Воздушно десантных войск как пишется

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Ответьте, пожалуйста! Голубые береты (в значении десантники) надо писать в кавычках или без? И почему?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно без кавычек. Сочетания голубые, зелёные, чёрные, красные… береты (в значении ‘o разных воинских подразделениях’) зафиксированы словарями русского языка. Они уже не являются новыми, необычными.

Добрый день! Не стал бы задавать этот вопрос, если б не столкнулся с массовым заблуждением, которое возникает у людей, проверяющих правописание слова «горнотранспортный» на вашем портале. Применительно к геологии и открытым горным работам часто употребляют словосочетания «горно-транспортный комплекс», горно-транспортная схема [железорудного карьера]» и т.д. Видимо, специалисты портала «Грамота.ру» не в курсе тонкостей геологических терминов. Горно-транспортный комплекс — это не про горный транспорт, а про горные работы и транспортировку горной массы, руды. То есть «горно» — горные работы (геологоразведка, бурение, взрыв и эскавация полезных ископаемых) и «транспортный» — транспорт (железнодорожный транспорт, автомобильный транспорт, конвейерные комплексы и т.д.). То есть образование слова по принципу «главное+зависимое» в данном случае не работает. Кроме этого, то такое «горный транспорт»? Такого определения не существует в принципе. Есть горная техника, горные работы, а горное и транспортное оборудование, а горного транспорта увы нет. Ссылка на геологическую литературу, где слово пишется через дефис: https://www.geokniga.org/labels/41236 Заранее благодарю за ответ! С уважением, Николай Николаев

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Орфографический словарь на нашем портале отражает нормы, установленные академическим «Русским орфографическим словарем» — преемником академического «Орфографического словаря русского языка» (1956—1999). Слитное написание для слова горнотранспортный рекомендуется орфографическими словарями с 1968 года. Орфографистам хорошо известно значение слова, известно также, что правило о написании сложных прилагательных, на которое Вы ссылаетесь, еще с момента его закрепления в «Правилах русской орфографии и пунктуации» 1956 года работает плохо, оно имеет множество исключений, которые фиксировались всегда словарно, никогда не предлагались в виде полного списка к правилу.

Редактор «Русского орфографического словаря» О. Е. Иванова по поводу правила написания сложных прилагательных 1956 года пишет: «…специалистам известно, что правила написания сложных прилагательных далеки от совершенства, а полного списка исключений к ним никогда не было, нет и быть не может. «Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации» 1956 г. (далее — Правила), которые до сего дня являются единственным законодательно утвержденным сводом правил русского правописания, уже давно оцениваются специалистами как неполные и в ряде случаев не соответствующие современному состоянию письма. В частности, и та норма в § 80 п. 2, которая регулирует написание сложных прилагательных, стала нарушаться едва ли не с первых лет существования Правил. Уже в первом издании «Орфографического словаря русского языка» в том же 1956 г. даны с дефисом, несмотря на легко устанавливаемое подчинительное соотношение частей, например, такие слова: буржуазно-демократический (хотя буржуазная демократия), военно-исторический (хотя военная история; и мн. др. слова с первой частью военно-), врачебно-консультационный (хотя врачебная консультация или консультация врача) и врачебно-контрольный, врачебно-наблюдательный, дорожно-строительный, жилищно-кооперативный, конституционно-демократический, парашютно-десантный, союзно-республиканский, стрелково-спортивный, субъективно-идеалистический, уголовно-процессуальный и др. Позднее появились и многие другие прилагательные, пишущиеся не по правилу (к примеру: авторско-правовой, валютно-обменный, врачебно-консультативный, генно-инженерный, государственно-монополистический, гражданско-правовой, дорожно-ремонтный, дорожно-сигнальный, конституционно-монархический, лечебно-физкультурный, молочно-животноводческий, партийно-номенклатурный, ракетно-технический, химико-технологический, экспериментально-психологический, электронно-лучевой, ядерно-энергетический). В справочниках и пособиях по орфографии никогда не давались списки исключений из данного правила, поскольку просто не представляется возможным отследить все отступления при столь динамично развивающемся словарном составе языка. Считается, что дефисному написанию в этих случаях способствует наличие в первой основе суффиксов относительных прилагательных -н-, -енн-, -ов-, -ск- [Правила 2006: 138] , а также отчасти многослоговость первого компонета, из-за чего слитно написанное слово зрительно воспринимается труднее, коммуникация усложняется. <…> Б.З. Букчина и Л.П. Калакуцкая предложили другое правило, основанное не на принципе семантико-синтаксического соотношения частей, а на формальном критерии. В основе его лежит наличие/отсутствие суффикса в первой части сложного прилагательного как показателя её грамматической оформленности: «дихотомичности орфографического оформления соответствует дихотомичность языкового выражения: есть суффикс в первой части сложного прилагательного — пиши через дефис, нет суффикса — пиши слитно» [Букчина, Калакуцкая 1974: 12–13]. Авторы этой идеи, реализованной в словаре-справочнике «Слитно или раздельно?», отмечали, что «формальный критерий не является и не может быть панацеей от всех бед он может служить руководством лишь в тех случаях, когда написание неизвестно или когда имеются колеблющиеся написания» [Там же: 14].

Однако в русском письме устойчивый сегмент написания сложных прилагательных «по правилам» все-таки существует (впервые сформулировано в [Бешенкова, Иванова 2012: 192–193]). Он формируется при наложении двух основных факторов: смысловое соотношение основ и наличие/отсутствие суффикса в первой части. В той области письма, где данные факторы действуют совместно, в одном направлении, написание прилагательного — слитное или дефисное — предсказуемо и, самое главное, совпадает с действующей нормой письма. Там же, где имеет место рассогласование этих факторов, их разнонаправленное действие, написание непредсказуемо, не выводится из правил, определяется только по словарю. Итак, (I) наличие суффикса в первой части (→дефис) при сочинительном отношении основ (→дефис) дает дефисное написание прилагательного (весенне-летний, испанско-русский, плодово-овощной, плоско-выпуклый); (II) отсутствие суффикса в первой части (→слитно) при подчинительном отношении основ (→слитно) дает слитное написание прилагательного (бронетанковый, валютообменный, грузосборочный, стрессоустойчивый); (III) наличие суффикса (→дефис) при подчинительном отношении основ (→слитно) или отсутствие суффикса (→слитно) при сочинительном отношении основ (→дефис) дают словарное написание (горнорудный и горно-геологический, конноспортивный и военно-спортивный, газогидрохимический и органо-гидрохимический, дачно-строительный, длинноволновый…). Понятно, конечно, что зона словарных написаний среди сложных прилагательных весьма обширна (хотя их много и среди сложных существительных, и среди наречий). Словарными, помимо слов с традиционным устоявшимся написанием, являются и те слова, написание которых выбрано лингвистами из двух или нескольких реально бытующих — на основании критериев кодификации» [Иванова 2020].

Применение любого из описанных выше правил осложняется еще и тем, что существует проблема определения смыслового соотношения основ сложного прилагательного — сочинение или подчинение. О. И. Иванова приводит такие примеры: абстрактно-гуманистический (абстрактный гуманизм? или абстрактный и гуманистический?), абстрактно-нравственный (абстрактная нравственность или абстрактный и нравственный), абстрактно-философский (абстрактный и философский или абстрактная философия), аварийно-сигнальный (аварийные и сигнальные работы или сигнализирующие об аварии работы) [Иванова 2020].

Можно ли усмотреть сочинительные отношения между основами, от которых формально образуется прилагательное горнотранспортный? К подчинительным их отнести нельзя (горнотранспортный — «это не про горный транспорт»), но и как сочинительные эти отношения охарактеризовать нельзя (как, например, в словах звуко-буквенный, спуско-подъемный, рабоче-крестьянский), значение слова более сложное, чем просто объединение значений двух образующих его основ. Таким образом, слово горнотранспортный попадает в область написания по словарю. Словарные написания устанавливаются на основе изучения различных факторов, к которым, в частности, относятся традиция словарной фиксации, практика письма в грамотных текстах, (для терминов) в нормативных документах. 

О фиксации в орфографических словарях мы уже писали выше. В профессиональной литературе, документах встречается и дефисное, и слитное написание (см., например, библиографические описания, включающие слово горнотранспортный в РГБ, название колледжа в Новокузнецке, ГОСТ Р 57071-2016 «Оборудование горно-шахтное. Нормативы безопасного применения машин и оборудования на угольных шахтах и разрезах по пылевому фактору»). 

Эти и другие источники убеждают в том, что унификации написания в профессиональной среде не произошло, рекомендуемое академическими орфографическими словарями с 1968 года слитное написание весьма устойчиво. Совокупность рассмотренных лингвистами факторов пока требует сохранять словарную рекомендацию в надежде на стабилизацию написания в соответствии с лексикографической традицией.

Научные труды, упомянутые в ответе на вопрос

Правила — Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации (1956). Утвержд. АН СССР, Мин. высшего образования СССР, Мин. просвещения РСФСР. Москва: Учпедгиз.

Правила 2006 — Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации. Полный академический справочник. Под ред. В.В. Лопатина. М.: ЭКСМО.

Букчина, Калакуцкая 1974 — Букчина Б.З., Калакуцкая Л.П. (1974) Лингвистические основания орфографического оформления сложных слов. Нерешенные вопросы русского правописания. М.: «Наука». С. 5–14.

Бешенкова, Иванова 2012 — Бешенкова Е.В., Иванова О.Е. (2012) Русское письмо в правилах с комментариями. М.: Издательский центр «Азбуковник».

Иванова 2020 — Иванова О.Е. Об основаниях орфографической кодификации прилагательного крымско-татарский [Электронный ресурс]. Социолингвистика. N 2(2), С. 138–149.

Здравствуйте. Пожалуйста, SOS! Очень срочно: надо отправлять номер, а мы сомневаемся, ставить заглавную или строчную букву: Десять парней будут служить в В(в)оздушно-десантных войсках, пятеро — в В(в)оенно-воздушных силах, четверо — в Р(р)акетных войсках стратегического назначения. Очень надеемся на помощь! Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Словарная рекомендация: Воздушно-десантные войска РФ, Военно-воздушные силы РФ, Ракетные войска стратегического назначения РФ. Если же речь идет обобщенно о родах войск, то уместно написание строчными буквами.

Как правильно пишется с большой — «Воздушно-десантные войска» или с маленькой буквы — «воздушно-десантные войска»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно с заглавной буквы.

Здравствуйте, пытаясь разобраться в причинах дефисного написания прилагательных при подчиненном соотношении основ, я наткнулась на следующее ваше объяснение: «Из правила о дефисном/слитном написании прилагательных в зависимости от соотношения основ (сочинение/подчинение) в современной письменной речи имеется очень много исключений. Фактически это правило во многих случаях не работает. Дефисному написанию прилагательных способствует наличие в первой основе суффикса относительных прилагательных -н-, -енн-, -ов-, -ск-: естественно-научный, военно-исторический, электронно-лучевой, стрелково-спортивный, гражданско-правовой, парашютно-десантный и мн. др. Число таких «неправильных» написаний неуклонно растет в течение последних десятилетий. Во всех спорных случаях следует обращаться к орфографическим словарям». Не могли бы вы также дать ссылку на нормативные издания, фиксирующие эту тенденцию?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Об исследовании орфографии сложных прилагательных можно прочитать, например, в статье Букчиной Б. З. и Калакуцкой Л. П. «Лингвистические основания орфографического оформления сложных слов» (см.: Нерешенные вопросы русского правописания / ред. коллегия: Р. И. Аванесов, Л. П. Калакуцкая, А. А. Реформатский ; АН СССР, Ин-т русского языка. М. : «Наука», 1974. С. 5–14); в предисловии к словарю Букчиной Б. З. и Калакуцкой Л. П. «Слитно или раздельно?» (1-е изд. М., 1972; 3-е изд., испр. и доп. М. 1982), в книге Бешенковой Е. В. и Ивановой О. Е. «Правила русской орфографии с комментариями» (Тамбов, 2012. С. 86–87; см. здесь).

Как писать

юридические лица-резиденты
или юридические лица – резиденты

по принципу демобилизованный офицер-десантник?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: юридические лица – резиденты. В сочетаниях с приложением ставится тире, если одна из частей представляет собой сочетание слов.

Уважаемые сотрудники портала «Грамота.ру»! Не могу разобраться со словом «естественнонаучный». По идее, оно должно писаться слитно, т.к. образовано от словосочетания «естественные науки» (связь: согласование). Этому учили в школе, это есть у Розенталя (в разделе «Правописание сложных прилагательных»). А у вас на сайте — наоборот, через дефис. Откуда же он взялся в этом слове?! Кто его ввел и когда?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Из правила о дефисном/слитном написании прилагательных в зависимости от соотношения основ (сочинение/подчинение) в современной письменной речи имеется очень много исключений. Фактически это правило во многих случаях не работает. Дефисному написанию прилагательных способствует наличие в первой основе суффикса относительных прилагательных -н-, -енн-, -ов-, -ск-: естественно-научный, военно-исторический, электронно-лучевой, стрелково-спортивный, гражданско-правовой, парашютно-десантный и мн. др. Число таких «неправильных» написаний неуклонно растет в течение последних десятилетий. Во всех спорных случаях следует обращаться к орфографическим словарям.

