.»[204]

AllMusic’s Stephen Thomas Erlewine described Shakur as «the unlikely martyr of gangsta rap», with Shakur paying the ultimate price of a criminal lifestyle. Shakur was described as one of the top two American rappers in the 1990s, along with Snoop Dogg.[205] The online rap magazine AllHipHop held a 2007 roundtable at which New York rappers Cormega, citing tour experience with New York rap duo Mobb Deep, commented that B.I.G. ran New York, but Shakur ran America.[206]

In 2010, writing Rolling Stone magazine’s entry on Shakur at No. 86 among the «100 greatest artists», New York rapper 50 Cent appraised;

«Every rapper who grew up in the Nineties owes something to Tupac. He didn’t sound like anyone who came before him.»[207]

According to music journalist Chuck Philips, Shakur «had helped elevate rap from a crude street fad to a complex art form, setting the stage for the current global hip-hop phenomenon.»[208] Philips writes, «The slaying silenced one of modern music’s most eloquent voices—a ghetto poet whose tales of urban alienation captivated young people of all races and backgrounds.»[208] Via numerous fans perceiving him, despite his questionable conduct, as a martyr, «the downsizing of martyrdom cheapens its use», Michael Eric Dyson concedes.[209] But Dyson adds, «Some, or even most, of that criticism can be conceded without doing damage to Tupac’s martyrdom in the eyes of those disappointed by more traditional martyrs.»[209]

In 2014, BET explained that «his confounding mixture of ladies’ man, thug, revolutionary and poet has forever altered our perception of what a rapper should look like, sound like and act like. In 50 Cent, Ja Rule, Lil Wayne, newcomers like Freddie Gibbs and even his friend-turned-rival B.I.G., it’s easy to see that Pac is the most copied MC of all time. There are murals bearing his likeness in New York, Brazil, Sierra Leone, Bulgaria and countless other places; he even has statues in Atlanta and Germany. Quite simply, no other rapper has captured the world’s attention the way Tupac did and still does.»[210] More simply, his writings, published after his death, inspired rapper YG to return to school and get his GED.[204] In 2020, former California Senator and current Vice-president Kamala Harris called Shakur the «best rapper alive», which she explained because «West Coast girls think 2Pac lives on».[211][212]

Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation

In 1997, Shakur’s mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation. Later renamed the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation, or TASF, it launched with a stated mission to «provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents.» The TASF sponsors essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers, and undergraduate scholarships. In June 2005, the TASF opened the Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts, or TASCA, in Stone Mountain, Georgia. It closed in 2015.

Academic appraisal

In 1997, the University of California, Berkeley, offered a course led by a student titled «History 98: Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur».[213] In April 2003, Harvard University cosponsored the symposium «All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero».[214] The papers presented cover his ranging influence from entertainment to sociology.[214] Calling him a «Thug Nigga Intellectual», an «organic intellectual»,[215] English scholar Mark Anthony Neal assessed his death as leaving a «leadership void amongst hip-hop artists»,[216] as this «walking contradiction» helps, Neal explained, «make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people.»[217]

Tracing Shakur’s mythical status, Murray Forman discussed him as «O.G.», or «Ostensibly Gone», with fans, using digital mediums, «resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force.»[218] Music scholar Emmett Price, calling him a «Black folk hero», traced his persona to Black American folklore’s tricksters, which, after abolition, evolved into the urban «bad-man». Yet in Shakur’s «terrible sense of urgency», Price identified instead a quest to «unify mind, body, and spirit.»[218]

Multimedia releases

In 2005, Death Row released on DVD, Tupac: Live at the House of Blues, his final recorded live performance, an event on July 4, 1996. In August 2006, Tupac Shakur Legacy, an «interactive biography» by Jamal Joseph, arrived with previously unpublished family photographs, intimate stories, and over 20 detachable copies of his handwritten song lyrics, contracts, scripts, poetry, and other papers. In 2006, the Shakur album Pac’s Life was released and, like the previous, was among the recording industry’s most popular releases.[219] In 2008, his estate made about $15 million.[220]

On April 15, 2012, at the Coachella Music Festival, rappers Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre joined a Shakur «hologram» (Although the media referred to the technology as a hologram, technically it was a projection created with the Musion Eyeliner),[221][222][223] and, as a partly virtual trio, performed the Shakur songs «Hail Mary» and «2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted».[224][225] There were talks of a tour,[226] but Dre refused.[227] Meanwhile, the Greatest Hits album, released in 1998, and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200, returned to the chart and reached No. 129, while also other Shakur albums and singles drew sales gains.[228]

Film and stage

The documentary film Tupac: Resurrection was released in November 2003. It was nominated for Best Documentary at the 2005 Academy Awards.[229]

In 2014, the play Holler If Ya Hear Me, based on Shakur’s lyrics, played on Broadway, but, among Broadway’s worst-selling musicals in recent years, ran only six weeks.[230] In development since 2013, a Shakur biopic, All Eyez on Me, began filming in Atlanta in December 2015.[231] It was released on June 16, 2017, on Shakur’s 46th birthday,[232] albeit to generally negative reviews.

In August 2019, a docuseries directed by Allen Hughes, Outlaw: The Saga of Afeni and Tupac Shakur, was announced.[233]

Unpublished works

On March 30, 2022, one of Shakur’s earliest pieces of writing, an unpublished booklet of haiku poetry, was auctioned by Sotheby’s estimated at $200,000 to $300,000 and hammered down at $302,400 plus buyer premium.[234] Shakur was 11 years old when he wrote and illustrated the booklet for Jamal Joseph and three other Black Panther Party members while they were incarcerated at Leavenworth Prison. Even at his young age, Shakur’s writing dealt with themes such as black liberation, mass incarceration, race, and masculinity. The booklet features a self-portrait of Shakur sleeping, pen in hand, dreaming of the Black Panthers being freed from prison, and signed with a heart and the phrase “Tupac Shakur, Future Freedom Fighter.»[235]

A dream is lovely.
You drift to another land.
I dream in the night.[236]

Awards and honors

In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame. In 2004, Shakur was among the honorees at the first Hip Hop Honors.[237]

In 2006, Shakur’s close friend and classmate Jada Pinkett Smith donated $1 million to their high school alma mater, the Baltimore School for the Arts, and named the new theater in his honor.[238][239] In 2021, Pinkett Smith honored Shakur’s 50th birthday by releasing a never before seen poem she had received from him.[110]

In 2009, drawing praise, the Vatican added «Changes», a 1998 posthumous track, to its online playlist.[240] On June 23, 2010, the Library of Congress added «Dear Mama» to the National Recording Registry, the third rap song.[241][242]

In 2015, the Grammy Museum opened an exhibition dedicated to Shakur.[243]

In his first year of eligibility, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017.[14][244][245]

In January 2022, the exhibition Tupac Shakur: Wake Me When I’m Free opened at The Canvas at L.A. Live in Los Angeles.[246]