Как правильно писать: День Воздушно-десантных войск?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Официальное название праздника: День Воздушно-десантных войск Российской Федерации.

Скажите, пожалуйста, есть ли такое слово «охранение»? Спасибо за ответ

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Да, есть:

ОХРАНЕ́НИЕ, -я, ср.

1. Действие по знач. глаг. охранить—охранять. Охранение общественного порядка. □ — Так как не хочу потерять ни орудия, ни деревню Петликовце, то приму меры для их охранения. Сергеев-Ценский, Лютая зима.

2. Воен. Войсковое подразделение, выделяемое для охраны своей части от внезапного нападения противника. Кое-где в встречных деревнях стояли сторожевые охранения в одну или две роты. Вересаев, На японской войне. Лейтенант отправил автоматчиков в разведку, потом пошел сам расставить боевое охранение, секреты. В. Кожевников, Десант.

Добрый день! Помогите, пожалуйста, разобраться, как в данном предложении — в начале ноября войска Северо-Кавказского фронта высадили десант на Керченском полуострове — писать «Северо-кавказский»? Слитно или раздельно, «кавказский» с большой или маленькой и почему?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Вы написали правильно: Северно-Кавказского фронта. В географических, административно-территориальных названиях, в названиях разного рода организаций, начинающихся географическими определениями с первыми компонентами Северо- (Северно-), Юго- (Южно-), Западно-, Восточно-, Центрально-, сложное прилагательное пишется через дефис, и в нем с прописной буквы пишутся оба компонента.

здравствуйте! из них 5 юношей отправятся в Президентский полк, 13 — в Воздушно-десантные и 24 — в Пограничные. правильно ли написаны заглавные? Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Лучше добавить слово _войска: …5 юношей отправятся в Президентский полк, 13 — в воздушно-десантные войска и 24 — в пограничные._

Russian Airborne Forces
Воздушно-десантные войска России Vozdushno-desantnye voyska Rossii
Emblem of the Russian Airborne Forces
Founded	7 May 1992
Country	Russia
Branch	Russian Armed Forces
Type	Airborne forces
Role	Light infantry Airborne infantry Airmobile infantry
Size	45,000 (2015)[1]
Nickname(s)	Blue Berets, Winged Infantry
Patron	Saint Elijah the Prophet[2]
Motto(s)	Никто, кроме нас! (Nobody, but us!)
Color of Beret	Sky Blue
March	«The blue» (Синева, unofficial hymn) [3][circular reference] «We Need One Victory (Our 10th Parachute Battalion)» (Нам нужна одна победа (10-й наш десантный батальон), service march past)
Anniversaries	Paratroopers’ Day (2 August)
Engagements	First Chechen War Second Chechen War Russo-Georgian War Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Operation Grand Dawn (allegedly)[4] 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Commanders
Commander	Colonel General Mikhail Teplinskiy [ru]
Chief of Staff and First Deputy commander	Colonel General Evgeniy Ustinov [ru]
Notable commanders	General Georgy Shpak
Insignia
Flag
Patch
Medium emblem
Insignia

The Russian Airborne Forces (Russian: Воздушно-десантные войска России, ВДВ, romanized: Vozdushno-desantnye voyska Rossii, VDV) are the airborne forces branch of the Russian Armed Forces. It was formed in 1992 from units of the Soviet Airborne Forces that came under Russian control following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Troops of the Russian Airborne Forces have traditionally worn a blue beret and blue-striped telnyashka undershirt and are called desant (Russian: Десант) from the French Descente.^[5]

The Russian Airborne Forces utilizes a range of specialist airborne warfare vehicles and are fully mechanized. They traditionally have a larger complement of heavy weaponry than most contemporary airborne forces.^[6]

History[edit]

With the demise of the Soviet Union, the number of VDV divisions shrank from seven to four, as well as four brigades and the brigade-sized training center.^[7] In October 2013, Shamanov announced that a new air assault brigade would be formed in Voronezh in 2016 with the number of the 345th Guards Airborne Regiment.^[8] The establishment of the brigade was postponed to 2017–18, according to a June 2015 announcement.^[9] It was announced in July 2015 that plans called for the 31st Airborne Brigade to be expanded into the 104th Guards Airborne Division by 2023,^[10] and for an additional airborne regiment to be attached to each division.^[11]

The 11th Air Assault Brigade in the Central Military District (formerly the Siberian Military District) and the 56th Air Assault Brigade in the Southern Military District (formerly the North Caucasus Military District) were partially infantry formations reporting directly to the military districts they are stationed in.^[12] The VDV’s training institute is the Ryazan Institute for the Airborne Forces named for General of the Army V.F. Margelov.^[13] In addition, in the mid-late 1990s, the former 345th Guards Airborne Regiment was stationed in Gudauta, Abkhazia AR, Georgia. It later became the 10th Independent Peacekeeping Airborne Regiment. The unit was further designated the 50th Military Base.

In the early 1990s, General Pavel Grachev, the first Russian Defence Minister, planned for the VDV to form the core of the planned Mobile Forces. This was announced in Krasnaya Zvezda, the Ministry of Defence’s daily newspaper, in July 1992. However, the Mobile Forces plan was never enacted. The number of formations available for the force was far less than anticipated, since much of the Airborne Forces had been ‘nationalised’ by the republics their units had been previously based in, and other arms of service, such as the GRU and Military Transport Aviation, who were to provide the airlift component, were adamantly opposed to ceding control of their forces.^[14]

From 1996 the VDV dispatched the 1st Airborne Brigade to Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of IFOR’s Multi-National Division North. The brigade, unusually, used Russian Ground Forces equipment such as BTR-80s.

After an experimental period, the 104th Parachute Regiment of 76th Airborne Division became the first Russian Ground Forces regiment that was fully composed of professional soldiers (and not of srochniki – conscripted soldiers aged eighteen). It was announced that the 98th Airborne Division is also earmarked for contract manning, and by September 2006, it was confirmed that 95% of the units of the 98th Division had shifted to contract manning.^[15]

With the reduction in forces after 1991, the 61st Air Army, Russia’s military air transport force, has enough operational heavy transport aircraft to move one airborne division, manned at peacetime standards, in two-and-a-half lifts.^[16] The single independent brigade, the 31st at Ulyanovsk, however, is not equipped with its own armor or artillery and may be equivalent to Western airborne troops, in that it functions as light infantry and must walk when reaching their destination. The 31st was the former 104th Guards Airborne Division.

VDV troops participated in the rapid deployment of Russian forces stationed in Bosnian city Ugljevik, in and around Pristina Airport during the Kosovo War. They also took part in the invasion of Chechnya as an active bridgehead for other forces to follow.

Russian airborne troops had their own holiday during the Soviet era, which continues to be celebrated on 2 August. Their most emblematic mark of distinction is a blue beret. VDV soldiers are often called «blue berets». Each year, current and former paratroopers, often in an inebriated state, celebrate by meeting up and wandering city streets and parks. The day is notorious for two common sights: paratroopers frolicking in fountains and picking fights with hapless passers-by.^[17]
Notable former Airborne Forces officers include Aleksandr Lebed, who was involved in responses to disorder in the Caucasus republics in the last years of the Soviet Union, and Pavel Grachev who went on to become the first Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation.

On 26 May 2009 Lieutenant-General Vladimir Anatolevich Shamanov became the new commander of the VDV, replacing Lieutenant-General Valeriy Yevtukhovich who was being discharged to the reserve. Shamanov was decorated as a Hero of Russia for his combat role in the campaigns in Chechnya. His previous posts are the chief of the combat training directorate and commander of the 58th Army. His most recent post was chief of the main combat training directorate.^[18] Shamanov and the acting commander of the 106th Airborne Division were severely injured in a car crash on 30 October 2010, with the driver being killed.^[19]

On 28 January 2010, the Russian Defense Ministry announced that the VDV’s air components had been placed under the VVS.^[20]

Under the 2008 reform programme, the four existing two-regiment divisions should have been transformed into 7–8 air-assault brigades. However once General Shamanov became commander-in-chief of the Airborne Forces, it was decided to keep the original structure. The divisions have been beefed up and there are now four independent airborne/air-assault brigades, one for each military district.^[21] The 332nd School for Praporshchiks of the VDV (Russian: 332 Школа прапорщиков ВДВ) in Moscow was disbanded in December 2009 (also under the 2008 reform programme, all praporshchik (WO) posts in the Russian Armed Forces have been formally abolished).

In October 2013 it was reported that the three airborne brigades under military district control (seemingly the 11th and 83rd (Ulan-Ude and Ussuriysk) in the Eastern Military District and the 56th at Kamyshin in the Southern Military District) would be returned to VDV command.^[22] The process was completed as of July 2015.^[23]

Elements of the 76th Guards Air Assault Division’s 104th Guards Air Assault Regiment allegedly participated in the War in Donbas.^[24] These units allegedly have been used as spearhead forces during the August 2014 DPR and LPR counteroffensive.^[25] During the August 2014 counteroffensive, battalion tactical groups of the 7th Guards Airborne Division’s 247th Guards Air Assault Regiment, the 98th Guards Airborne Division’s 331st Guards Airborne Regiment, the 106th Guards Airborne Division’s 137th Guards Airborne Regiment, and the 31st Guards Air Assault Brigade allegedly were sent into Ukraine. Reconnaissance teams from the 45th Detached Reconnaissance Brigade and the 106th’s 173rd Guards Separate Reconnaissance Company were previously deployed to Ukraine alongside Ground Forces units.^[26]

In February 2016, it was reported that an airborne battalion would be deployed to Dzhankoy, Crimea in 2017–18 on a permanent basis and be upgraded to a regiment in 2020.^[27] In May 2017, Shamanov announced that the battalion would be formed at Feodosiya by 1 December 2017 as part of the 7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division, and would be expanded into the 97th Air Assault Regiment with three battalions by late 2019.^[28] Since the 2014 annexation, the status of Crimea is under dispute between Russia and Ukraine; Ukraine and the majority of the international community considers Crimea an integral part of Ukraine, while Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea an integral part of Russia.^[29]

In August 2016, Russian paratroopers placed 1st place in the Airborne Platoon competition during the International Army games in Russia. In the process the Russian paratroopers defeated teams from China, Iran, Belarus, and Kazakhstan.^[30]

On 4 October 2016, Colonel General Andrey Serdyukov was appointed new commander of the Russian Airborne Forces, replacing Shamanov, who became chief of the Duma Committee on Defense.^[31]

During 2016, three reconnaissance battalions and six tank companies, and two companies of electronic warfare and unmanned aerial vehicles were formed. 188 new and upgraded armored vehicles were also delivered, with the Russian Airborne Forces equipment level of modern weapons at 47%.^{[citation needed]} From 2015 to 2016 five intelligence units and six tank units have been formed, over 3,000 new pieces of weaponry and special military equipment were supplied, the number of contract servicemen had grown by 1.5 times, while the troops’ training intensity had risen by 20 percent.^{[citation needed]}

The Russian Airborne Forces have received over eleven thousand new and upgraded weapons in 2017. The share of modern armaments and hardware comprises 62 percent. In two years four battalion sets of 120 BMD-4M and BTR-MDM Rakushka vehicles were supplied. Besides that, the force received over 100 upgraded weapons, including 2S9-1M self-propelled guns. From 2015 to 2017 the air defense units received close to 500 modern automated reconnaissance and command complexes, new Verba portable missiles, and over 30 upgraded Strela-10MN missile complexes.^{[citation needed]}

On December 1, 2017, the organizational events to create a separate airborne assault battalion in Novorosiisk mountain division deployed in Feodosiya and a separate repairs and maintenance battalion in the Moscow region have been completed. Contracted servicemen comprise over 70 percent of the troops. Barnaul-T R&D produced a planning module paradropped to airborne units to simultaneously track a hundred of air objects and a paradroppable reconnaissance and command module to detect targets in a 40-km range which is deployed in five minutes.^{[citation needed]}

State tests of a new Bakhcha-U-PDS parachute platform for the BMD-4M and BTR-MDM vehicles were completed in May 2018.^[32] Deliveries of new ‘heavy drop’ systems PBS-950U and PBS-955 began in 2020.^[33] In 2019, two battalion sets of BMD-4M airborne combat vehicles and BTR-MDM Rakushka armored personnel carriers, more than 200 units of various automotive equipment, including special armored vehicles, army snowmobiles, four-wheelers and buggies and more than 9 thousand parachute systems D-10 and «Arbalet-2» were delivered to the troops.^[34]

In April 2020, military personnel from the Russian Airborne Forces, performed the world’s first HALO paradrop from the lower border of the Arctic stratosphere. The Russian commando group used «next-generation special-purpose parachute system», military tested oxygen equipment, navigation devices, special equipment, and uniforms. This was the first high-altitude landing in the Arctic latitudes over 10 km in the history of Russian aviation. The crews of Il-76 aircraft landed at the northernmost airfield of the country on the island of Franz Josef Land.^[35][36]

As part of its mission in the Arctic region, the aircrew provided landing of airborne units from altitudes of 10 and 1.8 thousand meters, as well as landing of cargo with a total weight of about 18 tons. After conducting practical combat training, the Il-76 aircrews landed at the Nagurskoe airfield in the northern part of the island of Franz Josef Land. The high-altitude landing was dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic war of 1941–1945 and the 90th anniversary of the formation of the Airborne troops.^[35][36]

In 2020, the VDV continued to modernize and re-equip its command posts, started to receive the Stayer high-altitude parachute system which enables airdrops from up to 10 km altitude and completed receiving special purpose controllable parachute systems.^{[37][38][39][40]}

Two air assault regiments have been set up in Pskov and Crimea as part of air assault divisions in 2021. The Russian Defense Ministry has also accepted the Zavet-D artillery fire control vehicle for the Airborne Forces.^[41][42] In 2021-2022, the Airborne Forces received about 30 thousand sets of landing equipment and parachute systems.^[43][44]

2022 invasion of Ukraine[edit]

The VDV participated heavily in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In the opening hours of the invasion, the VDV attempted to secure key airports and support assaults around Ukraine. These paratroopers were recognizable by the orange-and-black Saint George ribbons decorating their helmets and arms.^[45]

The VDV attempted to paradrop and transport troops with Mi-8 and Mi-17 helicopters and take the Hostomel Airport in northern Kyiv, in order to use the airport to airlift more troops and heavy equipment to take Kyiv as a form of forward «air bridge^[46]» that would enable rapid deployment of Russian forces far in advance of the Russian land front, in an action that became known as the Battle of Antonov Airport. The VDV troops at the airport then engaged the Ukrainian National Guard’s 4th Rapid Reaction Brigade, which with the help of the Ukrainian Air Force encircled the unsupported VDV troops and recaptured the airport, with the Russians escaping to nearby woods.^[47]

The next day battle resumed, and the VDV again attempted to land troops at the airport. Deploying around 200 helicopters and with support from the Ground Forces arriving from the north (Belarus and Chernobyl), they finally broke through the Ukrainian defenses and established Russian control over the airport. In the end, however, the Ukrainians claimed that the airport became too damaged from the battle to be used as an air strip.^[48]

40 kilometers south of Kyiv in Vasylkiv, VDV paratroopers dropped in an attempt to secure the Vasylkiv Air Base. Without any support from air or ground forces, the VDV troops in Vasylkiv were eventually encircled and were unsuccessful in achieving their objectives, giving victory in the Battle of Vasylkiv to the Ukrainians.^[49]

On February 27, VDV troops with BMD-2s and BTR-Ds were seen south of Hostomel in Bucha.^[50] The VDV and Ground Forces’ units were hit on the same day by Bayraktar air strikes. The Ukrainian government claimed that «more than 100 units of enemy equipment were destroyed”.^[51] On the following weeks the VDV served as Mechanized infantry and Light infantry roles during the Kyiv offensive.^[52]

During the Battle of Kharkiv, VDV paratroopers landed in Kharkiv on March 2 in an attempt to capture the contested city.^[53] They attempted a raid on a local military hospital but were repelled by local Ukrainian forces.^[54]

On March 3, it was reported that Major General Andrei Sukhovetsky of the VDV’s 7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division, who was the appointed deputy commander of the 41st Combined Arms Army, was killed in action in Ukraine.^[55] His death is attributed either to sniper fire near Mariupol (which was besieged by Russian forces)^[56] or Hostomel during the Kyiv offensive.^[57] Ukrainian sources claimed he was killed on March 2 and his death was first confirmed on VKontakte by «Combat Brotherhood», a Russian veterans group,^[55] and later by President Vladimir Putin.^[56] The VDV suffered similar losses in Bucha and Irpin with poor command and control being cited.^[52] The VDV also joined the assault on the city of Mykolaiv during the Battle of Mykolaiv, but were pushed back by a Ukrainian counter-offensive.^[58]

On March 18, it was reported that Colonel Sergei Sukharev along with deputy Major Sergei Krylov of the 331st Guards Airborne Regiment had been killed during fighting in Mariupol.^[59]

In late April, Bellingcat journalist Christo Grozev reported that he «personally checked» and Russia had lost «almost 90% of its best paratroopers» in the first echelon of the invasion.^[60] A large number of helicopters were shot down by Ukrainian defenses and the paratroopers were stranded without armored vehicles or air support.^[61] In early May, the UK MoD stated that the VDV units and other elite forces had suffered high losses and that it would «probably take years for Russia to reconstitute these forces.»^[62]

On 19 June 2022, it was reported by Odessa military-civilian spokesperson Serhiy Bratchuk^[63][64] that Vladimir Putin had sacked Serdyukov for his doomed bid to take Hostomel airfield in which few of the invading soldiers survived.^[63][65][64] This was confirmed by Russian media reports.^[66] He was replaced by Colonel General Mikhail Teplinskiy [ru].

According to BBC News Russian and the Mediazona news website, 914 VDV deaths were documented by 21 July 2022.^[67][68]

Structure[edit]

Headquarters, Air Landing Forces, Moscow

Command personnel[edit]

• Commander Air Landing Forces – Colonel-General
• Chief of Staff and First Deputy Commander of the Air Landing Forces – Lieutenant-General
• Deputy Commander of the Air Landing Forces – Major-General
• Deputy Commander of the Air Landing Forces for Peacekeeping Operations and Collective Rapid Reaction Forces – Major-General
• Chief of Air Landing Training and Deputy Commander of the Air Landing Forces for Air Landing Training – Major-General
• Chief of Combat Training and Deputy Commander of the Air Landing Forces – Major-General
• Deputy Commander of the Air Landing Forces for Educational Work – Colonel

Commander’s Directorate, Moscow
Air Landing Forces Staff, (Military Unit [MU] 25953), Moscow

• 38th Guards Command and Control Brigade of the VDV, Medvezhyi Ozera near Shchyolkovo, Moscow Oblast
• 45th Guards Spetsnaz Brigade (MU 28337), Kubinka, Moscow Oblast
• 150th Repair and Overhaul Battalion of the VDV, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Moscow Oblast

Training and education units and establishments:

• Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School, Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
• Airborne Forces Faculty of the ‘Mikhaylovskaya’ Artillery Military Academy, Saint Petersburg
• Ulyanovsk Guards Suvorov Military School of the VDV, Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
• Tula Suvorov Military School, Tula, reformed 2016
• Omsk Cadet Military Corps of the VDV, Omsk, Omsk Oblast
• 242nd Training Centre for Training of Junior Specialists of the VDV (MU 64712), Omsk, Omsk
• 309th Center for Specialized Parachute Training of the VDV (formerly the Central Parachute Sports Club of the VDV) (trains parachute sportsmen and also parachute instructors for the special forces of the other branches),^[69] Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast

Combat forces[edit]

The Air Landing Forces combine Parachute Landing (парашютно-десантние) and Landing Assault (десантно-штурмовие) units. The difference between the two is that while both were airborne qualified and mechanised with BMD, BTR-D, 2S9 Nona, the parachute landing units are lighter (only quarter mechanised) and play the role of entry element, while landing assault units were fully mechanised and were intended to develop the breach opened by the parachute landing forces.^[70]

7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division

• Division Command and Staff (MU 61756), Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai
  • 104th Tank Battalion, Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • 162nd Reconnaissance Battalion (MU 54377), Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • 629th Engineer Battalion (MU 96404), Starotitarovskaya, Krasnodar Krai
  • 743rd Guards Signals Battalion (MU 96527), Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • 1681st Material Support Battalion, Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • 32nd Medical Detachment (airmobile) (MU 96502), Anapa, Krasnodar Krai
  • Airborne Equipment Support Company (MU 96536), Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • Aerial Vehicles Company, Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • Electronic Warfare Company, Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • Field Jaeger [Field Courier]^[71] Communication Station (MU 63785), Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
• 56th Guards Air Assault Regiment, Feodosia in Crimea^[72][73]
• 108th Guards Air Assault Regiment, (MU 42091), Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai
• 247th Guards Air Assault Regiment (MU 54801), Stavropol, Stavropol Krai
• 1141st Guards Artillery Regiment (MU 40515), Anapa, Krasnodar Krai
• 3rd Guards Air Defence Missile Regiment (MU 94021), Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai

76th Guards Air Assault Division

• Division Command and Staff (MU 07264), Pskov, Pskov Oblast
  • 124th Tank Battalion
  • 175th Reconnaissance Battalion
  • 656th Sapper Engineer Battalion
  • 728th Signals Battalion
  • 1682nd Material Support Battalion
  • 3996th Military Hospital (airmobile)
  • NBC Defence Company
  • Divisional Repair Company
  • Airborne Equipment Support Company
  • Commandant’s [Military Police] Company
  • 201st Field Jaeger [Field Courier] Communication Station
• 104th Guards Air Assault Regiment (MU 32515), Cheryokha village near Pskov, Pskov Oblast
• 234th Guards Air Assault Regiment (MU 74268), Pskov, Pskov Oblast
• 237th Guards Air Assault Regiment (MU 12865)
• 4th Guards Air Defence Missile Regiment
• 1140th Guards Artillery Regiment (MU 45377)

98th Guards Airborne Division

• Division Command and Staff (MU 65451), Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 215th Reconnaissance Battalion, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 661st Sapper Engineer Battalion, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 674th Signals Battalion, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 15th Repair and Overhaul Battalion, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 1683rd Material Support Battalion, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 36th Medical Detachment (airmobile), Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 201st Field Jaeger [Field Courier] Communication Station, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 969th Airborne Equipment Support Company, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • Training Complex, Pesochnoye village, Yaroslavl Oblast
• 217th Guards Airborne Regiment, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
• 331st Guards Airborne Regiment, Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
• 1065th Guards Artillery Regiment, Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
• 5th Guards Air Defence Missile Regiment, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast

106th Guards Airborne Division

• Division Command and Staff (MU 55599), Tula, Tula Oblast
  • 173rd Guards Reconnaissance Battalion (MU 54392), Tula, Tula Oblast
  • 388th Guards Sapper Engineer Battalion (MU 12159), Tula, Tula Oblast
  • 731st Guards Signals Battalion, Tula, Tula Oblast
  • 1060th Material Support Battalion (MU 14403), Slobodka village, Tula Oblast
  • 39th Medical Detachment (airmobile) (MU 52296), Tula, Tula Oblast
  • 970th Airborne Equipment Support Company (MU 64024), Tula, Tula Oblast
  • 1883rd Field Jaeger [Field Courier] Communication Station (MU 54235), Tula, Tula Oblast
  • Electronic Warfare Company, Tula, Tula Oblast
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Company, Tula, Tula Oblast
• 51st Guards Parachute Regiment (MU 33842), Tula, Tula Oblast
• 137th Guards Parachute Regiment (MU 41450), Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
• 1182nd Guards Artillery Regiment (MU 93723), Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Oblast
• 1st Guards Air Defence Missile Regiment (MU 71298), Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Oblast

11th Guards Air Assault Brigade

• Brigade Command and Staff (MU 32364), Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia
  • Command and Control Company (formerly the signals company)
  • Air Defence Missile-Artillery Battery
  • Guided AT Missile Battery
  • Spetsnaz Company
  • Sniper Rifle Company
  • Electronic Warfare Company
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Company
  • Sapper Engineer Company
  • Material Support Company
  • Airborne Equipment Support Company
  • NBC Defence Platoon
  • Repair Company
  • Medical Company
  • Commandant’s [Military Police] Platoon
  • Field Jaeger [Field Courier] Communication Station
• Reconnaissance Battalion
• 1st Air Assault Battalion (BMP-2)
• 2nd Air Assault Battalion (BMP-2)
• 3rd Parachute Battalion (BMD-2)
• Howitzer Artillery Battalion (D-30)

31st Guards Air Assault Brigade

• Brigade Command and Staff (MU 73612), Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
  • Signals Company
  • Air Defence Missile-Artillery Battery
  • Guided AT Missile Battery
  • Sniper Rifle Company
  • Electronic Warfare Company
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Company
  • Sapper Engineer Company
  • Material Support Company
  • Airborne Equipment Support Company
  • Medical Company
  • Repair Company
  • NBC Defence Company
  • Field Jaeger [Field Courier] Communication Station
  • Command Platoon of the Chief of Artillery
• Reconnaissance Battalion
• 1st Air Assault Battalion
• 2nd Air Assault Battalion
• 3rd Parachute Battalion
• Howitzer Artillery Battalion
• Self-Propelled Artillery Battalion