Rankings

  • 2002: Forbes magazine ranked Shakur at 10th among top-earning dead celebrities.[247]
  • 2003: MTV’s viewers voted Shakur the greatest MC.[248]
  • 2005: Shakur was voted No.1 on Vibe’s online poll of «Top 10 Best of All Time».[249]
  • 2006: MTV staff placed him second on its list of «The Greatest MCs Of All Time».[89]
  • 2012: The Source magazine ranked him No. 5 among «The Top 50 Lyricists».[250]
  • 2007: the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame placed All Eyez on Me at No. 90 and Me Against the World at No. 170.[251]
  • 2010: Rolling Stone magazine placed Shakur at No. 86 among the «100 Greatest Artists».[207]
  • 2020: All Eyez on Me was ranked No. 436 on Rolling Stone‘s list of the «500 Greatest Albums Of All Time.»[252]

Discography

Studio albums
  • 2Pacalypse Now (1991)
  • Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z… (1993)
  • Me Against the World (1995)
  • All Eyez on Me (1996)
Posthumous studio albums
  • The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory (1996) (as Makaveli)
  • R U Still Down? (Remember Me) (1997)
  • Until the End of Time (2001)
  • Better Dayz (2002)
  • Loyal to the Game (2004)
  • Pac’s Life (2006)
Collaboration albums
  • This Is an EP Release with Digital Underground (1991)
  • Thug Life: Volume 1 with Thug Life (1994)
Posthumous collaboration album
  • Still I Rise with Outlawz (1999)

Filmography

Year Title Role Notes
1991 Nothing but Trouble Himself (in a fictional context) Brief appearance as part of the group Digital Underground
1992 Juice Roland Bishop First starring role
1993 Poetic Justice Lucky Co-starred with Janet Jackson
1993 A Different World Piccolo Episode: Homie Don’t Ya Know Me?
1993 In Living Color Himself Season 5, Episode: 3
1994 Above the Rim Birdie Co-starred with Duane Martin. Final film release during his lifetime
1995 Murder Was the Case: The Movie Sniper Uncredited; segment: «Natural Born Killaz»
1996 Saturday Night Special Himself (guest host) 1 episode
1996 Saturday Night Live Himself (musical guest) Episode: «Tom Arnold/Tupac Shakur»
1996 Bullet Tank Released one month after Shakur’s death
1997 Gridlock’d Ezekiel «Spoon» Whitmore Released four months after Shakur’s death
1997 Gang Related Detective Jake Rodriguez Shakur’s last performance in a film
2001 Baby Boy Himself Archive footage
2003 Tupac: Resurrection Himself Archive footage
2009 Notorious Himself Archive footage
2015 Straight Outta Compton Himself Archive footage
2017 All Eyez on Me Himself Archive footage

Portrayals in film

Year Title Portrayed by Notes
2001 Too Legit: The MC Hammer Story Lamont Bentley Biographical film about MC Hammer
2009 Notorious Anthony Mackie Biographical film about the Notorious B.I.G.
2015 Straight Outta Compton Marcc Rose[253] Biographical film about N.W.A
2016 Surviving Compton: Dre, Suge & Michel’le Adrian Arthur Biographical film about Michel’le
2017 All Eyez on Me Demetrius Shipp, Jr.[254] Biographical film about Tupac Shakur[255]

Documentaries

Shakur’s life has been explored in several documentaries, most notably the Academy Award-nominated Tupac: Resurrection (2003).

  • 1997: Tupac Shakur: Thug Immortal
  • 1997: Tupac Shakur: Words Never Die (TV)
  • 2001: Tupac Shakur: Before I Wake…
  • 2001: Welcome to Deathrow
  • 2002: Tupac Shakur: Thug Angel
  • 2002: Biggie & Tupac
  • 2002: Tha Westside
  • 2003: 2Pac 4 Ever
  • 2003: Tupac: Resurrection
  • 2004: Tupac vs.
  • 2004: Tupac: The Hip Hop Genius (TV)
  • 2006: So Many Years, So Many Tears
  • 2015: Murder Rap: Inside the Biggie and Tupac Murders
  • 2017: Who killed Tupac?
  • 2017: Who Shot Biggie & Tupac?
  • 2018: Unsolved: Murders of Biggie and Tupac?
  • 2021: The Life & Death of Tupac Shakur[256]

See also

  • List of best-selling music artists
  • List of best-selling music artists in the United States
  • List of murdered hip hop musicians
  • List of number-one albums (United States)
  • List of number-one hits (United States)
  • List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur
  • List of artists who reached number one in the United States

Notes

References

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External links

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Amaru Shakur Foundation for the Arts
  • «Expressing Myself, Silencing the Demons» Archived September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, interview with Chuck Philips
  • Tupac Shakur at IMDb
  • FBI Records: The Vault – Tupac Shakur at FBI.gov
Источник

WORDS BY:Alan Light

Rapper. Actor. Activist. Thug. Poet. Rebel. Visionary. Though his recording career lasted just five years, Tupac Amaru Shakur (1971-1996) is one of the most popular artists in history, with over 75 million records sold worldwide. More than half of his eleven studio albums sold over three million copies in the U.S., and both 1996’s All Eyez on Me and his Greatest Hits collection have been certified diamond, surpassing the ten-million mark and placing them among the top-selling albums of all time.

image

Intent on escaping Baltimore’s violence, his family relocated to Marin City, California when he was 17. He hooked up with the popular Bay Area rap crew Digital Underground, starting as a roadie and back-up dancer, and eventually working his way up to contributing a verse to the 1991 hit “Same Song,” his recorded debut. Tupac was signed to Interscope Records by Tom Whalley (who still oversees his estate today), and his first solo album, 2Pacalypse Now, arrived a few months later, generating both acclaim and controversy. Though the single “Brenda’s Got a Baby” demonstrated his empathy and conscience, the album’s unsparing examinations of street violence and police harassment led to a public condemnation by Vice President Dan Quayle.

image

This tension would continue to play out over the next five years, as Tupac’s life grew increasingly tumultuous and his popularity escalated. In 1993, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z., including the hits “Keep Ya Head Up” and “I Get Around,” became his first platinum release. Two years later, following the release of the Thug Life: Volume 1 album (recorded with Thug Life, his group of five MCs), the more somber and reflective Me Against the World reached Number One on the album charts and was nominated for two Grammys. 

Things got even bigger in 1996 with All Eyez on Me, Tupac’s best-selling album, which spawned five singles, including two Number One hits, “California Love” and “How Do U Want It.” At the height of his phenomenal success, Tupac’s life was cut short on September 13, 1996 when he was murdered in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas at the age of 25.

Despite the tragedy, Tupac’s music catalog continued to grow thanks to a significant cache of unreleased songs. He recorded at a relentless pace, eventually amassing enough music for an additional seven studio albums, including the multi-platinum releases R U Still Down?, Until the End of Time, and the double-disc Better Dayz.

Nearly a decade after his final album, appreciation has only deepened for the lasting impact of Tupac’s music. His story was told in 2003’s Academy Award-nominated documentary Tupac: Resurrection. The Library of Congress added “Dear Mama” to the National Recording Registry in 2009, and even the Vatican featured “Changes” on its official playlist.