83rd Guards Air Assault Brigade

• • Brigade Command and Staff (MU 71289), Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai
  • Command Company
  • Signals Company
  • Air Defence Missile-Artillery Battery
  • 78th Spetsnaz Company (в/ч 44224)
  • Sniper Rifle Company
  • Electronic Warfare Platoon
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Company
  • Sapper Engineer Company
  • NBC Defence Platoon
  • Repair Company
  • Material Support Company
  • Airborne Equipment Support Company
  • Medical Company
  • Military Police Platoon
  • Field Jaeger [Field Courier] Communication Station
• Reconnaissance Battalion
• 1st Air Assault Battalion
• 2nd Air Assault Battalion
• 3rd Parachute Battalion
• Howitzer Artillery Battalion

Armament and equipment[edit]

Personal firearms and crew served weapons include:^{[citation needed]}

• AK-74M (including upgraded variants with the KM-AK Obves modernization kit)^[74] and AKS-74 assault rifles, and AKS-74U special purpose and self-defence carbine (5.45×39mm)
• AK-12 assault rifles (5.45×39mm)^[75]
• RPK-74, light weight machinegun (5.45×39mm), now largely withdrawn from service and replaced by the PKM/PKP
• PKM, general purpose machinegun (7.62×54mmR)
• 6P41 «Pecheneg» (PKP) general purpose machine gun (7.62×54mmR), currently replacing the PKM as the general purpose machine gun throughout the Russian Armed Forces
• Dragunov SVDS, sniper rifle (7.62×54mmR)
• Dragunov SVU, modified SVD in bullpup configuration and its variants are in limited use
• SV-98, main sniper rifle (7.62×54mmR)^[76]
• ASVK-M Kord-M anti-materiel sniper rifle (12.7×108mm)^[33]
• VSS Vintorez, silenced sniper rifle (9×39mm)
• AS Val special assault rifle^[77]
• MP-443 Grach, semi-automatic pistol (9×19mm Parabellum)
• Makarov, semi-automatic pistol (9x18mm Mak) & Glock 17, semi-automatic pistol (9×19 Parabellum)
• GP-25, GP-30 and GP-34, under-barrel 40 mm grenade launchers for fragmentation and gas grenades
• AGS-17 Plamya (Flame), 30 mm automatic grenade launcher
• RPO-A Shmel (Bumblebee), infantry rocket flamethrower, currently replacing the older RPO Rys (Lynx)
• RPG-7D anti-tank rocket launcher, or more modern systems such as the RPG-22 and RPG-26
• 2B14 Podnos 82 mm mortar or the 120 mm 2S12 Sani on UAZ vehicles
• 9K38 Igla man-portable SAM system, or the more modern 9K338 Igla-S
• 9K333 Verba man-portable SAM system, currently entering service^[78]
• 9K111 Fagot, 9K115 Metis^{[citation needed]} and 9M133 Kornet^[79] man-portable anti-tank systems

The VDV are fully equipped with Barmitsa and Ratnik infantry combat suits as of 2018.^[80][81][82] Andromeda-D, Barnaul-T and Dozor automated control systems, AS-1 snowmobiles, four wheelers, a specially-created uniform for hot climates and Nanuk Arctic gear, reconnaissance-control and planning modules and the REX-1 counter-unmanned aerial vehicle rifle-like, man-portable jammer developed by Kalashnikov Group subsidiary ZALA Aero Group are also being introduced into service.^{[83][84][85][86][87][88][33]} Portable versions of the Garmony air defence radar, modernized reconnaissance and artillery fire control posts and Aistyonok and Sobolyatnik radars are being supplied to the VDV.^[89] The Russian Airborne Forces have also received new special-purpose controlled wing-type parachutes.^[90]

Armoured vehicles[edit]

There are over 1,800 armored fighting vehicles, mostly BMD-1 (since 1969), of which all but around 100 are in storage,^{[91][failed verification]} and at least several hundred BMD-2 (since 1985). There are over 100 BMD-3 (1990) that were partially upgraded to BMD-4 level. All of them are amphibious, moving at around 10 km/h in water. The BMD-4 is capable of full, continuous fire while in deep water, unlike any other vehicle with such heavy weaponry (100 mm gun and 30 mm auto cannon). However, some units (such as those who served on peacekeeping duties in the Balkans) are known to have used BTR armored personnel carriers rather than BMD’s. T-72B3 tanks supplied to the Russian Airborne Forces in 2018 have been upgraded and are equipped with Andromeda automatic control system and some of them with top-attack defence screens.^[92] As of 2021, the Russian Airborne Forces have 150 T-72B3 and 10 T-72B3 mod. 2016.

There is a turret-less variant of the BMD-1, the BTR-D, which is used as troop carrier and serves as the basis for specialised versions such as anti-tank, command and signals. The BTR-D will be partially replaced by the new multi-purpose APC BTR-MD «Rakushka» that will also come in several different versions. Approximately 280 vehicles in all BTR-D configurations are in service.^[93] As part of the 2011 state defence order (GOZ), 10 BMD-4M and 10 «Rakushka’s» have been ordered, but according to the VDV’s CinC General Colonel Shamanov, Kurganmashzavod did not give a guarantee it would produce them.^[94]

The Russian Defense Ministry adopted the BMD-4M in early December 2012. They are planning to receive 10 BMD-4M vehicles and 10 BTR-MD vehicles for final testing by mid-2013, with commissioning by the end of 2013. The Russian Airborne plans to acquire 1,000 BMD-4Ms through 2020.^[95]
The first production batch of the new armored vehicles BMD-4M and BTR-MDM «Shell» in the amount of 24 units (12 each) transferred to the Russian Airborne Forces in 2015.^[96] The VDV equipped the first regiment with BMD-4Ms and BTR-MDMs in 2016.^{[citation needed]} In 2017, they received two battalion sets of BMD-4M combat airborne vehicles and BTR-MDM APCs, over 80 Rys’ and UAZ Pickup armored automobiles.^[97]

Russian airborne brigade-level units have received SPM-2 GAZ-233036 Tigr armored cars. They have ordered Kamaz Typhoon armored infantry transports, following modifications to meet the demands of the airborne troops and accepted them for supply in August 2021. The Russian Airborne Forces have received about 100 Tigr and Rys special armored vehicles, 200 Snegohod A-1 snow-going and AM-1 all-terrain vehicles, UAZ Patriot light motor vehicles, Toros 4×4 armored vehicles and Kamaz trucks that can be air-dropped.^[98]

The VDV currently receives Berkyt protected snowmobiles for personnel transportation and fire support in arctic conditions.^[99][100] Infauna and Leer-2 EW systems alongside Aileron-3SV UAVs and P-230T command vehicles are also received.^[101][102] The RKhM-6 chemical reconnaissance vehicle based on the BTR-80 armored personnel carrier, the BTR-D airborne assault armored personnel carrier with a ZU-23 anti-aircraft gun and the R-149MA1 and the R-142DA command and staff vehicles were demonstrated in August 2021.^[103] The Sarmat-2 light tactical buggy participated in the Zapad-2021 drill.^[104]

On 1 August 2013, it was reported that the Russian Airborne Forces will develop a hybrid combat vehicle that combines features of an airborne infantry fighting vehicle and a helicopter. To meet the demands of future armed conflicts, a combat module that combines a light combat vehicle and an attack helicopter is being considered, with a crew of three-four people. The vehicle will be developed for the VDV by 2030.^{[citation needed]}

Artillery[edit]

The airborne self-propelled artillery guns ASU-57 and ASU-85 have been withdrawn. They had light armour and limited anti-tank capability, but provided invaluable fire support for paratroopers behind enemy lines (the caliber of the gun in mm is the number next to the ASU designation).

Also withdrawn were the multiple rocket launch systems RPU-14 (8U38) of 140 mm and the BM-21V «Grad-V» (9P125) of 122 mm on GAZ-66, as well as the 85 mm gun SD-44.

Today the VDV operates the following systems:

• 2S9 Nona and modernized 2S9M^[105] 120 mm self-propelled gun-mortar. Currently being replaced by the 2B23 Nona-M1 120 mm towed mortar and 2S31 Vena 120 mm self-propelled gun-mortar/2S12A modernized 120 mm self-propelled mortar^[106][107]
• 2S25 Sprut-SD 125 mm self-propelled artillery/anti-tank gun based on BMD-3 hull
• D-30 (2A18) 122 mm howitzer and anti-tank weapon, towed by truck, not amphibious, able to make 360 degree turns as it is deployed on a tripod
• ZU-23-2 23 mm air-defence gun, is either mounted on the BTR-D, or can be towed by a jeep or truck as it has wheels. Since 2011, some ZU-23s are being replaced by the Strela-10M3/MN and since 2016 by the newest versions of the Buk missile system.^[108][109]
• TOS-1A 220 mm self-propelled 24-barrel thermobaric/incendiary unguided rocket launcher since 2022.^[110]
• 2S36 Zauralets-D – future 120 mm self-propelled gun-howitzer based on the BMD-4^[111]
• 2S37 – future 152 mm self-propelled gun-howitzer based on the BMD-4^[111]

The VDV is equipped with numerous types of airborne capable trucks and jeeps, for example the Ural-4320, the GAZ-66V and the GAZ-2975 «Tigr» for transporting cargo, specialist crews and equipment (e.g. mortars, ammunitions), but not infantry (all fighting paratroopers are transported in armoured vehicles). Currently, the GAZ-66 is being replaced by the KamAZ-43501.^[108][112]

UAVs[edit]

• Compact recon complex «Iskatel» (The Seeker) with 2 UAVs^[113]
• UAV complex Orlan-10^[114]
• UAV complex Granat^[115]
• UAV complex Takhion^[116]

Training establishments[edit]

Higher[edit]

• Mikhailovskaya Artillery Military Academy

Junior and command[edit]

• Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School
• 242nd Training Centre

Cadet[edit]

• Ulyanovsk Guards Suvorov Military School
• Omsk Cadet Corps

Ranks and rank insignia[edit]

Officer ranks

Rank group	General/flag officers	Field/senior officers	Junior officers	Officer cadet
Russian Airborne Forces v t e	No equivalent
Army general генера́л а́рмии	Colonel general генера́л-полко́вник	Lieutenant general генера́л-лейтена́нт	Major general генера́л-майо́р	Colonel полко́вник	Lieutenant colonel подполко́вник	Major майо́р	Captain капита́н	Senior lieutenant ста́рший лейтена́нт	Lieutenant лейтена́нт	Junior lieutenant мла́дший лейтена́нт	Cadet Курсант

Other ranks

Rank group	General/flag officers	Field/senior officers	Junior officers	Officer cadet
Russian Airborne Forces v t e
Senior warrant officer Ста́рший пра́порщик	Warrant officer Пра́порщик	Master sergeant Старшина́	Senior sergeant Ста́рший сержа́нт	Sergeant Сержа́нт	Junior sergeant Мла́дший сержа́нт	Corporal Ефре́йтор	Private Рядово́й

Commanders of the Russian Airborne Forces[edit]

• Yevgeny Podkolzin (1992–1996)
• Georgy Shpak (4 December 1996 – September 2003)
• Alexander Kolmakov (8 September 2003 – 19 November 2007)
• Valeriy Yevtukhovich (19 November 2007 – 6 May 2009)
• Nikolai Ignatov (6–24 May 2009)
• Vladimir Shamanov (26 May 2009 – 4 October 2016)
• Andrey Serdyukov (4 October 2016 – 16 June 2022)
• Mikhail Teplinskiy (16 June 2022 – present)

Traditions[edit]

Symbols[edit]

• Nickname(s): Blue Berets, Winged Infantry
• Patron: Saint Elijah the Prophet
• Motto(s): Никто, кроме нас! (Nobody, but us!)
• Beret Color: Sky Blue

Service march[edit]

The service march of the airborne forces is We Need One Victory, also known as Our 10th Parachute Battalion.^[117] It was made by poet Bulat Okudzhava, written for the feature film Belorussian Station by Andrei Smirnov (1970). It was later adapted by Alfred Schnittke to be performed as a march to be played at the Moscow Victory Day Parade on Victory Day (9 May).

The official lyrics are as follows:^[118]

Paratroopers’ Day celebrations[edit]

On Airborne Forces Day in many Russian cities, it is customary to turn off the fountains and hold veteran reunions near those fountains.^[119]

Bands[edit]

The Combined Military Band of the Airborne Forces is an integral part of all the solemn events of the Airborne Forces. Every year, the band’s personnel take part in the Victory Parade on Red Square, as well as the opening ceremony of the International Army Games. In the ranks of the combined band were musicians of the military bands of the airborne and assault formations of the Airborne Forces. There were six other military bands in the airborne forces.^[120]

The Song and Dance Ensemble of the Airborne Forces is the theatrical troupe of the VDV. It began its creative activity in 1937, as the Red Army Song and Dance Ensemble of the Kiev Military District, numbering only 18 people. On 3 May 1945, three days after the signing of the German armistice, the ensemble gave a concert on the steps of the destroyed Reichstag.^[121]

During the Cold War, the unit was known as the Song and Dance Ensemble of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. During this time, it had participated in concerts in the cities of East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. It gained its current status in 1994. The Song and Dance Ensemble also contains the Blue Berets musical group.^[121]

Gallery[edit]

See also[edit]

• Special Operations Forces (Russia)
• Ukrainian Air Assault Forces

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official web site of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (in Russian)
• «Desantura» (in Russian)
• Airborne platoon

Russian Airborne Forces
Воздушно-десантные войска России Vozdushno-desantnye voyska Rossii
Emblem of the Russian Airborne Forces
Founded	7 May 1992
Country	Russia
Branch	Russian Armed Forces
Type	Airborne forces
Role	Light infantry Airborne infantry Airmobile infantry
Size	45,000 (2015)[1]
Nickname(s)	Blue Berets, Winged Infantry
Patron	Saint Elijah the Prophet[2]
Motto(s)	Никто, кроме нас! (Nobody, but us!)
Color of Beret	Sky Blue
March	«The blue» (Синева, unofficial hymn) [3][circular reference] «We Need One Victory (Our 10th Parachute Battalion)» (Нам нужна одна победа (10-й наш десантный батальон), service march past)
Anniversaries	Paratroopers’ Day (2 August)
Engagements	First Chechen War Second Chechen War Russo-Georgian War Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Operation Grand Dawn (allegedly)[4] 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Commanders
Commander	Colonel General Mikhail Teplinskiy [ru]
Chief of Staff and First Deputy commander	Colonel General Evgeniy Ustinov [ru]
Notable commanders	General Georgy Shpak
Insignia
Flag
Patch
Medium emblem
Insignia

The Russian Airborne Forces (Russian: Воздушно-десантные войска России, ВДВ, romanized: Vozdushno-desantnye voyska Rossii, VDV) are the airborne forces branch of the Russian Armed Forces. It was formed in 1992 from units of the Soviet Airborne Forces that came under Russian control following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Troops of the Russian Airborne Forces have traditionally worn a blue beret and blue-striped telnyashka undershirt and are called desant (Russian: Десант) from the French Descente.^[5]

The Russian Airborne Forces utilizes a range of specialist airborne warfare vehicles and are fully mechanized. They traditionally have a larger complement of heavy weaponry than most contemporary airborne forces.^[6]

History[edit]

With the demise of the Soviet Union, the number of VDV divisions shrank from seven to four, as well as four brigades and the brigade-sized training center.^[7] In October 2013, Shamanov announced that a new air assault brigade would be formed in Voronezh in 2016 with the number of the 345th Guards Airborne Regiment.^[8] The establishment of the brigade was postponed to 2017–18, according to a June 2015 announcement.^[9] It was announced in July 2015 that plans called for the 31st Airborne Brigade to be expanded into the 104th Guards Airborne Division by 2023,^[10] and for an additional airborne regiment to be attached to each division.^[11]

The 11th Air Assault Brigade in the Central Military District (formerly the Siberian Military District) and the 56th Air Assault Brigade in the Southern Military District (formerly the North Caucasus Military District) were partially infantry formations reporting directly to the military districts they are stationed in.^[12] The VDV’s training institute is the Ryazan Institute for the Airborne Forces named for General of the Army V.F. Margelov.^[13] In addition, in the mid-late 1990s, the former 345th Guards Airborne Regiment was stationed in Gudauta, Abkhazia AR, Georgia. It later became the 10th Independent Peacekeeping Airborne Regiment. The unit was further designated the 50th Military Base.

In the early 1990s, General Pavel Grachev, the first Russian Defence Minister, planned for the VDV to form the core of the planned Mobile Forces. This was announced in Krasnaya Zvezda, the Ministry of Defence’s daily newspaper, in July 1992. However, the Mobile Forces plan was never enacted. The number of formations available for the force was far less than anticipated, since much of the Airborne Forces had been ‘nationalised’ by the republics their units had been previously based in, and other arms of service, such as the GRU and Military Transport Aviation, who were to provide the airlift component, were adamantly opposed to ceding control of their forces.^[14]

From 1996 the VDV dispatched the 1st Airborne Brigade to Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of IFOR’s Multi-National Division North. The brigade, unusually, used Russian Ground Forces equipment such as BTR-80s.

After an experimental period, the 104th Parachute Regiment of 76th Airborne Division became the first Russian Ground Forces regiment that was fully composed of professional soldiers (and not of srochniki – conscripted soldiers aged eighteen). It was announced that the 98th Airborne Division is also earmarked for contract manning, and by September 2006, it was confirmed that 95% of the units of the 98th Division had shifted to contract manning.^[15]

With the reduction in forces after 1991, the 61st Air Army, Russia’s military air transport force, has enough operational heavy transport aircraft to move one airborne division, manned at peacetime standards, in two-and-a-half lifts.^[16] The single independent brigade, the 31st at Ulyanovsk, however, is not equipped with its own armor or artillery and may be equivalent to Western airborne troops, in that it functions as light infantry and must walk when reaching their destination. The 31st was the former 104th Guards Airborne Division.

VDV troops participated in the rapid deployment of Russian forces stationed in Bosnian city Ugljevik, in and around Pristina Airport during the Kosovo War. They also took part in the invasion of Chechnya as an active bridgehead for other forces to follow.

Russian airborne troops had their own holiday during the Soviet era, which continues to be celebrated on 2 August. Their most emblematic mark of distinction is a blue beret. VDV soldiers are often called «blue berets». Each year, current and former paratroopers, often in an inebriated state, celebrate by meeting up and wandering city streets and parks. The day is notorious for two common sights: paratroopers frolicking in fountains and picking fights with hapless passers-by.^[17]
Notable former Airborne Forces officers include Aleksandr Lebed, who was involved in responses to disorder in the Caucasus republics in the last years of the Soviet Union, and Pavel Grachev who went on to become the first Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation.

On 26 May 2009 Lieutenant-General Vladimir Anatolevich Shamanov became the new commander of the VDV, replacing Lieutenant-General Valeriy Yevtukhovich who was being discharged to the reserve. Shamanov was decorated as a Hero of Russia for his combat role in the campaigns in Chechnya. His previous posts are the chief of the combat training directorate and commander of the 58th Army. His most recent post was chief of the main combat training directorate.^[18] Shamanov and the acting commander of the 106th Airborne Division were severely injured in a car crash on 30 October 2010, with the driver being killed.^[19]

On 28 January 2010, the Russian Defense Ministry announced that the VDV’s air components had been placed under the VVS.^[20]

Under the 2008 reform programme, the four existing two-regiment divisions should have been transformed into 7–8 air-assault brigades. However once General Shamanov became commander-in-chief of the Airborne Forces, it was decided to keep the original structure. The divisions have been beefed up and there are now four independent airborne/air-assault brigades, one for each military district.^[21] The 332nd School for Praporshchiks of the VDV (Russian: 332 Школа прапорщиков ВДВ) in Moscow was disbanded in December 2009 (also under the 2008 reform programme, all praporshchik (WO) posts in the Russian Armed Forces have been formally abolished).

In October 2013 it was reported that the three airborne brigades under military district control (seemingly the 11th and 83rd (Ulan-Ude and Ussuriysk) in the Eastern Military District and the 56th at Kamyshin in the Southern Military District) would be returned to VDV command.^[22] The process was completed as of July 2015.^[23]

Elements of the 76th Guards Air Assault Division’s 104th Guards Air Assault Regiment allegedly participated in the War in Donbas.^[24] These units allegedly have been used as spearhead forces during the August 2014 DPR and LPR counteroffensive.^[25] During the August 2014 counteroffensive, battalion tactical groups of the 7th Guards Airborne Division’s 247th Guards Air Assault Regiment, the 98th Guards Airborne Division’s 331st Guards Airborne Regiment, the 106th Guards Airborne Division’s 137th Guards Airborne Regiment, and the 31st Guards Air Assault Brigade allegedly were sent into Ukraine. Reconnaissance teams from the 45th Detached Reconnaissance Brigade and the 106th’s 173rd Guards Separate Reconnaissance Company were previously deployed to Ukraine alongside Ground Forces units.^[26]

In February 2016, it was reported that an airborne battalion would be deployed to Dzhankoy, Crimea in 2017–18 on a permanent basis and be upgraded to a regiment in 2020.^[27] In May 2017, Shamanov announced that the battalion would be formed at Feodosiya by 1 December 2017 as part of the 7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division, and would be expanded into the 97th Air Assault Regiment with three battalions by late 2019.^[28] Since the 2014 annexation, the status of Crimea is under dispute between Russia and Ukraine; Ukraine and the majority of the international community considers Crimea an integral part of Ukraine, while Russia, on the other hand, considers Crimea an integral part of Russia.^[29]

In August 2016, Russian paratroopers placed 1st place in the Airborne Platoon competition during the International Army games in Russia. In the process the Russian paratroopers defeated teams from China, Iran, Belarus, and Kazakhstan.^[30]

On 4 October 2016, Colonel General Andrey Serdyukov was appointed new commander of the Russian Airborne Forces, replacing Shamanov, who became chief of the Duma Committee on Defense.^[31]

During 2016, three reconnaissance battalions and six tank companies, and two companies of electronic warfare and unmanned aerial vehicles were formed. 188 new and upgraded armored vehicles were also delivered, with the Russian Airborne Forces equipment level of modern weapons at 47%.^{[citation needed]} From 2015 to 2016 five intelligence units and six tank units have been formed, over 3,000 new pieces of weaponry and special military equipment were supplied, the number of contract servicemen had grown by 1.5 times, while the troops’ training intensity had risen by 20 percent.^{[citation needed]}

The Russian Airborne Forces have received over eleven thousand new and upgraded weapons in 2017. The share of modern armaments and hardware comprises 62 percent. In two years four battalion sets of 120 BMD-4M and BTR-MDM Rakushka vehicles were supplied. Besides that, the force received over 100 upgraded weapons, including 2S9-1M self-propelled guns. From 2015 to 2017 the air defense units received close to 500 modern automated reconnaissance and command complexes, new Verba portable missiles, and over 30 upgraded Strela-10MN missile complexes.^{[citation needed]}

On December 1, 2017, the organizational events to create a separate airborne assault battalion in Novorosiisk mountain division deployed in Feodosiya and a separate repairs and maintenance battalion in the Moscow region have been completed. Contracted servicemen comprise over 70 percent of the troops. Barnaul-T R&D produced a planning module paradropped to airborne units to simultaneously track a hundred of air objects and a paradroppable reconnaissance and command module to detect targets in a 40-km range which is deployed in five minutes.^{[citation needed]}

State tests of a new Bakhcha-U-PDS parachute platform for the BMD-4M and BTR-MDM vehicles were completed in May 2018.^[32] Deliveries of new ‘heavy drop’ systems PBS-950U and PBS-955 began in 2020.^[33] In 2019, two battalion sets of BMD-4M airborne combat vehicles and BTR-MDM Rakushka armored personnel carriers, more than 200 units of various automotive equipment, including special armored vehicles, army snowmobiles, four-wheelers and buggies and more than 9 thousand parachute systems D-10 and «Arbalet-2» were delivered to the troops.^[34]

In April 2020, military personnel from the Russian Airborne Forces, performed the world’s first HALO paradrop from the lower border of the Arctic stratosphere. The Russian commando group used «next-generation special-purpose parachute system», military tested oxygen equipment, navigation devices, special equipment, and uniforms. This was the first high-altitude landing in the Arctic latitudes over 10 km in the history of Russian aviation. The crews of Il-76 aircraft landed at the northernmost airfield of the country on the island of Franz Josef Land.^[35][36]

As part of its mission in the Arctic region, the aircrew provided landing of airborne units from altitudes of 10 and 1.8 thousand meters, as well as landing of cargo with a total weight of about 18 tons. After conducting practical combat training, the Il-76 aircrews landed at the Nagurskoe airfield in the northern part of the island of Franz Josef Land. The high-altitude landing was dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic war of 1941–1945 and the 90th anniversary of the formation of the Airborne troops.^[35][36]

In 2020, the VDV continued to modernize and re-equip its command posts, started to receive the Stayer high-altitude parachute system which enables airdrops from up to 10 km altitude and completed receiving special purpose controllable parachute systems.^{[37][38][39][40]}

Two air assault regiments have been set up in Pskov and Crimea as part of air assault divisions in 2021. The Russian Defense Ministry has also accepted the Zavet-D artillery fire control vehicle for the Airborne Forces.^[41][42] In 2021-2022, the Airborne Forces received about 30 thousand sets of landing equipment and parachute systems.^[43][44]

2022 invasion of Ukraine[edit]

The VDV participated heavily in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In the opening hours of the invasion, the VDV attempted to secure key airports and support assaults around Ukraine. These paratroopers were recognizable by the orange-and-black Saint George ribbons decorating their helmets and arms.^[45]

The VDV attempted to paradrop and transport troops with Mi-8 and Mi-17 helicopters and take the Hostomel Airport in northern Kyiv, in order to use the airport to airlift more troops and heavy equipment to take Kyiv as a form of forward «air bridge^[46]» that would enable rapid deployment of Russian forces far in advance of the Russian land front, in an action that became known as the Battle of Antonov Airport. The VDV troops at the airport then engaged the Ukrainian National Guard’s 4th Rapid Reaction Brigade, which with the help of the Ukrainian Air Force encircled the unsupported VDV troops and recaptured the airport, with the Russians escaping to nearby woods.^[47]