Источник

Я помню в конце девяностых твой альбом спиздил,
Не понимая ни слова, нашёл хип-хоп в жизни.

Schokk

Где-то на севере Китая я учился курить в затяг,
Люди только начинали правильно писать «2pac».

Guf

Чоткая распальцовка, как положено.
Символизирует W («Westside»)

Тупак Шакур (2Pac, второй рас, алсо Tupac, тру пак, он же Tupac Amaru Shakur, Две Коробки, петросянск. 3Пак, в девичестве — Lesane Parish Crooks, 16 июня 1971 — 13 сентября 1996), вероятно, самый значительный из расовых нигровских сочинителей и чтецов народных нигрских же частушек, в конце восьмидесятых годов ХХ века вышедших из андерграунда и получивших столь широкий коммерческий успех. Также известен как актёр, забияка, идейный сиделец на нарах и заслуженный Чёрный Властелин мировой пих-пох контркультуры. При жизни обладал ЧСВ в размере полутора Килоэкслеров — надо сказать, небезосновательно.

Имя, под которым позже пришла известность, Тупак получил от отчима при крещении — в честь индейского вождя-бунтовщика, и означает оно буквально (в переводе наполовину с языка инков и наполовину с арабского) «Сияющий Змей, Благодарный Б-гу». Что оно означает по-русски, вы и так знаете. Усат.

Ранние годы[править]

2pac’s life

Прошли в Нуёрке. С самых юных лет счастливое детство поциэнта, мягко говоря, не заладилось. Мать Тупака, разбитная экстремистка Афени Шакур, увлекалась устройством грандиозных фейерверков в полицейских участках, ездой с ветерком на пативенах и отдыхом в тишине и уюте, и беременность ей в этом помехой не была. Об отце доподлинно известно немногое: поматросив свою благоверную, тот удалился в неизвестном направлении, не дождавшись появления на свет наследника. По другой версии, папка таки навещал будущую звезду, принося ему гостинчики (c крэком, ясен пень, не с шоколадом же «Алёнка» — dis is thug life, homie!). Гораздо больше известно в узких кругах об отчиме сабжа Мутулу Шакуре, черный пантер Мутулу даже находился в талмуде америкосской кровавой гэбни FBI 10 most wanted, такой себе хит-парад, где также в свое время находились Тед «Няшечка» Банди и наше все Усаме Петрович Бен Ладен.

Именно яркому, нескучному образу жизни своей матери юный Тупак обязан постоянными переездами с места на место. Каждый советский школьник, испытавший переезд в чужой район/город и переход в новую школу, в курсе, чем это обычно сопровождается (тем, кто не догадался, срочно смотреть фильм «Чучело»). Кроме того, отпечаток на становление личности Тупака могли наложить его загадочные отношения с дядей: неизвестно, насколько автобиографичен текст его песни(?) «16 on a Death Row».

I turned to a life of crime, cause I came from a broken family
My uncle used to touch me, I never told you that
Scared what you might do, I couldn’t hold you back
I kept it deep inside, I done let it fuel my anger

После двух лет обучения балету в Балтиморской Школе Искусств Тупак осознал, что к успеху таким образом чоткому пацану не дойти, забил на школу и в очередной раз переехал. В этот раз более радикально — в солнечную Калифорнию. Тут и началось самое интересное.

Street life[править]

Именно Тупак ввёл моду на косынки фасона «Дуся Рукояткина возвращается с прополки»

Здесь следует отдельно остановиться на общей характеристике нигрской национальной развлекухи под названием «рэп». Зародившись в незапамятные времена в Африке, он служил универсальным инструментом виртуального членомерства: кто кого заковыристее КЕМ отправит, да ещё и в зарифмовано-заритмованном виде, тот и альфасамцовее соответственно (см. «баттл» [1]).
Вместе со своими знатоками и исполнителями переехав на загнивающий Запад, реп ожидаемо трансформировался согласно веяниям времени и места, попутно приобретя приставочку «гангста-». Теперь это, по большей части, исполненные лиризма и самолюбования тексты о рутине «уличной жизни»: трудном детстве без профсоюзных путёвок в пионерлагеря, беспорядочной половой ебле, употреблении веществ, дорогих автомобилях, пацанских жизненных университетах, грабеже корованов и, конечно же, о том, какие пидарасы эти белые.

Не стал исключением и наш герой. По приезде в Калифорнию Тупак занялся общественно-полезным трудом в виде торговли веществами, попутно откушав самой мякотки гангстерского быта: пистолеты, тачки, бляди etc. Конечно же, обо всём этом нестерпимо хотелось поведать миру. Участие в известной лишь немногим олдфагам группе Digital Underground долгожданного удовлетворения не принесло, и Тупак решил заняться сольной карьерой. Первый альбом, «2Pacalypse Now», пользовался довольно средненьким успехом, зато второй, «Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.», заставил о себе заговорить.

Один из братьев по разуму, Снуп Догг, как-то высказался в духе «кто зоны не нюхал, тот жизни не знает». Активный образ жизни Тупака способствовал быстрому восполнению этого досадного пробела: в 1994 году музыкант был арестован по подозрению в изнасиловании, после чего интенсивно вкушал жизненных мудростей в течение восьми месяцев (был досрочно выпущен под залог в 1,4 миллиона денег). Разумеется, резко повысившаяся трушность рэпера не могла не сказаться на его неуклонно растущей популярности: продажи последующих альбомов, «Me Against the World» и «All Eyez on Me» росли, как на дрожжах.

Лирика (как надмозговый перевод термина Lyrics)[править]

Тупак плюёт на тебя, школьник в штанах, обвислых на жёпе!

О чём же повествуют тексты тупаковой нетленки?.. Проапгрейдив свой инглиш до уровня, достаточного для понимания американского уличного сленга, небыдло с ужасом осознаёт — почти в точности о том же, что и популярные в этой стране Круги, Лесоповалы, Беломоры и прочее бандицкое УГ. Основные темы:

  • Нежная сыновняя любовь к мамочке (Dear Mama, Part Time Mutha)[1]
  • Трудное детство (сидеть на ньюйоркском вэлфэре — это вам не в Хакасии овец пасти!) (White Man’z World, Ghetto Gospel, Better Dayz)
  • Бухло и бляди (Check-out Time, My Definition Of A Thug Nigga, Still Ballin’, California Love, Skandalouz)
  • Я и мои братаны (Lil’ Homies, If My Homie Calls, Young Niggaz)
  • Годные автомобили — фапай, Анонимус! (Can’t C Me, Picture Me Rollin’)
  • Всё в этом мире против нигр (16 On A Death Row, Under Pressure, Hellrazor, Changes, Open Fire)
  • Смотрите все, какой я плохой! (Fuck All Y’all, Life Of An Outlaw, Ambitions Az A Ridah, Hit ’Em Up, Rebel Of The Underground, 2 Of Amerikaz Most Wanted)
  • Вот умру, тогда поплачете! (Bury Me A G, When Thugz Cry, If I Die 2Nite, Ballad Of A Dead Soulja)

То есть, за редким исключением, репертуар вполне аналогичный здешнему «зоновскому».