The next day battle resumed, and the VDV again attempted to land troops at the airport. Deploying around 200 helicopters and with support from the Ground Forces arriving from the north (Belarus and Chernobyl), they finally broke through the Ukrainian defenses and established Russian control over the airport. In the end, however, the Ukrainians claimed that the airport became too damaged from the battle to be used as an air strip.^[48]

40 kilometers south of Kyiv in Vasylkiv, VDV paratroopers dropped in an attempt to secure the Vasylkiv Air Base. Without any support from air or ground forces, the VDV troops in Vasylkiv were eventually encircled and were unsuccessful in achieving their objectives, giving victory in the Battle of Vasylkiv to the Ukrainians.^[49]

On February 27, VDV troops with BMD-2s and BTR-Ds were seen south of Hostomel in Bucha.^[50] The VDV and Ground Forces’ units were hit on the same day by Bayraktar air strikes. The Ukrainian government claimed that «more than 100 units of enemy equipment were destroyed”.^[51] On the following weeks the VDV served as Mechanized infantry and Light infantry roles during the Kyiv offensive.^[52]

During the Battle of Kharkiv, VDV paratroopers landed in Kharkiv on March 2 in an attempt to capture the contested city.^[53] They attempted a raid on a local military hospital but were repelled by local Ukrainian forces.^[54]

On March 3, it was reported that Major General Andrei Sukhovetsky of the VDV’s 7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division, who was the appointed deputy commander of the 41st Combined Arms Army, was killed in action in Ukraine.^[55] His death is attributed either to sniper fire near Mariupol (which was besieged by Russian forces)^[56] or Hostomel during the Kyiv offensive.^[57] Ukrainian sources claimed he was killed on March 2 and his death was first confirmed on VKontakte by «Combat Brotherhood», a Russian veterans group,^[55] and later by President Vladimir Putin.^[56] The VDV suffered similar losses in Bucha and Irpin with poor command and control being cited.^[52] The VDV also joined the assault on the city of Mykolaiv during the Battle of Mykolaiv, but were pushed back by a Ukrainian counter-offensive.^[58]

On March 18, it was reported that Colonel Sergei Sukharev along with deputy Major Sergei Krylov of the 331st Guards Airborne Regiment had been killed during fighting in Mariupol.^[59]

In late April, Bellingcat journalist Christo Grozev reported that he «personally checked» and Russia had lost «almost 90% of its best paratroopers» in the first echelon of the invasion.^[60] A large number of helicopters were shot down by Ukrainian defenses and the paratroopers were stranded without armored vehicles or air support.^[61] In early May, the UK MoD stated that the VDV units and other elite forces had suffered high losses and that it would «probably take years for Russia to reconstitute these forces.»^[62]

On 19 June 2022, it was reported by Odessa military-civilian spokesperson Serhiy Bratchuk^[63][64] that Vladimir Putin had sacked Serdyukov for his doomed bid to take Hostomel airfield in which few of the invading soldiers survived.^[63][65][64] This was confirmed by Russian media reports.^[66] He was replaced by Colonel General Mikhail Teplinskiy [ru].

According to BBC News Russian and the Mediazona news website, 914 VDV deaths were documented by 21 July 2022.^[67][68]

Structure[edit]

Headquarters, Air Landing Forces, Moscow

Command personnel[edit]

• Commander Air Landing Forces – Colonel-General
• Chief of Staff and First Deputy Commander of the Air Landing Forces – Lieutenant-General
• Deputy Commander of the Air Landing Forces – Major-General
• Deputy Commander of the Air Landing Forces for Peacekeeping Operations and Collective Rapid Reaction Forces – Major-General
• Chief of Air Landing Training and Deputy Commander of the Air Landing Forces for Air Landing Training – Major-General
• Chief of Combat Training and Deputy Commander of the Air Landing Forces – Major-General
• Deputy Commander of the Air Landing Forces for Educational Work – Colonel

Commander’s Directorate, Moscow
Air Landing Forces Staff, (Military Unit [MU] 25953), Moscow

• 38th Guards Command and Control Brigade of the VDV, Medvezhyi Ozera near Shchyolkovo, Moscow Oblast
• 45th Guards Spetsnaz Brigade (MU 28337), Kubinka, Moscow Oblast
• 150th Repair and Overhaul Battalion of the VDV, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Moscow Oblast

Training and education units and establishments:

• Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School, Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
• Airborne Forces Faculty of the ‘Mikhaylovskaya’ Artillery Military Academy, Saint Petersburg
• Ulyanovsk Guards Suvorov Military School of the VDV, Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
• Tula Suvorov Military School, Tula, reformed 2016
• Omsk Cadet Military Corps of the VDV, Omsk, Omsk Oblast
• 242nd Training Centre for Training of Junior Specialists of the VDV (MU 64712), Omsk, Omsk
• 309th Center for Specialized Parachute Training of the VDV (formerly the Central Parachute Sports Club of the VDV) (trains parachute sportsmen and also parachute instructors for the special forces of the other branches),^[69] Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast

Combat forces[edit]

The Air Landing Forces combine Parachute Landing (парашютно-десантние) and Landing Assault (десантно-штурмовие) units. The difference between the two is that while both were airborne qualified and mechanised with BMD, BTR-D, 2S9 Nona, the parachute landing units are lighter (only quarter mechanised) and play the role of entry element, while landing assault units were fully mechanised and were intended to develop the breach opened by the parachute landing forces.^[70]

7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division

• Division Command and Staff (MU 61756), Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai
  • 104th Tank Battalion, Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • 162nd Reconnaissance Battalion (MU 54377), Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • 629th Engineer Battalion (MU 96404), Starotitarovskaya, Krasnodar Krai
  • 743rd Guards Signals Battalion (MU 96527), Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • 1681st Material Support Battalion, Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • 32nd Medical Detachment (airmobile) (MU 96502), Anapa, Krasnodar Krai
  • Airborne Equipment Support Company (MU 96536), Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • Aerial Vehicles Company, Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • Electronic Warfare Company, Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
  • Field Jaeger [Field Courier]^[71] Communication Station (MU 63785), Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai
• 56th Guards Air Assault Regiment, Feodosia in Crimea^[72][73]
• 108th Guards Air Assault Regiment, (MU 42091), Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai
• 247th Guards Air Assault Regiment (MU 54801), Stavropol, Stavropol Krai
• 1141st Guards Artillery Regiment (MU 40515), Anapa, Krasnodar Krai
• 3rd Guards Air Defence Missile Regiment (MU 94021), Novorossiysk, Novorossiysk Krai

76th Guards Air Assault Division

• Division Command and Staff (MU 07264), Pskov, Pskov Oblast
  • 124th Tank Battalion
  • 175th Reconnaissance Battalion
  • 656th Sapper Engineer Battalion
  • 728th Signals Battalion
  • 1682nd Material Support Battalion
  • 3996th Military Hospital (airmobile)
  • NBC Defence Company
  • Divisional Repair Company
  • Airborne Equipment Support Company
  • Commandant’s [Military Police] Company
  • 201st Field Jaeger [Field Courier] Communication Station
• 104th Guards Air Assault Regiment (MU 32515), Cheryokha village near Pskov, Pskov Oblast
• 234th Guards Air Assault Regiment (MU 74268), Pskov, Pskov Oblast
• 237th Guards Air Assault Regiment (MU 12865)
• 4th Guards Air Defence Missile Regiment
• 1140th Guards Artillery Regiment (MU 45377)

98th Guards Airborne Division

• Division Command and Staff (MU 65451), Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 215th Reconnaissance Battalion, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 661st Sapper Engineer Battalion, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 674th Signals Battalion, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 15th Repair and Overhaul Battalion, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 1683rd Material Support Battalion, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 36th Medical Detachment (airmobile), Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 201st Field Jaeger [Field Courier] Communication Station, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • 969th Airborne Equipment Support Company, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
  • Training Complex, Pesochnoye village, Yaroslavl Oblast
• 217th Guards Airborne Regiment, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
• 331st Guards Airborne Regiment, Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
• 1065th Guards Artillery Regiment, Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
• 5th Guards Air Defence Missile Regiment, Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast

106th Guards Airborne Division

• Division Command and Staff (MU 55599), Tula, Tula Oblast
  • 173rd Guards Reconnaissance Battalion (MU 54392), Tula, Tula Oblast
  • 388th Guards Sapper Engineer Battalion (MU 12159), Tula, Tula Oblast
  • 731st Guards Signals Battalion, Tula, Tula Oblast
  • 1060th Material Support Battalion (MU 14403), Slobodka village, Tula Oblast
  • 39th Medical Detachment (airmobile) (MU 52296), Tula, Tula Oblast
  • 970th Airborne Equipment Support Company (MU 64024), Tula, Tula Oblast
  • 1883rd Field Jaeger [Field Courier] Communication Station (MU 54235), Tula, Tula Oblast
  • Electronic Warfare Company, Tula, Tula Oblast
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Company, Tula, Tula Oblast
• 51st Guards Parachute Regiment (MU 33842), Tula, Tula Oblast
• 137th Guards Parachute Regiment (MU 41450), Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
• 1182nd Guards Artillery Regiment (MU 93723), Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Oblast
• 1st Guards Air Defence Missile Regiment (MU 71298), Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Oblast

11th Guards Air Assault Brigade

• Brigade Command and Staff (MU 32364), Ulan-Ude, Republic of Buryatia
  • Command and Control Company (formerly the signals company)
  • Air Defence Missile-Artillery Battery
  • Guided AT Missile Battery
  • Spetsnaz Company
  • Sniper Rifle Company
  • Electronic Warfare Company
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Company
  • Sapper Engineer Company
  • Material Support Company
  • Airborne Equipment Support Company
  • NBC Defence Platoon
  • Repair Company
  • Medical Company
  • Commandant’s [Military Police] Platoon
  • Field Jaeger [Field Courier] Communication Station
• Reconnaissance Battalion
• 1st Air Assault Battalion (BMP-2)
• 2nd Air Assault Battalion (BMP-2)
• 3rd Parachute Battalion (BMD-2)
• Howitzer Artillery Battalion (D-30)

31st Guards Air Assault Brigade

• Brigade Command and Staff (MU 73612), Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
  • Signals Company
  • Air Defence Missile-Artillery Battery
  • Guided AT Missile Battery
  • Sniper Rifle Company
  • Electronic Warfare Company
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Company
  • Sapper Engineer Company
  • Material Support Company
  • Airborne Equipment Support Company
  • Medical Company
  • Repair Company
  • NBC Defence Company
  • Field Jaeger [Field Courier] Communication Station
  • Command Platoon of the Chief of Artillery
• Reconnaissance Battalion
• 1st Air Assault Battalion
• 2nd Air Assault Battalion
• 3rd Parachute Battalion
• Howitzer Artillery Battalion
• Self-Propelled Artillery Battalion

83rd Guards Air Assault Brigade

• • Brigade Command and Staff (MU 71289), Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai
  • Command Company
  • Signals Company
  • Air Defence Missile-Artillery Battery
  • 78th Spetsnaz Company (в/ч 44224)
  • Sniper Rifle Company
  • Electronic Warfare Platoon
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Company
  • Sapper Engineer Company
  • NBC Defence Platoon
  • Repair Company
  • Material Support Company
  • Airborne Equipment Support Company
  • Medical Company
  • Military Police Platoon
  • Field Jaeger [Field Courier] Communication Station
• Reconnaissance Battalion
• 1st Air Assault Battalion
• 2nd Air Assault Battalion
• 3rd Parachute Battalion
• Howitzer Artillery Battalion

Armament and equipment[edit]

Personal firearms and crew served weapons include:^{[citation needed]}

• AK-74M (including upgraded variants with the KM-AK Obves modernization kit)^[74] and AKS-74 assault rifles, and AKS-74U special purpose and self-defence carbine (5.45×39mm)
• AK-12 assault rifles (5.45×39mm)^[75]
• RPK-74, light weight machinegun (5.45×39mm), now largely withdrawn from service and replaced by the PKM/PKP
• PKM, general purpose machinegun (7.62×54mmR)
• 6P41 «Pecheneg» (PKP) general purpose machine gun (7.62×54mmR), currently replacing the PKM as the general purpose machine gun throughout the Russian Armed Forces
• Dragunov SVDS, sniper rifle (7.62×54mmR)
• Dragunov SVU, modified SVD in bullpup configuration and its variants are in limited use
• SV-98, main sniper rifle (7.62×54mmR)^[76]
• ASVK-M Kord-M anti-materiel sniper rifle (12.7×108mm)^[33]
• VSS Vintorez, silenced sniper rifle (9×39mm)
• AS Val special assault rifle^[77]
• MP-443 Grach, semi-automatic pistol (9×19mm Parabellum)
• Makarov, semi-automatic pistol (9x18mm Mak) & Glock 17, semi-automatic pistol (9×19 Parabellum)
• GP-25, GP-30 and GP-34, under-barrel 40 mm grenade launchers for fragmentation and gas grenades
• AGS-17 Plamya (Flame), 30 mm automatic grenade launcher
• RPO-A Shmel (Bumblebee), infantry rocket flamethrower, currently replacing the older RPO Rys (Lynx)
• RPG-7D anti-tank rocket launcher, or more modern systems such as the RPG-22 and RPG-26
• 2B14 Podnos 82 mm mortar or the 120 mm 2S12 Sani on UAZ vehicles
• 9K38 Igla man-portable SAM system, or the more modern 9K338 Igla-S
• 9K333 Verba man-portable SAM system, currently entering service^[78]
• 9K111 Fagot, 9K115 Metis^{[citation needed]} and 9M133 Kornet^[79] man-portable anti-tank systems

The VDV are fully equipped with Barmitsa and Ratnik infantry combat suits as of 2018.^[80][81][82] Andromeda-D, Barnaul-T and Dozor automated control systems, AS-1 snowmobiles, four wheelers, a specially-created uniform for hot climates and Nanuk Arctic gear, reconnaissance-control and planning modules and the REX-1 counter-unmanned aerial vehicle rifle-like, man-portable jammer developed by Kalashnikov Group subsidiary ZALA Aero Group are also being introduced into service.^{[83][84][85][86][87][88][33]} Portable versions of the Garmony air defence radar, modernized reconnaissance and artillery fire control posts and Aistyonok and Sobolyatnik radars are being supplied to the VDV.^[89] The Russian Airborne Forces have also received new special-purpose controlled wing-type parachutes.^[90]

Armoured vehicles[edit]

There are over 1,800 armored fighting vehicles, mostly BMD-1 (since 1969), of which all but around 100 are in storage,^{[91][failed verification]} and at least several hundred BMD-2 (since 1985). There are over 100 BMD-3 (1990) that were partially upgraded to BMD-4 level. All of them are amphibious, moving at around 10 km/h in water. The BMD-4 is capable of full, continuous fire while in deep water, unlike any other vehicle with such heavy weaponry (100 mm gun and 30 mm auto cannon). However, some units (such as those who served on peacekeeping duties in the Balkans) are known to have used BTR armored personnel carriers rather than BMD’s. T-72B3 tanks supplied to the Russian Airborne Forces in 2018 have been upgraded and are equipped with Andromeda automatic control system and some of them with top-attack defence screens.^[92] As of 2021, the Russian Airborne Forces have 150 T-72B3 and 10 T-72B3 mod. 2016.

There is a turret-less variant of the BMD-1, the BTR-D, which is used as troop carrier and serves as the basis for specialised versions such as anti-tank, command and signals. The BTR-D will be partially replaced by the new multi-purpose APC BTR-MD «Rakushka» that will also come in several different versions. Approximately 280 vehicles in all BTR-D configurations are in service.^[93] As part of the 2011 state defence order (GOZ), 10 BMD-4M and 10 «Rakushka’s» have been ordered, but according to the VDV’s CinC General Colonel Shamanov, Kurganmashzavod did not give a guarantee it would produce them.^[94]

The Russian Defense Ministry adopted the BMD-4M in early December 2012. They are planning to receive 10 BMD-4M vehicles and 10 BTR-MD vehicles for final testing by mid-2013, with commissioning by the end of 2013. The Russian Airborne plans to acquire 1,000 BMD-4Ms through 2020.^[95]
The first production batch of the new armored vehicles BMD-4M and BTR-MDM «Shell» in the amount of 24 units (12 each) transferred to the Russian Airborne Forces in 2015.^[96] The VDV equipped the first regiment with BMD-4Ms and BTR-MDMs in 2016.^{[citation needed]} In 2017, they received two battalion sets of BMD-4M combat airborne vehicles and BTR-MDM APCs, over 80 Rys’ and UAZ Pickup armored automobiles.^[97]

Russian airborne brigade-level units have received SPM-2 GAZ-233036 Tigr armored cars. They have ordered Kamaz Typhoon armored infantry transports, following modifications to meet the demands of the airborne troops and accepted them for supply in August 2021. The Russian Airborne Forces have received about 100 Tigr and Rys special armored vehicles, 200 Snegohod A-1 snow-going and AM-1 all-terrain vehicles, UAZ Patriot light motor vehicles, Toros 4×4 armored vehicles and Kamaz trucks that can be air-dropped.^[98]

The VDV currently receives Berkyt protected snowmobiles for personnel transportation and fire support in arctic conditions.^[99][100] Infauna and Leer-2 EW systems alongside Aileron-3SV UAVs and P-230T command vehicles are also received.^[101][102] The RKhM-6 chemical reconnaissance vehicle based on the BTR-80 armored personnel carrier, the BTR-D airborne assault armored personnel carrier with a ZU-23 anti-aircraft gun and the R-149MA1 and the R-142DA command and staff vehicles were demonstrated in August 2021.^[103] The Sarmat-2 light tactical buggy participated in the Zapad-2021 drill.^[104]

On 1 August 2013, it was reported that the Russian Airborne Forces will develop a hybrid combat vehicle that combines features of an airborne infantry fighting vehicle and a helicopter. To meet the demands of future armed conflicts, a combat module that combines a light combat vehicle and an attack helicopter is being considered, with a crew of three-four people. The vehicle will be developed for the VDV by 2030.^{[citation needed]}

Artillery[edit]

The airborne self-propelled artillery guns ASU-57 and ASU-85 have been withdrawn. They had light armour and limited anti-tank capability, but provided invaluable fire support for paratroopers behind enemy lines (the caliber of the gun in mm is the number next to the ASU designation).

Also withdrawn were the multiple rocket launch systems RPU-14 (8U38) of 140 mm and the BM-21V «Grad-V» (9P125) of 122 mm on GAZ-66, as well as the 85 mm gun SD-44.

Today the VDV operates the following systems:

• 2S9 Nona and modernized 2S9M^[105] 120 mm self-propelled gun-mortar. Currently being replaced by the 2B23 Nona-M1 120 mm towed mortar and 2S31 Vena 120 mm self-propelled gun-mortar/2S12A modernized 120 mm self-propelled mortar^[106][107]
• 2S25 Sprut-SD 125 mm self-propelled artillery/anti-tank gun based on BMD-3 hull
• D-30 (2A18) 122 mm howitzer and anti-tank weapon, towed by truck, not amphibious, able to make 360 degree turns as it is deployed on a tripod
• ZU-23-2 23 mm air-defence gun, is either mounted on the BTR-D, or can be towed by a jeep or truck as it has wheels. Since 2011, some ZU-23s are being replaced by the Strela-10M3/MN and since 2016 by the newest versions of the Buk missile system.^[108][109]
• TOS-1A 220 mm self-propelled 24-barrel thermobaric/incendiary unguided rocket launcher since 2022.^[110]
• 2S36 Zauralets-D – future 120 mm self-propelled gun-howitzer based on the BMD-4^[111]
• 2S37 – future 152 mm self-propelled gun-howitzer based on the BMD-4^[111]

The VDV is equipped with numerous types of airborne capable trucks and jeeps, for example the Ural-4320, the GAZ-66V and the GAZ-2975 «Tigr» for transporting cargo, specialist crews and equipment (e.g. mortars, ammunitions), but not infantry (all fighting paratroopers are transported in armoured vehicles). Currently, the GAZ-66 is being replaced by the KamAZ-43501.^[108][112]

UAVs[edit]

• Compact recon complex «Iskatel» (The Seeker) with 2 UAVs^[113]
• UAV complex Orlan-10^[114]
• UAV complex Granat^[115]
• UAV complex Takhion^[116]

Training establishments[edit]

Higher[edit]

• Mikhailovskaya Artillery Military Academy

Junior and command[edit]

• Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School
• 242nd Training Centre

Cadet[edit]

• Ulyanovsk Guards Suvorov Military School
• Omsk Cadet Corps

Ranks and rank insignia[edit]

Officer ranks

Rank group	General/flag officers	Field/senior officers	Junior officers	Officer cadet
Russian Airborne Forces v t e	No equivalent
Army general генера́л а́рмии	Colonel general генера́л-полко́вник	Lieutenant general генера́л-лейтена́нт	Major general генера́л-майо́р	Colonel полко́вник	Lieutenant colonel подполко́вник	Major майо́р	Captain капита́н	Senior lieutenant ста́рший лейтена́нт	Lieutenant лейтена́нт	Junior lieutenant мла́дший лейтена́нт	Cadet Курсант

Other ranks

Rank group	General/flag officers	Field/senior officers	Junior officers	Officer cadet
Russian Airborne Forces v t e
Senior warrant officer Ста́рший пра́порщик	Warrant officer Пра́порщик	Master sergeant Старшина́	Senior sergeant Ста́рший сержа́нт	Sergeant Сержа́нт	Junior sergeant Мла́дший сержа́нт	Corporal Ефре́йтор	Private Рядово́й

Commanders of the Russian Airborne Forces[edit]

• Yevgeny Podkolzin (1992–1996)
• Georgy Shpak (4 December 1996 – September 2003)
• Alexander Kolmakov (8 September 2003 – 19 November 2007)
• Valeriy Yevtukhovich (19 November 2007 – 6 May 2009)
• Nikolai Ignatov (6–24 May 2009)
• Vladimir Shamanov (26 May 2009 – 4 October 2016)
• Andrey Serdyukov (4 October 2016 – 16 June 2022)
• Mikhail Teplinskiy (16 June 2022 – present)

Traditions[edit]

Symbols[edit]

• Nickname(s): Blue Berets, Winged Infantry
• Patron: Saint Elijah the Prophet
• Motto(s): Никто, кроме нас! (Nobody, but us!)
• Beret Color: Sky Blue

Service march[edit]

The service march of the airborne forces is We Need One Victory, also known as Our 10th Parachute Battalion.^[117] It was made by poet Bulat Okudzhava, written for the feature film Belorussian Station by Andrei Smirnov (1970). It was later adapted by Alfred Schnittke to be performed as a march to be played at the Moscow Victory Day Parade on Victory Day (9 May).

The official lyrics are as follows:^[118]

Paratroopers’ Day celebrations[edit]

On Airborne Forces Day in many Russian cities, it is customary to turn off the fountains and hold veteran reunions near those fountains.^[119]

Bands[edit]

The Combined Military Band of the Airborne Forces is an integral part of all the solemn events of the Airborne Forces. Every year, the band’s personnel take part in the Victory Parade on Red Square, as well as the opening ceremony of the International Army Games. In the ranks of the combined band were musicians of the military bands of the airborne and assault formations of the Airborne Forces. There were six other military bands in the airborne forces.^[120]

The Song and Dance Ensemble of the Airborne Forces is the theatrical troupe of the VDV. It began its creative activity in 1937, as the Red Army Song and Dance Ensemble of the Kiev Military District, numbering only 18 people. On 3 May 1945, three days after the signing of the German armistice, the ensemble gave a concert on the steps of the destroyed Reichstag.^[121]

During the Cold War, the unit was known as the Song and Dance Ensemble of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. During this time, it had participated in concerts in the cities of East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. It gained its current status in 1994. The Song and Dance Ensemble also contains the Blue Berets musical group.^[121]

Gallery[edit]

See also[edit]

• Special Operations Forces (Russia)
• Ukrainian Air Assault Forces

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official web site of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (in Russian)
• «Desantura» (in Russian)
• Airborne platoon

Эта статья — о воздушно-десантных войсках Российской Федерации. О воздушно-десантных войсках СССР см. Воздушно-десантные войска СССР.

Возду́шно-деса́нтные войска́ (ВДВ) — отдельный род войск Вооружённых сил Российской Федерации, предназначенный для охвата противника по воздуху и выполнения задач в его тылу по нарушению управления войсками, захвату и уничтожению наземных элементов высокоточного оружия, срыву выдвижения и развертывания резервов, нарушению работы тыла и коммуникаций, а также по прикрытию отдельных направлений, районов, открытых флангов, блокированию и уничтожению высаженных воздушных десантов, прорвавшихся группировок противника и выполнения других задач.

Воздушно-десантные войска являются резервом Верховного Главнокомандующего Вооружёнными Силами. Войска подчиняются Командующему ВДВ и состоят из органов военного управления, соединений, частей и учреждений.

Командующий ВДВ — генерал-полковник Михаил Теплинский

Код номерных знаков транспортных средств ВДВ — 67.

Главный храм — Храм Благовещения Пресвятой Богородицы в Сокольниках.

История

Свою историю ВДВ Российской Федерации ведут от соединений и частей ВДВ СССР, большинство из которых досталась ей при разделе ВС СССР после распада СССР^[2].