Кинокарьера[править]

Тупак смотрел «Безумного Макса».

Наряду с музыкально-стихосложенческими упражнениями Тупак неоднократно пробовал себя в амплуа киноактёра. Он успел сыграть всего в нескольких картинах:

  • «Авторитет» (Juice, 1992) — фильм рассказывает о жизни четырёх друзей-подростков в Гарлеме, которая превращается в ещё большее дерьмо после неудачного ограбления. Один из них, которого как раз и играет наш герой, понимает, что друзья ему такие не очень то и нужны на самом деле, и начинает методично их выпиливать. Thats how it is on dem streets.
  • «Поэтическое Правосудие»/«Поэтичная Джастис» (Poetic Justice, 1993) — приятный дуэт с молодой Дженнет Джексон. Герой Тупака — простой почтальон на побегушках — весь фильм клеится к ТП из парикмахерской по имени Джастис. Самого же парня зовут Лаки, так что они друг друга стоят. По слухам Дженнет отказывалась сниматься с Тупаком, боясь подхватить от него спидон. Но так как жанр фильма все-таки не порно, этим она лишь обнажила свою тупопёздость.
  • «Над кольцом» (Above the Rim, 1994) — хороший мальчик запутался в выборе между торговлей наркотиками и баскетболом[2]. Герой Тупака, Птаха Берди пытается убедить его, что одно другому не мешает. Удастся ли это ему?
  • «Пуля» (The Bullet, 1996) — доставляющая кинокартина режиссёра Джулиана Темпла с участием таких именитых мэтров Голливуда, как Микки Рурк, Тед Ливайн и Эдриан Броуди. Сыгранную Шакуром роль нельзя отнести к числу главных, но самых заметных — однозначно! Гламурный подонок (плачьте, фанаты уёбищного Павела Воли!) в стильном пушистом розовом берете, наркоторговец и убийца dat nigga Tank запомнится каждому.
  • «В Тупаке тупике» (Gridlock’d, 1997, вышел после смерти) — в тандеме с Тимом Ротом Тупак убедительно играет сам себя, то есть уличного пушера, вознамерившегося отказаться от веществ и стать на светлый путь перековки. Искреннее удивление героев фильма вызывает тот факт, что социальные службы не спешат по этому поводу устелить дорогу двум сторчавшимся ебланам ковровыми дорожками и вызвать из Москвы Военный духовой оркестр МО.
  • «Преступные связи» (Gang Related, 1997) — в паре с Джеймсом Белуши; играли копов, приторговывающих стиральным порошком и случайно грохнувших агента по борьбе с этим средством.
  • «Тупак: Воскрешение» (Tupac: Recuperation, 2003) — биографический документальный фильм о жизни и смерти Tupac, где Тупак снимается в роли самого себя и воплощает в жизнь тексты своих песен (To live and die in L.A.)

West Coast vs. East Coast[править]

Hit’Em Up

В середине 90-х была настоящая война между Западным и Восточным побережьем США. Правда, война исключительно в хип-хопе, но говнометания были нехилые. Кстати, музыка у этих двух сторон действительно сильно различалась, послушайте, к примеру, какой-нибудь G-Funk от Доктора и Пёсси Пса и сравните с Wu-Tang Clan или Nas’ом.
«Лидером» западного побережья можно было назвать Тупака, в то время как у востока был свой — Notorious B.I.G., или просто Бигги. Кстати, когда Пак жил в Нью-Йорке, он-таки был даже другом Ноториуса, но что-то не заладилось (Когда Тупак пришел к Бигги в гости, у входа его расстреляли неизвестные нигры и даже пулей задели его МПХ!), все рассорились и начали писать друг на друга диссы. Самый доставляющий, «Hit’Em Up», за авторством Тупака, вышел настолько ядрёный, что до сих пор считается образцом вербального насилия. В нём Тупак говорил, что ебал жену Бигги Фэйт Эванс, его любовницу Лил Ким, грозился убить нахуй всех, кто против него и вообще Западного побережья, короче, смотрите.
Итог — эпичный музыкальный срач, тонны ненависти, куча нажитых врагов и таки два трупа, допизделся.

Закономерный результат[править]

Из натурального чёрного шоколада, кстати.

Сотни нефти, щедрой рекой текущие в карманы юного гения, плюс его (мягко говоря) конфликтный характер не могли не сказаться плачевно на здоровье последнего. Седьмого сентября 1996 года Шакур, возвращаясь в автомобиле с боксёрского матча (Майк Тайсон vs. Брюс Селдон), внезапно почувствовал недомогание. Срочно вызванные врачи предположили, что пациент наверняка «съел чего-нибудь». Так и вышло, этим «чего-нибудь» оказались четыре маслины из «Глока» 40-го калибра. Надо сказать, Шакур и ранее отличался пристрастием к этому пикантному блюду (в 1994 году откушал разом 5 порций, из которых 2(!) в голову), но на этот раз организм по неизвестной причине забастовал. Смерть так и не пришедшего в сознание Тупака была зафиксирована 13 (кстати, в пятницу) сентября в 04:03. Покойному было всего лишь двадцать пять…

Версий случившегося выдвигалась масса. Подозревали и находившегося в тот вечер за рулём того самого автомобиля продюсера Suge Knight (который был должен покойному три чемодана денег в качестве авторских отчислений), и выпиленного впоследствии весёлого кабасика Бигги (Notorius B.I.G), который даже кушать не мог — такую неприязнь испытывал к потерпевшему. Шакура застрелил некто Орландо Андерсон (Orlando Anderson), член лос-анджелесской преступной группировки Crips («Калеки»). Оружием для совершения преступления Андерсона стал Notorious B.I.G.

В день своего убийства Тупак Шакур избил Андерсона за то, что ранее банда Андерсона избила и ограбила одного из телохранителей Тупака. Избитый Андерсон, желая отомстить, собрал совещание банды, на котором было принято решение убить Тупака и, кроме того, слегка заработать.

Дело в том, что в этот день в Лос-Анджелесе оказался и Notorious B.I.G., один из главных врагов Тупака. Взаимная ненависть двух рэпперов, развившаяся в рамках войны рэпперов Западного и Восточного побережья, была широко известна: ни один из них не упускал случая публично оскорбить и пригрозить другому.

Именно к этому врагу Тупака Андерсон обратился за помощью и поддержкой. Notorious B.I.G. полностью поддержал идею убийства Тупака Шакура, он не только пообещал заплатить за это миллион долларов, но еще и снабдил убийц своим личным пистолетом, потребовав, чтобы Тупак был застрелен именно из него.

Спустя несколько часов машина с Андерсоном с его тремя друзьями подъехала на одном из светофоров к машине, в которой сидел Тупак, и из нее был открыт огонь. Получив многочисленные пулевые ранения, Тупак Шакур умер в больнице через шесть дней.

Полиции не удалось раскрыть убийство Тупака. Некоторое время следователи считали Андерсона одним из подозреваемых, но вскоре отказались от этой теории. Между тем, Notorious B.I.G. оценил работу, проделанную бандитами, и, спустя неделю после смерти Тупака, группировка Андерсона получила 50 тысяч долларов — первую часть обещанного миллиона.

Как дальше шли эти выплаты неизвестно. В 1997 году сам Notorious B.I.G. был застрелен в своей машине при сходных обстоятельствах, а в 1998 году был застрелен и предполагаемый убийца Тупака Орландо Андерсон. Также особо упоротыми фанатами, что неудивительно, упорно муссировалась не отличающаяся оригинальностью версия «Элвисжив!»[2].Но всё же есть много фактов которые смущают (пруфлинк[3]).

Резюме[править]

Не люблю фанатов Тупака Шакура
Больше, чем ленинградского Шнура.

Ноггано

Посмертно было издано over 9000 альбомов музыканта. Подражателем Тупака сегодня является чуть ли не каждый «репер». С любой точки зрения, вклад Тупака Шакура в развитие хипхапа переоценить невозможно. О чём и говорить — поводом для чуть ли не половины баллончиковых высеров на стенах, кроме Цоя, является 2Pac. Nuff said.

Эпичная раздача на rutracker.org (ex torrents.сру)[править]

Тупак — Пакс лайф

Жанр: рэпчик

Производитель диска: америка

Трэклист:
крутые песни пака

Доп. информация: представляю вам этот трек от черного иисуса тупака амару шакура! великого борца за черный народ и героя. он мечтал что черное население выйдет из рабства и станет по настоящему свободным! об этом он писал свой реп! об этом он сочинял свои песни! он хотел чтобы негры были свободными и избавились бы от оков! я с 9 ле слушаю тупака! сейчас мне 11 но я никогда не брошу его и буду слушать его всегда и всю жизнь!! и я хотел бы поделитса с вами этим треком чтоб вы тоже зауважали его как великого черного репера и революционера который боролся за свой черный обездоленый народ! я считаю что он велик. я самый большой фанат черного иисуса! многие идиоты верят что он умер но это непрравда. он жив и об этом можно почитать в интернете. очень много всяких статей которые говорят нам об этом что он жив и живет щас толи в египте то ли где-то на ямайке. короче много доказывающих разных что он жив.слушайте и наслаждайтесь!и любите тупака спасибо!

См. также[править]

  • Хип-хоп
  • Эминем
  • tupac serbia

Примечания[править]

  1. ↑ К слову также популярная и среди нашего блатняка. Так как у правильного пацана есть только мама, а папа участвовал лишь на начальной стадии деторождения/умер/сидит — нужное подчеркнуть. Да-да, дорогой мальчег в модных штанах «обосрался и иду» — можешь смело врубать Круга и надевать телогрейку.
  2. ↑ Годом позже тему продолжил «Дневник баскетболиста» с ДиКаприо. Казалось бы, плагиат и ДиКаприо… Ан нет — неожиданно приятный вин.
Meloman.JPG Пора гудеть на высокой частоте
Гатишные Cradle of Filth • HIM • Nightwish • Otto Dix • Ксайли • НегроСтоляр
Поэты русского рока Высоцкий • Гребенщиков • Дельфин • Кинчев • Кипелов • Князев • Кормильцев • Летов • Макаревич • Мамонов • Немиров • Пушкина • Растеряев • Ревякин • Тальков • Троицкий • Цой/Тсой • Шевчук
Интересные (невольно доставляющие) Adams • ANTON MAIDEN • Azis • Astley • Burka Band • Cyriak • Epic Sax Guy • IOSYS • MC Воронеж • MC Покайся • Renard Queenston • Yusup Dalmaz • Автоматические удовлетворители • Бойл • Боярский • Бурановские бабушки • Васыльцив • Воронов • Демидович • Кола Бельды • Кончита Вурст • Кофанов • Крестов • Кувалда • Курмангалиев • Лаэртский • Мальчишник • Муцураев • Пивун • Поплавский • Стекловата • СуперАлиса • Такежан • Фристайло • Хиль
Тролльские (сознательно доставляющие) Anacondaz • Anal Cunt • Cradle of Kaschenko • Dethklok • HRG • Impaled Northern Moonforest • Lajoie • Manson • Nord’N’Commander • Pussy Riot • Russian Anonymous Choir • Smile.dk • Tenebraectum • The Xynta • Weird Al Yankovic • АКМ Шалом • Ансамбль Христа Спасителя • Аргонов • Аццкая Сотона • Бони Нем • Виталя • Время срать • ДК • Дэвис • Злой Ой! • Ленина пакет • Ляпис Трубецкой • Май • НОМ • Паттон • Пахомов •
Пистолетов • Псой • Раабе • Свияга • Смирнов • Стрыкало • Шаов
Юмористические Dr. Steel • Дадуда • Красная плесень • Пушной • Сектор газа • Словесник • Сява • Фоломкин
Быдло-стайл Noize MC • Skrillex • Бабангида • Воровайки • Коловрат • Кровосток • Ленинград • Маваши
Давным-давно G.G. Allin • Joy Division • Kraftwerk • Led Zeppelin • Pink Floyd • Sex Pistols • The Beatles • The Doors • Вагнер • Гензбур • Неизвестный Исполнитель • Пресли • Хендрикс • Штаб-Квартира
Значимые™ 2pac • Aphex Twin • Capcom Sound Team • Current 93 • Deep Purple • Depeche Mode • Die Ärzte • Eminem • Jackson • Limp Bizkit • Linkin Park • Madonna • Nine Inch Nails • Nirvana • Ozzy Osbourne • Queen • Radiohead • Rammstein
Тяжёлые Bredor • Cannibal Corpse • Korn • Manowar • Megadeth • Metallica • Slayer • System of a Down • Ария • Варг • Коррозия металла • Петруччи • Чёрный кофе
Невыносимо-отвратительные After School Tea Time • Amatory • Aor • Basshunter • Guf • Kunteynir • Lady Gaga • АНЖ • Басков • Бибер • Билан • Децл • Джигурда • Доши • Зверев • Киркоров • Лоза • Моисеев • Моргенштерн • Пилигрим • Ранетки • Ратмир • Семенович • Сковородников • Тимати • Токио Готель
Ant 17.jpg Раньше хотя бы работали, теперь и этого не делает
Мета: Белый человек • Литературный негр • Негроёб • Нигра • Пиндос
Представители: 2pac • Arnold Schwarze-Negger • Blackface • Барак Обама • Бокасса • Голодные африканские дети • Джими Хендрикс • Джордж Флойд • Иди Амин • Майк Тайсон • Майкл Джексон • Пушкин • Сомалийские пираты • Тимати • Чёрный Властелин
Фольклор: GNAA • Happy Negro • R’n’B • The Boondocks • U MAD • Woll Smoth (Wall Smath) • Yo dawg • А у вас негров линчуют! • Брейк-данс • Ваш пост огорчает негров • Вувузела • Джаз • Драм-энд-бэйс • Не грози Южному централу • Нигерийские письма • Попобава • Растаманы • Рэперы ( Рэп — это кал) • Тверкинг • Хип-хоп
Обитание: Африка (Зимбабве • ЮАР) • Банановая республика • Вордфильтр • Гетто • СШП • Хаббо
Особенности: Black Lives Matter • KFC • Eat da poo poo • Project N.I.G.R.A. • We Wuz Kangz • Арабские бунты • Вуду • Геноцид в Руанде • Ку-клукс-клан • Культ карго • Людоедство
Death2.png Смерть — часть категории «Жизнь» (с) Анатолий
Синонимы BSOD • R.I.P. • To have no life • Ад • Да, смерть! / Ня, смерть! • Каза болду • Клиническая смерть • Конец немного предсказуем • Лоботомия • Подавиться мацой • Принять ислам • Рак • СПИД • Сходить на охоту
Убить их! Kill it with fire • Иван Грозный убивает своего сына (Апстена • Выпей йаду • Пожуй полоний • Сэппуку • Убей сибя) • Пытки • Тетрадь смерти • Убить всех человеков • Убью родных, убью друзей • Хагакурэ
Профессионалы Типажи: Викинг • Врач-убийца • Гладиатор • Маньяк • Наёмник • Ниндзя • Патологоанатом • Пират • Снайпер • Чёрная вдова