ВДВ СССР

26 июля 1930 года во время сборов авиации (военно-воздушных сил (ВВС)) Московского военного округа на воронежском аэродроме был выполнен Л. Г. Миновым показательный прыжок с парашютом, вслед за ним свои первые прыжки выполнили ещё несколько лётчиков. Выслушав доклад о ходе сборов, командующий ВВС РККА Пётр Баранов предложил «продемонстрировать выброску группы вооружённых парашютистов для диверсионных действий на территории „противника“». 2 августа десант был выброшен в составе двух групп по 6 человек; одной руководил Минов, другой — его помощник Яков Мошковский.^[3]

2 августа 1930 года на учениях авиации (ВВС) Московского военного округа под Воронежем впервые было выброшено на парашютах десантное подразделение в количестве 12 человек для выполнения тактической задачи. Этот эксперимент позволил военным теоретикам увидеть перспективу преимущества парашютно-десантных частей, их огромные возможности, связанные с быстрым охватом противника по воздуху.^[4]

2 августа 1930 года стало днём рождения воздушно-десантных войск. Первое подразделение ВДВ сформировано в 1931 году, в Ленинградском военном округе на базе знаменитой 11-й стрелковой дивизии, авиационный моторизованный десантный (авиамотодесантный) отряд насчитывал 164 человека, по штату. Командиром отряда (сводное формирование) был назначен Е. Д. Лукин.

До 1946 года ВДВ находились в составе ВВС РККА. С 1946 года — в составе сухопутных войск (СВ СССР), но в непосредственном подчинении министру обороны.

После распада СССР

Формирование ВДВ Российской Федерации

После распада СССР начался процесс разделения Вооружённых сил СССР, в ходе которого воинские части, соединения и объединения разделялись под юрисдикцию между бывшими союзными республиками. Та же участь постигла и Воздушно-десантные войска СССР.

12 мая 1992 года в Ташкенте прошла встреча президентов России, Казахстана, Киргизии и Узбекистана, по итогам которой произошло окончательное разделение соединений воздушно-десантных войск. Официально ВДВ России появились в 1992 году^[5].

По итогам раздела бывших воздушно-десантных войск СССР, в состав сформированных ВДВ Российской Федерации вошли все воздушно-десантные дивизии и бригады, которые на момент распада СССР находились на территории РСФСР.

Кроме них в состав ВДВ Российской Федерации вошли^[6]:

• 21-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада — была выведена из Грузии в 1992 году;
• 104-я гвардейская воздушно-десантная ордена Кутузова дивизия — была выведена из Азербайджана весной 1993 года;
• 56-я отдельная гвардейская десантно-штурмовая бригада — была выведена из Туркмении в 1992 году;
• 44-я учебная воздушно-десантная дивизия — была выведена из Литвы в 1993 году;
• 7-я гвардейская воздушно-десантная Краснознамённая, орденов Суворова и Кутузова дивизия — была выведена из Литвы в 1993 году.
• 98-я гвардейская воздушно-десантная Свирская Краснознамённая, ордена Кутузова дивизия имени 70-летия Великого Октября — частично была выведена с Украины и из Молдавии в 1993 году, за исключением небольшой части личного состава. Часть личного состава 217-го гвардейского парашютно-десантного полка, которая присягнула Украине, в последующем послужила основой для формирования 25-й отдельной Днепропетровской воздушно-десантной бригады^[7];

Состав ВДВ на 1993 год

По итогам раздела бывших ВДВ СССР, после передислокации всех соединений и бригад, которые были выведены с территории союзных республик, Россия располагала к 1993 году следующими соединениями, бригадами и воинскими частями^[6][8]:

• 7-я гвардейская воздушно-десантная Краснознамённая, орденов Суворова и Кутузова дивизия — Новороссийск;
• 76-я гвардейская воздушно-десантная Черниговская Краснознамённая, ордена Кутузова дивизия — Псковская область;
• 98-я гвардейская воздушно-десантная Свирская Краснознамённая, ордена Кутузова дивизия имени 70-летия Великого Октября (217-й парашютно-десантный полк, 299-й парашютно-десантный полк (кадрированый) и 1065-й артиллерийский полк) — Иваново;
• 104-я гвардейская воздушно-десантная ордена Кутузова дивизия — Ульяновск;
• 106-я гвардейская воздушно-десантная Тульская Краснознамённая ордена Кутузова дивизия — Тула и Рязань;
• 44-я учебная воздушно-десантная дивизия — Омск^[9];
• 56-я отдельная гвардейская десантно-штурмовая Краснознамённая, орденов Кутузова и Отечественной войны Донская казачья бригада — Камышин Волгоградской области;
• 21-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада — Ставрополь;
• 36-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада — Гарболово Ленинградской области;
• 37-я отдельная воздушно-десантная бригада — Черняховск Калининградской области;
• 83-я отдельная гвардейская десантно-штурмовая бригада — Уссурийск;
• 11-я отдельная гвардейская десантно-штурмовая бригада — Улан-Удэ;
• 13-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада — Магдагачи и Завитинск Амурской области;
• 345-й гвардейский парашютно-десантный Венский Краснознамённый, ордена Суворова полк имени 70-летия Ленинского комсомола — Гудаута, Абхазия;
  • 196-й отдельный полк связи — Медвежьи Озёра Московской области^[10].

В 1994 году на базе двух батальонов специального назначения был создан 45-й отдельный гвардейский орденов Кутузова и Александра Невского полк специального назначения с дислокацией в Кубинке в Подмосковье^[11].

Реформы ВДВ в 1990-х годах

• 

  Тренировка по точному десантированию на управляемых парашютных системах «Арбалет-2» разведывательного батальона 7-й гв. дшд в ходе учения «Славянское братство-2018» (полигон Раевский, Краснодарский край).

В 1996 году на должность Министра обороны Российской Федерации был назначен генерал армии Игорь Родионов, который выступил с предложением о кардинальном реформировании вооружённых сил. По его плану подлежали сокращению все рода войск, включая ВДВ. Его планом предусматривалось сокращение ВДВ до трёх воздушно-десантных дивизий (вместо шести) и трёх бригад (которые должны были войти в создаваемые Мобильные силы).
До ухода в отставку в 1997 году, Родионову удалось сократить численность ВДВ с 64 до 47 тысяч человек^[12].
Были расформированы и переформированы следующие соединения и части^[8]:

• 13-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада — расформирована;
• 36-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада — расформирована;
• 37-я отдельная воздушно-десантная бригада — расформирована (1994 год)
• 104-я гвардейская воздушно-десантная ордена Кутузова дивизия переформирована в 31-ю гвардейскую десантно-штурмовую ордена Кутузова бригаду;
• 21-я отдельная десантно-штурмовая бригада переформирована в 247-й гвардейский парашютно-десантный полк 7-й гв. вдд;
• 56-я отдельная гвардейская десантно-штурмовая бригада переформирована в 56-й гвардейский десантно-штурмовой полк в составе 20-й гвардейской мотострелковой дивизии;
• 345-й гвардейский парашютно-десантный полк — расформирован к 30 апреля 1998 года.

Сменивший Родионова на посту Министра обороны Российской Федерации Игорь Сергеев также внёс вклад в принижение роли и оперативных возможностей ВДВ, передав всю имевшуюся армейскую авиацию Сухопутных войск под командование ВВС. В общей сложности было передано более 20 вертолётных полков, 10 баз хранения вертолётов и Сызранское вертолётное училище, что значительно снизило мобильность ВДВ^[12]. ВДВ были переданы в подчинение Сухопутным войскам. Позже это решение было признано ошибочным и отменено.

Боевая подготовка

ВДВ РФ принимает участие в учениях:

• Славянское братство 2018 — совместные российско-сербско-белорусские учения в период с 26 по 28 июня 2018 года на полигоне «Раевский» под Новороссийском^[13].

Знаки различия Воздушно-десантных войск Российской Федерации

Командующие Воздушно-десантными войсками РФ

Командующие ВДВ

Руководство ВДВ России

• Командующий Воздушно-десантными войсками РФ — генерал-полковник Теплинский, Михаил Юрьевич
• Первый заместитель командующего Воздушно-десантными войсками РФ- начальник штаба — генерал-лейтенант Концевой Анатолий Георгиевич
• Заместитель командующего Воздушно-десантными войсками РФ по коллективным силам оперативного реагирования и миротворческой деятельностью — генерал-лейтенант Холзаков Андрей Владимирович
• Заместитель командующего Воздушно-десантными войсками РФ по воздушно-десантной подготовке — генерал-лейтенант Вязников Александр Юрьевич
• Заместитель командующего Воздушно-десантными войсками РФ по вооружению — генерал-майор Рагозин Алексей Николаевич
• Заместитель командующего Воздушно-десантными войсками РФ по боевой подготовке — генерал-майор Волык Сергей Николаевич
• Заместитель командующего Воздушно-десантными войсками РФ по военно-политической работе — генерал-майор Купчишин Виктор Мефодиевич
• Заместитель командующего Воздушно-десантными войсками РФ по материально-техническому обеспечению — генерал-майор Тимергазин Нариман Камильевич
• Заместитель командующего Воздушно-десантными войсками РФ по строительство и расквартированию — генерал-майор Шевченко Леонид Анатольевич

Численность

По неофициальным данным, озвученным ТАСС (неназванный источник в Министерстве обороны) на 2015 год, численность ВДВ России составляла 45 000 военнослужащих^[1].

По зарубежным оценкам на 2017 год, личный состав ВДВ насчитывает 45 000 военнослужащих^[21].

21 декабря 2022 года, на Коллегии Министерства обороны, министр обороны Сергей Шойгу заявил, что дополнительно будут сформированы две десантно-штурмовые дивизии^[22].

Состав

Состав ВДВ включает три главных компонента:

• десантно-штурмовой;
• парашютно-десантный;
• десантно-штурмовой (горный).

Воинская часть специального назначения

• 45-я отдельная гвардейская орденов Кутузова и Александра Невского бригада специального назначения, в/ч 28337 (Кубинка)^[23].

Воинские части обеспечения

Учение 56-й гв. одшбр на Даниловском полигоне по захвату аэродрома для высадки основных сил посадочным способом. 18 февраля 2021.

• 38-я гвардейская бригада управления (д. Медвежьи Озера, Московская область);^[24][25]
• 150-й отдельный ремонтно-восстановительный батальон (Московская область)^[26]
• 35-й отдельный медицинский отряд ВДВ — Псков.
• 309-й Центр специальной парашютной подготовки ВДВ — Рязань^[27]

Учебные заведения

• Рязанское гвардейское высшее воздушно-десантное командное училище (Рязань);
• Ульяновское гвардейское Суворовское военное училище Воздушно-десантных войск (Ульяновск)^[28];
• Омский кадетский военный корпус ВДВ (Омск);
• 242-й учебный центр ВДВ (Омск)^[29];
• Десантный факультет в Михайловской военной артиллерийской академии (Санкт-Петербург).

Взвода автотехнического обеспечения ВДВ и танкотехнического обеспечения ВДВ (ОАБИИ г. Омск)

Галерея

• Эмблемы ВДВ СССР и России

• 

  … с изображением современного десантника.

• 

  Малая эмблема ВДВ.

• 

  Средняя эмблема ВДВ.

• 

  Большая эмблема командования ВДВ.

• Военнослужащие ВДВ России

• 

• 

  Ростов-на-Дону, Репетиция Парада Победы

• 

  Выступление почётного караула РВВДКУ

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

Санкции

16 декабря 2022 года, на фоне вторжения России на Украину, Воздушно-десантные войска Российской Федерации внесены в санкционный список всех стран Евросоюза так как «они приняли участие в агрессивной войне России против Украины. Следовательно, они несут ответственность за действия, которые подрывают или угрожают территориальной целостности, суверенитету и независимости Украины»^[30][31].

Также Воздушно-десантные войска Российской Федерации внесены в санкционный список Швейцарии^[32]

См. также

• Список вооружения и военной техники Воздушно-десантных войск Российской Федерации
• Музей истории Воздушно-десантных войск
• Десантный шовинизм
• Прапорщик ВДВ № 1
• Десантник Стёпочкин

Примечания

Литература

• Елькин К. Л. Записки советского офицера. 05.05.2010.

Ссылки

• Воздушно-десантные войска на сайте Минобороны России
• Боевой устав воздушно-десантных войск, Введен в действие приказом командующего воздушно-десантными войсками от 20 июля 1983 г. № 40
• Коды номерных знаков ТС ВС России
• Символика ВДВ и формирований СпН
• Марш ВДВ
• Союз поколений Воздушно-десантных войск России // margelov.org /вебархив/
• ДЕСАНТУРА.РУ — О десанте без границ
• desant.com.ua — Сайт о ВДВ и формированиях СпН, воздушно-десантных войсках и войсках специального назначения
• История первого десанта в СССР
• Сайт, посвященный 31 гв.овдбр (в прошлом 104 вдд, ныне 31 гв.одшбр).
• История ВДВ /вебархив/
• Статья о ВДВ: интервью подполковника Андрея Величенко.
• Воздушн-десантные войска в годы войны. Документы центрального архива Министерства Обороны
• Сайт 1071 Отдельного Учебного полка СпН г. Печоры Псковской области (1965—1999 гг.)
• Василий Сычев. Братство живой стали. Lenta.ru (25 апреля 2013). Дата обращения: 26 апреля 2013. Архивировано 28 апреля 2013 года.
• ВДВ рассекречивает новые парашюты // НВО НГ, 30.07.2020

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