Организации: Waffen-SS • Аум Синрикё • Группы смерти • ИГИЛ • Иностранный легион • Кровавая гэбня • Ку-клукс-клан • Лига защиты евреев • Мафия • Моссад • Орден Хранителей Смерти

Персоналии: Алексей Михайлович • Амин • Берия • Бокасса • Буш-младший • Гай Марий • Генерал Мороз • Гитлер (Гитлар) • Дракула • Ежов • Иван Грозный • Кадыров • Калигула • Кортес • Лектер • Лубурич • Мао Цзэдун • Менгеле • Нерон • Онода • Пётр I • Пиночет • Пот • Саакашвили • Сталин • Столыпин • Сулла • Тонька-пулеметчица • Торквемада • Унгерн • Франко • Хусейн
Любители Академовские маньяки • Бейтман • Битцевский маньяк • Бобокулова • Бонни и Клайд • Брейвик • Василевский • Викернес • Виноградов • Гармодий и Аристогитон • де Гелдер • Декстер • Джек-потрошитель • Днепропетровские маньяки • Добржанская • Евсюков • Зодиак • Исхаков • «Конструктор» • Коронавирус • Кратовский стрелок • Кречмер • Маньотта • Мельниченко • Метатели колёс • Мэнсон • Невада-тян • Петрик • Писториус • Рамирес • Рейзер • Трунов • Фабрикант • Фарафонов • Федорович • Флорентийский монстр • Харрис и Клиболд • Чикатило • Чо Сын Хуй
Принявшие Happy Tree Friends • G.G. Allin • Lenore • SPIKE • Айрис • Александр II • Андед • Бачинский • Бешнова • Бин • Бодров • Будучьян • Вампиры • Вителлий • Гамлет • Гелиогабал • Герострат • Горец • ГрОбовцы • Гуф • Деткина • Джексон • Дохлые герои (2pac • Вишес• Горшенев • Высоцкий • Качиньский • Кеннеди • Кернес • Коновалов и Ковалёв • Космодемьянская • Кушнир • Пресли • Ратмир • Тальков • Цой) • Зомби • Иисус • Каддафи • Кейн • Кенни • Макар • Маслов • Миллиард расстрелянных лично Сталиным • Немцов • Николай II • Пассажиры Корейского Боинга • Патриарх • Пиньян • Распутин • Свиридов • Семецкий • Сысоев • Тесак • Троцкий • Турчинский • Умерший брат • Фарада • Флойд • Хармс • Цезарь • Элиза Лэм
An Heroes Герои саентологии • Героические дохлые герои (Беннингтон • Кобейн • Маяковский • Хасигути) • Грудцинов • Густавсон • Дуайер • Камикадзе • Очковская • Микки • Фомин • Митчелл [an Hero] Хэндэрсон • Химейер
Экстерминатусы Биореактор • Газенваген • Геноцид в Руанде • Голодомор • Гуро • День миномёта • Децимация • Котёл • Кровная месть • Марсельское убийство • Массовые расстрелы • Овцы съели людей • Смертная казнь • Терроризм • Холокост (Arbeit macht frei, Jedem das Seine, Окончательное решение) • Эвтаназия
После смерти вас… Изнасилуют (Насиловать труп) • Наградят премией Дарвина • Отправят в морг • Сделают персонажем садистских стишков • Сделают экспонатом • Сфотографируют на память • Съедят • Похоронят
…, а люди скажут: Did he die? • Did he drop any good loot? • Goodnight, sweet prince • Memento mori • TRUE-DEATH-PRIMITIVE-LINUX-MITOLL • WTF BOOM • X не умер • Закопайте обратно • Мы все умрём! • Такие дела
Источник
Тупак Шакур
Tupac Shakur
Tupac Shakur.jpg
Основная информация
Имя при рождении

Lesane Parish Croocks
Полное имя

Tupac Amaru Shakur
Дата рождения

16 июня 1971
Место рождения

Гарлем, Манхэттен, Нью-Йорк
Дата смерти

13 сентября 1996 (25 лет)
Место смерти

Лас-Вегас
Годы активности

1990 — 1996
Страна

Flag of the United States.svg США
Профессии

рэпер, актёр, продюсер
Жанры

Хип-хоп, Рэп, Хардкор хип-хоп, Гангста-рэп
Псевдонимы

MC New York,
2Pac,
Makaveli
Коллективы

Digital Underground, Thug Life, Outlawz
Сотрудничество

Live Squad, The Notorious B.I.G., Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, MC Breed, Richie Rich, Ice-T, Boot Camp Clik, MF Grimm, Nate Dogg
Лейблы

Interscope, Out da Gutta, Death Row, Makaveli, Amaru, Koch
Официальный сайт  (англ.)

Тупак Амару Шакур (англ. Tupac Amaru Shakur), выступавший также под псевдонимами MC New York, 2Pac и Makaveli; при рождении Лесэйн Пэриш Крукс[источник?], англ. Lesane Parish Crooks; 16 июня 1971, Гарлем, Нью-Йорк — 13 сентября 1996, Лас-Вегас, Невада) — легендарный американский рэпер, киноактер и общественный деятель. Шакур продал более чем 75 миллионов альбомов по вcему миру (из них 50 — в США).[1], что делает его одним из самых продаваемых исполнителей в мире. Журнал Rolling Stone поставил его на 86 место в списке величайших исполнителей всех времён[2]. Тупак был убит в 1996 году, убийцы так и не были найдены. Первый рэпер, которому поставили памятник[3].

Подавляющее большинство песен Тупака повествуют о тяжёлой жизни в гетто, насилии, бедности, расизме, проблемах современного общества и конфликтах с другими рэп-исполнителями. Общественная деятельность Тупака была направлена на защиту политического, экономического, социального и расового равенства, а его ранние записи — о насилии, проблемах наркомании и алкоголизма, конфликтах с законом.

Содержание

  • 1 Биография
  • 2 Стрельба 30 ноября 1994 года
  • 3 Стрельба 7 сентября 1996 года и смерть
  • 4 Творчество
    • 4.1 Дискография
    • 4.2 Фильмография
  • 5 Примечания
  • 6 Литература
  • 7 Ссылки

Биография

Родился 16 июня 1971 года, в восточном районе Гарлема, Нью-Йорк. Имя Тупак Амару (англ. Tupac Amaru) получил после крещения благодаря своему крёстному отцу Элмеру ‘Джеронимо’ Пратту (англ. Elmer ‘Geronimo’ Pratt), лидеру «Чёрных Пантер», в честь перуанского революционера, потомка последнего вождя инков Тупака Амару II, поднявшего восстание против испанцев и казненного за это. Фамилию Шакур получил от отчима — доктора Мутулу Шакура (англ. Mutulu Shakur). Родители: мать — Эллис Фэй Уильямс (она же Афени Шакур), отец — Билли Гарланд. К тому времени, когда Тупак пошёл в начальную школу, семья сменила 18 мест жительства. В 14 лет он поступил в Балтиморскую школу искусств, в которой проучился два года. В 17 лет бросил школу и семью, ушёл из дома и уехал в Мэрин-Сити. В 1990 году прошёл прослушивание в группу Digital Underground, в составе которой некоторое время выступал как певец и танцор. В 1991 году Тупак подписался на звукозаписывающий лейбл Interscope, вышел его первый сольный альбом «2Pacalypse Now» (главный сингл — «Brenda’s Got a Baby»).

В 1992 году Тупак переехал в Лос-Анджелес, Калифорния, выпустил второй альбом — «Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.» (при участии Рэнди ‘Stretch’ Уолкера и Digital Underground), влился в криминальную жизнь города, вёл преступный образ жизни, неоднократно оказывался в тюрьме, но на незначительные сроки. Многие друзья и биографы отмечают, что на образ жизни Шакура повлияла роль в фильме «Авторитет»: войдя в киношный образ авторитета, он так и не смог из него выйти. В 1994 году создал группу THUG LIFE (Кроме самого Тупака в неё вошли его двоюродный брат Mopreme «Komani» Shakur, Big Syke, Macadoshis и Rated R), с которой записал одноимённый альбом. В ноябре 1993 года Тупак Шакур познакомился с 19-летней девушкой Аянной Джэксон (Ayanna Jackson), которая через неделю после знакомства обвинила его в изнасиловании.

30 ноября 1994 года, за день до вынесения решения по делу об изнасиловании, Тупак Шакур и ещё двое его знакомых были ограблены, Шакур получил 5 пулевых ранений. На следующий день Тупак был осуждён по обвинению в изнасиловании, заключён под стражу до вынесения окончательного приговора. 7 февраля 1995 г. он был приговорён к лишению свободы на срок от 1,5 до 4,5 лет.

Тупак Шакур вошёл в историю как первый человек, который издал альбом, находясь в тюрьме — «Me Against the World» (рус. «Я против всего мира»), получивший впоследствии мультиплатиновый статус. В апреле 1995 года, все ещё находясь в тюрьме, женился на Кейше Моррис, после выхода из тюрьмы — развёлся. В конце года получил предложение от главы лейбла Death Row Мэриона «Suge» Найта (англ.), по которому Найт обязался внести залог, а Тупак обязался выпустить 3 альбома на Death Row. В связи с финансовыми проблемами Шакур вынужден был согласиться. Получив освобождение в октябре 1995 года, после 10 месяцев тюрьмы, Тупак сразу же приступил к записи новых песен. 13 февраля 1996 года вышло главное творение Тупака — двойной альбом «All Eyez on Me», получивший девятикратный платиновый статус.

В записи этого альбома приняли участие: один из совладельцев Death Row — Dr. Dre, Redman, Method Man, Tha Dogg Pound, Snoop Dogg, Джордж Клинтон, E-40, и новая группа Тупака, Outlawz (Outlaw Immortalz). За то время, что Тупак провёл на Death Row, он изменился в худшую сторону, его друзья были этим встревожены и постоянно намекали ему об этом. Наконец, когда он и сам осознал это, Тупак решил выпустить последний альбом (этот альбом вышел уже после его смерти, под псевдонимом Makaveli, и носил двойное название «The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory»), положенный по контракту, и уйти с Death Row, основав свой лейбл и киностудию.

Стрельба 30 ноября 1994 года

30 ноября 1994 года, за день до оглашения приговора по обвинению в сексуальном домогательстве, произошел памятный инцидент. Тупак находился в холле нью-йоркской студии Quad, когда к нему подошли двое парней и, угрожая пистолетом, отобрали драгоценности на сумму в 40 000 долларов, после чего произвели пять выстрелов. Две пули попали Тупаку в пах, две в голову и еще одна пронзила руку. В случившемся обвинили нью-йоркских рэперов — Notorious B.I.G., Puff Daddy и их друзей. После этого была объявлена знаменитая война побережий в американском рэпе.

Стрельба 7 сентября 1996 года и смерть

В августе Тупак часто говорил о предчувствии скорой смерти и проводил много времени, записывая новые песни.

7 сентября 1996 года в Лас-Вегасе состоялся боксерский поединок между Майком Тайсоном и Брюсом Селдоном, в котором Тайсон без проблем нокаутировал противника.

После боя в холле отеля MGM Grand произошла стычка между Тупаком и Орландо «Baby Lane» Андерсоном (англ.), которая попала на камеры видеонаблюдения. После нее Тупак вместе с Найтом отправились в клуб, принадлежавший Death Row — Club 662. Они ехали на BMW 750i. За ними следовали телохранители Тупака и Шуга. Телохранитель Тупака хотел поехать в одной машине с ними, однако Тупак сослался на то, что, возвращаясь из клуба, многие будут нетрезвы и понадобится больше машин, чтобы довезти всех обратно в отель.

В 22:55 во время остановки на светофоре Тупак опустил стекло, и один из его фанатов, Леонард Джефферсон, перебросившись парой фраз, сделал снимок рэпера.[4]

Примерно в 23:00 — 23:05 машина была остановлена патрульным полицейским за слишком громкое воспроизведение музыки и отсутствие номерных знаков. Номера оказались в багажнике. Через несколько минут Шуг и Тупак были отпущены без штрафа. Около 23:10 они остановились на светофоре на перекрестке Фламинго-Роуд и Коувал-Лейн, напротив отеля Maxim. Тупак, который стоял, высунувшись в люк на крыше, обменялся несколькими словами с двумя девушками, остановившимися рядом, и приглашал их в клуб. Около 23:15 белый 4-дверный Cadillac одной из последних моделей с неизвестным количеством пассажиров остановился по правую сторону от автомобиля Шуга на одном из перекрестков. Нападавшие опустили окна и расстреляли автомобиль Шуга. Пули попали только в Тупака — в грудь, таз и бедро. Одна из пуль срикошетила и попала в правое лёгкое. Шуг был ранен осколками стекол. После нападавшие быстро скрылись. Одна из машин конвоя отправилась следом, однако вскоре вернулась ни с чем.

Прибывшие на место преступления медики доставили Шуга и смертельно раненого Тупака в госпиталь. Шакур потерял сознание, его дыхание поддерживалось искусственно, он был введен в искусственную кому, но ничего не помогло. 13 сентября в 16:03 он умер. Причиной смерти стала задержка дыхания и остановка сердца, вызванные пулевыми ранениями. Тело Тупака было кремировано, а часть праха смешана с марихуаной и выкурена его друзьями[5].

Творчество

Дискография

Студийные альбомы

  • 1991 — 2Pacalypse Now
  • 1993 — Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.
  • 1995 — Me Against the World
  • 1996 — All Eyez on Me
  • 1996 — The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory

Фильмография

Тупак Шакур участвовал как актёр или как одно из действующих лиц в следующих фильмах:

Год Название Оригинальное название Роль Примечание
1991 Одни неприятности Nothing But Trouble в роли самого себя В составе группы Digital Underground
1992 Авторитет Juice Бишоп Первая звёздная роль
1992 Дрексэлл класс Drexell’s Class в роли самого себя Сезон 1: «Cruisin’»
1993 Мир разнообразий A Different World Piccolo Сезон 6: «Homie, Don’t You Know Me?»
1993 Поэтичная Джастис Poetic Justice Lucky Сотрудничество с Джанет Джексон
1993 Цветная жизнь In Living Color в роли самого себя Сезон 5: «Ike Turner and Hooch»
1994 Над кольцом Above the Rim Birdie

Сотрудничество С Марлоном Уайнсом
1996 Пуля Bullet Tank Выпущен через месяц после смерти Шакура
1997 В тупике Gridlock’d Изекииль «Спун» Уитмор Выпущен через несколько месяцев после смерти Шакура.
Преступные связи Gang Related Detective Rodríguez Последняя работа Шакура в кино. Создатели фильма посвятили фильм Тупаку
2003 Тупак: Воскрешение Tupac: Resurrection в роли самого себя Официальный документальный фильм
20?? Жить чтобы сказать Live 2 Tell Анонсирован[6]
  • В фильме «Notorious» 2009 года Тупака Шакура сыграл Энтони Маки.

Примечания

  1. ↑ «Top-Earning Dead Celebrities: 8. Tupac Shakur». Forbes.
  2. ↑ 100 величайших исполнителей всех времён — Тупак Шакур
  3. ↑ Памятник Тупака
  4. ↑ ESPN 30 for 30
  5. ↑ Tupac’s life after death, Smh.com.au (September 13, 2006). Проверено 7 января 2012.
  6. ↑ facebook.com — Live 2 Tell

Литература

  • Jacob Hoye, Karolyn Ali Tupac: Resurrection. — Atria, 2006. — 256 p. — ISBN 978-0743474351

Ссылки

q: Тупак Шакур в Викицитатнике?
commons: Тупак Шакур на Викискладе?
  • Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation for the Arts
  • Песни Шакур, Тупак Амару на Яндекс.Музыке
  • Tupac Alluded to Black President as «Heaven Sent»
  • Шакур, Тупак Амару  (англ.) на сайте Internet Movie Database
  • Шакур, Тупак Амару в каталоге ссылок Open Directory Project (dmoz).
 Просмотр этого шаблона Тупак Шакур
Дискография · Фильмография · Награды и номинации
Студийные альбомы 2Pacalypse Now · Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. · Thug Life · Me Against the World · All Eyez on Me · The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory
Посмертные альбомы R U Still Down? (Remember Me) · Still I Rise · Until the End of Time · Better Dayz · Loyal to the Game · Pac’s Life
Совместные альбомы Thug Life: Volume 1 (совместно с Thug Life)
Альбомы с живым звуком 2Pac Live · Live at the House of Blues
Сборники Greatest Hits · The Rose That Grew from Concrete · The Prophet: The Best of the Works · Tupac: Resurrection · The Rose, Vol. 2 · The Prophet Returns · Beginnings: The Lost Tapes 1988–1991 · Best of 2Pac
Альбомы ремиксов Nu-Mixx Klazzics · Nu-Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2
EP Makaveli & Dillinger Don’t Go 2 Sleep
Синглы «Brenda’s Got a Baby» · «If My Homie Calls» · «Trapped» · «Holler If Ya Hear Me» · «I Get Around» · «Keep Ya Head Up» · «Papa’z Song» · «Cradle to the Grave» · «Dear Mama» · «So Many Tears» · «Temptations» · «California Love» · «2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted» · «How Do U Want It» · «All bout U» · «Life Goes On» · «I Ain’t Mad at Cha» · «Toss It Up» · «To Live & Die in L.A.» · «Hail Mary» · «Wanted Dead or Alive» · «Made Niggaz»
Посмертные синглы «I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto» · «Do for Love» · «Changes» · «Unconditional Love» · «Baby Don’t Cry (Keep Ya Head Up II)» · «Who Do U Believe In» · «Until the End of Time» · «Letter 2 My Unborn» · «Thugz Mansion» · «Still Ballin’» · «One Day at a Time» · «Runnin’ (Dying to Live)» · «Thugs Get Lonely Too» · «Ghetto Gospel» · «Untouchable» · «Pac’s Life»
Другие синглы «Call It What U Want» · «Let’s Get It On» · «Gotta Get Mine» · «Wussup Wit the Luv» · «Niggas Done Changed» · «Are U Still Down?» · «Smile» · «Homies & Thuggs» · «Playa Cardz Right»
Фильмография «Одни неприятности» · «Авторитет» · «Над кольцом» · «Пуля» · «В тупике» · «Преступные связи»
Документальные фильмы «Biggie & Tupac» · «Тупак: Воскрешение» · «Tupac: Assassination»
Связанные статьи Outlawz · Thug Life · Digital Underground · Афени Шакур · Ассата Шакур · Моприм Шакур · Мутулу Шакур · Орландо Андерсон · Death Row Records · Amaru Entertainment · Dr. Dre · Snoop Dogg · Шуг Найт
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тупак — перевод на английский

То был Тупак Шакур.

— Oh, yeah. That was Tupac Shakur.

О, Тупак, нет!

Oh, Tupac, no!

Тупак Шакур, сэр.

— Some old Tupac, sir.

Тупак был застрелен в центре Лас-Вегаса после боя Майка Тайсона.

Tupac was gunned down on the Las Vegas Strip after a Mike Tyson fight.

Больше людей видело как Тупак был застрелен чем последний эпизод Seinfeld. (американский ситком)

More people saw Tupac get shot than the last episode of Seinfeld.

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